Library Cataloguing
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Title: Library Cataloguing
Author: John Henry Quinn
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIBRARY CATALOGUING ***
LIBRARY CATALOGUING
Library Cataloguing
BY
J. HENRY QUINN
_Librarian, Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea; Library
Association Examiner in Cataloguing and
Lecturer in Librarianship, London
School of Economics (Univ.
of London.)_
LONDON:
TRUSLOVE & HANSON, LTD.
1913.
LONDON:
TRUSLOVE AND BRAY, LTD.,
PRINTERS,
WEST NORWOOD, S.E.
PREFACE.
Some years ago I prepared a _Manual of Library Cataloguing_, which met
with more acceptance than was expected, and has been out of print for
some time. Upon considering requests for a new edition, I concluded
that a book upon somewhat different lines would be more likely to meet
the present requirements of librarians and library assistants--this
volume is the result.
No pretence is made that the work is exhaustive or complete, but it is
hoped that it will serve as a practical and useful introduction to the
several codes of cataloguing rules. The statements made in it are not
meant to be dogmatic, but they indicate the lines upon which good and
accurate work is to be accomplished. As the illustrative examples were
chosen from every-day books, and are worked out as simply as possible,
they should be found useful by beginners; especially in preparing for
the examinations of the Library Association in this subject.
I am indebted to my friend Mr. Frank Pacy, City Librarian of
Westminster, for reading my proofs and suggesting many improvements,
although I am sure he would not care to accept responsibility for all
the views expressed or the mode of expressing them.
J. H. Q.
Chelsea,
London, S.W.
July, 1913.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
Introductory.
PAGE
The Difficulties of Cataloguing a Library--The Qualities Desirable
in a Cataloguer--The Necessity for Systematic Cataloguing 1
CHAPTER II.
Short History of Modern Cataloguing.
The British Museum Rules--Jewett's Rules--Crestadoro's
Catalogues--Huggins' Liverpool Catalogue--Cutter's Rules--The
Anglo-American Code--Dziatzko's _Instruction_--Dewey's
Classification--The British Museum and other Catalogues 7
CHAPTER III.
Dictionary _versus_ Classified Catalogues.
Form to be fixed--The users of Catalogues--Questions Catalogues are
expected to answer--The Dictionary Catalogue--The Classified
Catalogue--The Alphabetico-Classed Catalogue--Definitions 19
CHAPTER IV.
Single Author Principal-Entry.
Stationery--The Author-Entry--Full Names--Imprint
and Collation--Order of Information
Tabulated--Subject-Entry--Headings--Class-Entry 32
CHAPTER V.
Joint-Authors.
Joint-Authors--Collations--Synonymous
Subject-Headings--Participants in a
Correspondence--References--Man and Wife as Joint Authors 48
CHAPTER VI.
Books by more than Two Authors. Composite Books.
Books by Three Authors--Choice of
Subject-Headings--Cross-References--Books by a
Number of Authors--Ecclesiastical and other Titles
of Honour--The use of Capitals--Editors--Dates of
Publication--Title-Entries--Punctuation--"Indexing" Contents of
Composite Books--Separate Works printed together--Volumes of
Essays by Single Authors 58
CHAPTER VII.
Illustrated Books. Music.
Authors and Illustrators--Translations of Foreign Titles of
Books of Illustrations and of Music--The Cataloguing of
Music--Librettists--"Indexing" Miscellaneous Music--Dates of
Publication 80
CHAPTER VIII.
Publications of Governments, Societies, and Corporate Bodies.
Co-operative Indexes--Publications of Societies--Publishing
Societies--Government Publications--Statutes--Colonial
and Foreign Government Publications--Local Government
Publications--Associations and Institutions--Congresses 95
CHAPTER IX.
Compound Names. Names with Prefixes. Greek and Roman Names.
Rendering of the Names of Foreign Authors--Compound Names--Changed
Names--Foreign Compound Names--Names with Prefixes--Short
Entries--Title-Entries--Foreign Names with Prefixes--Greek and
Latin Authors 110
CHAPTER X.
First Name Entry.
Monarchs--Queens--Order of Arrangement--Princes--Popes--Series
Entries--Saints--Friars--Mediæval Names--Artists, &c. 132
CHAPTER XI.
Noblemen. Oriental Names.
Noblemen--Title _v._ Family Name--Double Subject-Entry--Oriental
Names--Indian Names--Japanese and Chinese Names--Hebrew
Names--Maori Names 148
CHAPTER XII.
Pseudonyms. Married Women.
Pseudonyms _v._ Real Names--The Better-known Name--Methods
of Marking Pseudonyms--Writers who use Two
Names--Phrase-Pseudonyms--Specific Entry--Repetition
Dashes--Use of Capitals for Emphasis--Women's Names Changed
by Marriage--Anonymous Books--The Discovery of Authors of
Anonymous Books--"By the Author of ----"--Names consisting of
Initials only 161
CHAPTER XIII.
The Bible and other Sacred Books. Newspapers, &c.
"Anonyma" continued--The Bible and other Sacred Books--Commentaries
and Concordances--Newspapers and Periodicals--Directories and
Annuals 185
CHAPTER XIV.
Miscellaneous.
Title-Entries--Classics--Specific Subject--Concentration of
Subject--Definite Headings--Popular Terms--Historical
Fiction--Novels in Series--Sequels--Fiction Known by Special
Titles--Books with Changed Titles--Annotations--Form
Entries--Summary Hints 199
CHAPTER XV.
The Printing of Catalogues.
The Preparation of "Copy"--Markings for Type--Styles of Printing in
Various Catalogues--Table of Types--Tenders for Printing--Model
Specification--Reading and Correction of Proofs--Type "Kept
Standing" 217
APPENDIX A.--The Correction of Printer's Proof 236
" B.--A List of Contractions 239
" C.--A List of Pseudonyms with the Real Names 242
INDEX 250
Library Cataloguing.
CHAPTER I.
Introductory.
The difficulties of Cataloguing a Library. The qualities
desirable in a Cataloguer. The necessity for Systematic
Cataloguing.
Among the varied duties of a librarian that of cataloguing his books
is generally supposed by the uninitiated to be one of the easiest. The
popular idea is that books are sent to libraries--public libraries
at any rate--by grateful publishers, when all the librarian has to
do is "to catalogue them," put them up in rows on shelves, and hand
them out to the first person who asks for them. The cataloguing of a
library is ranked with that of any other inventory, and a catalogue
popularly regarded as a mere list, calling for no particular knowledge,
effort, or care in its production. The late Prof. John Fiske opens an
interesting essay on "A Librarian's Work" in his _Darwinism and other
Essays_ (Macmillan, 1879) in these words, which are equally applicable
to any library of any pretension:--
I am very frequently asked what in the world a librarian can
find to do with his time, or am perhaps congratulated on my
connection with Harvard College Library, on the ground that
"being virtually a sinecure office (!) it must leave so much
leisure for private study and work of a literary sort." Those
who put such questions, or offer such congratulations, are
naturally astonished when told that the library affords enough
work to employ all my own time, as well as that of twenty
assistants; and astonishment is apt to rise to bewilderment
when it is added that seventeen of these assistants are
occupied chiefly with "cataloguing;" for, generally, I find,
a library catalogue is assumed to be a thing that is somehow
"made" at a single stroke, as Aladdin's palace was built,
at intervals of ten or a dozen years, or whenever a "new
catalogue" is thought to be needed. "How often do you make a
catalogue?" or "When will your catalogue be completed?" are
questions revealing such transcendent misapprehension of the
case that little but further mystification can be got from the
mere answer, "We are _always_ making a catalogue, and it will
_never_ be finished."
