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School History of North Carolina : from 1584 to the present time

by John W. Moore · English · Gutenberg #6080 · 656,246 chars · public domain (US)

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Title: School History of North Carolina : from 1584 to the present time

Author: John W. Moore


        
Release date: July 1, 2004 [eBook #6080]
                Most recently updated: December 29, 2020

Language: English

Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6080

Credits: This eBook was prepared by Bruce Loving


*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCHOOL HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA : FROM 1584 TO THE PRESENT TIME ***




This eBook was prepared by Bruce Loving



SCHOOL HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA,
FROM 1584 TO THE PRESENT TIME.

BY JOHN W.  MOORE.
REVISED AND ENLARGED.




PREFACE TO REVISED EDITION.

In the publication of a fourteenth edition it seems proper that
something should be said as to changes made in this work.  At a
session of the North Carolina Board of Education, held November
22d, 1881, it was resolved that "the Board expressly reserve to
itself the right to require further revisions" in Moore's School
History of North Carolina, the second edition of which was then
adopted for use in the public schools.

Conforming to this requirement of the State Board of Education,
the author has diligently sought aid and counsel in the effort
to perfect this work.  To Mrs.  C.  P.  Spencer, E.  J.  Hale, Esq.,
of New York, and Hon.  Montford McGehee, Commissioner of
Agriculture, the work is indebted for many valuable suggestions,
but still more largely to Col.  W.  L.  Saunders, Secretary of
State, who has aided assiduously not only in its revision, but
in its progress through the press.

The teacher of North Carolina History will be greatly aided in
the work by having a wall map of North Carolina before the
class, and to this end the publishers have prepared a good and
accurate school map, which will be furnished at a special low
price.






CONTENTS.

CHAPTER.
I.  Physical Description of North Carolina
II.  Physical Description--Continued
III.  Geological Characteristics
IV.  The Indians
V.  Sir Walter Raleigh
VI.  Discovery of North Carolina
VII.  Governor Lane's Colony
VIII.  Governor White's Colony
IX.  The Fate of Raleigh
X.  Charles II.  and the Lords Proprietors
XI.  Governor Drummond and Sir John Yeamans
XII.  Governor Stephens and the Fundamental Constitutions
XIII.  Early Governors and their Troubles
XIV.  Lord Carteret adds a New Trouble
XV.  Thomas Carey and the Tuscarora War
XVI.  Governor Eden and Black-Beard
XVII.  Governor Gabriel Johnston
XVIII.  The Pirates and Other Enemies
XIX.  Governor Arthur Dobbs
XX.  Governor Tryon and the Stamp Act
XXI.  Governor Tryon and the Regulators
XXII.  Governor Martin and the Revolution
XXIII.  First Provincial Congress
XXIV.  Second Provincial Congress
XXV.  The Congress at Hillsboro
XXVI.  Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge
XXVII.  Fourth Provincial Congress Declares Independence
XXVIII.  Adoption of a State Constitution
XXIX.  The War Continued
XXX.  Stony Point and Charleston
XXXI.  Ramsour's Mill and Camden Court House
XXXII.  Battle of King's Mountain
XXXIII.  Cornwallis's Last Invasion
XXXIV.  Battle of Guilford Court House
XXXV.  Fanning and his Brutalities
XXXVI.  Peace and Independence
XXXVII.  The State of Franklin
XXXVIII.  Formation of the Union
XXXIX.  France and America
XL.  The Federalists and the Republicans
XLI.  Closing of the Eighteenth Century
XLII.  Growth and Expansion
XLIII.  Second War with Great Britain
XLIV.  After the Storm
XLV.  The Whigs and the Democrats
XLVI.  The Condition of the State
XLVII.  The Courts and the Bar
XLVIII.  Origin of the Public Schools
XLIX.  Slavery and Social Development
L.  The Mexican War
LI.  The North Carolina Railway and the Asylums
LII.  A Spectre of the Past Re-appears
LIII.  The Social and Political Status
LIV.  President Lincoln and the War
LV.  The War Between the States
LVI.  The Combat Deepens
LVII.  The War Continues
LVIII.  War and its Horrors
LIX.  The Death Wound at Gettysburg
LX.  General Grant and his Campaign
LXI.  North Carolina and Peace-making
LXII The War Draws to a Close
LXIII.  Concluding Scenes of the War
LXIV.  Refitting the Wreck
LXV.  Governor Worth and President Johnson
LXVI.  Results of Reconstruction
LXVII Results of Reconstruction--Continued
LXVIII.  Impeachment of Governor Holden
LXIX.  Resumption of Self-Government
LXX.  The Cotton Trade and Factories
LXXI.  Progress of Material Development
LXXII.  The Railroads and New Towns
LXXIII.  Literature and Authors
LXXIV.  The Colleges and Schools
LXXV.  Conclusion



APPENDIX.

Constitution of North Carolina
Questions on the Constitution



HINTS TO TEACHERS.

It is well known that any subject can be more thoroughly taught
when both the eye and the mind of the pupil are used as mediums
for imparting the knowledge; and the teacher of "North Carolina
History" will find a valuable help in a wall map of the State
hung in convenient position for reference while the history
class is reciting.

Require the pupils to go to the map and point out localities
when mentioned, also places adjoining; trace the courses of the
rivers which have a historical interest, and name important
towns upon their banks.  A good, reliable wall map of North
Carolina can he procured at a moderate price from the publishers
of this work.

It has been deemed proper to make the chapters short, that each
may form one lesson.  At the close of each chapter will be found
questions upon the main points of the lesson.  These will
furnish thought for many other questions which will suggest
themselves to the teacher.  There are many small matters of local
State history which can be given with interest to the class,
from time to time, as appropriate periods are reached.  These
minor facts could not be included in the compass of a school
book, but a teacher will be helped by referring occasionally to
"Moore's Library History of North Carolina."

Inspire your pupils with a spirit of patriotism and love for
their native State.  A little effort in this direction will show
you how easily it can be done.  In every boy and girl is a
latent feeling of pride in whatever pertains to the welfare of
their native State, and this feeling should be cultivated and
enlarged, and thus the children make better citizens when grown.
The history of our State is filled with events which, told to
the young, will fix their attention, and awaken a desire to know
more of the troubles and noble deeds of the people who laid the
foundation of this Commonwealth.

The Appendix contains the present "Constitution of North Carolina."
Then follows a series of "Questions on the Constitution," prepared
expressly for this work by Hon.  Kemp P.  Battle, LL.  D., President
of the University of North Carolina.  This is an entirely new and
valuable feature in a school book, and contains an analysis of our
State government.  This is just the information that every citizen of
North Carolina ought to possess, and teachers should require all
their students of this history to read and study the Constitution
and endeavor to answer the questions thereon.

No State in the Union possesses a record of nobler achievements
than North Carolina.  Her people have always loved liberty for
themselves, and they offered the same priceless boon to all who
came within her borders; and it was a full knowledge of this
trait of our people which made Bancroft say "North Carolina was
settled by the freest of the free."




CHAPTER I.

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF NORTH CAROLINA.

The State of North Carolina is included between the parallels
34° and 362° north latitude, and between the meridians 752° and
842° west longitude.  Its western boundary is the crest of the
Smoky Mountains, which, with the Blue Ridge, forms a part of the
great Appalachian system, extending almost from the mouth of the
St.  Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico; its eastern is the Atlantic
Ocean.  Its mean breadth from north to south is about one hundred
miles; its extreme breadth is one hundred and eighty-eight miles.
The extreme length of the State from east to west is five hundred
miles.  The area embraced within its boundaries is fifty-two
thousand two hundred and eighty-six square miles.

2.  The climate of North Carolina is mild and equable.  This is
due in part to its geographical position; midway, as it were,
between the northern and southern limits of the Union.  Two other
causes concur to modify it; the one, the lofty Appalachian chain,
which forms, to some extent, a shield from the bleak winds of the
northwest; the other, the softening influence of the Gulf Stream,
the current of which sweeps along near its shores.

3.  The result of these combined causes is shown in the character
of the seasons.  Fogs are almost unknown; frosts occur not until
the middle of October; ice rarely forms of a sufficient thickness
to be gathered; snows are light, seldom remaining on the ground
more than two or three days.  The average rainfall is about fifty-
three inches, which is pretty uniformly distributed throughout
the year.  The climate is eminently favorable to health and
longevity.

4.  The State falls naturally into three divisions or sections--
the Western or Mountain section, the Middle or Piedmont section,
and the Eastern or Tidewater section.  The first consists of
mountains, many of them rising to towering heights, the highest,
indeed, east of the Rocky Mountains.  It is bounded on the east
by the Blue Ridge and on the west by the Smoky Mountains.  The
section inclosed within these limits is in shape somewhat like an
ellipse.  Its length is about one hundred and eighty miles; its
average breadth from twenty to fifty miles.  It is a high
plateau, from the plane of which many lofty mountains everywhere
rise, and on its border the culminating points of the Appalachian
system--the Roau, the Grandfather and the Black--lift their heads
to the sky.  Between the mountains are fertile valleys,
plentifully watered by streams, many of them remarkable for their
beauty.  The mountains themselves are wooded, except a few which
have prairies on their summits, locally distinguished as "balds."
This section has long been one of the favorite resorts of the
tourist and the painter.

5.  The Middle section lies between the Blue Ridge and the falls
where the rivers make their descent into the great plain which
forms the Eastern section of the State.  Its area comprises
nearly one-half of the territory of the State.  Throughout the
greater part it presents an endless succession of hills and
dales, though the surface near the mountains is of a bolder and
sometimes of a rugged cast.  The scenery of this section is as
remarkable for quiet, picturesque beauty, as that of the Western
is for sublimity and grandeur.

6.  The Eastern section is a Champaign country; relieved, however,
by gentle undulations.  Its breadth is about one hundred miles.
Its principal beauty lies in its river scenery and extensive
water prospects.

7.  The cultivated productions of the Mountain section are corn,
wheat, oats, barley, hay, tobacco, fruits and vegetables.  Cattle
are also reared quite extensively for market.  In the Middle
section are found all the productions of the former, and over the
southern half cotton appears as the staple product.  In the
Eastern section cotton, corn, oats and rice are staple crops, and
the "trucking business" (growing fruits and vegetables for the
Northern markets), constitutes a flourishing industry.  The
lumber business, and the various industries to which the long-
leaf pine gives rise, tar, pitch and turpentine, have long been,
and still continue to be, great resources of wealth for this
section.  Of the crops produced in the United States all are
grown in North Carolina except sugar and some semi-tropical
fruits, as the orange, the lemon and the banana.  The wine grapes
of America may be said to have their home in North Carolina; four
of them, the Catawba, Isabella, Lincoln and Scuppernong,
originated here.

8.  The physical characteristics of the State will be better
understood by picturing to the mind its surface as spread out
upon a vast declivity, sloping down from the summits of the Smoky
Mountains, an altitude of near seven thousand feet, to the ocean
level.  Through the range of elevation thus afforded, the plants
and trees (or what is comprehended under the term flora) vary
from those peculiar to Alpine regions to those peculiar to semi-
tropical regions.

9.  The variety of trees is most marked, including all those which
yield timber employed in the useful and many of those employed in
the ornamental arts.  Indeed, nearly all the species found in the
United States, east of the Rocky Mountains, are found in North
Carolina.  Her wealth in this respect will be appreciated when
the striking fact is mentioned that there are more species of
oaks in North Carolina than in all the States north of us, and
only one less than in all the Southern States east of the
Mississippi.  This range of elevation affords also a great
variety of medicinal herbs.  In fact, the mountains of North
Carolina are the 'storehouse' of the United States for plants of
this description.


QUESTIONS.

1.  Of what does this chapter treat?  Give the latitude and
longitude of North Carolina.  What are its eastern and western
boundaries?  Give its dimensions.

2.  What is said of the climate of North Carolina?  Name the
causes of this mildness of climate.

3.  What is said of the seasons?  Of fogs, snow and ice?  Of the
rainfall?

4.  Into how many natural divisions is the State formed?  Name
them.  Describe the Mountain section.  Point it out on the map.

5.  Give a description of the Middle or Piedmont section.  Locate
this section on the map.

6.  What is said of the Eastern or 'Tidewater' section?  Point it
out on the map.

7.  What are some of the productions of the Mountain section?  Of
the Piedmont?  Of the Tidewater?  What is said of the grapes of
North Carolina?

8.  How may the physical characteristics of the State be easily understood?

9.  What is said of the plants and trees?  What further is said of
this particular branch of North Carolina's wealth?




CHAPTER II.

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION-Continued.

The mountains of North Carolina may be conveniently classed as
four separate chains: the Smoky, forming the western boundary of
the State; the Blue Ridge, running across the State in a very
tortuous course, and shooting out spurs of great elevation; the
Brushy (which divides, for the greater part of its course, the
waters of the Catawba and Yadkin), beginning at a point near
Lenoir and terminating in the Pilot and Sauratown Mountains; and
an inferior range of much lower elevation, which may be termed,
from its local name at different points, the Uwharrie or
Oconeechee Mountains beginning in Montgomery county and
terminating in the heights about Roxboro, in Person county.

2.  Each of these mountain ranges is marked by distinct
characteristics.  The Smoky chain, as contrasted with the next
highest--the Blue Ridge--is more continuous, more elevated, more
regular in its direction and height, and rises very uniformly
from five thousand to nearly six thousand seven hundred feet.
The Blue Ridge is composed of many fragments scarcely connected
into a continuous and regular chain.  Its loftier summits range
from five thousand to five thousand nine hundred feet.  The Brushy
range presents, throughout the greater part of its course, a
remarkable uniformity in direction and elevation, many of its
peaks rising above two thousand feet.  The last, the Oconeechee
or Uwharrie range, sometimes presents a succession of elevated
ridges, then a number of bold and isolated knobs, whose heights
are one thousand feet above the sea level.

3.  There are three distinct systems of rivers in the State: those
that find their way to the Gulf of Mexico through the
Mississippi, those that flow through South Carolina to the sea
and those that reach the sea along our own coast.  The divide
between the first and the second is the Blue Ridge chain of
mountains; that between the second and third systems is found in
an elevation extending from the Blue Ridge, near the Virginia
line, just between the sources of the Yadkin and the Roanoke, in
a south-easterly direction some two hundred miles, almost to the
sea-coast below Wilmington.  In the divide between the first and
second systems, which is also the great watershed between the
Atlantic slope and the Mississippi Valley, a singular anomaly is
presented, for it is formed not by the lofty Smoky range, but by
the Blue Ridge--not, therefore, at the crest of the great slope
which the surface of the State presents, but on a line lower
down.  On the western flank of this lower range the beautiful
French Broad and the other rivers of the first section, including
the headwaters of the Great Khanawha, have their rise.  In
their course through the Smoky Mountains to the Mississippi they
pass along chasms or "gaps" from three thousand to four thousand
feet in depth.  These chasms or "gaps" are more than a thousand
feet lower than those of the corresponding parts of the Blue
Ridge.

4.  The rivers of the second system rise on the eastern flank of
the Blue Ridge.  These rivers--the Catawba and the Yadkin, with
their tributaries stretching from the Broad River, near the
mountains in the west, to the Lumber near the seacoast--water
some thirty counties in the State, a fan-shaped territory,
embracing much the greater portion of the Piedmont section of the
State.

5.  The rivers of the third system are the Chowan, the Roanoke,
the Tar, the Neuse and the Cape Fear, usually navigable some for
fifty and others to near one hundred miles for boats of light
draught.  Of these the three last have their rise near the
northern boundary of the State, in a comparatively small area,
near the eastern source of the Yadkin.  The Chowan has its rise
in Virginia, below Appomattox Court House.  The principal sources
of the Roanoke, also, are in Virginia, in the Blue Ridge, though
some of its head streams are in North Carolina, and very near
those of the Yadkin.  Only one of these rivers, the Cape Fear,
flows directly into the ocean in this State; the others, after
reaching the low country, move on with diminished current and
empty into large bodies of water known as sounds.

6.  The great rivers of these three systems, with their network of
countless tributaries, great and small, afford a truly
magnificent water supply.  Flat lands border the streams in every
section; they are everywhere exceptionally rich, and in the
Tidewater section, of great breadth.  In their course from the
high plateaus to the low country all the rivers of the State have
a descent of many hundred feet, made by frequent falls and
rapids.  These falls and rapids afford all unlimited motive power
for machinery of every description; and here many cotton mills
and other factories have been established, and are multiplying
every year.

7.  The sounds, and the rivers which empty into them, constitute a
network of waterway for steam and sailing vessels of eleven
hundred miles.  They are separated from the ocean by a line of
sand banks, varying in breadth from one hundred yards to two
miles, and in height from a few feet above the tide level to
twenty-five or thirty feet, on which horses of a small breed,
called "Bank Ponies," are reared in great numbers, and in a half
wild state.  These banks extend along the entire shore a distance
of three hundred miles.  Through them there are a number of
inlets from the sea to the sounds, but they are usually too
shallow except for vessels of light burden.  Along its northern
coast the commerce of the State has, in consequence, been
restricted; it has, however, an extensive commerce through
Beaufort Harbor and the Cape Fear River.

8.  The sounds, and the rivers in their lower courses, abound with
fish and waterfowl.  Hunting the canvas-back duck and other fowls
for the Northern cities is a regular and profitable branch of
industry; while herring, shad and rock-fishing is pursued,
especially along Albemarle Sound, with spirit, skill and energy,
and a large outlay of capital.


QUESTIONS.

1.  What is the subject of this chapter?  How may the mountains of
North Carolina be classed?  Describe each chain.  Point out these
mountains on the map.

2.  Describe the Smoky Mountains.  The Blue Ridge.  The Brushy.
The Oconeechee.

3.  Describe the river systems of the State.  Give the dividing
lines between the systems.  Describe the flow of the rivers of
Western North Carolina.  Trace the courses of these rivers on the
map.  What is said of the mountain gaps?

4.  Where are the Catawba and Yadkin Rivers?  What portion of the
State do they water?  Point them out on the map.

5.  Describe the rivers of the third system.  Where do they empty?

6.  What do our rivers afford?  What is said of our water power?

7.  What mention is made of the sounds?  Describe the banks.
Point out on the map the sounds and the banks.

8.  With what do the sounds and rivers abound?  What important
branches of industry are mentioned?




CHAPTER III.

GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS.

A knowledge of the geology of a State affords the key to its
soils; since the soils are formed by the disintegration of the
underlying rocks, more or less mixed with animal or vegetable
matter.  The peculiar geological structure of the State furnishes
the material for every possible variety of soil.  In fact, there
is no description or combination unrepresented.  There are,
first, the black and deep peaty soils of Hyde county and the
great swamp tracts along the eastern border of the Tidewater
section; then come the alluvious marls and light sandy soils of
the more elevated portions of the same section; then the clayey,
sandy and gravelly soils of the Piedmont and Mountain section,
the result of the decomposition of every variety of rock.

2.  From its western boundary to the last falls of its rivers, the
rocks generally belong to that formation known as "primitive".
Primitive rocks are easily distinguished; they are crystalline in
structure, and have no animal or vegetable remains (called
fossils) imbedded or preserved in them.  The soils of this
formation are not very fertile, nor yet are they sterile; they
are of medium quality, and susceptible, under skilful culture, of
the highest improvement.  The primitive rocks are chiefly
represented by granite and gneiss.

3.  The rocks of the secondary formation appear in certain
counties of the Piedmont section, and here the coal-fields occur,
embracing many hundred square miles.  This formation consists of
the primitive rocks, broken down by natural agents, and
subsequently deposited in beds of a thickness from a few feet to
many hundred, and abounds in organic remains.  The soils of this
formation vary more than the former, as the one or the other of
the materials of which they are made up happens to predominate.

4.  The eastern section belongs to that which is known as the
"quaternary" formation.  Here no rocks like those mentioned above
are found; indeed, rocks, in the ordinary sense of that term, are
unknown.  This formation will be best understood by regarding it
as an ocean bed laid bare by upheaval through some convulsion of
nature, and thus made dry land.  Sandy soils predominate somewhat
in this section, though there are tracts in which clay is in
great excess, and other tracts in which vegetable matter is in
great excess.  Between these extremes there exist, also, the
usual mixtures in various proportions.

5.  Geology also affords a key to the mineral resources of a
State.  Those of the Tidewater section are summed up in its
marls.  That whole section is underlaid with marl at a depth of a
few feet, and in quantity sufficient to raise and keep it, when
regularly applied to the surface, for all time to come at the
highest point of productiveness.  Of all resources for wealth
this is the most durable; and, on account of the industry to
which it is subservient--the agricultural--is best calculated to
promote the happiness of man.

6.  It is in the primitive rocks, however, that minerals abound.
Those of North Carolina surpass any in the Union.  In the last
Report on the Geology of the State one hundred and seventy-eight
are numbered and described.  Among these are gold, silver,
copper, lead, iron, mica, corundum, graphite, manganese, kaolin,
mill-stone grits, marble, barytes, oil shale, buhrstones, roofing
slate, etc.  The most of these are the subjects of great mining
industries, which are daily developing to greater proportions.

7.  Of some of these minerals, as corundum and mica, North
Carolina has already become the chief source of supply.  Among
the principal sources of the future mineral wealth of the State,
copper, gold and iron are clearly indicated.  The ores of these
metals are found in abundance over extensive tracts of country.
Lastly, in North Carolina many beautiful specimens of the
precious stones have been found, and a large capital has been
raised to carry on mining as a regular business for one of these--
the hiddenite gem.

8.  North Carolina will thus be seen to be a State of vast
resources, whether we regard the variety and value of her natural
or cultivated productions, the immense range of her minerals or
her facilities for manufacturing industries.  It would, perhaps,
be safe to say that no equal portion of the earth's surface will,
in half a century, be the scene of industries so various and of
such value.


QUESTIONS.

1.  Of what does this chapter treat?  What does the knowledge of
the geology of a State afford?  Mention the variety of soils
found in North Carolina.

2.  Where are the primitive rocks found?  Describe them.  How are
they chiefly represented?  What are the soils of this division?

3.  Where do the rocks of the secondary formation appear?
Describe this formation.  What is said of the soils of the
secondary formation?

4.  To what class do the rocks of the Eastern section belong?
What is said of this section?  Describe the quaternary formation.
What is said of the soil?

5.  What else is afforded by geology?  Where is marl found and
what is said of it?

6.  Where do the minerals abound?  How many kinds of minerals are
located in this State?  Can you name the principal ones?  What is
said of mining?

7.  What is said of corundum and mica?  Of gold and iron?  Of
precious gems?

8.  What great resources does North Carolina possess?




CHAPTER IV.

THE INDIANS.

That portion of America now known as the State of North
Carolina was once inhabited by Indians.  For many ages before
Columbus came across the seas in the year 1492, they had held
undisputed possession of all the Western Continent, except those
Arctic regions where the Esquimaux dwelt.

2.  Nearly a century had gone by since the Spaniards had begun
their settlements, and yet, north of St.  Augustine, in Florida,
not a white man was to be found.  Cortez and Pizarro had founded
great states in Mexico and Peru, but the vast region stretching
from the Rio Grande to the St.  Lawrence was still the home of
only red men and the wild beasts of the forest.

3.  There were many different tribes and languages to be found
among the Indians.  In North Carolina, the Tuscaroras lived in
the east, the Catawbas in the middle, and the Cherokees in the
western portion of the territory as now defined.  There were
Corees, Meherrins, Chowanokes, and other small tribes in the
east, but they were weak in numbers and occupied but a small
portion of our present State limits.

4.  The treacherous Tuscaroras were a portion of a powerful race
known as the Iroquois.  The other five nations of this family
dwelt in the lake country of New York, and were the most daring
and dangerous confederation among all Indians then known to the
white people.  These Iroquois of the North were generally
friendly to the English, but waged almost ceaseless war upon the
French and a tribe of Indians called the Algonquins.

5.  The Tuscaroras were generally to be found in the country
watered by the Roanoke and Neuse Rivers, and were the terror of
all other tribes.  It is not known when they had separated from
their northern relatives.  They kept up amicable relations with
them, and messengers and embassies occasionally passed between
the banks of the Roanoke and the settlements on the northern
lakes.

6.  The Catawbas roamed over the fair regions through which flow
the Catawba and Yadkin Rivers.  Westward of them were to be
found, in the mountains, the numerous bands of the Cherokees.
Amid the towering peaks, and along the beautiful French Broad and
other rivers, lived and hunted these simple children of the
hills.  They were generally disposed to peace, and were averse to
leaving the paradise they inhabited for the dangerous honor of
the warpath.

7.  The Indians were, in many respects, a peculiar people.  Though
ignorant and savage, they were not idolaters.  They believed in
one God, whom they called the "Great Spirit."  They were not
shepherds or farmers, for they had no domestic animals except
dogs, and their corn fields were but insignificant patches,
cleared and cultivated by their women.  They cleared these little
patches of land by burning down the trees, and their plow was a
crooked stick with which they scratched over the ground for
planting the corn.  The men hunted, and fought with other tribes,
but disdained to be found engaged in any useful labor.

8.  Such habits made large areas of land necessary for the
subsistence of the people.  Thus all of the tribes were jealous
of the intrusion of others upon their hunting grounds, and
whenever one found another getting closer than usual war was
begun.  Their lives were filled with terror and apprehension; not
knowing when some enemy would kill and scalp every person in the
tribe.

9.  The Meherrins lived in the fork of Meherrin and Chowan Rivers.
They were long at war with the Nottoways, who lived in Virginia,
south of James River.  The Meherrins at last left their old men,
women and children and went on the warpath against their enemies,
who happened to be approaching them on a similar errand.  They
chanced to miss each other, and the Nottoways therefore found the
lodges of their foes completely undefended, and they slew every
human being in the captured village.  The Meherrins left their
old homes in despair and disappeared in the west.  This occurred
after many white people had settled in the Albemarle country.

10.  Such a state of society necessitated the control of one
leader; so the Indian tribes were governed by chiefs, who led
them to battle and in pursuit of game.  Some of these chiefs,
like Powhatan and King Philip, were men of marked ability, and
extended their power over other tribes.  When a chief died his
son succeeded to his office only when fitted for the place; if
weak or cowardly, some other brave was chosen.  In this way the
honor was not strictly hereditary.

11.  The Indians had no knowledge as to the working of iron.  They
had only bows, arrows, stone tomahawks and such weapons for war.
They lived in small communities, embracing from ten to thirty
cabins, for protection, but had no large towns, because of the
impossibility of feeding great numbers at one point.  They held
it a part of their religion to seek vengeance for all injuries,
real and imaginary, and their general traits of character were as
savage as their habits.  In war they had no pity on captives, no
reverence for helpless age, and were strangers to the sentiments
of honor and justice.  They were brave, yet much given to cunning
and treachery.  They rarely forgot benefits or forgave injuries.

12.  Many relics of these savages are yet to be found in almost
every county throughout the State.  Broken pieces of pottery,
arrowheads and tomahawks are often plowed up in the fields; and
mounds of various sizes, made by the Indians, are still seen in
some sections.  There had long been a tradition among the Indians
that, in the course of time, pale-faced strangers from beyond the
seas would possess their land; and so, after ages of petty
warfare among themselves, as the sixteenth century drew to its
close, they were confronted by men who built ships that withstood
the ocean's storms, and shook the solid earth with the roar of
their artillery.


QUESTIONS.

1.  Who were the original inhabitants of the country now known as
North Carolina?

2.  Who had made settlements on the American continent a century
before the English?  What two great men were leaders in making
those settlements?

3.  Give the location of the various tribes of Indians in North
Carolina.

4.  Who were the Tuscaroras?  What was the feeling of the Indians
toward the white people?

5.  In what part of North Carolina were the Tuscaroras found?
What were their habits?

6.  What tribes were found in the western portion of the State?
What were their habits?

7.  What kind of people were the Indians?  How did they cultivate
the soil?

8.  Give further description of their habits.

9.  Where was the home of the Meherrin Indians?  The Nottoways?
What were the relations existing between these two tribes?

10.  Describe the government of the Indians.

11.  How did they live?  What were some of their traits in war?

12.  What relics of the Indians are still to be found in the
State?  What tradition existed among the Indians?  How was that
tradition beginning to be fulfilled ?  Point out on the map the
ancient homes of the Tuscarora Indians.  The Catawbas.  The
Cherokees.  The Corees.  The Meherrins.  The Chowanokes.  Trace
the course of the Roanoke River.  The Neuse.  The Meherrin.  The
Chowan.  The Catawba.  The Yadkin.  The French Broad.




CHAPTER V.

SIR WALTER RALEIGH

A.  D.  1570 TO 1583.

1570.  The sixteenth century of the Christian era was one of the most
wonderful periods in the world's history.  The recent invention
of the printing-press had scattered books and knowledge over
Christendom, a larger liberty in religions matters had been
achieved by the Reformation, and daring navigators sailed with
their ships into many regions never before visited by civilized
men.

2.  The Portuguese and Spaniards sent expeditions to many lands.
In America, thousands of men and women were living who had come
from Europe, or had been born of white parents since the first
settlements in the West Indies, Mexico and Peru.  As Columbus had
discovered the new world with Spanish ships, the kings of Spain
laid claim to all the continent.

3.  England, in that time, was ruled by Queen Elizabeth, who began
her reign in 1558.  Ireland and the small islands in the British
Channel were the only dependencies of the Crown.  Scotland was
still an independent monarchy.  With a few millions of subjects,
and this small territory as her realm, this queen was in great
danger of dethronement and death.  The Pope, the Catholic kings
and her own people belonging to the Church of Rome denied her
title to be queen and sought her overthrow and that of the
Protestant religion she upheld.

4.  Amid so many dangers and difficulties, Queen Elizabeth, by
wisdom and prudence, not only managed to defend herself, but
became one of the greatest rulers of any age.  She devoted her
energies to the government of her people, and, though courted by
many princes, would never marry, for fear such a relation would
impair her usefulness as a queen.

5.  Among her greatest gifts as a ruler was her clear insight into
the characters of men.  She knew whom to employ as her agents,
and was rarely deceived as to how far she could trust them in a
season so full of treason and danger.  But this great queen, who
humbled the most powerful monarchs, and in whose presence the
sternest men would sometimes tremble, was, after all, a very vain
woman.  Nothing pleased her more, even in her old age, than
praise of her personal appearance.

6.  One evening she was walking at the head of a procession
composed of ladies and gentlemen of her court, when she
encountered a muddy place in her pathway.  The stately queen
paused a moment, seeming in doubt as to whether she should step
in the mud or pass around.  A handsome young man, who was
standing near by, snatched a velvet cloak from his shoulders,
and, throwing it in the mud for Her Majesty to step upon, she
passed over with dry feet.

7.  Queen Elizabeth was charmed with the ready gallantry of the
youth.  She made inquiries concerning him, and found that it was
young Walter Raleigh, who had just come to London from his home
in the country.  It was the beginning of his fortunes at court,
and he soon won the queen's confidence and respect.

8.  Walter Raleigh had many noble and generous qualities.  He was,
by nature, brave, ambitious and enterprising, and soon became a
great and learned man.  He was a gallant soldier, a skilful
navigator and the statesman who first conceived the plan for
extending the British Empire.  While serving as a soldier in
behalf of the French Protestants, on the continent of Europe, he
heard and read so much of the wondrous lands across the Atlantic
Ocean that he resolved that England should share in the glory and
profit of future discoveries.


1578-83.

9.  When Raleigh went back to England he communicated his desires
and feelings to his half-brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who had
made reputation as a commander of ships.  In the year 1578, the
queen granted leave to these two men to sail in search of lands
yet undiscovered by civilized nations.  In 1583 they sent out a
large vessel called the Raleigh, [It is said that the vessel was
commanded by Sir Walter Raleigh in person, and this was the only
attempt ever made by him to visit the shores of North America.  ]
which was compelled to return in a few days, on account of
disease among the crew.

10.  English sailors, at that time, were easily discouraged in
efforts to navigate the Atlantic Ocean.  They had never crossed
it, and were full of superstition concerning that unknown and
mysterious sea.

11.  Again, in 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, with three ships,
ventured out upon the waste of waters that lay to the west of
their island homes.  He discovered the island of Newfoundland,
and thence sailed southward.  Off the coast of Maine he was
overtaken by a storm which sunk one of his ships.  This disaster
induced him to turn his prows for the voyage homeward; but the
storm continued, and the darkness and horrors of the sea grew
tenfold worse when they found themselves amid drifting icebergs.
Brave Sir Humphrey, from the deck of his ship, the Squirrel, to
the last cheered the men of her consort, crying out, "Cheer up,
my lads!  We are as near heaven at sea as on land."

12.  When the terrible night had passed, it was found that Sir
Humphrey Gilbert and his crew had perished, and only the Hind was
left to carry back the disheartening tidings to Raleigh and the
English queen.  The vessel which carried Sir Humphrey Gilbert and
his crew was of only ten tons burden, and very poorly able to
stand the gales along the American coast.  The Delight, another
one of the fleet, had gone down a few days before the loss of the
Squirrel.

[NOTE--In the year 1520 a Spanish vessel, commanded by Vasques de
Ayllon, was driven by a violent storm upon the coast of Carolina.
The commander was kindly treated by the natives, and, in return,
he enticed a number of them on board his ship and tried to carry
them to Hispaniola.  But the Indians preferred death to
captivity; they all refused to partake of any food, and thus died
of voluntary starvation.  The scene of this occurrence is within
the present borders of South Carolina.]


QUESTIONS.

1.  What is said of the sixteenth century of the world's history?

2.  What was the condition of the "new world"?  What people laid
claim to the American continent, and why?

3.  Who was Queen of England, and what was the condition of her
kingdom?  What was Queen Elizabeth's trouble with the Pope of
Rome?

4.  What is said of Queen Elizabeth as a ruler?

5.  What other traits of character did she possess?

6.  What interesting circumstance is relayed of the queen?

7.  Who was the young man, and what did the queen think of him?

8.  What was the character of Walter Raleigh?

9.  To whom did he communicate his plans?  What did the queen
grant to these two men?  When was the first expedition started,
and with what result?

10.  How did sailors of that period regard the Atlantic Ocean?

11.  What occurred in 1583?  What island was discovered?  What
disaster befell the expedition?

12.  What did daylight reveal?  Give the names of the three ships.




CHAPTER VI.

DISCOVERY OF NORTH CAROLINA.

A.  D.  1584 TO 1585.

1584.  When the little ship Hind reached England, and it was known
how Sir Humphrey Gilbert and so many of his men had gone down
into the depths of that mysterious ocean which was so much
dreaded, there was great grief; and, possibly many bitter
speeches were made by the people who stayed at home and predicted
disaster to the daring enterprise.  Raleigh was sorely afflicted
at the loss of his brother and men, and had he been weak or
selfish this disaster would have unmanned him, and he would have
ventured on no more such projects.

2.  He had lost many thousands of dollars in the foundered ships;
and many a gallant friend that had trusted him and cheered him in
his mighty schemes had perished.  But the hearts of heroes are
not cast in common moulds.  Instead of abandoning his enterprise,
he obtained, on March 25, 1584, letters-patent from the queen
favoring another expedition, and he at once began to fit out
another fleet.  This consisted of two vessels, and they were put
under the command of Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe.

[NOTE--The queen's "Letters-Patent" to Raleigh gave him "Free
liberty to discover such remote heathen and barbarous lands not
actually possessed by any Christian prince, nor inhabited by
Christian people.]

3.  The fleet sailed from England on the 27th day of April, 1584,
and, avoiding the dangers of drift-ice in the northern waters,
steered for the Canary Islands and the West Indies.  They had the
good fortune to escape the Spanish cruisers, which were so
dangerous to English vessels sailing at that day upon this
course.  On the 14th day of July they first saw the coast of
North Carolina, probably at a point just below Old Topsail Inlet.
They continued northward along the low, barren barriers of sand
which divide the waters of the ocean from those of Pamlica and
Croatan Sounds, and, two days later, came to anchor off an island
called Wocoken, in what was an inlet at that day.

4.  They called this place Trinity Harbor.  Across the desolate
sand ridges were fair landlocked waters, and great forests that
sent far out to sea the odors of countless flowers.  The weary
toilers who had sailed so far, with nothing to look upon but the
sky and the great stretches of the sea, were charmed with the
richness of the vegetation, the balmy air, and the ceaseless
songs of the mockingbirds.

5.  For two whole days it seemed that the country was uninhabited,
for no one had been seen by the Englishmen.  At the expiration of
that period they saw a canoe approaching from the north, in which
were three Indians.  One of them landed and came down the beach
toward the ships.  By signs he was invited aboard the vessels,
and went with the white men to survey some of the wonders of
civilization found in various parts of the vessel.

6.  It must have been a notable day in this Indian's life, when,
for the first time, he, who had seen nothing of the kind larger
than his canoe, beheld the tall poops, the towering masts and the
great sails of vessels that had come from such distant lands
beyond the seas.  Nothing so astonished the Indians of that day
as the roar of artillery.  It was something entirely beyond their
comprehension, and filled them with terror.  They had no guns or
knowledge of their use.  So, when a cannon was fired, they were
ready to believe that men who could do such things were possessed
of supernatural powers.

7.  The officers of the vessel gave to the Indian a hat, shirt and
several other articles, besides treating him to wine and meat,
which he seemed to greatly relish.  As a return for their
kindness, the Indian took his canoe and showed the white men how
to catch fish.  In a half hour he had nearly filled his boat with
those delicious fish which have always so remarkably abounded in
all the waters of that portion of North Carolina.  By signs he
made known his wish that they should be divided between the men
of the two ships, and then he took his departure.

8.  The next day many Indians, with much ceremony, visited the
ships.  Among them was Granganimeo, a brother of the chief who
ruled in that portion of the country.  He was an honest and
kindly Indian, faithful to his promises, and affording a strong
contrast to Wingina, the Indian king, who was full of suspicion
and duplicity.  The Indians were clothed in mantles and aprons of
deerskins.  They were gentle, unsuspicious and hospitable.  A few
days later Amadas, with eight of his men in a boat, visited the
home of Granganimeo, about twenty miles distant, on the shore of
Roanoke Island.  The chief was not at home, but his wife gave
them a cordial and hospitable reception.  She prepared a feast
for them of fruits, melons, fish and venison, and showed them
every kindness.

9.  Amadas and Barlowe proceeded, in the presence of many Indians,
to lay claim to the country for their queen.  This whole pageant
was probably a dumb show to the astonished and ignorant natives.
They neither knew nor cared what the white men were celebrating
with beating drums, flaunting banners and salvos of artillery.

10.  This expedition had not been sent with any purpose of
settlement; so, in a few weeks after the ceremony of taking
possession, the fleet weighed anchor and sailed back to England.
They carried with them a large cargo of skins and valuable woods,
which they had obtained in trading with the Indians.  For a
bright tin dish the Indians gave twenty skins, worth about thirty-
five dollars, and fifty valuable skins were given for an old
copper kettle.  Amadas and Barlowe also carried to England the
first knowledge of the potato and tobacco.

11.  With their own consent, two Indians, named Manteo and
Wanchese, were taken aboard and carried to England, that they
might see something of the world across the sea.  They afforded a
singular test of human nature.  They were of equal abilities, and
yet, by the visit to England, Manteo became the friend, Wanchese
the implacable enemy of the white men.

[NOTE--The Indians were greatly amazed at the sight of gunpowder,
the cause of all the noise in the artillery.  On one of their
expeditions they captured a quantity of powder from the
colonists, and, to increase the supply, they made rows in the
ground and carefully planted the black grains of powder,
expecting to reap a full harvest of it in season.  ]

12.  Queen Elizabeth was greatly pleased by the glowing
descriptions of the new country as given by the returned
mariners, especially by the accounts of the abundance of fruits,
vines hanging with luscious grapes, great forests, rich shrubbery
and bright flowers, and she gave the country the name of
Virginia, in honor of herself, the "Virgin Queen."

13.  Walter Raleigh was, soon after, elected a member of
Parliament in the House of Commons, of which body be became a
leader.  The queen, in recognition of his services, confirmed his
patent for prosecuting discoveries in foreign lands, and, in
conferring upon him the honor of knighthood, made him Sir Walter
Raleigh.


QUESTIONS.

1.  How did the people of England receive the news of Sir Humphrey
Gilbert's death?  How did it affect Raleigh?

2.  What did the expeditions cost him?  Whom did he next send out
to the new world?

3.  When did this fleet leave England?  Describe their course and
trace it on the map.  When did they reach the coast of North
Carolina?  Where did they land?  Can you point out this place on
the map?  Wocoken?  Croatan?  Pamlico Sound?

4.  What did they name this place?  What is said of the new land?

5.  What occurred on the second day after their arrival?

6.  How did this visit impress the Indians?  How were the Indians
affected by the roar of the artillery?

7.  What return did the Indian make for the kindness of the white
men?

8.  Who next visited the ships?  What kind of man was he?  How did
this Indian's wife treat the white men?  Locate Roanoke Island on
the map.

9.  What formal ceremony did Amadas and Barlowe conduct?

10.  What did the ships carry back to Europe?

11.  What two Indians were taken on a visit to England?  How was
each of them affected by the visit?

12.  What account did the mariners give of the new country?  What
did Queen Elizabeth think of the description?  What name did she
give to the new country, and why?

13.  Of what body did Raleigh soon become a member?  What title
was then conferred upon him, and why?




CHAPTER VII.

GOVERNOR LANE'S COLONY.

A.  D.  1585 TO 1586.

We cannot easily realize, in our day, what excitement and
enthusiasm were felt in England when the two ships returned and
exhibited the Indians, the potatoes, the tobacco and other new
and strange productions that had been gathered by Amadas and
Barlowe, to prove the value and fertility of the newly discovered
land.  It is strange, but true, that more value was set upon the
discovery of the sassafras tree than upon anything else, and
wonderful things were expected of its virtues as a tea, a
medicine and for the manufacture of perfume.