Prof. Fiske then proceeds to describe the difficulties of cataloguing
a library: "just cataloguing a book" not being by any means so
simple a task; and he goes on to demonstrate that the work requires
"considerable judgment and discrimination" besides "a great deal of
slow, plodding research." Perhaps there is no literary labour of the
kind, mere "hewing of wood and drawing of water" though it be, that
so quickly takes the conceit out of those essaying it, they finding
it both "arduous and perplexing." "The peculiarities of titles are,
like the idiosyncrasies of authors, innumerable. Books are in all
languages and treat of subjects as multitudinous as the topics of
human thought." A good cataloguer should be learned in the history
of all literary, scientific, religious, philosophical, economic, and
political movements of all ages and all countries, and especially must
he be abreast of the times in a knowledge of men and things, literary,
scientific, and otherwise. He needs be something of a linguist, should
be exact, orderly, methodical, with fixed ideas and yet an open mind,
painstaking, and persevering. Even with the exercise of all these
attainments and qualities, his work will not be found to be beyond
criticism. No pretence is made to assert that cataloguers as a body
do conform to this ideal; if they did it is probable they would find
more profitable employment. The next best thing to possessing these
qualifications, however, is to have as many as can be attained, and
make up for the rest by knowing where to find information as needed. If
the cataloguer be not "a walking encyclopædia" in himself, he at least
should know how to utilise the printed ones, and all other literature
at his command.
There are many kinds of library catalogues ranging from the mere lists
made by private persons of their own books to the great "Catalogue of
Printed Books in the British Museum," which is so extensive by reason
of the number of books contained in it, that its entries are virtually
limited to a single item for each book. Whether small or great, the
principles governing their compilation are much the same, the following
chapters being principally intended as a guide to the cataloguing of a
public library of average size.
No matter how good a library may be, its collections are practically
lost and useless without an adequate, properly-compiled catalogue. As
Carlyle puts it "A big collection of books without a good catalogue is
a Polyphemus with _no_ eye in his head." Even an indifferent library
can be made to render comparatively good service with a good catalogue.
In order to compile such a catalogue it is essential that certain
particulars be given descriptive of the books, and in so systematic
a way that, while the entries will afford all reasonable information
to the person well-versed in books, they shall, at the same time, be
so clear and simple in character as to be understood without much
effort by anyone of average intelligence. These particulars should be
comprehensive enough to afford some general idea of the nature and
scope of the book described without actually examining it, though in
this respect much depends upon the character and resources of the
library. The full descriptions usual in special bibliographies meant
for experts are not to be expected or required in the catalogue of a
popular general library.
The value of a good catalogue does not depend upon its extent or
size any more than does that of a good book, but rather upon the
exactness of the method by which the information given is digested and
concentrated. There are library catalogues so elaborately compiled and
imposing in appearance that they might be, and often are, considered
to be most excellent productions, whereas those who use them find
them little more than a medley of book-titles--pedantic without
being learned. On the other hand, "infinite riches in a little room"
would often be an appropriate motto for some insignificant-looking
catalogue. Sometimes it happens that quite a small library has a large
catalogue. This does not always arise from a desire to make the most
of the library, but may, likely enough, be owing to the fact that the
compilation was undertaken by some over-zealous committeeman or other
amateur, who, being "fond of books," considered this a sufficient
qualification for cataloguing them without knowing that it is far
easier to over-catalogue a library than to do the work judiciously--the
result being both wasteful and disastrous. The first catalogues of the
smaller public libraries are sometimes of this character, not always
for the reason just stated; probably owing to the desire to save the
salary of the librarian by postponing his appointment to the last
moment. He is then expected to select and purchase the books as well as
produce a printed catalogue of them within a few weeks: the conception
being that a library can be selected, arranged, and listed in bulk as
goods are bought, displayed, and ticketed in a shop, and in as short
a time. The cataloguing, then, has perforce to be delegated to an
assistant, who possibly has no training whatever. For this reason and
others the catalogue of a new public library can seldom be taken as
representing the knowledge or ability of the librarian as a cataloguer.
With the spread and rise in the standard of education, more exact and
better work is now demanded in libraries than was the case during
the early years after the passing of the first Public Libraries
Act. The slipshod, unsystematic cataloguing at one time in vogue is
not acceptable now, and the public demands something more than bald
lists compiled upon no principle in particular, which are often more
bewildering than helpful to an inquiring reader. The student and that
interesting person "the general reader" have a better understanding
than formerly of the uses and peculiarities of books, and look for
precise information concerning them. No better evidence of the general
interest taken in books is needed than that afforded by the large place
occupied by the reviewing of literature of all kinds in the daily
press and popular journals, even in minor periodicals. There must be
a public for such reviews, otherwise editors would not provide them;
and, no doubt, the spread of libraries has something to do with it. The
old dictum that it was not the business of a cataloguer to go behind,
or add to, the information deemed sufficient by an author for the
title-page of his book does not now find acceptance.
Those who are possessed of even a little experience will know that it
is impossible to compile a library catalogue in a haphazard fashion,
and that clear and definite rules for guidance must be laid down before
any part of the work is attempted, otherwise confusion and want of
proportion will result, to say nothing of the likelihood of the loss
of work already done. Happily for a number of years now the rules
governing the proper compilation of catalogues have been codified, and
the following chapters, while based upon no particular code, are meant
to serve as a practical introduction to the best-known of them with
some little modifications that have been found to be convenient in
practice.
CHAPTER II.
Short History of Modern Cataloguing.
The British Museum Rules. Jewett's Rules. Crestadoro's
Catalogues. Huggins' Liverpool Catalogue. Cutter's Rules.
The Anglo-American Code. Dziatzko's _Instruction_. Dewey's
Classification. The British Museum and other Catalogues.
Before proceeding to consider the practical side of the subject, we
may take a brief glance at the history of _modern_ cataloguing of
public libraries in this country. The earlier catalogues were limited
either to author-entries or were classified according to the whims of
the compiler, sometimes according to the rooms or shelves in which the
books were placed.
The subject of cataloguing received the most serious attention in the
year 1850, and, roundly, we may date its history from then. "The Rules
for the Compilation of the Catalogue of Printed Books in the Library of
the British Museum" had been adopted in 1839, and were printed in 1841.
In a great measure they may be regarded as the basis of all cataloguing
rules since that time, at any rate for author-entry or its equivalent.
In 1850 a Royal Commission on the management of the British Museum
had sat and issued its report, and rate-supported public libraries
were coming into existence. There had been much discussion on the need
for an adequate and promptly-produced catalogue of the books in the
Museum, and many views upon the subject were set forth, especially
by literary experts. Their criticism was in the main directed against
the existing rules known as Panizzi's. Anthony Panizzi, then Principal
Librarian, with others of the Museum staff, including Thomas Watts,
Winter Jones, and Edward Edwards, had each separately prepared a set of
rules according to his own ideas for the compilation of the projected
catalogue, and these were afterwards discussed by the compilers
collectively, and differences of opinion decided by vote.