[NOTE--Sir Walter Raleigh planted some of the potatoes upon his
own estate, and found them very palatable.  Other people
afterwards obtained seed from him, and now the potato forms a
principal part of the food of Ireland.  Raleigh was also the
first Englishman who ever used tobacco.  An amusing incident is
related of his using it.  His servant entered the room one day,
bringing a mug of ale, while Raleigh was enjoying his pipe and
tobacco, and the smoke was issuing from his mouth and filling the
room.  The servant, thinking, that his master was on fire,
immediately dashed the ale in his face and ran out, crying for
help, for his master "would be burnt to ashes."]

2.  Sir Walter Raleigh hastened to send over a colony of men to
take possession of Roanoke.  Ralph Lane, a gentleman of courage
and experience, was appointed Governor.  The seven ships,
conveying one hundred and eight emigrants and the two Indians who
had visited England, sailed on the 9th of April; they were
commanded by Sir Richard Grenville, who was a cousin of Raleigh,
and famous as a seaman.

3.  This fleet also came over by the southern route, and was in
considerable danger off Cape Fear during a great storm, but the
ships all safely rode out the gale, and, on the 26th of July, 1585,
they dropped their anchors in Trinity Harbor, off the coast
where the fleet had lain during the visit of the previous year.
News of the arrival was at once sent to Wingina, at Roanoke
Island.

4.  Governor Lane had one hundred and eight men to remain with
him, among whom was Thomas Hariot, the celebrated mathematician
and historian.  With these colonists he landed upon Roanoke
Island, and began to build and fortify a town upon the northern
part of the island, which he named the "City of Raleigh."  The
island is twelve miles long and about four broad, and is to this
day fertile and pleasant as a place of residence.  It then
abounded in game, and countless and choice varieties of fish were
to be caught in the sounds and sea at all seasons of the year.

5.  Admiral Grenville was active during his stay at Roanoke in
visiting many Indian towns and in exploring the many broad waters
that are found connected with one another in that portion of
North Carolina.  On one of his expeditions he lost a silver cup,
which was stolen from him during his stay at an Indian town.  The
passionate seaman, in a rage, demanded its return by the Indians,
whom he charged with stealing it.  They did not comply, and he,
with great imprudence and injustice, burned the whole village and
destroyed all the corn.

6.  This was the first taste afforded the Indians of how harshly
they might expect to be treated, and, though no war followed
immediately, they neither forgot nor forgave Grenville's
punishment, and many unexpected injuries were inflicted upon the
poor settlers by the Indians on account of this rash and cruel
act.

7.  Governor Lane, after the admiral's departure, continued his
explorations, in order to learn the geography and nature of the
country.  He ascended the Chowan River to near the mouth of the
Nottoway and penetrated the interior as far as the Indian village
of Chowanoke.  Instead of clearing fields and making provisions
for his people; he was laboriously searching for gold mines and
jewels.  He was told by the chief of the Chowanoke Indians, whom
he held as prisoner for two days, that such things abounded along
the upper reaches of Roanoke River (then called the "Moratock"),
and that the headwaters of that stream extended to within an
arrow's flight of a great ocean to the west, and along the banks
of the river lived a very great and wealthy race of people, whose
walled cities glittered with pearls and gold.

8.  Fired in imagination by this false and wicked Indian story,
preparations were made for a journey in boats, longer than had
yet been attempted.  They found the swift current of the Roanoke
difficult to ascend, and their small store of provisions was
exhausted by the time they had reached where the town of
Williamston now stands.  They could procure none from the
Tuscaroras, who dwelt upon the banks, and, while in this dilemma,
the savages made a night attack upon their camp, and with great
difficulty the adventurers succeeded in escaping destruction.

9.  Thus perished Governor Lane's dreams of gold.  He hurried back
to Roanoke and soon found the hostility of the Tuscaroras
extending to the tribe under Wingina.  Granganimeo was dead, and
Manteo was the only Indian of any influence who manifested
friendship for the colonists.  They had previously brought an
abundance of fish, game and fruits; but these supplies now
ceased, and Governor Lane realized that he was surrounded by a
people who had become his enemies.

1586.

10.  By some means he discovered that Wingina was concerting with
the Tuscaroras for an attack upon Roanoke Island.  Concealing
this knowledge, he invited the unsuspecting plotter to come, with
certain of his people, to a feast at the City of Raleigh.  They
accepted the invitation, and Wingina, with eight of his headmen,
was put to death.  This occurred on the first of June, 1586.

11.  This was a stern and bloody punishment of their foes, but it
gave the white men deliverance from attack until Sir Francis
Drake came, with a large fleet, and anchored in Trinity Harbor,
finding the colony almost in a perishing condition.

12.  Ralph Lane was not a hero, but Francis Drake was.  If the
Governor lacked resolution, no man ever supposed the great
admiral deficient in this respect.  After a long consultation,
Drake approved the resolution of the colonists to abandon the
settlement, and, on the 19th of June, 1586, taking them aboard
his ships, he steered for England, leaving the City of Raleigh
untenanted.  Thus failed the first attempt at forming a permanent
settlement upon this great territory forming the present limits
of the United States.


QUESTIONS.

1.  What occurred in England on the return of the ships?  Mention
some things exhibited by the mariners.

2.  What did Sir Walter Raleigh next do?  Who was appointed
Governor?  Who commanded the expedition?

3.  What was the route of the fleet?  When and where did they
land?

4.  How many men were landed upon Roanoke Island?  What did they
name their city?  Describe Roanoke Island.

5.  Mention some of Grenville's exploits during his stay.

6.  What did the Indians think of this treatment?  How did the
settlers suffer in consequence?

7.  How did Governor Lane occupy himself?  What wonderful story
was told Lane by the Indians?

8.  How did Lane regard this story?  Give an account of his
expedition up the Roanoke River.  Point out Williamston.

9.  What did Governor Lane find to be the condition of affairs
upon his return to the settlement?

10.  What plot was discovered?  How did Governor Lane prevent it?

11.  What was the effect of this treatment?  What help arrived
from England?

12.  What did the colonists resolve to do?  What is said of this
attempt to found a colony?




CHAPTER VIII.

GOVERNOR WHITE'S COLONY.

A.  D.  1586 TO 1590.

It must have been a sore trial to Sir Walter Raleigh when he
learned that his colonists had returned to England.  He had sent
over a ship with abundant supplies, which reached Roanoke only a
few days after Sir Francis Drake sailed away with his fleet.
Finding no white people upon the island, the ships returned to
England.  Sir Richard Grenville also touched at the same point,
with three other ships, about fifteen days later.  The folly,
avarice and timidity of agents such as Ralph Lane have, in all
ages, crippled the noblest efforts for human advancement.

2.  Sir Richard Grenville left fifteen men in the fort built at
Roanoke by Lane, lest the English claim to the country should be
lost through want of its being occupied.  They soon fell victims
to Indian vengeance after Grenville had hoisted his sails and
gone in search of Spanish treasure ships.

1587.

3.  Once again, in 1587, Raleigh collected a fleet of transports,
and, with John White as Governor, sent about one hundred and
fifty men, women and children to Roanoke for permanent
settlement.  They brought over farming implements, wisely
determining to give up the useless search for gold, and to look
to husbandry as a means of livelihood in their new home.  On
arriving at Roanoke, on the 22d of July, Governor White, with
forty of his best men, went ashore for the purpose of finding the
men who had been left there by Grenville.  The fort was
destroyed, the houses were in a dilapidated condition and no
trace of the colonists was found except a single skeleton which
lay bleaching in the sun in front of one of the cabins,
indicating that some fearful tragedy had been enacted.

4.  Sir Walter Raleigh had ordered White to go to Hampton Roads,
in the region of Chesapeake Bay, instead of Roanoke, but this
command was disregarded under the plea that, their pilot, a
Spaniard, would not show the way.  But as Governor Lane had sent
a party there the year before, the location must have been known
to others of the expedition besides Fernando, the pilot.  It was
like everything else done by John White while connected with the
effort of colonization--very foolish and culpable.

5.  Manteo was still the warm friend of the English, and, with his
mother, welcomed them.  to his home on Croatan.  He was, on the
13th of August, as a reward for his faithful services, baptized
by order of Sir Walter Raleigh, and created a nobleman, with the
title of "Lord of Roanoke," which was the first title of nobility
ever conferred by the English in America.

6.  Governor White had, among the colonists, a daughter named
Eleanor, wife of Ananias Dare, one of his assistants.  On August
18th, a few days after their arrival, she gave birth to a little
girl, who, in honor of the land of her birth, was named "Virginia
Dare."  This is about all we know of the little girl who will ever
be famous as the first of all the children born to English
speaking people within the borders of the United States.  One of
the counties of this State bears the name of "Dare" in honor of
this little girl, and includes in its area the scene of her birth.

7.  Governor White had been at Roanoke only a few weeks, when he
became convinced that he should at once return to England in the
interest of the people he had been sent over here to govern.  He
said they would need provisions and additions to their numbers,
and a larger supply of implements of civilized life; therefore,
after a stay of but thirty-six days with the colony, he set sail
for England.

8.  He should have manifested even more haste to return to
America, as members of his own family were included among the
settlers who were at Roanoke looking to him for guidance and
safety amid so many dangers.  But when he reached England, and
Raleigh had furnished him with two ships and men and stores for
his speedy return, John White found excuse for long stay before
revisiting the stormy neighborhood of Cape Hatteras.

9.  When he was ready to sail for America a great Spanish fleet,
called the "Invincible Armada," was drawing near the English
coast, with the avowed purpose of dethroning the queen and
subjugating the people.  John White preferred to take the chances
of plunder in the coming engagement to fulfilling his duty to the
poor people at Roanoke who were waiting so anxiously for his
return.

10.  British heroism, aided by a severe storm, drove off and
destroyed the great Spanish fleet, and Governor White, with his
two ships which Raleigh had with great difficulty fitted out for
him with stores for the colony, joined in pursuit of the
fugitives.  He gained neither gold nor glory, and his ships were
so battered that they had to be carried into port and repaired
before they were fit to venture on a voyage across the Atlantic
Ocean.  Sir Walter Raleigh expressed very great displeasure at
the conduct of Governor White.

1590.

11.  Three years had elapsed before Governor White came back to
Roanoke.  He found the "City of Raleigh" as desolate as upon his
first arrival.  There was no trace of the colonists left except
the word "CROATAN," carved upon a tree.  It had been agreed that
if the colonists should find it necessary to remove before his
return, they would thus designate the place to which they had
gone.  Governor White, in his search, found three of his chests
which had been buried by the colonists and afterwards dug up and
partly broken open.  They contained books, maps and pictures, all
of which were badly torn and spoiled.

12.  Croatan was a peninsula about fifty miles from Roanoke
Island, and Governor White had good reason to believe that the
people whom he left had gone there; but he sailed down the coast
in sight of the place, and went back to England with no further
efforts to discover the nature of their fate.  Thus, again,
Roanoke was left to the savage and the wild beast.  It will never
be known what became of the colonists.  Sir Walter Raleigh for a
long time did not despair of finding them, and sent out five
expeditions for this purpose, but all were unsuccessful.  Their
fate is one of those sealed secrets which will only be known when
all our ignorance shall be enlightened and the sea gives up its
dead.

[NOTE--There was a tradition among the Indians that these people,
after great suffering for food, were adopted by the Hatteras
tribe of Indians, and became mingled with them; and, it is said
that later generations of these Indians possessed many physical
characteristics which indicated a mixture of the European and
Indian races; but this may be, after all, fanciful surmises of
the early historian.  ]




QUESTIONS.

1.  What ships had been sent over to relieve the colony?

2.  How did Grenville continue English claims to Roanoke?  What
was the fate of his settlers?

3.  What was Raleigh's next attempt at settlement?  Who was
appointed Governor?  How many people composed the colony?  How was
this colony better prepared for permanent settlement than any of
its predecessors?  What became of this colony?

4.  Where had White been ordered to make settlement?  Point out
Hampton Roads on the map.  Why did he land at Roanoke Island?
What is said of Manteo?

6.  What is said of little Virginia Dare?  How is her name still
honored in this State?  Point out Dare county on the map.

7.  What did Governor White do in a few weeks after his arrival at
Roanoke?

8.  What was furnished to him on his arrival in England?  Did he
at once go back to relieve the colonists?

9.  Why did not Governor White immediately return to his suffering
people?

10.  What became of the "Spanish Armada"?  How did Governor White
become engaged in this conflict?

11.  How long was Governor White away from Roanoke?  What did he
find on his return?  What is supposed to have been the meaning of
the word "Croatan"?  What did Governor White find?

12.  Where is "Croatan"?  Can you locate it on the map?  Did
Governor White go to this place to seek his people?  Was any
settlement on Roanoke at this time?  What effort did Raleigh make
to find these people?




CHAPTER IX.


THE FATE OF RALEIGH.

A.  D.  1590 TO 1653.

The story of the attempted settlement on Roanoke Island is the
story of one of the world's tragedies.  Misfortune seemed to be
the doom, not only of the colonists, but of many gallant men who
sought to aid Sir Walter Raleigh in his enterprise.  Sir Humphrey
Gilbert, with two of his ships, was the first to perish at sea;
Sir Francis Drake and his compeer, Sir John Hawkins, both died of
pestilence in the West Indies; and, to the baffled and broken-
hearted originator of the scheme, the coming years were black
with disaster and death.

2.  With the loss of Governor White's colony, Raleigh found that
his expenditures had greatly impaired his wealth.  He had lost
more than two hundred thousand dollars (£40,000 sterling), and,
no longer able to fit out costly and fruitless expeditions, was
forced to solicit aid from others, joining them in the rights and
privileges granted him by the queen in his charter.

[NOTE--It must also be remembered that money in the sixteenth
century was worth at least five times more than at present.
Forty thousand pounds expended by Sir Walter Raleigh would, at
that time, purchase about what one million dollars would now
command in England or the United States.  ]

1603.

3.  But Raleigh found his greatest disaster in the death of
Elizabeth.  After ruling England so wisely and well for more than
fifty years, she died on March 24th, 1603.  This great queen left
her throne to one of the most paltry and contemptible of men.

4.  King James I, was an ungainly Scotch pedant, who was incapable
of appreciating heroism and manliness in others, because of his
own deficiency in all such qualities.  He lavished favors and
titles on unworthy favorites, and incurred the contempt of wise
men for his follies and vices.

1618.

5.  Sir Walter Raleigh had long treated the Spaniards as the
enemies of his country.  The King of Spain hated him on that
account, and King James, to please His Catholic Majesty and
secure the marriage of Prince Charles to a Spanish princess,
caused the great lawyer, Sir Edward Coke, to procure the wrongful
conviction of Raleigh, his greatest subject.  After lying in
prison for twelve years under this conviction, Raleigh was
released by King James, and although not pardoned, was put in
command of an expedition to the coast of Guiana.  The expedition
was unsuccessful, and on his return, to satisfy the King of
Spain, James signed the warrant for Raleigh's execution upon his
former sentence.  Accordingly, Raleigh was beheaded, at the age
of sixty-five, as a traitor to the land for whose good he had
accomplished more than any one else in all its limits.

[NOTE--Sir Walter Raleigh occupied the twelve years of his
imprisonment in writing a "history of the world."  This work gave
great offence to King James, who endeavored to suppress its
circulation.  When Raleigh was carried to execution, while on the
scaffold, he asked to see the axe.  He closely examined its
bright, keen edge, and said, with a smile: "This is a sharp
medicine, but a sound cure for all diseases."  He then laid his
head composedly on the block, moved his lips as if in prayer, and
gave the signal for the blow.  ]

6.  Thus suffered and died the man who first sent ships and men to
the soil of North Carolina.  That he failed in what he desired to
accomplish should not detract from the gratitude and reverence
due to his memory.  If incompetent and unworthy agents, and the
accidents of fortune, thwarted him in his designs, the fault is
not his.  He was the greatest and most illustrious man connected
with our annals as a State, and should ever receive the applause
and remembrance of our people.

7.  After the death of Sir Walter Raleigh no more efforts were
made to plant a colony at Roanoke.  The spot was never favorable
for such a purpose.  No coast in the world is much more dangerous
to ships than that of North Carolina.  Cape Hatteras is even now
the dread of all mariners.  It is visited by many storms, and
sends its deadly sandbars for fifteen miles out into the ocean to
surprise and wreck the ill-fated vessel that has approached too
near the coast.

8.  Governor Lane, while at Roanoke, discovered the broad, deep
inlet and safe anchorage at Hampton Roads, within the present
limits of Virginia.  This port lies, but little to the north of
that inlet which Amadas and Barlowe entered on the first English
visit to Carolina.  Into Hampton Roads, in 1607, went another
colony, sent over by men who had succeeded the unfortunate
Raleigh in the royal permission to plant settlements in America.
To the genius and bravery of the leader, Captain John Smith, was
due the permanence of the settlement at Jamestown.  The name of
"Virginia," which had been applied to all the territory claimed
by England under the discoveries of Gilbert and Raleigh, was then
confined to the colony on James River.

9.  In the course of a few years many places on the Atlantic coast
were occupied by expeditions sent out from England and other
countries of Europe.  Those of England, at Plymouth, of the
Dutch, at New Amsterdam, and of the Swedes, in New Jersey, were
speedily seen, while yet roamed the Tuscarora in undisturbed
possession of North Carolina.

10.  As Virginia grew more populous there were hardships and
troubles concerning religion.  Men and women were persecuted on
account of their religious practices.  If people did not conform
to the "English" or Episcopal Church they were punished by fine
and imprisonment.  Sometimes cruel whipping became the portion of
men who were found preaching Quaker and Baptist doctrines.

11.  Sir William Berkeley, who was Governor of Virginia, had no
authority over men who dwelt in the region south of a line a few
miles below where the ships approached the inland waters of
Virginia.  When this became known many people around the
Nansemond River and adjacent localities went southward, towards
the Albemarle Sound, seeking homes where the tyrant of Virginia
had no jurisdiction.

1653.

12.  For this cause Roger Green, a clergyman, in 1653, led a
considerable colony to the banks of the Chowan and Roanoke
Rivers; but even before this, there were probably scattered
settlements over most all the region north of the Albemarle
Sound, of which we have no reliable account.


QUESTIONS.

1.  What is said of the attempted settlement upon Roanoke Island?

2.  What had the expedition cost Raleigh?

3.  What was Raleigh's greatest loss?

4.  Who succeeded Queen Elizabeth?  What kind of a man was King James I.  ?

5.  What new trouble came upon Raleigh?  Describe his conviction
and death.

6.  How should the people of North Carolina ever think of Sir
Walter Raleigh?

7.  Were any further efforts made to plant a colony at Roanoke?
What is said of the place?

8.  What safe anchorage had Governor Lane discovered?  What colony
entered Hampton Roads in 1607?  What town was settled in
Virginia, and by whom?  To what locality was the name "Virginia"
then confined?

9.  Mention some settlements made on the Atlantic coast about this
time.

10.  What persecutions were common in Virginia?

11.  Over what section of country did Governor Berkeley have no
authority?  When this became known to the people what did many of
them do?

12.  What settlement was made by Roger Green, and when?  Were
there any settlements in North Carolina before this time?




CHAPTER X.

KING CHARLES II.  AND THE LORDS PROPRIETORS.

A.  D.  1663.

After the discovery of North Carolina, in 1584, by Amadas and
Barlowe, many years had gone by before the period now reached in
this narrative.  Not only had James succeeded Elizabeth, but
Charles had succeeded James and had been beheaded as a traitor
to the land he pretended to rule.  Cromwell had lived, ruled
and died, and Charles II.  was on the throne of his fathers, and
thus again royal bounties became possible and fashionable.

2.  Many men in England had heard of the goodly land which was
being peopled around Albemarle Sound, beyond the jurisdiction of
Governor Berkeley.  He, too, with his bitter and envenomed soul,
took part in a scheme which was to give him some authority over
the refugees who had imagined themselves beyond the reach of his
cruel rule.

1663

3.  In the year 1663, His Majesty Charles II., King of England,
Scotland and Ireland, granted to George, Duke of Albemarle;
Edward, Earl of Clarendon; William, Earl of Craven; John, Lord
Berkeley; Anthony, Lord Ashley; Sir George Carteret, Sir John
Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, as "Lords Proprietors," all
the territory south of the lands not already granted to the
province of Virginia, down to the Spanish line of Florida.

4.  There were some remarkable men among these titular owners of
the land we now inhabit.  The Duke of Albemarle had been General
George Monk before the restoration of King Charles, and was made
a nobleman on account of his part in that transaction.  He was
not possessed of very great ability, and only became famous by
the accidents of fortune.

5.  Very different was the astute lawyer, Edward Hyde, who, for
his abilities, was made the Earl of Clarendon and Lord High
Chancellor of England.  He was a selfish and crafty man, and
lost his offices in his old age, but had two granddaughters who
became queens of Great Britain.

6.  Lord Ashley, afterward the Earl of Shaftesbury, will ever be
remembered for the part he bore in establishing the writ of
habeas corpus as a part of the British Constitution.  He was a
bold, able and profligate man, who marred great abilities by
greater vices.  He combined within himself all that is dangerous
and detestable in a demagogue.

7.  Sir William Berkeley, then Governor of the province of
Virginia, was another of these Lords Proprietors.  He was the
embodiment of the cruelty and religious prejudice of that age.
He whipped and imprisoned people who worshipped God in a way not
pleasing to himself, and was immortalized by the remark of King
Charles II., who said of him: "That old fool has taken more
lives without offence in that naked country than I, in all
England, for the murder of my father."

8.  To these men, as Lords Proprietors, a great territory was
granted, which they called "Carolina," in compliment to King
Charles II.  [Many years before this time the name of "Carolina"
had been applied to the territory between Virginia and Florida,
in honor of King Charles IX.  of France.  ]  All of them except
Governor Berkeley lived in England, but they ruled the new
country and sold the lands at the highest rate of money they
could get, with a tax of seventy-five cents on each hundred
acres to be paid every year.

9.  Many fine promises were made to the English and other people
to induce them to go to Carolina and settle.  Freedom to worship
God in the way that seemed best to each individual was
especially held out to poor sufferers like John Bunyan, who, in
those days, were too often kept for long years in loathsome
prisons because of their differing with the civil magistrates as
to certain matters of faith and practice in the churches.

NOTE--Governor Berkeley exhibited some traits of his character
by saying, while Governor of Virginia: "I thank God there are no
free schools nor printing here, and I hope we shall have none of
them these hundred years."

10.  Religious persecutions were practiced in most of the
American colonies.  It had been decreed in some of the New
England colonies that Quakers, upon coming into the province,
should have their tongues bored with a hot iron and be banished.
Any person bringing a Quaker into the province was fined one
hundred pounds sterling (about five hundred dollars), and the
Quaker was given twenty lashes and imprisoned at hard labor.  In
Virginia the persecutions were equally as bad, if not worse, and
some of the punishments were almost as severe as Indian
tortures.  The Assembly of this colony (Virginia) levied upon
all Quakers a monthly tax of one hundred dollars.

11.  To escape persecution, many men who were Quakers and
Baptists had already gone to the region around the Albemarle
Sound; and others followed from various inducements.  Their
settlements were known as the "Albemarle Colony."  The whole
country was still roamed over by Indians, and even in Albemarle
the rude farmhouses were widely scattered.

12.  There was not even a village in the new province.  No
churches, courthouses or public schools were to be seen; but the
men and women of that day loved liberty.  They preferred to
undergo danger from the Indians and the privations of lonely
homes in the forest to the persecution which they found in
England and in many portions of America.

13.  It can hardly be realized amid the present luxuries and
enjoyments of the American people, what dangers and privations
were encountered by the white settlers in North Carolina two
hundred years ago; for while now thronging cities, teeming
fields and busy highways of a people numbering many millions
cover the land, then cruel and crafty Indians, always hostile at
heart to the tread of the white man, surrounded the defenceless
homes of the scattered colonists and filled the great forest
stretching three thousand miles toward the setting sun.


QUESTIONS.

1.  What period have we now reached in our history?
What changes had taken place in the English government?

2.  In what new scheme do we find Governor Berkeley taking part?

3.  What new grant of this territory was made in 1663?
What was the new government called?

4.  What kind of a man was George, Duke of Albemarle?

5.  Who was Edward, Earl of Clarendon?

6.  Who was Lord Ashley?  What was his character?

7.  What was Governor Berkeley's character?
What was said of him by King Charles II.  ?

8.  What name was given to the territory now granted?  In whose honor
was Carolina named?  Where did the Lords Proprietors live?
What tax was to be paid to them?

9.  What inducements were offered to the English to go to Carolina
and settle?  Why was "religious freedom" an inducement for them to
leave their comfortable homes and settle in a savage country?

10.  What religious persecutions were seen in most of the American colonies?

11.  What two religious sects had emigrated to this section?
What did they call their colony?

12.  What was the condition of the colony?  What sacrifices had
the colonists made, and why?

13.  How did the condition of the colonists differ from ours?




CHAPTER XI.

GOVERNOR DRUMMOND AND SIR JOHN YEAMANS.

A.  D.  1663 TO 1667.

1.  King Charles II., who thus bestowed this vast dominion upon a
few of his friends, was in marked contrast, as a sovereign, to
Queen Elizabeth.  He was a gay, dissolute, shameless libertine,
who despised all that is valuable in human duties, and spent his
life in the paltriest amusements.  He could be polite and
entertaining in conversation, but abundantly justified Lord
Rochester's remark that "he never did a wise thing or said a
foolish one."

2.  Under instructions from the other Lords Proprietors, Sir
William Berkeley, in 1663, appointed William Drummond the first
"Governor of Albemarle."  He was a Scotch settler in Virginia,
and was a man who deserved the respect and confidence of the
people whom he governed.  He was plain and prudent in his style
of life, and seems to have given satisfaction to the people who
had been previously uncontrolled by law or magistrate.

3.  After a stay of three years, Governor Drummond returned to
Virginia.  A great trouble arose in Virginia at this period,
known as "Bacon's Rebellion."  A brave young man, Nathaniel
Bacon, was at the head of a force resisting the presumption and
illegal authority of Governor Berkeley.  William Drummond, seeing
the justness of the resistance, warmly supported Bacon's cause.
Mrs.  Sarah Drummond, wife of the Governor, nobly sustained her
husband.  Bacon died before the close of the "Rebellion," and a
large number of the leaders were put to death.  Governor Drummond
was, by order of Berkeley, hanged within two hours after his
capture.  The entire property of Mrs.  Drummond was confiscated
and herself and five children were turned out to starve.

4.  This tragic culmination of Berkeley's ruthless cruelties was
the occasion of the bitter censure by the king, already recorded.
After the death of Berkeley, Mrs.  Drummond brought suit against
his wife, Lady Frances Berkeley, for recovery of her property,
and a verdict in her favor was given by a Virginia jury.
Governor Drummond is commemorated by the lake in the Dismal Swamp
which still bears his name.

5.  It was discovered soon after the king's grant to the Lords
Proprietors, that a belt of land extending southward from the
present Virginia boundary to a point on a line with the month of
Chowan River, and extending indefinitely west, was not included
in that charter; so, in 1665 another charter was granted joining
this strip of territory to North Carolina.

6.  In 1663 there was an expedition formed in the island of
Barbadoes, which came to the shores of Carolina and explored to
the distance of about one hundred and fifty miles the courses of
the northeast branch of the Cape Fear River.  This expedition was
under command of an experienced navigator named Hilton, who was
assisted by Long and Fabian, and returned to Barbadoes in
February, 1664.

7.  Among the planters who had fitted out this expedition was John
Yeamans.  He was a young man of good connections in England.  His
father had been Sheriff of the City of Bristol during the war of
King Charles I.  with Parliament, and was put to death by the
order of Fairfax on account of his stubborn defence of his city
in the king's behalf.

1666.

8.  Yeamans had emigrated to Barbadoes, hoping to mend his broken
fortunes, and being pleased with the report of Captain Hilton's
expedition, he determined to remove to Carolina.  He went to
England to negotiate with the Lords Proprietors and receive from
them a grant of large tracts of land, and at the same time he was
knighted by the king in reward for the loyalty and misfortunes of
his family.  Returning from England in the autumn of 1665, he led
a band of colonists from Barbadoes to the Cape Fear, and
purchasing from the Indians a tract of land thirty-two miles
square, settled at Old Town, in the present county of Brunswick.
The settlement was afterwards known as the "Clarendon Colony."
This village, which was called Charlestown, soon came to number
eight hundred inhabitants, and they occupied their time in
clearing the land for cultivation and preparing lumber, staves,
hoops and shingles for shipment to Barbadoes.  The colony greatly
prospered under the excellent and prudent management of Sir John
Yeamans, but was afterwards deserted, when Yeamans was ordered by
the Lords Proprietors to the government of a colony on Cooper and
Ashley Rivers, South Carolina.

9.  There had been, as early as 1660, a New England settlement for
the purpose of raising cattle, on the Cape Fear; but this colony
incurred the resentment of the Indians, it is said, by kidnapping
their children under the pretence of sending them to Boston to be
educated; and the colonists were all gone when the men from
Barbadoes visited the Cape Fear.  Whether the New Englanders were
driven from the settlement by the Indians, or left because their
enterprise was unprofitable, is not known with certainty.  These
men left attached to a post a writing discouraging "all such as
should hereafter come into these parts to settle."

1667.

10.  During Governor Drummond's stay in Albemarle there was entire
satisfaction manifested by the people with his rule, and also
with that of the Lords Proprietors.  He exerted himself to
arrange matters so as not to disturb the titles acquired in the
time previous to the king's grant; and there was full sympathy
between him and the class represented by George Durant.

11.  This sturdy Quaker had, some years before, bought from the
Yeoppim Indians the place known as "Durant's Neck," on Perquimans
River; and he was a leader in wealth and influence among the
settlers.  He was prosperous in his affairs, and largely
controlled the views of the people belonging to his religious
sect.

12.  The rivers were full of fish every spring, and with little
trouble large supplies were caught in the nets and weirs.  Indian
corn, tobacco and lumber were sent in vessels to New England and
the West Indies.  In return sugar, coffee and rum were brought to
Albemarle, and an active trade grew up, which was almost wholly
conducted by the New England vessels.

13.  These vessels all passed through the inlet at Nag's Head,
where, as late as 1729, twenty-five feet of water was found upon
the bar.  This afforded entrance to ships of considerable
size.  Cape Hatteras was then, as now, a place of great peril to
ships, and many were wrecked upon the terrible outlying sand
bars; but this did not deter the brave mariners from the trade
which they found was growing each year more profitable.


QUESTIONS.

1.  What was the character of King Charles II.  ?  What was said of
him by Lord Rochester?

2.  Who was appointed the first Governor of Albemarle?  What kind of man was he?

3.  How long did Governor Drummond stay in North Carolina?  Can
you tell something of "Bacon's Rebellion"?  What part did
Governor Drummond take, and what was the result?  What can you
tell of Mrs.  Sarah Drummond?

4.  What further is said of Mrs.  Drummond?  How is Governor Drummond's
name commemorated in the State?  Point out this lake.

5.  What additional piece of land was given to the Lords Proprietors in 1665?

6.  What expedition came to Carolina in 1663?

7.  What is said of Sir John Yeamans?

8.  What was the object of Yeamans' visit?  What colony did he form in 1665?
Where was it located?  What is the history of this colony?

9.  What previous settlement had been made in this same vicinity?  Why was it deserted?

10.  How had the people of Albemarle been pleased with the administration.  of Governor Drummond?

11.  Who was George Durant?  Point out "Durant's Neck "on the map.

12.  Give some account of the prosperity of Albemarle.  What vessels conducted the trade?

13.  Through what inlet did vessels enter the sound?  Describe the neighborhood of Cape Hatteras.




CHAPTER XII.

GOVERNOR STEPHENS AND THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUTIONS.

A.  D.  1667 TO 1674.

After Sir William Berkeley had put Governor Drummond to death
in the manner described, Governor Stephens was sent in 1667 to
take his place.  Stephens was a ruler of ordinary abilities, and
probably did his best for the interests of the province, so far
as was consistent with a keen regard for instructions from the
Lords Proprietors.

1668.

2.  The government, in his day, consisted of the Governor, his
council of twelve, and twelve members of the House of Assembly,
elected by the freeholders.  Every white man having an estate of
inheritance, or for life, in fifty acres of land, was a freeholder.
Perfect religious liberty was allowed, and there was
no check at that day upon the government, provided it preserved
its fealty to the King and the Lords Proprietors.

3.  A wide margin was left to the Grand Assembly of Albemarle for
the display of its power.  Neither the Legislature nor the
Governor had any capital city for the transaction of business.
The Governor lived on any farm he pleased, and the General
Assembly met at such place as it deemed most convenient.

1669.

4.  Their earliest known legislation allowed no settlers to be
disturbed for the collection of debts contracted before coming to
live in Albemarle.  Another law exempted all newcomers from taxes
for one year; and prohibited the transfer of any land by a
settler during the first two years of his residence.  These laws
were evidently passed to encourage immigration.

5.  As there were no Church of England preachers then in the
colony, another statute allowed people to get married by simply
going before the Governor, or any of his council, and declaring
a purpose to become man and wife.

1670.

6.  Albemarle at that time was divided into the precincts of
Carteret, Berkeley and Shaftesbury.  The settlements extended
rapidly down the seacoast, and soon reached as far south as the
present town of Beaufort, on old Topsail Inlet.

7.  Governor Stephens soon reached the conclusion of his
administration and the term of his natural life.  The closing
months of his rule were embittered by the nature of the
instructions he received from the Lords Proprietors and the Board
of Trade in London.

8.  One of these instructions, materially changing the simple
government previously existing in the province, was concerning
the colonial trade.  English merchants saw that New England
vessels were visiting the scattered settlements on the
watercourses and establishing a lucrative exchange of
manufactured goods for the tobacco, corn and lumber of Carolina.

9.  It was determined in London to stop this, and appropriate to
English factors whatever of profit might be realized.  The old
English Navigation Act, passed under Cromwell, to break down the
Dutch trade, was revived against the Boston skippers.  Governor
Stephens accordingly told the colonists they must exchange the
products of their farms with none but English traders, but he
quickly found that the people were resolute in refusing obedience
to any such regulations.

10.  It was further announced that a new scheme of rule had been
prepared in England.  This was the work of Lord Shaftesbury and a
distinguished philosopher named John Locke.  This, familiarly
known as "Locke's Grand Model," was called by the Proprietors
"The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina," and was a cumbrous
and elaborate system, full of titles and dignities.  It involved
a large expenditure, and was as unsuited to the Carolina
wilderness as St.  Paul's Cathedral in London was for a
meetinghouse for the Quakers of Pasquotank!

11.  The people who were constantly enduring danger and privations
in Albemarle at once resolved that they would have no part in the
titles and pageants concocted by these wise men of England.  They
had been promised freedom if they would come to America, both by
the king in the Great Deed of Grant and by the Lords Proprietors,
and nothing less than the privileges of Englishmen would satisfy
them.

12.  The "Navigation Act" was intended to destroy their commerce
and manufactures, and the "Fundamental Constitutions," if
submitted to, would have put an end to their home rule.  They
waged a long opposition to these two things, and a century went
by before, in the blood of the Revolution, American commerce
became free.  They were denounced as unruly subjects, but they
were, in all truth, wise and resolute patriots.  They were
protecting not only themselves, but the generations of the
future.

QUESTIONS.

1.  Who succeeded Governor Drummond as Governor of Albemarle?
What kind of a man was Governor Stephens?

2.  In what did the government consist at that time?

3.  What is said of the Grand Assembly?  Where did the General
Assembly usually meet?

4.  Mention some of the earliest laws.

5.  What law was enacted concerning marriage?

6.  How was Albemarle divided?  How far had the settlement extended?

7.  What trouble came to Governor Stephens?

8.  What kind of trade was carried on between Carolina and New England?

9.  What was determined by the Lords Proprietors?  What old law
was revived?  How did the people receive the orders from Governor
Stephens?

10.  What two celebrated Englishmen prepared a form of government
for Carolina?  What was this system called?  State its nature.

11.  What was resolved by the colonists concerning the Grand Model?

12.  What was the intent of the Navigation Act?  Of the
Fundamental Constitutions?




CHAPTER XIII.

EARLY GOVERNORS AND THEIR TROUBLES.

A.  D.  1674 TO 1680.

1674.  Samuel Stephens, upon his death in 1674, was succeeded by
George Carteret as Governor of Albemarle.  The oldest member of
the council was entitled by law to the place, but the members of
the House of Assembly succeeded in obtaining the position for
their speaker.  Governor Carteret found many difficulties in the
office he had assumed; and becoming disgusted with the continued
opposition of the people to the Fundamental Constitutions and the
navigation laws of 1670, he went over to London and resigned his
place as Governor.

1676.

2.  When he reached England he found Eastchurch, who, as Speaker,
of the House of Assembly, had been sent over to remonstrate with
the Proprietors against the innovations they were proposing.  His
friend Miller, who was accused of indulging in rebellious
language, had been carried out of the province for trial at
Williamsburg, in Virginia, and was also in London at this time
seeking redress for his alleged grievances.

3.  Eastchurch was in London as the agent for Albemarle.  The
people were paying him to procure the assent of the Proprietors
to some remission in the hard measure of the navigation laws;
also for the abrogation of the Fundamental Constitutions.  He and
Miller betrayed their trusts, and became the willing tools of
Lord Shaftesbury and the Board of Trade.

4.  As the price of their subservience, Eastchurch was appointed
Governor of Albemarle and Miller was made Secretary of State.
The authorities in London were fully resolved that the New
England vessels should be excluded from Carolina waters and that
the Fundamental Constitutions should be accepted as the system of
government.

5.  This betrayal of a high trust was to bring its own punishment
on the heads of both Eastchurch and Miller.  On their way to
America they stopped at the Island of Nevis, where the new
Governor of Albemarle met a Creole lady.  His conduct in London
had been weak enough, but complete insanity seemed to have fallen
upon him at Nevis.  For two years he was oblivious to all the
disorders and distresses of the people committed to his
government; and he surrendered everything else to his lovemaking.

1677.

6.  Miller went on to Albemarle, and in July, 1677, assumed
control of public affairs.  There were then in the colony two
thousand taxpayers.  Besides Indian corn, which was the staple
production, eight hundred thousand pounds of tobacco were made
that year.  The whole colony was enjoying such prosperity as a
fertile soil and good climate always give.

7.  The new Governor conducted matters in an outrageous manner.
He imposed taxes upon all goods sent to other colonies, and in
this way soon realized five thousand dollars on the tobacco which
was sent to Virginia and Boston.

8.  He was particularly emphatic in his orders forbidding trade
with New England vessels.  George Durant, with a large majority
of the people, was determined to thwart him in this matter.
Governor Miller, on the other hand, was so determined in
enforcing his orders that he in person boarded a Boston vessel
and arrested the skipper.

1678.

9.  Thereupon John Culpepper, with his followers, seized Miller,
and having put him in prison, assumed the government himself.  He
imprisoned all the deputies of the Lords Proprietors.  The king's
revenue, also, amounting to fifteen thousand dollars, was
appropriated by him; Culpepper, like Gillam, the skipper who had
caused the outbreak, was from New England.

1680.

10.  At last, after two years delay upon his journey, Eastchurch
made his appearance in Albemarle.  He had won his bride, but lost
everything else.  Culpepper scouted his claims to the government.
He went to Williamsburg, in Virginia, to beg the Governor of that
province to aid him in regaining the place he had lost by his
folly; but so slow and ceremonious was his lordship, that
Eastchurch died of vexation before anything substantial had been
accomplished in his behalf.

11.  Miller escaped from the confinement to which he had been
subjected by Culpepper, and again went to England to utter his
complaints.  Culpepper followed him there, and though indicted
and tried for treason, was acquitted by aid of Lord Shaftesbury.

12.  Thus it was, in the earliest days of our history as a people,
that the men of North Carolina found means to resist the
execution of laws enacted abroad for their oppression, and
commenced a struggle which was to continue for a century.

QUESTIONS.

1.  Who succeeded Samuel Stephens as Governor?  How did he obtain
the place?  Why did Governor Carteret go to England?

2.  What two men from Carolina did he find in England and what was
their mission?

3.  What duty had the colonists entrusted to Eastchurch?  How did
he fulfill the trust?

4.  How were Eastchurch and Miller rewarded for their betrayal?
What was the determination of the London authorities?

5.  What was the conduct of Eastchurch while on his way to Carolina?

6.  What did Miller do in the meantime?  What was the condition of
the colony at this period?

7.  How did the new Governor manage affairs?

8.  What trade did he forbid?  By whom was his command thwarted?
What violent act was done by Miller?

9.  What was done to Miller?  Who assumed the government?

10.  When did Eastchurch arrive at Carolina?  How did he find
matters?  To whom did he go for aid, and with what success?

11.  What became of Miller and Culpepper?

12.  What do the events of this lesson teach us?




CHAPTER XIV.

LORD CARTERET ADDS A NEW TROUBLE.

A.  D.  1680 TO 1704.

When John Culpepper had ended his administration the
authorities in England sent over John Harvey as Governor.  Little
is known of him or of his successors, John Jenkins and Henry
Wilkinson.  There were still misrule and confusion in Albemarle.
A few men of wealth, who acted as deputies in the Council for the
absent Lords Proprietors, were their advocates and defenders in
everything they proposed; but the people still traded with New
England vessels and vented their scorn upon the Fundamental
Constitutions.

1681.

2.  At last, in 1681, the authorities in England concluded that if
one of their own number went over he might exert more influence
upon the people than a hired agent.  Therefore, they induced Seth
Sothel, who had bought the interest first granted to the Earl of
Clarendon, to venture on the doubtful expedient.

1683-88.