The Secretary of this Royal Commission was J. Payne Collier, and he was
one of the opposers of Panizzi's rules, especially taking exception
to the fulness of entry because of the delay it entailed. To show
practically how he would catalogue he tried his hand on twenty-five
books in his own library and submitted the results. Mr. Winter
Jones reported upon it, and said it contained almost every possible
error which can be committed in cataloguing books. Payne Collier's
attempt and his justification of it appear in the first part of the
_Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1850, where it will be seen that a German
edition of Shakespeare is entered under the editor alone, and a play
of Aristophanes is also so treated, besides other mistakes of a very
amateurish nature.
In this same year (1850) attention was being directed in America to
library cataloguing. The Smithsonian Institution sent out a circular to
the effect that, being desirous of facilitating research in literature
and science, and of thus aiding in the increase and diffusion of
knowledge, it had resolved to form a general catalogue of the various
libraries in the United States. The librarian of the institution,
Prof. Charles C. Jewett, had prepared plans for the accomplishment of
this object. The first part related to the stereotyping of catalogues
by separate titles in a uniform style. This stereotyping was proposed
to save time, labour, and expense in the preparation of new editions
of such a general catalogue. Only as many copies as were needed for
present use were to be struck off, and then new editions were to be
printed from time to time with later additions also in stereotype. This
idea, though it crops up from time to time, has now no novelty about
it, though recent inventions in type-setting machines have certainly
given cause for its reconsideration. No plan of this kind, particularly
if it were to be co-operative among the libraries, could be of the
least value unless there were uniformity of compilation according to
fixed rules, and so the second part consists of a set of general rules
to be recommended for adoption by the different libraries of the United
States in the preparation of their catalogues. Jewett's code was based
upon Panizzi's "Rules for the British Museum," with modifications
and additions to suit them to general use, and more especially in
connection with his proposed co-operative catalogue. Upon this point
he says, "The rules for cataloguing must be stringent, and should meet
as far as possible all difficulties of detail. Nothing, so far as can
be avoided, should be left to the individual taste or judgment of the
cataloguer. He should be a man of sufficient learning, accuracy, and
fidelity, to apply the rules." In order to emphasise further the need
for uniformity, he proceeds to say that "if the one adopted were
that of the worst of our catalogues, if it were strictly followed in
all alike, their uniformity would render catalogues thus made far
more useful than the present chaos of irregularities." From his point
of view of a national catalogue, he was perfectly right, though for
general cataloguing the argument is not convincing. Probably there is
room for a greater degree of uniformity in the catalogues of public
libraries than exists at present, and a better understanding upon this
point might be of some advantage to readers and workers generally. The
fact that catalogue rules of a standard kind exist does not seem to
have exercised any great influence in this respect.
The full title of Jewett's work is "On the Construction of Catalogues
of Libraries and their Publication by means of separate Stereotyped
Titles, with Rules and Examples, by Chas. C. Jewett, Librarian of the
Smithsonian Institution, Washington." The first edition was issued
in 1852, and another in the following year. The number of rules is
thirty-nine, and they are furnished with a series of examples and a
specimen subject-index. This may be regarded as the first code of rules
which contains subject-entries as well as author-entries.
In 1856, some two years before Jewett put his rules into practice in a
catalogue of the Boston Public Library, Mr. A. Crestadoro published a
pamphlet on "The Art of Making Catalogues of Libraries." The system he
recommended was to compile the catalogue with the titles of the books
given fully, leading off with the author's names, but arranged in no
particular order. These entries were to be consecutively numbered. To
this list of books there was to be an index of authors and subjects
in a brief form with the number referring to the entry in the main
catalogue. The subject-words were to be taken from the titles of the
books themselves and accordingly books with synonymous titles were
entered under those titles with such cross-references as were needed.
This method was put into force by Crestadoro when librarian of the
Manchester Public Library, and the catalogue still remains in use for
the older books in the Reference Library there. The first volume was
published in 1864, the entries being numbered from 1 to 26,534, though
they are arranged more or less alphabetically under authors' names, or
the principal subject-words if anonymous. To this volume is attached a
brief subject-matter index. Two later volumes were published in 1879,
and in these the books are apparently entered very much as they were
received into the Library. A separate volume, however, serves as an
index, both of authors and subjects, to all three volumes, and this
volume is still the real finding catalogue, the volumes with the full
particulars being little used in comparison.
This index-form of brief entries of authors and subjects in one
alphabet was utilised for catalogues of lending libraries in
Manchester; the following example of later date being taken from one of
these:--
Glacial Period, Man and the. By Wright
Glaciers of the Alps: a Lecture. By Molloy
Gladiators. By Melville
Gladman (F. J.) School Method
Gladstone (Catherine) Life of. By Pratt
Gladstone (J. H.) Michael Faraday.
Gladstone (W. E.) Biography of. By Russell
-- Biography of. By Smith
-- Character of.
-- England under. By McCarthy
-- Essay on. By Brown
-- Gladstone's House of Commons. By O'Connor
-- Gleanings of Past Years
-- Government. By Kent
-- Homer
-- Impregnable Rock of Holy Scripture
A similar arrangement was also adopted for the Birmingham Public
Library by the late J. D. Mullins in 1869.
At this time, or a little earlier, Samuel Huggins, a retired architect,
was engaged by the Liverpool Corporation to compile a catalogue of
the Public Reference Library there. He took Jewett's Catalogue of the
Boston Public Library as his model, but with certain modifications. He
says "in the shaping out of all its chief features--Poetry, Painting,
Music, Architecture, the Drama, Novels, and the Bible group, it has
been so treated as to constitute it an original and unique catalogue,
which in regard both to form and detail of these great departments of
the field of knowledge is superior, so far as I know, to any other work
of the kind. The subjects generally are more concentrated, brought
into fewer and larger groups than in the excellent catalogue just
named"--that is Jewett's Boston one. One of the principles that he lays
down is that a book of science or art with a geographical limitation
will be found not under the scientific subject of which it treats,
but under the name of the country or place to which the scientific
research is confined, and so a book on the conchology of France does
not appear under Conchology but under France--subject division "Natural
History." Mr. Huggins apparently was not satisfied that this idea met
all needs as he printed an appendix to his volume "wherein for the
greater convenience of the student, those works in the catalogue which,
by the geographical principle of distribution, are classed under the
places to which their subjects respectively are confined, and so,
wide scattered, are brought together, and grouped according to their
subject." The work was published in 1872, its main principles being
more distinctly those we now understand by the form "a dictionary
catalogue" and it was probably the first of the kind in this country.
Under the older index catalogues a book upon Palestine might be under
such headings as Palestine, Holy Land, Land of Promise, Lands of the
Bible, Bible Lands, or any other title adopted by the authors on their
title-pages, whereas these were all concentrated under a single heading
with such reasonable references and cross-references as were needed
to bind the whole together or "syndetic" as Cutter terms it. This
catalogue is still in use in the Liverpool Reference Library, but has
been improved in detail in the later supplementary volumes, including
the elimination of the form-headings, of which Mr. Huggins made so much.
Other developments in library cataloguing about this period lay more
in the direction of attempts to combine the hitherto almost general
classified catalogues with subject and author catalogues in the
unsatisfactory alphabetico-classed form.