3.  To the great good fortune of the province, this abandoned man
was captured at sea by Algerine pirates.  Thus he became the slave
of these corsairs for two years.  When he arrived it was soon
seen what a beastly and detestable monster had been sent as a
reformer of the morals of the people of Albemarle.  He was the
most shameless reprobate ever seen as a Governor in America.  He
took bribes, stole property and appropriated the Indian trade to
his own uses, growing worse and worse until the people, in 1688,
could no longer endure his iniquities, and drove him from the
place he disgraced.  He went to South Carolina, and after his
sentence to twelve months exile had expired, returned to North
Carolina and died in 1692.

1689-93.

4.  Philip Ludwell and Alexander Lillington were the next rulers
in North Carolina, and the administration of the latter witnessed
the triumph of the colonists in the consent of the Lords
Proprietors to the abolition of the Fundamental Constitutions.
This event occurred in 1693, and brought no little joy to the men
who had so long and successfully opposed it as the Constitution
of North Carolina.

1695-96.

5.  Thomas Harvey ruled next in Albemarle, while John Archdale, a
wise and benevolent Quaker, was put in charge of all the
settlements in what was North Carolina, and also those on Cooper
and Ashley Rivers, in South Carolina.  In the year 1696 a severe
pestilential fever visited all the tribes of Indians along
Pamlico Sound and destroyed nearly all of them.  The Colonists,
soon after this, feeling somewhat safer from Indian attacks,
began to form settlements southward.

1704.

6.  Henderson Walker succeeded to the rule by virtue of his place
as President of the Council.  After him Colonel Robert Daniel,
who had made reputation in an expedition against the Spaniards in
Florida, became, in 1704, the Governor of the province.

7.  Governor Daniel was probably the mistaken and ignorant agent
of Lord Carteret, who happened then to be the Palatine, or chief
of the Lords Proprietors, in a foolish effort at reform.
Carteret, like James II., was by no means a pattern in morality,
but became impressed with his duty to cause the Assembly to pass
a law making the Episcopal Church the State Church in the
province, as it was in England.

8.  The Baptists and Quakers were numerous, and both of these
sects were sternly opposed to any such regulation.  The law was
passed in spite of their votes to the contrary, and provided for
building churches, buying glebe lands, and public taxation to pay
the rectors' salaries, but did not visit any disqualification or
punishment upon nonconformists.  The first Episcopal preacher
arrived at Albemarle in 1703, and the first church was built in
1705, in Chowan county.

9.  These persons, who were not members of the Episcopal Church,
said they were already paying for the support of their pastors,
and at once declared that they would not submit to the injustice
of paying money to men who were the leaders in the persecutions
of Baptists and Quakers in England and America.

10.  The Presbyterians of South Carolina sent John Ashe, of that
section, to London to resist the confirmation of the law, and
Edmund Porter was sent, for the same purpose, by the people of
Albemarle.  Ashe died in London before he knew of his success.
Both Queen Anne and the House of Lords denounced the innovation
as unjust and impolitic, and the law was therefore annulled by
Her Majesty in her privy council.

11.  It was thus, year by year, that the Carolinians kept up their
struggle for freedom and equality before the law.  The ocean
stretched between them and the men who sought their oppression,
and large expenditures, both in money and heartwearing efforts,
were undergone, as the dangerous and alarming years went by; but
these men of the woods never wavered in their determination to be
free.

QUESTIONS.

1.  Who was sent from England to succeed John Culpepper as
Governor of Carolina?  Who followed Governor Harvey in office?
What was the condition of affairs in the colony under these
Governors?

2.  Who became Governor in 1681?  Who was Seth Sothel, and why was
he selected?

3.  What befell Sothel on his way to Carolina?  What kind of man
was Governor Sothel?  What did the people do?

4.  Who next took charge of Carolina?  What important thing was
accomplished under this administration?

5.  Who was Governor in 1696?  Who had charge of all the
settlements?

6.  What two Governors are next mentioned?

7.  Whose agent was Governor Daniel?  What law was passed by the
Assembly?

8.  What two religious sects were strongest opposers of the act?
What was provided for in the statute?

9.  What complaint was made by the Baptists and Quakers?

10.  Who was sent to London in the interest of the Presbyterians?
What man from Albemarle?  What was the success of the mission to
London?

11.  What was the almost constant struggle of the people of Carolina?




CHAPTER XV.

THOMAS CAREY AND THE TUSCARORA WAR

A.  D.  1704 TO 1712.

Thomas Carey, who had already reached the positions of
Speaker of the House of Assembly and Lieutenant-Governor, was
promoted to be Governor in 1705.  He had been a leader in
opposition to Governor Daniel's church scheme, and for that
reason John Archdale and the Quakers had procured his elevation
to the latter position.  It may be imagined what was their
disgust and surprise when it was found that Carey had changed
sides and become the willing tool of Lord Carteret.

1705.

2.  In 1705 the town of Bath, in Beaufort county, was settled,
and this was the first incorporated town in North Carolina.  One
of the oldest churches in the State is at Bath.  The bricks used
in the building were brought from England.  The edifice is still
in a good condition, and is regularly used for public worship.

3.  When the General Assembly met, Governor Carey announced that,
under English laws, none but members of the English or Episcopal
Church could be allowed to take the oaths necessary to
qualification for a seat in either House.  John Porter was
thereupon sent to London to make known this fresh outrage and
betrayal of the people.

4.  He was soon back with orders for Carey's removal; and the
General Assembly elected William Glover by the votes of John
Porter and the men he influenced.  It is sickening to add that
Glover also immediately deceived the men who were his
supporters, and was found acting and talking exactly as Carey
had done.  The next thing seen was the pacification of Carey and
the Quakers, and their re-election of him as Governor.

5.  Two rival governments were thus at open rupture, each
claiming to be the local government in Albemarle.  They both took
up arms, and it seemed that bloodshed must ensue.  A General
Assembly was called to decide the question of authority.
Members were present with certificates of election signed by
Glover, and another set whose certificates were issued by Carey.
Glover and Carey, with their adherents, occupied separate rooms
in the same building, and great confusion and bitterness
prevailed.  Finally the members of Glover's council were
compelled to seek refuge in Virginia.

6.  In such a state of affairs, Edward Hyde arrived from England
with papers directing Edward Tynte, the Governor of both South
and North Carolina, to commission him as Governor of North
Carolina.  In the meantime Carey, having heard of Governor
Tynte's death, refused to acknowledge Hyde's claims, and
proceeded to arm and equip his followers.

1711.

7.  The cruel and crafty Tuscaroras now resolved to avail
themselves of the divisions among the white people.  They
procured the Meherrins, Corees, Mattarnuskeets and other tribes
to unite with them in an effort to murder all they could of the
settlers.  They kept the secret so well that on the night of the
11th of September, 1711, according to the calendar of that day,
more than two hundred whites were butchered.  The Tuscaroras
mustered in their ranks a strong force, which was increased by
their allies to sixteen hundred warriors.  The Indians continued
this terrible slaughter for three days, and only ceased when
fatigue and drunkenness rendered them incapable of further continuance.

8.  The Baron de Graffenreid, a nobleman from Bern, had just
established (in 1710) a flourishing colony, comprising about six
hundred persons, Germans and Swedes, at New Bern, at the
confluence of the Neuse and Trent Rivers.  De Graffenreid and
John Lawson, the surveyor-general, while on an exploring voyage
up the Neuse River, a few days before the massacre of September
11th, were seized by the Indians.  The war council decided that
both the men should be put to death.  De Graffenreid made claim
that he was king of the Swiss settlement just established, and
escaped death by promising that no more land should he taken
from the Indians without their consent.  The unfortunate Lawson
and a negro servant were put to death by the most horrible cruelties.

9.  Baron de Graffenreid was held a captive for several weeks,
and was set at liberty upon application of Governor Spottswood.
On his return to his settlement he found it in a condition of
almost desolation.  He became so disheartened at the prospect
that he soon sold his interest in Carolina and returned to
Switzerland.

1712.

10.  The South Carolina militia and near a thousand Yemassee
Indians, under Colonel John Barnwell, came as swiftly as they
could to the rescue, and inflicted a stunning blow upon the
savages.  They were attacked in a fort near New Bern, and more
than three hundred of the Indians were killed and a hundred made
prisoners.  Thinking the league crushed, Colonel Barnwell went
home with his forces, after making a treaty with the Indians,
which was quickly broken.

11.  In this terrible emergency, which threatened the destruction
of so many settlers, Governor Spottswood, of Virginia, did
nothing to aid the colony except keep the Five Nations and Tom
Blount's Tuscaroras neutral in the war.  The great danger was in
the possible adhesion of the New York Iroquois to the savage
league.  With Albemarle divided, and consequently in a measure
helpless, it was seen that it would be impossible to meet the
Five Nations in battle.

12.  When the next spring had opened, some hundreds of men in
North Carolina were joined by Colonel James Moore, from South
Carolina, with another force of a hundred and fifty of his white
neighbors and the Yemassees, who again were willing to make war
upon their hated enemies, the Tuscaroras.

13.  Another bloody attack upon a fort made of earthworks and
palisades resulted in such slaughter of the Indians that
Handcock, their chief, who had boldly led them before, was so
disheartened at the loss of his braves that, with his tribe, he
abandoned Carolina and rejoined his brethren in the lake country
of New York, who were from that time known as the Six
Nations.  They ventured no more among the men who had so
fearfully broken their strength and power as belligerents.  The
fort occupied by Handcock and his force was situated where the
village of Snow Hill, Greene county, now stands, and was called
by the Indians "Nahucke."  The siege began March 20th, and in a
few days the fort, with eight hundred prisoners, was taken by
storm.  Colonel Moore's loss was twenty white men and thirty-six
Indians killed and about one hundred wounded.

14.  In the midst of the danger, in this second year of the war,
yellow fever was seen for the first time in Albemarle.  Governor
Hyde fell a victim to its virulence.  He died September 8, 1712,
and was succeeded by Thomas Pollock, who had long been known as
one of the richest and most influential of the settlers.
Pollock and Edward Moseley, who was the leading lawyer and
ablest man in Albemarle, were in deadly enmity concerning the
quarrels between the contending Governors.

15.  During this turbulent period among their rulers the people
of Albemarle were giving their principal attention to growing
corn and other farm products.  They were improving their
settlements and reaping the full reward of industry and
perseverance.  In 1704 the manufacture of tar began, and it was
soon discovered that this native article was destined to become
a very valuable commodity, both at home and in foreign countries.

16.  During the years just considered North Carolina received
large accessions to her population.  As early as 1690 French
Protestant refugees purchased lands and began to form
settlements in Pamlico.  In 1707 another body of French
emigrants, under the guidance of their clergymen, Phillipe de
Richebourg, located in the same section.  A good number of
French Huguenots, also, had formed thrifty settlements in the
Pamlico region and along the banks of the Neuse and Trent Rivers.

QUESTIONS.

1.  How did Thomas Carey become Governor of Albemarle?  How did
he disappoint the people who elected him?

2.  Where was the first town incorporated in the State?

3.  What announcement was made by Carey at the meeting of the
Assembly?  How was this received by the people?

4.  What orders were brought by Porter?  Who was elected as
Carey's successor?  How were the people disappointed in Governor
Glover?

5.  What was the condition of affairs?

6.  Who arrived from England, and for what purpose?
How did Carey receive Governor Hyde's demand?

7.  How were the Tuscaroras acting during this public trouble?
What calamity befell the colony?

8.  What befell Baron de Graffenreid and John Lawson?

9.  What further is said of de Graffenreid?

10.  What aid came from South Carolina?  Describe the battle.

11.  How did Governor Spottswood, of Virginia, act during this trouble?
What was specially feared by the people?


12.  How was the colony preparing for war?

13.  Describe the second battle and the result.

14.  What terrible sickness visited Carolina in 1712?  Who was one of the victims?
Who succeeded Governor Hyde?  What is said of Governor Pollock?

15.  How were the people of Albemarle occupying themselves during these troublesome times?

16.  Give some account of the growth of the settlements in North Carolina.




CHAPTER XVI.

GOVERNOR EDEN AND BLACK-BEARD.

A.  D.  1712 TO 1722.

With the conquest of the Tuscaroras and their allies, a great
danger was removed from the settlements in Carolina.  Tom Blount
and his people were assigned a tract of land as a token of the
gratitude of the whites for their refusal to join in the war.
This reservation was first located south of Albemarle Sound, but
was afterwards changed to the region still known as the "Indian
Woods," in Bertie county.

1713.

2.  In 1713, Colonel Pollock was relieved of his office as
Governor by the arrival of Charles Eden, with full powers from
the Duke of Beaufort, who was then Palatine.  Governor Eden was
instructed by the Proprietors to discourage much expansion of the
settlements.  He became popular with a large portion of the
people.  He lived some years at Queen Annie's Creek, which town
was called Edenton, as a compliment to him.  He afterwards bought
a place on Salmon Creek, in Bertie county, and dwelt there.  This
place is still known as "Eden House."

1715.

3.  In 1715 the same Yemassee Indians who had so signally aided in
the overthrow of the Tuscaroras, repeated, in South Carolina, the
bloody work of their old enemies in Albemarle.  They were aided
by other tribes, and murdered many white people.  The Indians in
the Bath precinct also, taking advantage of the alarm caused by
this outbreak in the southern province, raised the war cry and
murdered several white people on the Pamlico plantations before
they could be checked.

4.  At the request of the Governor of South Carolina, Governor
Eden immediately sent a strong force of both cavalry and infantry
to aid the South Carolinians.  Colonel Maurice Moore, who was the
brother of Colonel James Moore, the late commander against the
Tuscaroras, and had become a resident of Albemarle, was in
command.

5.  The oldest statutes of which we have copies were enacted in
1715, at the house of Captain Richard Sanderson, in Perquimans.
Edward Moseley was Speaker of the House of Assembly and differed
with Governor Eden in many matters of provincial policy.  Through
all his life as a public man he was intensely devoted to the
interest of the colony; and though warmly attached to the English
or Episcopal Church, was resolute in his advocacy of complete
religious liberty.  He formed a strong party of men, who regarded
the Governor as simply the agent of the Lords Proprietors; and
therefore, to be vigilantly watched and checked in any innovation
upon established privileges.

6.  There had been, for years, many crimes committed by pirates
upon the ocean just along the North Carolina Coast.  They
sometimes extended their infamous practices to the sounds and
rivers.  One Edward Teach, who was also called "Black-Beard," was
the chief of these bloody robbers.  He had a fleet of armed
vessels; the largest of which was called Queen Anne's Revenge.
This formidable craft carried a crew of one hundred men, and
forty cannon.

7.  Edward Moseley and others were clamorous for the arrest and
punishment of such horrid offenders against the law, and
denounced Governor Eden as their accomplice.  It was brought to
the knowledge of Capt.  Ellis Brand, who came in command of a
British squadron in Hampton Roads, that Teach was to be found
near Ocracoke.

8.  Lieutenant Robert Maynard was ordered to go to that point and
capture the outlaws.  He found the pirates, who saluted him with
so deadly a broadside that a large portion of the royal men were
slain.  Maynard unfortunately got his ship aground in the action,
and his deck was terribly raked by his antagonists' fire.  His
case seemed well nigh hopeless, when he resorted to a stratagem.
All of his men were ordered to go below, and soon the pirates saw
nothing but dead men upon the deck.  They hastened to board what
they thought was another prize.

9.  But Maynard and his men met them as they crowded upon the
deck, and after a bloody struggle, captured nine men, who were
the survivors of the prolonged and desperate conflict.  Among
these was a gigantic negro, who was on the point of blowing up
the pirate vessel when arrested in his desperate purpose.

10.  Black-Beard was slain during the battle, and Maynard sailed
away from the scene of his victory with the corsair's head fixed
upon his bowsprit.  The captured offenders were carried to
Williamsburg, Virginia, and there tried and executed, as they
deserved to be.

11.  In the early portion of the eighteenth century the whole
Atlantic coast of America was more or less infested by these
buccaneers.  In some quarters they congregated in great numbers,
and made expeditions in which they laid cities under
contribution, and endangered all legitimate commerce in the new
world.  They were as cruel desperadoes as have been seen in any
age of the world's history.  After long and costly effort by the
English and other governments, they were driven from the seas.

QUESTIONS.

1.  What reservation was given to the Indians?

2.  Who became Governor in 1713?  How had Governor Eden been
instructed by the Lords Proprietors?  Where did he live?

3.  What occurred in 1715?

4.  Who was sent to aid the people of South Carolina?

5.  At whose house did the Legislature meet?  What noted man was
Speaker of the House?  Give some description of Edward Moseley.

6.  What famous pirate was ravaging the coast about this time?

7.  Of what had Governor Eden been charged?

8.  Who was sent to capture the pirate?  Describe the battle.

9.  How did the engagement result?

10.  What disposition was made of the captives?

11.  What is said of the Atlantic coast during this period?




CHAPTER XVII.

GOVERNOR GABRIEL JOHNSTON.

A.  D.  1722 TO 1748.

Upon the death of Governor Eden in 1722, Colonel Thomas
Pollock, as President of His Majesty's Council for North
Carolina, assumed the place of Governor, but he died in a short
while and was succeeded by William Reed.  That year Bertie
precinct was erected west of Chowan River, and court houses were,
for the first time, ordered to be built.  Not only the General
Assembly, but courts and all public affairs, up to this time, had
been held in private houses.

2.  North Carolina then comprised three counties.  These were
Albemarle, Bath and Clarendon.  Albemarle contained Currituck,
Pasquotank, Perquimans, Chowan and Bertie precincts.  Bath and
Clarendon, though counties, were not subdivided at this time.

1724.

3.  The Lords Proprietors, as the last evidence of their lack of
wisdom and interest in the province they had so long cursed with
their misrule, sent over George Burrington.  After the creation
of the counties of Bath and Clarendon the representative of the
Lords Proprietors was called "Governor of North Carolina."

4.  Governor Burrington's character was very bad; he had been
indicted and punished in the Old Bailey, in London, for beating
an old woman, and was, all his life, drunken and quarrelsome.
Yet such a man came over to be the guardian of a people who knew
not when they were to be tomahawked by the savages or driven into
further exile by the zealots who were disturbed at the nature of
their religious belief.

1725.

5.  This weak and wicked ruler only remained one year in charge,
when Sir Richard Everhard came to replace him.  They were
brothers in iniquity, and before Burrington left Edenton these
two men disgraced themselves by fighting in the streets of that
village.  The General Assembly met at Edenton, and by enactment
of law the dividing line between North Carolina and Virginia was
run in November of this year.

1729.

6.  Such rulers as have just been mentioned so utterly disgusted
every one in the colony that the King and Parliament were
petitioned to buy the province and abolish the rule of those who
had only hindered its growth.  So, in 1729, for the sum of forty-
five thousand dollars, all of the proprietors except Lord
Carteret, sold to the crown their interest in Carolina .  Thus,
after sixty-six years of unbounded misrule, these men in London
who had so greatly cursed North Carolina by their ignorance and
mistakes, surrendered their title to property which had never
paid them more than about one hundred dollars a piece in any one
year.

7.  They had never really cared for the people whom they were so
anxious to disturb with their crude notions of religion.  The
schemes of London merchants were of far more moment thanthe
welfare of Albemarle, and the folly of the Fundamental
Constitutions was to be upheld even at the ruin of the province.

8.  As an earnest of the want of care King George I.  was to
exhibit towards the colony, Governor Burrington was sent back to
the people who were already so well acquainted with his faults of
temper and character.  He soon got into trouble with the leading
men of the province, and pretending to go to South Carolina,
returned to England, where he was soon after killed in a night-
brawl in the city of London.

1734.

9.  Nathaniel Rice was Governor until the arrival and
qualification of Gabriel Johnston, who took the oaths of office
at Brunswick, on the Cape Fear River.  Governor Johnston was a
Scotchman, who had lived for several years in London, and was to
prove the wisest and best of all the men sent over to rule the
people in Carolina.  He married Penelope Eden, daughter of the
late Governor, and dwelt at her home on the Chowan River.

10.  There were no troubles between the Governor and people in the
time of Governor Johnston's administration.  Sometimes Edward
Moseley, always a stickler for the rights of the colonists, would
carry some dispute into the General Assembly, but the measures of
Governor Johnston, as a general thing, were pleasing to all
classes of the people and received their support.

11.  At this period, Dr.  John Brickell, with a party of white men
and Indians, was sent by the General Assembly to explore the
mountain region of Western North Carolina.  He went into East
Tennessee in his travels among the Cherokees.  He brought back
wondrous accounts of the beauty of the region and of the
simplicity and kindness of the natives.  Dr.  Brickell practiced
medicine in Edenton and wrote an interesting book about the North
Carolina of that day.

1740.

12.  During the Spanish war Governor Johnston enlisted four
hundred North Carolina troops for the expedition that was led by
Governor Oglethorpe against the Spaniards at St.  Augustine, in
Florida.  They formed a battalion of the regiment commanded by
Colonel Vanderclussen.  They were carried under Admiral Vernon to
the siege of Carthagena and participated in the dangers and
horrors of that expedition.  But few returned to tell the story of
their disasters.

1746.