Up to this time, however, there was no adequate code of rules suited to
all requirements. As we have seen, the British Museum rules were for
author-entry, and Jewett's were by no means complete enough for the
purpose. In 1876, Mr. C. A. Cutter published his "Rules for a Printed
Dictionary Catalogue," this work forming the second volume or part of
the "Special Report of the U.S. Bureau of Education on the History,
Condition, and Management of Public Libraries in the United States of
America." These rules numbered 205 as compared with Jewett's 39, and
Mr. Cutter put them into use in, if they were not actually based upon,
his large _Catalogue of the Library of the Boston Athenæum_. A second
edition of these rules, with corrections and additions, was issued as a
separate work in 1889, a third in 1891, and a fourth in 1904. This last
edition contained Mr. Cutter's latest corrections and additions (he
died in September, 1903), the number of rules being increased thereby
to 369. It is at present the standard and most exhaustive work of the
kind, and is unlikely to be soon superseded, though it will be improved
upon from time to time as library practice requires and its essential
principles become embodied in other codes. Librarians of all ranks are
indebted to the American Government for the generosity with which they
distributed it freely to applicants.
Both the American and British Library Associations formulated
rules--the former in 1878 and the latter in 1883--though neither can be
said to have been of much service, the American being a condensation
of Cutter with some unimportant variations, and the British getting
no further than author and title entries. The two Associations have
now combined in a series of rules known as the "Anglo-American
code" and entitled "Cataloguing Rules, Author and Title Entries,
compiled by Committees of the American Library Association and of the
Library Association." This was published in 1908, and the history
of its production forms a preface to the work. A fuller history and
description of it by the Secretary of the British Committee, Mr.
John Minto, is contained in the _Library Association Record_, volume
11, 1909. A noteworthy statement he makes is "I do not think that it
was supposed to be the business of the Committee to provide for the
needs of very small libraries, which, on account of the inadequacy of
their funds, are unable to provide full catalogues, and are obliged
to be content with mere title-a-line lists. The requirements of such
libraries are already well served with existing codes--for example
Cutter's Rules which provide alternative forms, short, medium, and
full, for various grades of libraries." For this very reason the
Anglo-American code will never find much favour for practical use
in this country, though it is at present the basis for the Library
Association examinations in this subject.
In 1886 Prof. Dziatzko published his "Instruction für die Ordnung
der Titel im alphabetischen Zettelkatalog der Königlichen und
Universitäts-Bibliothek zu Breslau" which Mr. K. A. Linderfelt of
Milwaukee translated and adapted in 1890, with the other standard
rules, under the title "Eclectic Card Catalog Rules, Author and Title
Entries, based on Dziatzko's 'Instruction' compared with the Rules of
the British Museum, Cutter, Dewey, Perkins, and other Authorities."
It is so ample in its details that it covers all possible forms of
authors' names and is therefore most valuable for reference or for
compiling any catalogues, though it may contain a great deal that is
rarely required in average library practice. The appendix, containing a
list of oriental titles and occupations with their significance, is a
useful feature of the work.
So many classified catalogues have appeared of late years arranged
according to the Dewey Decimal System that no notes upon the history of
cataloguing would be complete without some reference to that system.
There is no doubt that it is mainly responsible for the revival of this
form of catalogue. The system was planned or invented by Mr. Melvil
Dewey, when librarian of Amherst College, U.S.A., and was in the first
instance intended for cataloguing and indexing purposes, though it is
now more commonly used for classifying and numbering the books upon the
shelves. It was the result of a good deal of careful study of library
needs and, on the face of it, is simple and practical. As to this Dewey
says "in all the work philosophical theory and accuracy have been
made to yield to practical usefulness. The impossibility of making a
satisfactory classification of all knowledge, as preserved in books,
has been appreciated from the first, and nothing of the kind attempted.
Theoretical harmony and exactness have been repeatedly sacrificed to
the practical requirements of the library."
In spite of this statement it is astonishing how few defects it has
as a system of classification, especially when it is remembered
that every class and every subject is divided into ten heads. This
limitation has the tendency to congest some subjects while others do
not admit of the use of so many as ten numbers. Withal it is very
elastic and useful, though, as may be expected, things American get
preferential and fuller treatment. The first edition was published
from Amherst College Library in 1876, the second from Columbia College
Library in 1885, the third in 1888, the fourth from the New York State
Library in 1891; the last ("edition 7") being that of 1911, each being
a revision and enlargement of the earlier edition. The very full index
attached to the scheme makes it comparatively easy to use, but, in the
process of using, it is astonishing how many books have to be specially
considered as to their correct place, a comparison of catalogues
compiled under the system showing that different minds have interpreted
the scheme quite differently.
There are other schemes of classification applicable to cataloguing,
as for instance that known as the "Expansive," the compilation of the
late C. A. Cutter, and the "Adjustable" of Mr. J. D. Brown. This last
is used in several public libraries worked upon what is termed the
"open access" system. The earlier history of classified cataloguing is
treated fully enough for most purposes in Mr. J. D. Brown's books on
library classification.
Even this mere sketch in outline of cataloguing history would be
incomplete without some allusion to the printing of the "British
Museum Catalogue of Printed Books." The printing of the first portion,
containing the books to the end of 1881, was the work of twenty years,
and consists of 393 parts, which superseded more than 2,000 folio
volumes of the manuscript catalogue. The supplement containing the
books added to the Museum during the years 1882-1899 was completed in
1905, and those who have the opportunity of constant reference to the
pages of the complete work know how valuable--even indispensable--it
is, and look forward to the appearance of the next supplement.
Decennial supplements would be none too frequent.
When to-day so many excellent catalogues of libraries are produced
it would be invidious to single out any for special praise, but no
excuse is needed for naming that of the London Library published in
1903 with its subject volume of 1909, both volumes being remarkable
for condensation and accuracy. At this time (1913) a new revised and
enlarged edition is announced for publication.
Mr. H. B. Wheatley's interesting little book, "How to Catalogue a
Library," must not be overlooked in connection with the history of
modern library cataloguing, particularly the chapter on "The Battle of
the Rules."
CHAPTER III.
Dictionary _versus_ Classified Catalogues.
Form to be fixed. The users of Catalogues. Questions Catalogues
are expected to answer. The Dictionary Catalogue. The
Classified Catalogue. The Alphabetico-Classed Catalogue.
Definitions.
We now proceed to consider the needs of those for whom our catalogues
are prepared.
It may be presumed that most of those who use this book are engaged
in municipal or similar libraries, where the requirements of the many
must be taken into account rather than the special needs of the few.
For those who have yet to acquire experience it is as well to state
that in cataloguing, as in most other departments of library work, a
definite decision as to the form and methods to be adopted must be made
at the outset, as it is impossible to start upon one form and then
change to another without confusion or the sacrifice of work already
done. Then, again, readers as a rule are extremely conservative, and
not only dislike a change but are quick to resent it even when the
advantages are sufficiently obvious to warrant it. Librarians and their
assistants, too, get accustomed to a particular method, and after
several years of working find it difficult to make a change to another
without it affecting their work, often unconsciously.
The spread of education and reading nowadays would lead us to suppose
that most people possess a sufficient amount of general knowledge to
enable them to make an intelligent use of a catalogue, provided it is
compiled upon well-defined and logical principles. Should the compiler
happen to have all the accomplishments named in Chapter I., and yield
to the temptation to air them by the production of a highly scientific
catalogue, he will find that his labours are unappreciated, and that he
must adapt his work to the needs of the average "man in the street."
Mr. H. B. Wheatley says as to this "that some persons seem to think
that everything is to be brought down to the comprehension of the fool;
but if by doing this we make it more difficult for the intelligent
person, the action is surely not politic. The consulter of a catalogue
might at least take the trouble to understand the plan upon which it
is compiled before using it." Mr. Wheatley's experience is not that of
public librarians generally, as not one person in a thousand does take
this trouble.
However this may be, there is no difficulty in attaining the happy
medium whereby the ignorant (speaking, of course, comparatively) finds
his wants met as readily as the most learned, and with simplicity and
thoroughness. It has been put in other words thus: "The right doctrine
for a public library catalogue is that it should be made not from the
scientific cataloguer's point of view, with a minimum of indulgence for
ignoramuses, but from the ignoramus's point of view with a minimum,
of indulgence for the scientific cataloguer. That the person who not
only does not know but does not even know _how to search_ should be
primarily provided for." Therefore this idea of suiting the needs of
the particular public using the library must never be overlooked by the
cataloguer.
Besides considering what are likely to be the needs of the majority of
the readers who will use the library to be catalogued, we must decide
what is the maximum amount of information that the catalogue should
afford them, also which form will give the most of this information
with the least trouble and delay to the inquirer.
What are the questions likely to be asked that a catalogue can be
reasonably expected to answer? These do not exceed a dozen, and are as
follows:--
1.--Have you a particular book by a given author?
2.--What books have you by a given author?
3.--What books in the library has a particular person edited,
translated, or illustrated?
4.--What books have you upon a specific subject? say roses.
5.--What books are there relating to a general subject? say all
kinds of flowers.
6.--What books have you in a particular class of literature?
say biography or theology.
7.--What books have you in a particular language?
8.--What books have you in a particular literature? say French.
(This is a somewhat remote but not unreasonable question.)
9.--Have you a book (author unnamed) bearing a particular
title? and, on the same footing with this inquiry, Have
you any of the series called so and so?
10.--What books have you in a particular form of literature? as
poetry.
11.--Have you a novel or other work by a particular author
dealing with a particular period? or any similar question
relating to the inner nature of a book.
12.--In what volume of an author's works is a particular essay
contained? (This last question is really the same as the
first in another form.)
The first and second questions will be answered by a catalogue
consisting of author-entries, that is a dictionary of authors, or
if compiled under the British Museum rules it will answer these
and the third also to a large extent. In addition it should answer
No. 12. Questions 4, 5, 6, and 10 can be answered by means of the
catalogue known as classified--the entries being arranged in general
classes and sub-divided as necessary, but logically, according to the
scientific relations of the subjects of the books. If an author-index
is added other questions also would be answered with a little
trouble. The same questions will be answered by the form known as
alphabetico-classed--that is a catalogue of subject, class, and form
entries arranged alphabetically.
No one style of catalogue, however, will answer all of these questions,
but the one that will answer most of them with the least trouble and
loss of time to the user is that known as the dictionary catalogue.
It consists of an arrangement of author, subject, and (to a limited
extent) title entries in a single alphabetical sequence, and is by far
the most popular form. It is neither economical nor the most logical,
but its convenience for ready reference compensates for these defects.
It ordinarily answers questions 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, and can be made to
answer questions 3, 7, 11, and 12--that is nine questions out of the
twelve.
The two most common forms of catalogues are the dictionary and the
classified. For many years much controversy has arisen respecting
their comparative usefulness, and there is much to be said in favour
of both, each having merits, as already shown, not possessed by
the other. The late C. A. Cutter points out the advantages of the
classified catalogue, thus: "One who is pursuing any general course
of study finds brought together in one part of the catalogue most of
the books he needs. He sees not merely books on the particular topic
in which he is interested, but in immediate neighbourhood works on
related topics, suggesting to him courses of investigation which he
might otherwise overlook. He finds it an assistance to have all these
works spread out before him, so that he can take a general survey of
the ground before he chooses his route; and as he goes back, day after
day, to his particular part of the catalogue he becomes familiar with
it, turns to it at once, and uses it with ease. The same is true of
the numerous class who are not making any investigation or pursuing
any definite course of study, but are merely desultory readers. Their
choice of books is usually made from certain kinds of literature or
classes of subjects. Some like poetry or essays or plays [curiously he
omits novels]; others like religious works, or philosophical works,
or scientific works, not caring about the particular subject of the
book so much as whether it be well-written or interesting. To these
persons it is a convenience that their favourite kind of reading should
all be contained in one or two parts of the catalogue, and freed from
the confusing admixture of titles of a different sort. An alphabetical
list of specific subjects is to them little more suggestive than an
alphabetical list of authors. It is true that by following up all the
references of a dictionary catalogue under Theology, for example, a man
may construct for himself a list of the theological literature in the
library; but to do this requires time and a mental effort, and it is
the characteristic of the desultory reader that he is averse to mental
effort. What is wanted by him and by the busy man when now and then he
has the same object, is to find the titles from which he would select
brought together within the compass of a few pages; few, that is, in
comparison with the whole catalogue. It may be 500 pages, but 500 pages
are better than 10,000. The classed catalogue is better suited also
than any other to exhibit the richness of the library in particular
departments."
Cutter, at the same time, proceeds to name some of the disadvantages
of this style of catalogue. "A large part of the public are not
pursuing general investigations. They want to find a particular book
or a particular subject quickly; and the necessity of mastering a
complex system before using the catalogue is an unwelcome delay or
an absolute bar to its use." Then, again, there is the difficulty of
want of agreement as to classifications. The simple remedy for such
difficulty is an alphabetical index of all the subjects appearing in
the catalogue, whereby an inquirer is directed to the particular part
of the catalogue in which he will find books upon the subject or topic
he wants. There are very few, if any, catalogues of the kind without
indexes now, though in the early days they were seldom provided.
As said already, early catalogues of libraries were mostly either
classified or simply author catalogues. The classification was, often
enough, very poor, the sub-division not being carried very far, and
this led to the invention or evolution of the dictionary catalogue and
brought the classified, such as it was, into disrepute.
The cataloguing of a library is one of the most troublesome and
expensive departments of its administration. The cost of printing is
greater than ordinary printing, and the expense to a library with
its limited income is always serious, because people will not buy a
catalogue even at half the cost price of printing but prefer to make
use of the copies provided at the desks. Moreover, at the end of six or
even fewer months after publication the public usually regard it as out
of date and decides to wait for the _next_ edition. In this respect the
classified catalogue has the advantage, as it costs less to print, and
for this reason, as well as owing to the custom of admitting readers
to the shelves of public libraries, there has been a revival of this
style of catalogue in late years, especially as it serves as a key or
guide to the arrangement of the books upon the shelves of "open access"
libraries. It can moreover be printed and issued in sections without
affecting its completeness in the end.
The dictionary form, as distinguished from a mere alphabetical list of
authors, consists of entries of books under their specific subjects,
instead of their classes. To quote Cutter again: "Thus if a book
treats of Natural History it is put under that heading; if it treats
of Zoology alone that word is the rubric; if it is on Mammals it will
be found under mammals; and, finally, if one is looking for a treatise
on the elephant, he need not know if that animal is a mammal; he need
not even be sure that it is an animal; he has merely to be sufficiently
acquainted with his alphabet to find the word Elephant, under which
will appear all the separate works that the library contains on that
subject. Nothing, one would think, can be more simple, easy to explain,
easy and expeditious to use than this. No matter what he wants he will
find it at once provided that the library has a book on just that
subject and that it has been entered under the very word which he is
thinking of. If these conditions are not fulfilled, however, there
is more trouble. If the library has no book or article sufficiently
important to be catalogued on that topic he must look in some more
comprehensive work in which he will find it treated (as the history
of Assyrian art is related in the histories of Art), in which case he
will get no help whatever from any dictionary catalogue yet made, in
finding the general work, he must trust to his own knowledge of the
subject and of ordinary classification to guide him to the including
class, or there may be something to his purpose in less general works
(as books on Iron bridges or Suspension bridges might be better than
nothing to a man who was studying the larger subject Bridges), but in
this case also he will very seldom get any assistance from dictionary
catalogues, and must rely entirely upon his previous knowledge of
the possible branches of his subject. Even in those catalogues which
relieve him of this trouble by giving cross-references, he must look
twice, first for his own word and then for the word to which he is
referred from that."