13.  In consequence of the great defeat of the Scotch by the
English at the battle of Culloden, many Scotch emigrants began to
settle in North America.  The captives in the struggle mentioned
had been offered choice between death and exile to America.  The
emigrants landed at Wilmington in large numbers and formed
settlements along the Cape Fear River.  One of their principal
towns was at Cross Creek, now known as Fayetteville.  These
Scotch people were brave, industrious, and frugal, and North
Carolina has always esteemed them as a part of her best
population.

1748.

14.  The province had never grown so rapidly, or been so
prosperous, as in the rule of this wise and excellent man who now
conducted public affairs.  The provinces of North and South
Carolina were formally separated in Governor Burrington's time,
and upon the death of Governor Johnston, in 1752, it was found
that the population had been multiplied several times over what
it had been twenty years before, and it now numbered nearly fifty
thousand people.  Great quantities of tar, pitch and turpentine,
also staves, corn, tobacco and other products of the farm,
besides pork, beef, bacon and lard were exported.

QUESTIONS.

1.  Who became Governor on the death of Governor Eden?  What
changes were noticed in the colony?

2.  Into what precincts and counties was North Carolina divided?

3.  Who was sent over by the Lords Proprietors in 1724 as Governor?

4.  Can you tell something of Governor Burrington's past life?

5.  How long was Governor Burrington in office, and who succeeded
him?  How did these officers conduct themselves in Edenton?

6.  What large purchase was made in 1729?  Which of the Lords
Proprietors reserved his right?  What had been the annual profit
to the Proprietors from the colony?

7.  How had these men always felt toward their province?

8.  What was the first act of George I.  in the government of North
Carolina?  How did Burrington's administration terminate?

9.  Who was Burrington's successor?  Who followed Governor Rice?
Tell something of Governor Johnston.

10.  How did Governor Johnston conduct affairs?

11.  What expedition was sent out at this time?  What account of
the western country was given by Dr, Brickell on his return?

12.  What occurred in 1740?

13.  How and by whom was the Cape Fear region now being settled?

14.  Give an account of the prosperity of the province during period.




CHAPTER XVIII.

THE PIRATES AND OTHER ENEMIES.

A.  D.  1748 TO 1754.

During the government of North Carolina by Gabriel Johnston,
there was still much trouble from the buccaneers.  These were
pirates who chiefly infested the West Indies, where they were
sometimes congregated by thousands at a single place.  They were
daring enough to invade cities and countries, and caused great
terror and danger to all honest people within their reach.

2.  In 1748 a fleet of the pirates, under the pretext of a war
between England and Spain, sailed into the mouth of the Cape Fear
River.  Instead of the plunder they expected to obtain from firms
and towns, they were bravely met by the people, as the fleet lay
off the village of Brunswick, and after a bloody fight, were
driven back to sea with the loss of one of their ships.  From
this demolished craft were taken a number of negroes and
valuables.  These spoils which rewarded the gallant defence of
the men of Cape Fear were, by act of Assembly, given to the
churches in Wilmington and Brunswick.

[NOTE--The pirate chief left his vessel and crew off at Brunswick,
and in a small boat, with a few men, ascended the Cape Fear River
to ravage the farm of Maurice Moore.  Col.  Moore learned of the
coming of the robbers and boldly met them on the shore with gun
in hand, and compelled them to return without even landing.
While the chief was up the river the fight occurred off
Brunswick, his vessel was captured, and forty men, comprising the
crew were sold by the victors at public auction.  ]

1749.

3.  The year 1749 is memorable because then, for the first time, a
printing press was erected in North Carolina.  James Davis
brought this press to New Bern from Virginia, and began, years
later, the publication of a weekly newspaper, called The North
Carolina Magazine or Universal Intelligencer.  This occurred in
1765, and the press was used until that time in printing the laws
and proceedings of the General Assembly.

4.  The first movements toward peopling the western sections of
the province were seen this year in the purchase, by the
Moravians, of a large tract of land from Earl Granville.  They
called it Wachovia, in compliment to Count Zinzendorf's estate in
Germany.  The same region was peopled rapidly by other German
Settlers, with a large addition of Scotch-Irish emigrants.  Their
town was named Salem, and is now the county seat of Forsyth.

1752-53.

5.  Upon the death of Governor Johnston, President Rice was in
charge until the next year, when, upon his death, Colonel Matthew
Rowan succeeded to the place thus made vacant.  Colonel Rowan
lived in Bladen, and was a planter of large means.  He was
greatly valued, and his name is perpetrated in a county which has
long been important in North Carolina.

1754.

6.  At this time there was great rivalry between France and
England for supremacy in America.  Large as was the area of
unoccupied territory for division between them, they were fast
maturing schemes for each other's expulsion from the Western
Continent.

7.  All around the English settlements, from New England along the
great lakes, and down the Mississippi River, a chain of forts was
being constructed by the French, and the aid of all the Indian
tribes had already been secured except in the instance of the
Iroquois or Six Nations in New York.  Lord Dinwiddie, then
Governor of Virginia, sent a messenger to say that these enemies
were even encroaching upon the Old Dominion and erecting a fort
at the junction of the two streams which form the Ohio River.

8.  Pittsburg stands upon the spot where this famous Fort Du
Quesne was constructed.  His lordship applied for aid from North
Carolina in an expedition which he proposed to send against these
intruders.  Governor Rowan and the General Assembly responded
nobly and promptly to the call.

9.  Colonel James Innes, who had served gallantly under Lord
Vernon at Carthagena, in South America, was put in command of a
regiment mustering more than nine hundred men.  Two hundred
thousand dollars was voted for their equipment and supplies, and
with high hopes, the long march for the Ohio River was begun.

10.  When the army reached Winchester, in Virginia, Colonel Joshua
Fry, who was in command of all the forces, died, and Governor
Dinwiddie appointed Colonel Innes his successor.  But this
appointment gave offence to the Virginians, who wished Colonel
George Washington, already a favorite of the people, to take
command.  The Virginia Legislature, under the circumstances,
would make no provision for the support of Colonel Innes'
regiment, and it was forced to return home.  In this way the
generous purpose of North Carolina was completely thwarted.

11.  Colonel Innes died at Winchester soon after.  The French
occupied their fort and perfected those arrangements which
resulted, shortly afterwards, in the terrible defeat of the army
commanded by General Braddock.

12.  Another army of Virginians and North Carolinians, about
thirty years after these occurrences, was assembled to attack
Colonel Patrick Ferguson's British and Tories at King's Mountain.
A very different spirit prevailed there.  The North Carolina
officers, who greatly outnumbered those of the Old Dominion,
insisted that as they were at home, Colonel Campbell, of the
latter State, should assume command, and their knightly courtesy
was followed by a glorious victory.

QUESTIONS.

1.  Who infested the coast during Governor Johnston's term?

2.  How was a fleet of pirates received by the Cape Fear men in
1748?  What was done with the spoils?  Point out Brunswick and
Wilmington on the map.

3.  What memorable event occurred in 1749?

4.  Give an account of the settlement of Wachovia.  In what part
of the State is this settlement?

5.  Who became Governor after the death of Governor Rice?  What
kind of man was Governor Rowan?

6.  What were the English and French trying to accomplish in
America at this period?

7.  How were the French preparing for hostilities?  What was
stated by Governor Dinwiddie's messenger?

8.  Of whom did Governor Dinwiddie ask aid?  How did North
Carolina respond to the call?

9.  To what extent did the province prepare resistance?

10.  What occurred at Winchester?  How did this appointment affect
the Virginians, and why?  How did the effort of North Carolina to
aid the Virginians terminate?

11.  What was the result of the expedition against Fort Du Quesne?

12.  What other occurrence is mentioned?




CHAPTER XIX.

GOVERNOR ARTHUR DOBBS.

A.  D.  1754 TO 1765.

King George selected Major Arthur Dobbs, as Governor of North
Carolina; and at New Bern, on November 1, 1754, he entered upon
the discharge of his duties.  He was a man of high temper, and
very obstinate in support of his views, but devoted to whatever
he believed his duty demanded.  His greatest fault was filling
public offices with members of his own family and a disposition
to make jobs for his own benefit.

2.  Governor Dobbs soon visited the new county of Rowan, which was
established in 1753, and included in its area most of the western
portion of North Carolina and a part of Tennessee.  He found
Presbyterians under Rev.  Hugh McAden, and Baptists under Rev.
Shubal Stearns, establishing churches and laying the foundations
of towns in a region where, but a few years before, no white
people were to be seen.

1757.

3.  Colonel Hugh Waddell, of Brunswick, was put in command of
troops raised in North Carolina for the French and Indian war.
He had started to join General Braddock's column, but just
previous to the fatal battle on Monongahela River was recalled by
Governor Dobbs to repel the attack of the Cherokees on Old Fort.
This stronghold was built amid the western mountains to overawe
the Indians and as a refuge for the settlers.

4.  Governor Littleton, of South Carolina, by his bad management,
had most wantonly provoked the Over-hill Indians into this
condition of hostility.  His foolish and unnecessary interference
and cruelty had converted these usually peaceful neighbors into
sufficient hostility to make it easy for French emissaries to
obtain their active aid against the English settlers.

5.  Captain Dennie, with his company, was also besieged at Fort
Tellico.  Colonel Waddell made haste with his battalion and drove
off the Cherokees, burning their lodges and destroying all the corn
he could find.  Another battalion remained with General Forbes,
as North Carolina's contingent in the expedition against Fort Du
Quesne.  These things occurred in 1757.

6.  In England the administration of the Duke of Newcastle over
American and foreign affairs terminated, and the first William
Pitt succeeded to his place.  In every portion of the world
mighty consequences resulted from this arrangement.  The fleets
and armies of Great Britain were animated with the zeal and
patriotism of that great statesman.

1759.

7.  Of all the victories of the year, none was so important to
America as that of General Wolfe over the French at Quebec.  It
broke the power of France in the Western Continent, and stopped,
in a great measure, the war waged by Indians upon the frontier
settlements.

8.  At no period has the population of North Carolina increased
relatively so fast as during these years now under consideration.
Up to the death of Governor Johnston it had amounted to no more
than thirty thousand souls, but since that time had more than
doubled.  In 1754 the exports amounted to sixty-one thousand five
hundred and twenty-eight barrels of tar, twelve thousand and
fifty-five barrels of turpentine, seven hundred and sixty-two
thousand staves, sixty-one thousand five hundred and eighty
bushels of corn, besides much tobacco, pork, beef and other
commodities.

9.  The most discreditable thing in Governor Dobbs' administration
was his effort to procure the General Assembly to locate the
provincial capital on his farm, called "Tower Hill."  This was
the place where the Indians had been defeated by Colonel James
Moore in 1712.  He failed in his scheme, and Snow Hill, as the
place is now called, never became the capital of North Carolina.

10.  He was often at variance with the Legislature, or more
properly, the House of Assembly, concerning the courts and
judges.  He wished things arranged to suit certain men in London,
and the House resolved that this should not be done, and North
Carolina was left, in the end, with no judges but the justices of
the peace.

11.  Even before this there was much complaint concerning the
extortions of public officers.  Although the people were very
poor, the agents of the King and Earl Granville made them pay
enormous license and poll taxes.  Francis Corbin, one of the
King's agents, was dragged from his home in Chowan to Enfield,
then in Edgecombe county, to compel him to repay the sums which
he had unlawfully exacted.  He gave bail and promised to return
the illegal tribute, but instead of complying he brought suit
against the men who had seized him.  The matter terminated in a
riot, in which some of the chief friends of Governor Dobbs were
concerned.

1765.

12.  The Governor, being old, and weary of contests with the House
of Assembly, at length asked for leave of absence; but died at
his place on Town Creek, in Brunswick county, before sailing for
England.  He was devoted to his sense of duty to the King, and
was in many ways deserving of public respect.

QUESTIONS.

1.  Who tools the oath of office of Governor in 1754?  Can you
give some traits of his character?

2.  What visit was made by Governor Dobbs?  How was the new county
of Rowan becoming settled?

3.  Who was put in command of the North Carolina troops?  How was
he prevented from joining General Braddock?  Find Old Fort on
the map.

4.  Who had incited the Indians to the proposed attack on Old
Fort?

5.  Give an account of Colonel Waddell's expedition-against the
Indians.

6.  What noted man in England had charge of American affairs?
What effect had his administration upon every portion of the
world?

7.  What great victory was gained in America at this period?  What
good resulted to the whole country from this victory?

8.  What had been the increase of population in North Carolina?
Can you name some of the exports?

9.  Where did Governor Dobbs endeavor to have the capital of North
Carolina located?

10.  What trouble did the Governor have with the Legislature?
With what result?

11.  Of what extortions did the people complain?  How was Francis
Corbin treated, and why?

12.  What is said of the close of Governor Dobbs' life?




CHAPTER XX.

GOVERNOR TRYON AND THE FIRST RESISTANCE TO
THE STAMP ACTS.

A.  D.  1765 TO 1766.

Some months before the death of Governor Dobbs there had come
over from England a handsome, polished and genial officer who
wore the uniform of the Queen's Guards.  This was Lieutenant-
Colonel William Tryon, recently appointed Lieutenant-Governor of
North Carolina.  He succeeded Governor Dobbs, and left a name
that will never be forgotten in North Carolina.

2.  Governor Tryon was accompanied by his wife and her sister,
Miss Esther Wake.  They were ladies of great attractiveness, and
were destined to become so much valued by the people that their
family name is still preserved in our midst, as the name of our
metropolitan county.

3.  There was much gaiety seen at that time in the eastern
counties.  The Indians were all gone, beyond the Blue Ridge
Mountains, and the rude huts of old had, in many instances, been
replaced by large and costly buildings of brick.  Weddings were
generally celebrated by balls that lasted for a week.
Hospitality was unstinted, and most men of means thought their
establishments imperfect until provided with a private race
course.  With hound and horn, there was great diversion, for
game was abundant and the sport open to all who could get a
horse to ride.

4.  In such society the brilliant family of the Governor was of
course at once sure of unbounded influence.  Perhaps no man was
ever more warmly esteemed than Governor Tryon during the first
years of his rule in North Carolina.  He was gracious and wary
at the same time.  He knew whom to cultivate, and while smiling
on all he was fast making friends who were almost ready to die
in his behalf.

5.  The great preacher, George Whitefield, came to the State in
1765, and moved thousands with his eloquence.  His new sect, the
Methodist, had until then made no progress in North Carolina,
and his converts went to swell the numbers of the Baptists, who
were more numerous than any other denomination.

6.  There was the utmost kindness of feeling between the new
Governor and the people, when the news came that the English
Parliament had passed a law called the "Stamp Act."  It had been
much talked of and denounced in many portions of America, and
now, with a unanimity that is still one of the strangest things
recorded in history, the men of all conditions, in every colony,
arose in frenzy and swore that this law should not be executed
in America.

7.  The Stamp Act required that all colonial legal instruments,
such as deeds, bonds and notes, should be written only upon
stamped paper, otherwise they were not binding, or of any
effect.  The paper was prepared in England, to be sold to the
colonists at the heavy tax of one and two dollars upon each
sheet.  In addition to this, the act contained a great variety
of other ruinous exactions.  Newspapers and pamphlets were taxed
more than such publications at present would cost.  An
advertisement in a newspaper paid the government fifty cents;
almanacs, eight cents; college diplomas, ten dollars; and the
fee charged for a marriage license was sometimes as high as
fifteen dollars.  The act received royal assent on 22d March, 1765.

8.  The law was oppressive upon the people because of the amount
exacted, but was considered constitutional in England by many
great lawyers who were warm friends of the American people.  But
in America it had been held for some time that no tax levied by
Great Britain, without the consent of America, was just; and
thus every man resolved that the Stamp Act should not be enforced.

9.  When the news reached Governor Tryon, at New Bern, the
General Assembly was in session at that place.  A very bold and
fearless man, Colonel John Ashe, was then Speaker of the House
of Assembly.  Governor Tryon asked of Ashe, in private
conversation, what the House would do as to the new law."  We
will resist its execution to the death," said he, and that very
day Governor Tryon sent them all home by proroguing the
session.  Nor did he permit them to assemble again until late in
the next year, after the repeal of the Stamp Act.  By this means
he prevented the election of delegates from North Carolina to
the Continental Congress which met in New York in 1765 to
organize the opposition to that oppressive measure.

[Prorogue is to continue or adjourn a legislative body from one
session to another by Royal or State authority.  ]

10.  The first step of the people in their resistance to the
Stamp Act was to carry James Houston, who had been appointed
Stamp Agent, before Moses John DeRosset, who was then Mayor of
Wilmington.  There, in the presence of many distinguished men of
the Cape Fear country, on the 16th of November, 1765, he was
obliged publicly to resign his office in the Court House of
Wilmington, and make oath that he would have no further
connection with it.

11.  Twelve days later, on the 28th November, 1765, the ship of
war Diligence arrived with stamps.  The commander was told by
armed men, under Colonels Ashe and Waddell, that they must not
be landed; and no effort was made to do so.  On the 21st
December, 1765, the Governor issued his proclamation dissolving
the General Assembly, and on the same day took the opinion of
his Council and the Attorney-General "whether writs can issue
for the election of a new Assembly, as the circulation of the
stamps is obstructed."  The Council and Attorney-General advised
that the writs could go without stamps.

1766.

12.  On the 6th January, 1766, Governor Tryon, taking fresh
courage from some source, went so far as to issue a proclamation
announcing that the stamps were on board the Diligence and ready
for distribution.  It did no good, however, for no one would use
them.  Comparative quiet now ensued for some weeks, but it was
only the calm before the storm.

13.  On the 14th of February, two vessels that had come up to the
port of Brunswick without stamps upon their clearance papers
were promptly seized by the Custom House officers, and then the
storm arose.  On the 19th, armed men broke open the desk of the
Collector of the Port, and forcibly carried off the unstamped
clearance papers of the two vessels.  On the 20th, a committee
of armed men appeared on board the Viper and demanded of Captain
Lobb the two sloops he was guarding.  Meanwhile armed men were
continually coming into Brunswick from different counties.

14.  On the evening of the 20th, Mr.  Pennington, another stamp
distributor, took refuge in Governor Tryon's house.  Shortly
after eight o'clock on the morning of the 21st, armed men
appeared before the Governor's house and sent him a note
desiring him to permit Mr.  Pennington to appear before them, and
informing him that it would "not be in the power of the
Directors appointed to prevent the ill consequences that may
attend a refusal."  The Governor replied that any gentleman who
had business with Mr.  Pennington might see him at the Governor's
house.  This, however, was by no means satisfactory, and in a
short time, according to the Governor's statement, a body of
some five hundred men in arms moved toward his house.  A
detachment of sixty then came down the avenue and the main body
drew up in sight and within three hundred yards of the house.

15.  Mr.  Cornelius Harnett, a representative in the Assembly for
Wilmington, came at the head of the detachment and sent a
message asking to speak with Mr.  Pennington; when he came into
the house he told Mr.  Pennington "the gentlemen wanted him."
The Governor replied that Mr.  Pennington was in his house for
refuge and that he would protect him to the utmost.  Mr.  Harnett
thereupon said he hoped the Governor would let Mr.  Pennington
go, as the people were determined to take him out of the house
if he should be longer detained, an insult, Mr.  Harnett said,
they wished to avoid giving to the Governor.

16.  The Governor protested it mattered not about that insult
after they had already offered him every insult they could offer
by investing his house and virtually making him a prisoner
before any grievance had been made known to him.

17.  Mr.  Pennington growing apprehensive and showing a
disposition to go with Mr.  Harnett, the Governor suggested to
him that he resign before he left.  To this he agreed, and
thereupon the Governor let him go.  He was afterward compelled
to take an oath that he would never issue any stamped paper in
the province, as were all the clerks of the county courts and
other public officers.  The inhabitants, in the language of the
Governor, having redressed, after the manner described, their
grievances complained of, left the town of Brunswick about one
o'clock on the 21st.  These things were done, it must be borne
in mind, in the broad daylight, and by men perfectly well known,
and without a particle of disguise.  After this, vessels entered
and left the ports of North Carolina as if no Stamp Act had ever
been passed.

18.  On June 13, 1766, came news from England of the repeal of
the law that had so terribly excited and aroused America.
Governor Tryon announced the fact in a proclamation, but he had
been humiliated by the resistance at Wilmington, and from that
hour, probably, determined on the revenge which he afterwards
exacted at Alamance.

[NOTE--Governor Tryon desired to regain his influence, for
political purposes, over the people whom he had so greatly
offended; and he ordered a general muster at Wilmington.  He
prepared a feast for the militia, of whole oxen roasted, and
barrels of beer.  When the feast was ready the people rushed to
the tables and threw the oxen into the river and emptied the
beer upon the ground.  A general fight ensued between the
militia and the men of the English vessels, and perfect quiet
was not restored for several days.]

QUESTIONS.