A judicial statement of the merits of both these styles of catalogue is
contained in a paper by Mr. F. T. Barrett, of Glasgow, entitled "The
Alphabetical and Classified Forms of Catalogues compared," printed in
the _Transactions of the Second International Library Conference_,
1897. In the _Library Association Record_, 1901 (pt. 1), pp. 514-531,
there is a verbal and friendly duel between Mr. W. E. Doubleday and the
author upon the matter, mainly from the practical point of view.
The Alphabetico-Classed catalogue, as its name denotes, is an attempt
at a classified catalogue in alphabetical order of subjects or
classes, and is a mixture of the two systems already spoken of, and
about as satisfactory as hybrids usually are. The late Prof. Justin
Winsor characterised it as "the mongrel alphabetico-classed system, a
primarily classed system with an alphabetical graft upon it is a case
of confusion worse confounded." The great difficulty both to compiler
and user is to know where the subjects leave off and the classes
begin--in other words, whether a subject or a class entry is likely to
be the one wanted. One of the best examples of this kind of catalogue
is the late Mr. Fortescue's "Subject Index to the British Museum
Catalogue," and he apparently experienced the difficulty of deciding,
as for instance a book on the elephant appears under Elephant, but a
work upon the Elk must be looked for under "Deer." The usefulness of
this particular catalogue cannot be gainsaid as its value is too well
known, mainly because there is no other form of subject-catalogue for
the library of the British Museum. Besides it has such a comprehensive
series of cross-references that difficulty is largely obviated, and
then again it is only meant as a subject supplement to the principal
catalogue. Admirable as it is, we may see how it works out in practice.
Suppose we are interested in Law. Under the heading "Law" we find
a large number of entries divided into particular kinds of law as
"Commercial," "Criminal," "Ecclesiastical," &c., and these are further
sub-divided under the names of countries. One would suppose that the
subject would be here treated in a most exhaustive manner. But that is
not so, as if we require books on the Laws of England we must turn to
the word "England." Thus we have books on English criminal law under
"Law"; a book upon English general law under "England"; and a book say
upon English election law under "Elections, Law of." If it is right to
put books on the law of elections under Elections it might be assumed
that books on criminal law would go under "Criminal law," but there
is not even a reference to say where they are to be found. Admittedly
"Law" is a large and complex subject, and would fill many pages if the
books upon it were brought together. As it is the searcher must take
a long time to ascertain in any exhaustive manner what books upon the
subject are contained in Mr. Fortescue's Indexes. Even if the inquiry
is narrowed down to say Italian law, searches must be made in many
places without touching special Italian law at all. However there is no
system but has its drawbacks, though probably the alphabetico-classed
has the most.
There is such a thing as a dictionary system that combines an unseen
but systematically classified system. Its root method would be to
adopt some thorough scheme of classification permitting of the
finest possible detail in topic and adjust thereto any necessary
cross-references to cover synonymous names and double subjects. The
cataloguer would keep the complete scheme in all its details before him
and, by means of an alphabetical index to every adopted name, he would
have a list of the subject-headings in dictionary order and to these he
would adhere. There would still be specific entry. This is the method
that should be pursued in the compilation of dictionary catalogues.
The classification may exist only in the mind of the cataloguer and
be formulated in no other way unless he relies upon headings already
fixed in his catalogue. By trying to adjust headings in such catalogues
to any logical classification one can soon ascertain whether they are
systematic or haphazard.
The following definitions should be noted before proceeding to the next
chapter:--
_Author-Catalogue_ is one in which the entries are arranged
alphabetically according to the names of the authors (a dictionary of
authors).
_Title-Catalogue_ is one in which the entries are arranged
alphabetically according to some word of the title, especially the
first (a dictionary of titles).
_Subject-Catalogue_ is one in which the entries are arranged according
to the subjects of the books, alphabetically by the words selected
to denote those subjects (dictionary arrangement). If these subject
entries are not arranged alphabetically, but are formed into classes
philosophically according to the scientific relations of the subjects,
then it is a classed or classified catalogue.
_Form-Catalogue_ is one in which the entries are arranged according
to the forms of literature and the languages in which the books are
written, either alphabetically or according to the relations of the
forms to one another.
Apart from these there is a style of catalogue in which the entries are
selected to suit the kind of person for whom the books are designed. A
catalogue of books for children would be of this order. While it would
include books in all classes of literature written to suit juvenile
capacity, yet it may reasonably be regarded as a class in itself, and a
place is usually assigned to it in a classified catalogue.
When a catalogue of a particular class of literature is separately
published it is called a _Class-List_. A catalogue of novels, or of
poetry, or of music would be so termed.
By the term _Dictionary Catalogue_ we understand a combination of the
first three, viz., Author, Title, and Subject catalogues in a single
alphabet.
The last two forms when thrown together, not in alphabetical but in
logical arrangement, make the _Classified Catalogue_.
The same two if arranged alphabetically and not logically form
the _Alphabetico-Classed Catalogue_. With this last form the
author-catalogue could be combined without any disturbance of its
arrangement. It can only be added to the classified as an index or
appendix.
CHAPTER IV.
Single Author Principal-Entry.
Stationery. The Author-Entry. Full Names. Imprint and
Collation. Order of Information Tabulated. Subject-Entry.
Headings. Class-Entry.
To study systematically the various codes of cataloguing rules is of
great value to the beginner in the work of cataloguing a library,
though the apparent variations and contradictions in the codes are
at first somewhat confusing. Their practical application to work in
hand serves better to prove the usefulness and necessity of adopting
some code or a modification of it before much progress is made. Once a
choice is made, it is better to adhere to it uniformly throughout.
The purpose of the catalogue has a bearing upon the nature of the
stationery required. A catalogue cannot be written into a book like
an inventory; each item--even books by the same author or upon the
same subject--must be upon a separate paper slip or card cut uniformly
to any size fixed upon. Paper slips serve quite well for manuscript,
or "copy" as it is termed, for the printer, but tough cards of good
quality are needed for a catalogue on cards to be handled by many
persons. It is a good plan in any case first to prepare the catalogue
upon slips or cards for office use; then, when checked and revised, to
copy from these for public use, either upon the good quality cards as
suggested, or into the book-form of catalogues with separate leaves,
known as "sheaf-catalogues." This last-named form is preferable for
public use, and takes up less room. Any size of slips or cards may
be adopted provided they are exactly cut to a fixed size, 5 inches
by 3 inches being convenient; or the size usually provided with the
index filing outfits, now so generally in commercial use, which were
first used in the cataloguing of libraries, and then applied to other
purposes. If the slips or cards are for handwriting, they should be
ruled "feint" across, and whether so written or typed, are better
with red lines marking margins of about half an inch at each side. If
written by hand, the writing should be round, clear, of fair size, and
above all, free from flourishes, whether written for public use or for
the printer.
Two of the first questions a catalogue will be expected to answer are
Have you a particular book by a given author?
What books have you by a named author?