1.  What distinguished person have we now under consideration?
How did he become Governor of North Carolina?

2.  Who accompanied Governor Tryon?  What is said of the two
ladies?

3.  Tell something of life in the eastern counties at this time.

4.  How did the Tryon family become very influential?

5.  What great preacher came to North Carolina in 1765?
How were his labors rewarded?

6.  What memorable law was passed by Parliament?
How was the news received in North Carolina?

7.  What can you tell of the Stamp Act?

8.  What is said of the law?

9.  Under what circumstances did the news reach the Governor?
What did the Governor do concerning the Assembly?

10.  Mention the first act of resistance to this law.

11.  When did the Diligence arrive?  What occurred on her arrival?

12.  What did the Governor do on January 6th?  With what result?

13.  What trouble befell the Viper?

14.  What occurred on February 20th?

15.  What further is said of this affair?

16.  What did the Governor say of these things?

17.  What was the conclusion of this affair?

18.  What joyful news was received on June 13th, 1766?
How had Governor Tryon been affected by the resistance of
the people to the Stamp Act?




CHAPTER XXI.

GOVERNOR TRYON AND THE REGULATORS.

A.  D.  1766 TO 1771.

In the middle and western counties of North Carolina in the
period referred to, there was collected a large increase of
population.  Immigrants had come in large companies from
Scotland, Ireland, England and Germany.  Fully two hundred
thousand inhabitants were by that time to be found east of the
Blue Ridge Mountains.  They were separated by that great barrier
from the Cherokees, who latterly had well respected this line of
separation.

2.  A great portion of the western settlers had recently come to
their new homes, and were very poorly provided with the means of
living.  They were hundreds of miles from market, and made
nothing on their farms to sell but wheat.  These farmers were
taxed about twelve dollars apiece on the poll, and paid an annual
rent of seventy-five cents on each one hundred acres of their
land.

3.  When they hauled wheat to Cross Creek, now Fayetteville, it
realized but little more than enough to pay for the salt needed
in the family.  Sugar and coffee were luxuries in which they
rarely indulged.  It can thus be seen how cruel would have been
even an honest collection of what the laws demanded of these
recent settlers as taxes.  When these sums were enormously
increased by dishonest sheriffs the farmers were in despair, for
it was beyond their power to pay.

4.  The farmers knew they were being cheated, and resolved to put
an end to such practices.  Colonel Edmund Fanning, of Hillsboro,
in Orange county, was growing rich as Register of Deeds, and was
the ringleader in this oppression of the people.

5.  In this same county lived Herman Husbands, who was a Quaker
preacher, and, though of limited education, was a man of
considerable natural abilities.  He prevailed on his neighbors at
Sandy Creek to form an association for mutual protection against
the wrongs of the public officers.  His organization was known as
the "Regulators," and they were to help each other in the
lawsuits and indictments growing out of a refusal to pay unlawful
demands.

6.  This was wise and proper, as these men were not rebellious,
but only desired relief from oppression, but Husbands should have
joined the league he was thus creating, and thereby shared the
liabilities of the members.  This he would not do, but preached
and harangued until the people were in a fever of excitement.

1768.

7.  The first trouble grew out of a seizure of a horse from one of
two men sent to Hillsboro on a mission to the sheriff.  The
Regulators retook the horse by force, and fired into the roof of
Colonel Fanning's house.  That night Husbands was arrested and
carried to Hillsboro, and gave bail for his appearance at the
next Superior Court.  He had hardly left Hillsboro before seven
hundred men came to his rescue; they went away with promises made
by Isaac Edwards, who was Tryon's Secretary, that the Governor
would redress their wrongs.

8.  Governor Tryon went to Hillsboro in a few weeks, but condemned
only the people who had asked his aid, and, after going further
west, came back to the Superior Court with an army of eleven
hundred men, which he had raised in Mecklenburg and Rowan
counties.  Husbands was acquitted on trial, but three other
Regulators were heavily fined and imprisoned.  Colonel Fanning
was convicted in five cases of extortion in office, and the
judges, to their shame, imposed a fine of only one penny in each
case.

9.  This marching of troops, and the failure of the court to do
its duty, only made matters worse.  The Regulators grew in numbers
and violence until the courts could not be held in some counties.
Husbands was expelled from his place in the House of Assembly and
thrown into prison for a libel on Judge Maurice Moore.  His
release was effected in time to stop a crowd of several hundred
men from going to New Bern, where they had declared they would
release him and burn the splendid palace the Governor had just
built.

1771.

10.  Matters continued to grow worse until, in 1771, Governor
Tryon raised an army in the eastern counties, under a law of the
Assembly, and marched to Orange to put down what he called the
"rebellion of the Regulators,"  Colonel Waddell, with another
body of troops, marched from Salisbury to join him, but was met
by the Regulators and driven back.

11.  On the 16th of May, 1771, the force of Governor Tryon,
numbering eleven hundred men, met about two thousand of the
Regulators at a place called "Alamance," in Orange County.  In
the battle that ensued there was stubborn fighting until the
ammunition of the Regulators was exhausted, and they were driven
from the field.  Many men lost their lives, and all that was
gained by North Carolina, after a noble resistance to oppression,
was that Edmund Fanning and others, who were largely responsible
for all its disorders, left the province.

12.  The brutal malice and cruelty in Governor Tryon's character
was exhibited soon after the battle.  Several prisoners were
taken by him, and one of them, a poor half-witted youth named
James Few, was, by Tryon's order, hung on the spot without trial.
Twelve other prisoners were soon convicted of high treason and
sentenced to death.  Six of them were hanged almost immediately;
the execution of the others was delayed for a few days in order
that a grand military display might be made on the occasion, the
details of which the Governor superintended in person.

[NOTE--It has been said that the battle of Alamance was begun by
Governor Tryon, who fired the first gun at a prisoner named
Robert Thompson, killing him instantly.  The men seemed to
hesitate about beginning the fight, and Governor Tryon, rising in
his stirrups, exclaimed:  "Fire! fire on them, or on me!"]

13.  Governor Tryon left the province a month after the battle of
Alamance to become, by the king's appointment, Governor of New
York.  He had signally failed to do his duty in compelling his
subordinates to deal honestly with the people, but yet he
retained the confidence of many able and patriotic men.  Richard
Caswell and many other leaders in the province were distressed
that he had ceased to be the Chief Magistrate of North Carolina.

QUESTIONS.

1.  How were the middle and western sections of North Carolina
being peopled at this period?

2.  Give some description of these people.  How were they taxed?

3.  What return did the sale of their crops bring them?  How was
theirs a hard lot?

4.  By whom were the poor farmers being oppressed?

5.  What noted man is now mentioned?  Can you tell something of
the acts of Herman Husbands in the province?

6.  How did he shrink from becoming a member of his league?

7.  What was the first trouble?  How did they settle the matter?
Mention some circumstances of the trial of Husbands?

8.  What was the result of Governor Tyron's visit to Hillsboro?
How did the trials at court terminate?

9.  How were the Regulators affected by this "mock judgment"?
Into what trouble did Husbands next fall?

10.  What steps were taken by Governor Tryon towards crushing the
Regulators?  By whom was his army reinforced?

11.  Can you describe the memorable "Battle of Alamance"?  What
benefit was derived from it?  Point out on the map the scene of
the battle.

12.  What was Governor Tryon's conduct after the battle?

13.  When did Governor Tryon leave North Carolina, and for what
purpose?




CHAPTER XXII.

GOVERNOR MARTIN AND THE REVOLUTION.

A.  D.  1771 TO 1774.

James Hasell, as President of the Council, assumed the conduct of
affairs until the arrival of the new Governor.  This new
Governor, Josiah Martin, was born 22d April, 1737, and had been a
Lieutenant-Colonel in the British Army, which position he was
obliged to resign on account of his health.  He then sought civil
employment and was appointed Governor of North Carolina.  He was
a far more honorable man than Tryon.  He had no unworthy
favorites, as Tryon had, and concocted no selfish schemes for his
own benefit or that of his family, but was exceedingly obstinate
and strict in the observance of royal prerogatives.  Unattractive
in his manners, and very positive in his opinions, he sometimes
failed to withhold the manifestations of his displeasure towards
those who might happen to differ with him, no matter how
honestly.  Perhaps, however, in the fierce antagonisms of the
times in which he ruled in North Carolina, his real virtues were
not appreciated as they deserved.

1771.

2.  Governor Martin met the Assembly, for the first time, in New
Bern, on the 19th of November, 1771.  At his suggestion, the
Legislature passed an act of amnesty toward all persons engaged
in the war of the Regulation except Husbands and a few
other leaders.  Such wise and merciful action, however, was not
to be the rule of his life.

3.  It had long been felt that the taxes were exceedingly
burdensome, and, from a statement made to the Legislature at this
time, by one of the public treasurers, of the real condition of
the public funds, it was seen that these taxes had been, for a
time at least, unnecessarily imposed.  The treasurer showed that
a full collection of the amounts in arrear, for which security
had been given, would discharge the entire public debt and leave
in the public treasury the sum of twenty thousand dollars.  A
bill was at once passed in both houses of the Legislature, and
without opposition in either, discontinuing the special taxes
that had been devoted to the extinguishment of the public debt.
Governor Martin, however, vetoed the bill, and thus began a
series of conflicts with the Legislature that lasted until his
expulsion from the province.

4.  The repeal of the Stamp Act had been gratefully received; but
Parliament still excited great apprehension by an express and
formal assertion of its powers to tax America.  It had cost
immense sums to the Crown to drive out the French, and much money
was still needed to pay British expenses in America.  It was
insisted that the colonies ought to pay their fair share in these
burdens.  The great question was, how this was to be done.  If
Parliament could levy what it pleased, then Americans were no
longer free, in that they were not masters of their own purses.
Many propositions were made to arrange the difficulty, but none
were satisfactory to both sides.

1773.

5.  So dissatisfied was Governor Martin with his first Legislature
that he speedily dissolved it, and did not permit a new one to
meet until the last of January, 1773.  The new Legislature met in
New Bern, and the House gave notice of its temper by electing as
its speaker John Harvey, of Perquimans, admitted on all hands to
be the most earnest supporter of colonial rights in all the
province.  Upon every important subject of legislation the
Governor and the new Assembly were at variance, and he
accordingly dissolved it on the 9th of March, declaring that it
"had deserted its duty and flagrantly insulted the dignity and
authority of the government."

6.  The next Assembly met in New Bern, on the 4th of December,
1773, and continued in session seventeen days, when it shared the
fate of its predecessor, and was sent home with the injunction to
consult with the people and learn their will.

7.  Short as was the session, however, its action was most
important.  On the day after the session began, letters were
received from the Legislature of Virginia and other colonies,
proposing that each province should appoint a Committee of
Correspondence.  The proposition was speedily agreed to by the
House of Assembly, and a committee of nine appointed, with
instructions to "obtain the most early and authentic intelligence
of all such acts and resolutions of the British Parliament, or
proceedings of administration, as may relate to or affect the
British colonies in America, and to keep and maintain a
correspondence and communication with all sister colonies,
respecting these important considerations, and the result of
such, their proceedings, from hour to hour, to lay before the
House."

8.  John Harvey, Richard Caswell, Samuel Johnston, Joseph Hewes,
Edward Vail, Cornelius Harnett, John Ashe, William Hooper and
Robert Howe constituted the committee, and certainly, in North
Carolina at least, it may be said there was never an abler one.
By this action the province took position with its sister
colonies on the great question of the day.  That the question was
regarded as one of great importance and great gravity, if not of
great difficulty, we need no other assurance than that afforded
by the character of the men into whose hands it was committed.

QUESTIONS.

1.  On whom did the government next devolve?  Who succeeded James
Hasell?  How is Governor Martin compared with some of his
predecessors?

2.  Where did Governor Martin first meet the Assembly?  What law
was passed?

3.  What was the financial condition of the government at this
period?  What act was passed concerning taxes?

4.  How were the people excited by the English Parliament?  What
was the trouble?

5.  How did Governor Martin act concerning the Legislature?  What
declaration was made by him?

6.  Where did the next Assembly meet, and what was done with it?

7.  What letters were received during the session?  What was done
with the proposition?

8.  Who composed the Committee of Correspondence?  What is said of
these men?




CHAPTER XXIII.

FIRST PROVINCIAL CONGRESS.

A.  D.  1774.

1774.  By this time the propriety of holding a general or Continental
Congress, composed of delegates or representatives duly chosen by
the several colonies, had suggested itself to men of sagacity in
every portion of the country.  Wherever made, the suggestion at
once found a lodgment in public favor, and by the time summer had
come it was a generally accepted fact that such a congress would
be held, and the time and place of its session pretty well agreed
upon.  During the month of June, 1774, each colony, through its
Committee of Correspondence, was invited to send delegates to a
Continental Congress, to be held in Philadelphia during the
coming September.

2.  From its first agitation, the project of a Continental
Congress, to consider the best ways and means of redressing the
grievances of the colonists, was exceedingly distasteful to
Governor Martin, for he regarded it as a most efficient way to
organize rebellion.  He resolved that he would prevent North
Carolina from participating in such a Congress, as Governor Tryon
had prevented her from participating in a similar one in 1765.
To this end he determined that during the continuance of the
existing disturbed condition of the colonies no Legislature
should meet in North Carolina, thinking thereby to prevent the
due election of delegates from the province.

3.  To this fixed purpose on the part of Governor Martin, made
known to John Harvey through Mr.  Biggleston, the Governor's
Private Secretary, the Congress held at New Bern in August, 1774,
owed its existence.  When Mr.  Biggleston told him the Governor
did not intend to call another Legislature "until he saw a chance
to get a better one," Harvey replied, "then the people will
convene one themselves."  Accordingly, about the first of July,
in accordance with a plan agreed upon three months before between
Willie Jones of Halifax, Samuel Johnston of Chowan and Edward
Buncombe of Tyrrell, Harvey, the Speaker of the House of
Assembly, issued handbills calling upon the people to elect
delegates to a Provincial Congress, as it was called, to assemble
in New Bern on the 25th of August, to express the sentiments of
the people on the acts lately passed by the Parliament of Great
Britain, and to appoint delegates to represent the province in a
Continental Congress.  The handbills of this bold Speaker also
invited the people to invest the deputies whom they might send to
New Bern "with powers obligatory on the future conduct of the
inhabitants."

4.  The elections for deputies were duly held about the first of
August, and the Governor, finding himself thus completely
checkmated, was furious.  The calm audacity of the Speaker, in
summoning such a body to meet in New Bern, in the very presence
of the King's represent representatives, as the Governor said,
"to concert treasonable schemes against the Crown," astounded
him.

5.  Up to this time Governor Martin had not at all realized how
weak had become the ties that bound the people of the colony of
North Carolina to the mother country.  Nor did he believe they
would, with any degree of unanimity whatever, take so bold and
defiant a step in the direction of open rebellion as that
involved in the election of a Congress with powers obligatory on
the people, but owing no obedience to the authority of the Crown.
Yet, at the appointed times and places, with few exceptions, the
people throughout the provinces openly assembled and elected
delegates to the proposed Congress, clothing them with most
extraordinary powers.

6.  This evidence of the condition of popular sentiment in the
province could neither be doubted nor disregarded.  Accordingly,
on the 12th of August, 1774, the Governor asked his Council to
advise him what to do in a state of affairs so inconsistent with
the peace and good order of the government and so injurious to
the maintenance of the authority of the Crown.  After deliberating
for a day on the matter, the Council advised him to issue a
proclamation, and he did so, condemning the elections just held
as highly illegal, and warning all officers of the King, both
civil and military, to do all in their power to prevent such
assemblages of the people, and especially the meeting of the
deputies or delegates at New Bern on the 25th instant.

7.  In spite of all this, the first Provincial Congress in North
Carolina met at New Bern, August 25th, 1774, and elected John
Harvey as Moderator or President.  Richard Caswell, Joseph Hewes
and William Hooper were chosen as delegates to the Continental
Congress.  Protesting their loyalty to the Crown, but expressing
a full determination to defend their rights as freemen, the
members entered into an agreement that unless their grievances
were redressed they would discontinue all trade with English
merchants.

8.  This Congress was the first great step in the Revolution,
which was to deliver North Carolina and America from the dominion
of a distant King and Parliament.  The men of America were soon
to be free from all foreign interference in their government.  It
was a bold and hazardous step in Colonel Harvey and the men over
whom he presided as Moderator, but safety in the end was the
reward of those who thus dared to be free.

QUESTIONS.

1.  What important step was suggesting itself to the people?  How
was the suggestion received?  What was done in June, 1774?

2.  How did Governor Martin regard this matter?  What did he
determine to do?

3.  What vas the result of the Governor's plan?  What was done by
John Harvey?

4.  How was Governor Martin affected by Harvey's success?

5.  What had the Governor begun to realize?  What was done by the people?

6.  What advice did the Governor seek?  What was given?

7.  When and where did the first Provincial Congress of North
Carolina meet?  Who was Moderator?  Who were chosen as delegates to
the Continental Congress?

8.  What is said of this Provincial congress?




CHAPTER XXIV.

THE SECOND PROVINCIAL CONGRESS.

A.  D.  1775.

After the meeting of the first Provincial Congress, at New Bern,
there were, to all observers of intelligence throughout the
world, evident signs of an approaching rupture between the Royal
Government and the people of North Carolina.  Each day widened
the breach between them and rendered more difficult an
arrangement of the troubles.

2.  In the regular course of events, if North Carolina would
continue to keep abreast of her sister colonies in the movement
for the preservation of the inherent rights of British subjects,
it was necessary that she should formally ratify and approve the
action recently taken by the Continental Congress, and to elect
delegates to that Congress for a new term.  Accordingly, on the
11th of February, 1775, after the Governor had ordered an
election to be held for a new Legislature to meet in New Bern on
the 3d of April, Colonel Harvey also issued handbills for the
election of another Congress to meet at the same time and place.

3.  Both elections were held and both bodies met at the appointed
time and place.  Indeed the same individuals were members of both
the House of Assembly and of the Congress.  The records show that
every member of the House of Assembly who was present was also
present as a member of the Congress, with only three exceptions.
Colonel Harvey was chosen to preside over both bodies.  When
sitting at the House of Assembly the members called him "Mr.
Speaker," but when sitting as a Congress they called him "Mr.
Moderator."  According to the journals of their proceedings, the
Congress met at nine o'clock and the Assembly at ten o'clock in
the morning.  Upon the face of the journals of the two bodies
their proceedings seem to have been entirely separate and
distinct; it is said, however, to have been otherwise in fact,
and that at one moment the members would be sitting with Mr.
Speaker Harvey as a House of Assembly, under the authority of the
Crown, and at another with Mr.  Moderator Harvey, as a Congress in
defiance of the Crown.

4.  As the two Houses of the Legislature met Governor Martin in
the palace, according to the custom of that day, at the beginning
of a session, he saluted them with indignant remonstrances, which
were, the next day, most ably answered in an address prepared by
Captain Robert Howe, of Brunswick.  A chief ground of his
complaint was that the Assembly would take no action against the
Congress.  He was aptly reminded, however, in reply, that as the
Assembly had no control over its sessions, holding them at his
will and pleasure only, and remembering how that will and
pleasure had been exercised, a Congress that did have control
over itself was absolutely necessary for the protection of the
people.  The result was a proclamation dissolving the Assembly on
the 8th of April, that being the fourth day of its session.

5.  The Congress, however, could neither be dissolved nor
dispersed, and proceeded in its work with much deliberation.  The
same delegation was returned to Philadelphia; and articles of
association, pledging the members to abstain from all commerce
with British marts, were signed by all except Thomas McKnight, of
Currituck.

6.  It was seen that a crisis was near at hand.  Boston had been
held, for months past, in a state of siege.  At length, on April
19th, came the encounter at Lexington.  Accidents are constantly
heard of wherein more lives are lost, but this little skirmish,
small as it was, was enough, with its tidings, to fire the hearts
of a continent.

7.  The tidings of such an occurrence in our day outstrips the
winds.  In less than an hour it is known all over the Mississippi
Valley, across the Rocky Mountains, and along the shores of the
Pacific Ocean.  But our ancestors of that day had no railways or
telegraphs; so, it was fully two weeks after the militiamen slain
at Lexington had stiffened in their blood that Richard Caswell
heard of it in Petersburg, Virginia.

8.  A courier was hurrying southward with the tidings, but it was
not until May 19th that the people of Mecklenburg, in North
Carolina, became aware of what had occurred.  At the village of
Charlotte upon that day a large concourse of the leading men of
that county had assembled.  Fired at the nature of the startling
intelligence, they held a convention, and after remaining in
session all night, on the morning of the 20th, passed resolutions
of independence that will immortalize their names.

9.  All America, while arming for the war, was still protesting
loyalty to the King, but these men of Mecklenburg leaped to a
conclusion, the expediency of which more than a year of blood was
required to impress on the minds of their countrymen.  Abraham
Alexander presided in the meeting, and the famous "Mecklenburg
Declaration of Independence" was drawn by Dr.  Ephraim Breyard.

[NOTE--The men of Mecklenburg held another meeting on May 31st,
and adopted a system of government and military commissions.
These people publicly declared themselves free from English rule
nearly fourteen months before the Declaration of Independence at
Philadelphia.]

10.  The news from Boston was speedily followed, in North
Carolina, by mournful tidings from Perquimans county.  Colonel
John Harvey, after so many strenuous efforts to put North
Carolina in readiness for the storm, sank under disease, and died
at his place in "Harvey's Neck," on the Albemarle Sound.  No
braver or wiser man has ever borne a part in the conduct of
affairs in North Carolina.

11.  Apprehensive for his own safety and that of his family,
Governor Martin at once made preparations for leaving New Bern.
He sent his family to New York by sea, but went himself by land
to Fort Johnston, at the mouth of the Cape Fear.  *  But even Fort
Johnston proved unsafe as a place of refuge, and in July the
Governor left it and went on board the war sloop Cruiser, then
lying in the river before the fort.  On the same day Colonel
Ashe, with five hundred men, burned the fort to the ground.

*Governor Martin took advantage of this journey to visit the
Scotch settlements on the upper Cape Fear, and set on foot the
insurrection that culminated in the battle of Moore's Creek
Bridge.

QUESTIONS.

1.  What signs were observed after the first Provincial Congress?

2.  What was necessary for North Carolina to do?  What was done on
February 11, 1775?

3.  What is said of this election ?  Describe the Legislature and
Congress?

4.  How was the Legislature received by the Governor?  How did
Captain Howe answer him?

5.  What was done by the Congress?

6.  What startling news was received on April 19th.

7.  How did the circulation of news in 1775 differ from the
present?  Who was first to receive the news of Lexington?

8.  When did the tidings reach Mecklenburg?  What great event
occurred at Charlotte?  Find this city on the map.

9.  What was the attitude of the American people at this time?  By
what name have the Charlotte resolutions always been known?

10.  What sad news next thrilled North Carolina?

11.  What was done by Governor Martin?  What occurred at Fort
Johnston?




CHAPTER XXV.

THE CONGRESS AT HILLSBORO.

A.  D.  1775.

It had been seen at New Bern that Colonel Harvey's days were
numbered, and Samuel Johnston had been empowered, in case of the
Moderator's death, to order an election for another Congress to
meet at Hillsboro whenever he should deem it necessary.
Accordingly (Colonel Harvey having died) the Congress met, at
the call of Mr.  Johnston, in Hillsboro, on the 20th of August,
1775, and a memorable Congress it was.  Samuel Johnston was its
President.

2.  When Governor Martin left New Bern royal authority was
virtually at an end in North Carolina, but it was at Hillsboro,
and by the Congress there assembled, that its last vestige was
swept away.  The time had come when, if North Carolina intended
to stand with her sister colonies, she must take up arms and
appeal to the God of battles.  This she was ready to do without
any hesitation, and this she did do at Hillsboro, giving
publicly to the world her reasons for so doing.

3.  The Governor sent to Samuel Johnston a copy of his
proclamation, dated on board His Majesty's ship Cruiser, at Cape
Fear, on the 8th of August, 1775, in which he warned the people
against the Hillsboro Congress as a dangerous and
unconstitutional assembly, and of baneful influence; and
further, that to assemble men in arms in the province without
authority from the King, was a violation of law for which they
would be held answerable.  In reply to this proclamation, which
was duly laid before the Congress by the Moderator, Mr.
Johnston, it was formally resolved that the proclamation was a
false, scandalous, scurrilous and seditious libel, tending to
disunite the good people of the province; "and further, that the
said paper be burnt by the common hangman."

4.  Accepting the recent flight of Governor Martin to the British
war-sloop Cruiser as an abdication of the government of the
Crown, the Congress proceeded to put in its place a government
of the people, and established what in this day would be called
a provisional government.  Cornelius Harnett* was at its head.

*This man was the second of the name.  His father came to
Clarendon in Governor Burrington's time, and was all his life
afterwards a member of the council.  This Cornelius Harnett was
well educated, and was so intensely devoted to the American
cause that he was called in that day "the Samuel Adams of North
Carolina."

5.  On the third Tuesday in October in each year delegates to a
Congress were to be elected, which Congress was to meet on the
10th of November following, unless otherwise directed.  When in
session Congress was, of course, supreme; when not in session,
ample authority was vested in a general or provisional council
and subordinate or district committees of safety.  The province
was divided into six military districts, and as far as possible,
put on a war footing.

6.  The ordinary militia organization was perfected and monthly
drills ordered; a special organization of minutemen, as that
class of troops was called, was provided for each district, and,
in addition, two regiments of regulars were ordered as the
contingent of the province for the Continental army.  Provision
was also made for the purchase, anywhere and everywhere, of
arms, powder, lead, salt and saltpetre; for the manufacture at
home of salt, saltpetre, powder, and for the refining of
sulphur; for the manufacture of brown and writing paper, cotton
and woolen cards, linen and woolen cloths, pins and needles, and
for the erection of furnaces for making iron and steel and iron
hollow ware, and of rolling mills for making nails, large
premiums were offered.  A census, too, was ordered to be taken
without delay.

7.  An issue of money to meet expenses was also provided for.  In
a word, every function of government was from that time
exercised in the name and by the authority of the people of
North Carolina.  Virtually the province was under martial law,
but it was under martial law self-imposed.

8.  It is evident that the men who constituted the Hillsboro, or
third Provincial Congress, knew perfectly well what they were
doing, and had fully counted the cost.  Success meant freedom,
and would make them patriots; failure meant abject submission to
a foreign government, and would make them traitors.  Knowing
this, they deliberately put a government of the people in the
place of the government of the King; they put an army in the
field and provided it with arms and ammunition; and, as if
looking ahead to a long and protracted struggle, during which
their ports would be doubtless blockaded, they sought at once,
by the offer of large bounties to encourage the manufacture at
home of such articles as were of common use and prime necessity.
They were indeed both bold and far-seeing, those men of the
Hillsboro Congress, and well they might be, for they were the
best and bravest of the province-men whose names are now
household words throughout the State.

9.  The Hillsboro Congress had not called out troops any too
soon, for it was discovered that both Governor Martin, in North
Carolina, and Lord Dunmore, in Virginia, were engaged in schemes
to excite insurrections among the negro slaves.  Colonel Robert
Howe, with the Second North Carolina Regiment, was sent to
Norfolk, in Virginia, where the British troops, being beaten at
Great Bridge, were soon driven from the soil of the "Old Dominion."

10.  This occurred in December, 1775.  About the same time
Colonels Griffith Rutherford, Thomas Polk and James Martin
embodied their militia regiments and went to South Carolina,
where they speedily crushed a Tory insurrection of certain men
called the "Scovilites."  The militia were, of course, aided by
Whig troops of that province.  The readiness with which North
Carolina marched troops both to Virginia and to South Carolina
caused her to stand very high in the estimation of the
Continental Congress.

11.  The term "Tory" was applied to men who upheld the royal
authority, and were opposed to any movement to defend the
colonies against the exactions of the Crown and Parliament.  The
"Whigs," on the contrary, were at that day demanding that
American commerce should be free, and that no taxes should be
imposed by Great Britain upon the colonies.  They were not
enemies to the King, and only opposed to that which they
considered oppressive in the designs of his ministers.

QUESTIONS.

1.  Who had been selected to take Colonel Harvey's place?
When and where did the third Provincial Congress meet?

2.  In what condition were public affairs when the Congress met?

3.  What proclamation did the Governor send to Samuel Johnston?
What reply was returned?

4.  What view was taken of the Governor's flight?
Who was placed at the head of the provisional government?

5.  Mention some laws which were passed concerning the Congress?

6.  Mention some further acts of the Hillsboro Congress.

7.  What about the issue of money?

8.  What is said of the men who composed the Congress?

9.  In what scheme was Governor Martin found engaged?
What force was sent to Virginia?

10.  Who were sent to South Carolina?

11.  Define the terms "Tory" and "Whig."




CHAPTER XXVI.

THE BATTLE OF MOORES CREEK BRIDGE.

A.  D.  1776.

1776.  The new year, 1776, found Governor Martin still lingering
on board the Cruiser in the Cape Fear River.  He was closely
watched by Colonel James Moore, who kept his Command (the First
North Carolina Regiment) in that vicinity.  In February came the
news that the Scotch Highlanders and Regulators were gathering at
a place called, at that day, "Cross Creek," and now the town of
Fayetteville.  This place and in this connection will be
remembered as the home of the beautiful heroine, Flora McDonald,
and her husband.  Like her husband, she was a staunch Tory, and
did all she could to promote the insurrection.

[This famous woman had won the world's admiration by her heroic
efforts to aid the unfortunate Prince Charles Edward after his
defeat at Culloden.  He was being hunted like a wild beast by the
troops of the king, but Flora McDonald bravely left her home and
went off with the disguised Prince, until, after many
perils, he reached a vessel on the coast end thus escaped to his
friends in France.  ]

2.  A large fleet and army were said to be on their way from
England to take the town of Wilmington.  These Scotchmen,
assembling at Cross Creek by Governor Martin's orders, were in
arms to force their way across the country and join the expected
British army,  Colonel Moore at once met them at Rockfish Creek,
where he fortified his camp and awaited an attack.  But he soon
found this would not occur, so he sent Colonel Lillington and
Captain Ashe with two hundred and fifty then to occupy a bridge
over Moore's Creek that he supposed would intercept General
Donald McDonald, who commanded the Tories.

3.  Whigs in arms were assembling from different directions, and
the Tories soon saw that unless they passed Colonel Moore they
would be surrounded and captured.  McDonald was an old and
skillful officer, and he moved across the Cape Fear River to meet
Colonel Caswell, who was coming up from New Bern with a command
of eight hundred men which had been raised in that section.

4.  Caswell made haste to join Lillington on Moore's Creek, and
artfully led the enemy to believe that he was camping, on the
evening of February 26, 1776, on the same side of the stream with
him.  He left his fires burning, and in the darkness crossed the
bridge, removed the timbers except two log girders, and took up a
position supporting Lillington and Ashe, who had already put
themselves in the best place to prevent the passage of the
Tories.

5.  In the darkness of early dawn, on the 27th, Colonel Donald
McLeod took the place of his sick commander, General McDonald,
and fell upon what he had been led to believe was Colonel
Caswell's camp; but his spies had been misled, and his foes were
to be reached only by crossing the bridge before him.  The
prospect was appalling, but McLeod was brave, and putting himself
at the head of a picked band of broadswordsmen, he charged across
the remaining two logs of the bridge.  It was a terrible moment
when the Whigs saw these dauntless Highlanders, who had so often
broken the strongest lines of troops in Europe, rushing furiously
upon them.  But they were cool, and plied the deadly rifles upon
the Scotchmen as fast as they came.

6.  Colonel McLeod fell dead in his headlong charge, being pierced
by twenty-six balls.  The carnage was so frightful that the onset
was stayed, and then, as the assailants wavered, Captain Ezekiel
Slocumb, having crossed the creek with his company, rushed from
the woods and charged their flank.  A wild panic ensued, and the
Tories fled in disorder from the fatal bridge.

7.  The Whigs followed in hot pursuit, and the victory was
overwhelming.  Nearly two thousand Royalists were thus defeated
by eleven hundred undisciplined Whigs.  Eight hundred prisoners,
including General McDonald, with all the camp stores, were taken.

8.  There was not a more complete victory during the war.  General
Moore's strategy was brilliant in conception and daring in
execution; but no strategy, however brilliant, and no courage
however daring, would have availed anything had not North
Carolina been prepared to put promptly in the field troops with
the necessary munitions of war.  These troops that took part in
the campaign came some from above Greensboro in the west and
others below New Bern in the east.  Infantry, artillery and
mounted troops were all engaged, and everything went on as
smoothly as if the province had never known anything about war.

9.  The successful conduct of the campaign, requiring as it did
the rapid concentration of troops without railroad, steamboat or
telegraph, and the readiness with which, ninety days previous, we
had sent troops both to South Carolina and to Virginia,
demonstrated beyond question the wisdom of the Congress in its
work at Hillsboro during the summer and autumn before.

10.  The defeat of the Tories thwarted the schemes of Governor
Martin, and so dispirited the Scotch and Regulators that years
elapsed before they gave further trouble.  Lord Cornwallis came
into the Cape Fear River with his army, but hearing of the
disaster, sailed away, having effected nothing but an inglorious
descent upon the farm of General Robert Howe.

11.  Thus began and ended the first British invasion of North
Carolina.  Colonel Moore was made a General for his skill in
planning the campaign, and Caswell, Lillington and Ashe, with
their gallant commands, were everywhere honored for their bravery
and success.

[NOTE--A proclamation was issued soon after this, giving pardon to
all who would submit to the government of the King, except
General Robert Rowe and Cornelius Harnett.]

QUESTIONS.

1.  What was the situation in Wilmington in 1776?  What important
news was received?

2.  What expedition was coming to Wilmington?  How was it to be
reinforced?  How was Colonel Moore preparing to meet these men
from Cross Creek?

3.  Mention other preparations for a fight.

4.  Give an account of Colonel Caswell's position on Moore's
Creek.

5.  Who commanded the Tories?  Describe his charge upon the Whigs.

6.  Give an account of the battle of Moore's Creek.  When did this
occur?  Locate the scene of this battle on the map.

7.  What was the result?

8.  What is said of the victory at Moore's Creek?  What was
promptly done by North Carolina?

9.  What is said of this campaign?

10.  What distinguished British officer entered the Cape Fear?

11.  How did the people feel towards Colonel Moore and other
commanding officers?




CHAPTER XXVII.

FOURTH PROVINCIAL CONGRESS
DECLARES INDEPENDENCE.

A.  D.  1776.

The Hillsboro Congress of August, 1775, formally inaugurated a
war of resistance to British oppressions, but to the Halifax
Congress of April, 1776, was left the crowning glory of being the
first in all the colonies to declare for absolute independence of
the mother country and for foreign alliances.

2.  It was quickly seen when the new Congress met at Halifax, on
the 4th of April, 1776, that great progress had been made in
public sentiment.  At Hillsboro professions of loyalty and of a
desire for continued connection with Great Britain, some honest,
but many of questionable sincerity doubtless, were still to be
heard.  At Halifax there was neither halting nor hesitation in
avowing that absolute independence from the mother country was
the real aim of the people of the province.

3.  The time for the final plunge had come, and North Carolina was
quite ready for it.  Accordingly, on the fourth day of the
session, a committee was appointed to take into consideration the
usurpations and violences attempted and committed by the King and
Parliament of Britain against America, and the further measures
to be taken for frustrating the same, and for the better defence
of the province.  Four days later, that is to say, on the 12th
day of April, 1776, a day ever to be remembered in the annals of
America, the committee reported as follows:

"It appears to your committee that pursuant to the plan concerted
by the British Ministry for subjugating America, the King and
Parliament of Great Britain have usurped a power over the persons
and properties of the people unlimited and uncontrolled, and
disregarding their humble petitions for peace, liberty and
safety, have made divers legislative acts denouncing war, famine
and every species of calamity against the continent in general.
That British fleets and armies have been, and still are, daily
employed in destroying the people and committing the most horrid
devastations on the country.  That Governors in different
colonies have declared protection to slaves who should imbrue
their hands in the blood of their masters; that the ships
belonging to America are declared prizes of war, and many of them
have been violently seized and confiscated, in consequence of
which multitudes of the people have been destroyed or from easy
circumstances reduced to the most lamentable distress.

"AND WHEREAS, the moderation hitherto manifested by the united
colonies and their sincere desire to be reconciled to the mother
country on constitutional principles have procured no mitigation
of the aforesaid wrongs and usurpations, and no hopes remain of
obtaining redress by those means alone, which have been hitherto
tried, your committee are of opinion that the house should enter
into the following resolve, to wit:

"Resolved, That the delegates for this colony in the Continental
Congress be empowered to concur with the delegates of the other
colonies in declaring independence and forming foreign alliances,
reserving to this colony the sole and exclusive right of forming
a constitution and laws for this colony, and of appointing
delegates from time to time (under direction of a general
representation thereof) to meet the delegates of the other
colonies for such purposes as shall be hereafter pointed out."

And thereupon the Congress did so resolve unanimously.

4.  With the exception of the Mecklenburg Declaration of the year
before, there had been, up to that time, nowhere in all America a
single organized body to venture on such a proposition.
Individuals like Samuel Adams, William Hooper and Christopher
Gadsden had been heard advocating it; but every other assembly
was yet protesting its loyalty to the King.  It was more than a
month before Virginia consented to Patrick Henry's demands, and
the other colonies were to follow at intervals after her
endorsement.

5.  In the annals of the world there is no prouder record than the
entry made on the journals of the Halifax Congress on the 12th
day of April, 1776.  A great fleet and army were yet upon the
soil and within the waters of North Carolina, but this could not
deter these resolute patriots from thus taking the lead in a
doubtful and perilous departure from all the ties and obligations
of the past.

6.  It can then be understood how joyously the news was received
at this same town of Halifax on July 22d, that the Continental
Congress, at Philadelphia, had acceded to the wishes of North
Carolina, and had, on the 4th day of the same month, declared the
"Independence of America."

7.  The "Council of Safety" was at that time in session at
Halifax, and by it Thursday, the 1st of August, was set as a day
for proclaiming the declaration at the courthouse in Halifax, and
the people were invited to attend.  On the day appointed,
according to the vivid description of an eye-witness, a vast
concourse of people assembled in front of the court house.  The
provincial troops and the militia were all drawn up in full
array.  At midday Cornelius Harnett ascended a rostrum that had
been erected in front of the courthouse, and even as he opened
the scroll upon which was written the immortal words of the
declaration, the enthusiasm of the immense crowd broke forth in
one loud swell of rejoicing and prayer.  When he had finished,
all the people shouted with joy, and the cannon sounding from
fort to fort, proclaimed the glorious tidings that all the
thirteen colonies were now free and independent States.
The soldiers seized Mr.  Harnett and bore him on their shoulders
through the town.  The declaration was ordered to be read in all
portions of North Carolina, and, except in one county, the
mandate was everywhere obeyed.

8.  All the North Carolina troops then in arms, including the two
Continental regiments and the militia under General Ashe, were in
Charleston.  They were spectators of the combat in which the
gallant Moultrie, within his fort of palmetto logs, signally
defeated the same British fleet under Sir Peter Parker that had
been so recently in Cape Fear River.

9.  General James Moore marched northward from Charleston with his
brigade, but died in Wilmington.  His death was a serious loss to
North Carolina and the cause of liberty, for in military genius,
as in patriotic devotion, he had few equals and no superior in
America.  Colonel Francis Nash succeeded to his place.  General
Howe was sent to Savannah, having with him his old command, the
Second North Carolina Regiment.  Four new regiments were ordered
by the Provincial Congress and were soon put in the field.

10.  On the same day with the battle in Charleston Harbor, June
28th, 1776, the Cherokee Indians descended from their mountain
homes and murdered two hundred western settlers.  General
Griffith Rutherford collected two thousand men of the militia
regiments in his command, and took such swift and ample vengeance
that from that time these Indians ceased to trouble the frontier.
They had been incited by British agents to their disastrous work.

QUESTIONS.

1.  What is said of the fourth Provincial Congress?  Where was it
held?

2.  In what condition was public sentiment when the Congress met?

3.  What was done on the fourth day of the session?  Why should
the 12th day of April, 1776, ever be remembered?  Can you state
the substance of this memorable declaration of independence?

4.  What is said of the Halifax declaration?

5.  Tell something of the boldness of this declaration.

6.  What was done by the Continental Congress on May 4th?

7.  Describe the reading of the Declaration of Independence.

8.  Where were the North Carolina soldiers at that time?

9.  What other military movements were mentioned?

10.  What occurred on January 28th, 1776?




CHAPTER XXVIII.

ADOPTION OF A STATE CONSTITUTION.

A.  D.  1776.

After the public avowal by the people of North Carolina, through
their newly organized Congress at Halifax, in April, 1776, of a
fixed purpose to secure, by force of arms, absolute independence
from the mother country, and of her desire to enter into foreign
alliances to accomplish that end, there was no reason for any
longer delay in establishing a permanent form of government for
the colony.  Hitherto, pride of consistency in form at least, to
say nothing of a considerate regard for tender consciences, if
not for weak nerves, might well have held them back.  After the
action of the Congress on the 12th of April, however, it was
manifest that the day of provisional government was nigh its
close, and that the people of North Carolina must abide the
arbitrament of war to which they had appealed, whether in future
they should be free, self-governing citizens or dependent
subjects of a foreign government.  The half-way ground and the
time for temporary expedients were both left behind in North
Carolina on the 12th of April, 1776.  There was great division,
however, among the wisest and best men in the province as to the
true nature of the new system of government which had thus become
necessary.

2.  Samuel Johnston was a wise and patriotic leader.  He was a man
of wealth and experience in public affairs, and was devoted to
his country, but he thought that new experiments in government
were dangerous, and withal was long very much averse to a final
separation from Great Britain.  He wished to keep up the old
system of rule as far as possible; among other reasons, because
he doubted the ability of the people to govern themselves.  These
views were also held by General Allen Jones, of Northampton, and
other prominent men.

3.  On the other hand, Willie Jones, of Hali

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