These two questions are not precisely identical, though they are both
answered by the same form of catalogue entry, namely, that under the
surname of the writer of the book, known as the "author-entry." This,
or some substitute therefor, is invariably regarded as the main, or
principal, entry. Though the placing or position of such an entry is
not the same in both the dictionary and classified forms of catalogue,
one falling under the author's name according to its place in the
alphabet, and the other into its position in a class, the form of the
entry itself is the same in both. The particulars for this entry must
always be taken from the full title-page of the book, never from the
binding or from the preliminary or half-title, though at times this
half or "bastard-title" will furnish the name of the series or some
other detail not given elsewhere but wanted for full-entry.
The title-page of the first book we deal with reads:--
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| IN PORTUGAL |
| |
| BY AUBREY F. G. BELL |
| |
| Oh quem fôra a Portugal |
| Terra que Deus bemdizia! |
| _Romance._ |
| (O to go to Portugal, land heaven-blest) |
| |
| LONDON: John Lane, The Bodley Head. |
| |
| NEW YORK: John Lane Company. MCMXII. |
| |
| |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
The surname of the author then is Bell, and we
either enclose his further names in parentheses, as
Bell (Aubrey F. G.)
or with a comma and full stop, as
Bell, Aubrey F. G.
There is no reason for advocating the adoption of one of these
styles more than the other, especially in these days of type-setting
machines. Where hand composition is still in use, and particularly in
small printing offices, the use of a large number of parentheses ()
causes "a run on sorts," that is, the supply wanted is greater than
is ordinarily found with a fount of jobbing type. Nowadays, it being
merely a question of taste, and not one of expediency, it matters
less, and as my personal preference is for the use of the comma and
point, that style is used in the examples given throughout this book.
The form decided upon must be adhered to if only to ensure uniform
appearance--certainly both forms should not be found in one catalogue.
Attention to details of this kind is the essence of good work, and
after a time cataloguers, becoming accustomed to a particular style,
fall, as a matter of course, into its use quite readily.
The surname is followed, as shown, by the Christian or forenames, but
we are often confronted with the necessity for deciding how much of
these forenames shall go in--shall they be given as on the title-page,
or shall we find out the full names covered by the initials, or will
initials alone suffice? In some catalogues the full names are given, in
others only the initials, and in a few rare instances of "index-entry"
catalogues the surname alone. For an average catalogue to give the name
in its fullest possible form is more than is required, and is wasteful
of space, while the bare initials do not enable us to discern whether
the author is a man or a woman. It is more helpful to give the first or
other important forename, and to do so does not lengthen the catalogue
to any appreciable extent. The danger of this omission is exemplified
at the end of this chapter.
In the catalogues of large libraries it is often necessary to take the
trouble to get all names as fully and correctly as possible, otherwise,
owing to the likelihood of numerous entries under persons with the
same surnames, errors may result if the authors are not distinguished
from one another in this way. This does not imply that the cataloguer
of a collection of books up to 100,000 volumes need go to the trouble
of giving every name in full as if he were compiling a biographical
dictionary; nor need he add the dates of the author's birth and
death to the name, as is sometimes done, because the labour will be
unappreciated, and be wasted. Such dates, however, have at times to be
given to distinguish between authors whose names are alike.
It is a wise plan, in any case, to limit the forenames or initials to
those _used_ by an author on his books at any time during his career.
For all reasonable purposes, or any purpose, Dante Gabriel Rossetti,
for example, is sufficient, though his name was properly Gabriel
Charles Dante Rossetti, Charles Dickens, instead of Charles John Huffam
Dickens, will not be mistaken for any other of the name, and Joaquin
Miller will serve better than Cincinnatus Heine Miller.
A few instances taken from recent books by well-known authors will show
how difficulties may arise in this connection. George Bernard Shaw's
"Man and Superman" according to the title-page is "by Bernard Shaw,"
whereas his "The quintessence of Ibsenism" is "by G. Bernard Shaw."
Martin Hume's work on "The love affairs of Mary, Queen of Scots" is
given as "by Martin Hume," but his "Spain: its greatness and decay" is
"by Martin A. S. Hume." There is the "Life of Gladstone" "by Herbert
Woodfield Paul," a book "Men and letters" "by Herbert Paul," and
"Matthew Arnold" (in the "English Men of Letters" series), "by Herbert
W. Paul." Then we have the case of the well-known writer on animal life
who changed his name recently on his books from Ernest Seton Thompson
to Ernest Thompson Seton. This leads the unwary cataloguer into the
mistake of getting books by the same author under different names. It
must be confessed that the risk is not great where such well-known
writers are concerned, but if they should be unknown authors of a
past age or another country, the cataloguer would probably not be so
well-informed, and fall into error. To cite an instance of this, the
French author, Louis Jacques Napoleon Bertrand, we are told, took the
name of Ludovic Bertrand, and later substituted Aloysius for Ludovic,
the wonder being that he did not change the Bertrand also. There is
need to be constantly on the alert for those who have no fixity of
name. The only little satisfaction the cataloguer has if he finds he
has tripped is that few will have sufficient knowledge to discover his
fault.
Besides the catalogues of important libraries, the following may be
named as among the more useful works of reference for working out the
names of authors and other personages:--
PHILLIPS, Lawrence B. The dictionary of biographical
reference. 1871 and later reprints.
STEPHEN, Sir Leslie, and Sir Sidney LEE (_Eds._)
The dictionary of national biography; with
the supplements. 1885-1912.
ALLIBONE, S. A. Critical dictionary of English
literature and British and American authors;
with supplement of J. F. Kirk. 1885-91.
SMITH, B. E. (_Ed._) The Century cyclopedia of
names. 1894.
AUGE, Claude (_Ed._) Nouveau Larousse illustré;
avec supplement.
Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne. 1811-28.
Nouvelle biographie générale. 1852-66.
Allgemeine deutsche Biographie. 1875-1908.
Appleton's Cyclopædia of American biography.
1888-89.
The _New York State University Library Bulletin, Bibliography_, No.
5, issued in 1898 at the price of 3d., consists of "A selection of
Reference Books for the use of Cataloguers in finding Full Names."
To revert to the book we are dealing with. As the author gives his
first Christian name in full and two initials for the others we may
regard it as quite full enough for any style of catalogue, and adding
the title of the book, the entry becomes
BELL, Aubrey F. G.
In Portugal.
The quotation on the title-page, with its translation, is ignored
altogether, as would be anything of a similar nature, such as a motto;
these are merely adornments of the title-page, and have no bearing
whatever upon the book from the cataloguer's standpoint. If it were
intended to be very exact the omission could be indicated by three dots
(...) but the need for doing this only applies in the case of rare or
special editions.
We have now got the first two parts of our catalogue entry, and in the
order from which there can be no deviation. Our next step is to decide
how much further information is to be given. A catalogue of a library
has been defined as a list of the titles of books which it contains,
and that it (the catalogue) must not be expected to give any further
description of a book than the author gives, or ought to give, on the
title-page, and the publisher in the imprint, or colophon.
The catalogue can be made to give, besides the titles of books, such
descriptions, more or less extended, drawn from all available sources
of information, as may be necessary to furnish means of identifying
each work, of distinguishing its different editions, of ascertaining
the requisites of a perfect copy, of learning all facts of interest
respecting its authorship, publication, typography, subsequent
causalities, alterations, etc., its market value, and the estimation in
which it is held.
For our entry we shall adopt the happy mean between these two and
add to this entry, because it is the principal one, the information
contained in the "imprint" at the foot of the title-page, giving the
place of publication, the publisher's (or printer's) name, and the
date of publication. In the early days of printing this information
was given at the end of a book, and termed the "colophon." We shall
also give the information spoken of as "the collation," consisting
of a statement of the number of pages in the book, whether it is
illustrated, and how, by maps, portraits, or otherwise, and even if the
illustrations are in colour.
The first-named place of publication on the title-page of the book
is London. In the catalogues of British libraries it is a recognised
custom to omit naming the place of publication when a book is
unmistakably published in London, this being taken as understood, all
other places being given. Except in booksellers' lists and similar
catalogues, the name of the publisher may also be left out, though
it is often given in the full form of library catalogues. In the
case of this book, the name of the second place, New York, is merely
supplemental, the book being printed as well as published in this
country. The date of publication must always be given, and in every
entry (with the single exception of works of fiction, referred to
later), not in Roman numerals, however, but in Arabic.
When books are in a number of volumes, the earliest and latest dates
are given. These dates are not necessarily those of the first and last
volumes, as the volumes may not have appeared in regular sequence, or a
set may be made up from editions of varying dates.
For "the collation" we carefully examine the book and find that
it has eight pages of prefatory matter marked with Roman numerals
(i.--viii.), and the body of the work contains 227, paged in Arabic.
This is shown as pp. viii. + 227, or as pp. viii., 227. The book has
no map or illustrations. The enumeration of the pages in this way, it
may be said, conveys no very exact idea of the extent of the work, as,
of course, large type requires many more pages than small. Even the
thickness of the book is not indicated by stating the number of pages,
as an India-paper edition will contain just the same number of pages as
one on thick paper. For these and other reasons, such information can
be omitted if economy of space is of any consequence. If a book is in
more than one volume it is unusual to give the number of pages, though
it is sometimes done in publishers' lists. A "book" is invariably
understood to mean a complete work, whether in one or many volumes.
The size of the book may also be given, and will occasionally prove
useful, while completing the entry. The book we are dealing with is
octavo in size, coming between the sizes known as "crown" and "demy,"
but as these terms convey no special idea to the uninformed in book
sizes, and, indeed, no very definite idea to those who are, it will
suffice for most purposes to call the book 8º (octavo) unless the
height is given instead in inches or in centimetres, as 8¼in. or 21cm.
For most catalogues it will be found sufficient to give the sizes when
they exceed octavo, it being understood that all books are of that
size, or less, unless the contrary is indicated by the signs 4º(quarto)
or fº (folio).
The entry completed upon these lines becomes
BELL, Aubrey F. G.
In Portugal. _London and New York_, John
Lane, 1912. pp. viii., 227. 8º
The information to be given, when tabulated, falls into this order
1.--Author's surname.
2.--The author's forenames.
3.--The title of the book.
4.--The name of editor or translator.
5.--The edition if stated.
6.--The name of series or publication society (if any).
7.--Place of publication.
8.--Publisher's (or printer's) name.
9.--The date of publication.
10.--The collation (or the number of volumes if more than one).
11.--The size.
12.--The shelf, press, or other finding mark.
13.--Any descriptive note or contents.
Numbers 4, 5, 6, 12, and 13 are not required or given in the above
entry, but are here inserted to make the table complete. With the
exception of numbers 1 to 4, this order may be varied at will, but only
at the outset, as whatever order is decided upon must afterwards be
adhered to. The following statement of the order given in some of the
rules is of interest in this connection, and will be helpful:--
_British Museum order under its Rules_ (3, 16-22):
1, Author. 2, Title. 3, Edition. 4, Number of parts or volumes
or numbered pages if a single volume. 5, Place of printing or
publication and printer's name (if necessary). 6, Date. 7,
Size. 8, Press mark. 9, Note, if required.
_Cutter's Rules_:
1, Author. 2, Title. 3, Edition. 4, Place of publication. 5,
Publisher's name. 6, Date. 7, Number of volumes or number of
pages, illustrations, etc. 8, Size. 9, Notes of contents.
_Library Association and American Library Association Rules_:
1, Author. 2, Title. 3, Additions to title, if any. 4,
Edition. 5, Place of publication. 6, Publisher's name. 7,
Place of printing, if given. 8, Date. 9, Volumes or pages,
illustrations, etc. 10, Size. 11, Series. 12, Contents and
notes.
For most libraries the information can be satisfactorily curtailed and
limited to the following:--
1, Author. 2, Title. 3, Edition. 4, Date. 5, Press mark. 6,
Contents or annotations. To these may be added, between 3 and
4, an abbreviation telling if the book is illustrated, as
"illus.", instead of giving the collation in full.
The reduced entry for our book accordingly becomes
BELL, Aubrey F. G.
In Portugal. 1912
Having the author or principal entry complete, we now proceed to
examine the book for subject-entry, and find that it consists of
descriptions of journeys to places off the beaten track in Portugal.
Even with the title of the book so obvious and the subject so clearly
named in it, it is wise not to take it for granted, and examine
the book as it may contain something of value belonging to another
subject--for example, there is a book of travel in the Near East
bearing the title "Pen and pencil in Asia Minor" which contains no less
than thirteen chapters upon silkworms and the silk industry, not only
in the Levant, but in France and elsewhere--quite a respectable book
within a book, but this the title-page fails to reveal. The subject
of our book, however, is open to no doubt, and for the dictionary
catalogue the subject-entry is
=Portugal=:
Bell, A. F. G. In Portugal. 1912
No further entries are called for than these two (author and subject).
In all entries subordinate to the main entry, where the fullest
particulars concerning the book are given, the information is condensed
sufficiently to identify the book upon the supposition that those
who require more details will turn to the main entry for them. The
omissions from the subordinate entries are the full Christian names
of authors (initials alone being given), the names of editors,
translators, or illustrators, the names of series, the collations,
sizes, and places of publication. The entries used throughout this work
demonstrate this. The dates of publications are invariably given in all
entries except where shown.
It has been contended that all details are as much wanted under the
subject as under the author. There is much to be said in favour of
this, but it is impossible to make every entry a main-entry when
expense and the size of the catalogue have to be considered.
When the time comes for preparing the manuscript of the catalogue for
the press, should it happen that there was no other book upon the
subject, then the form of entry can be changed to what may be called a
subject-title-entry, thus
Portugal, In. Bell, A. F. G. 1912
upon the principle that a "heading" is not required unless there are
two or more books to go under it. By the reverse process, if there
should be two or more title-entries of books unquestionably upon the
same subject then these are converted into entries under a single
subject-heading. If the two entries were
Portugal, In. Bell, A. F. G. 1912
Portugal, Sunshine and storm in. Watson, G. 1904
they are changed to
=Portugal=:
Bell, A. F. G. In Portugal. 1912
Watson, G. Sunshine and storm in Portugal. 1904
It is possible further to economise these entries:
=Portugal=:
Bell, A. F. G. In P. 1912
Watson, G. Sunshine, etc. in P. 1904
This style was adopted in quite good catalogues, and there is no
particular loss of information through it, though the gain of space
hardly compensates for the want of clearness, to say nothing of the
somewhat bald appearance of the entries.
In all the subject-entries above it will be observed that the author's
surname leads, the reason for this being that it serves to guide
to the name under which the main-entry is to be found. The books
are also arranged in alphabetical order by these surnames under the
subject-heading.
If the catalogue we are compiling is not dictionary but classified in
its arrangement, then, as already stated, there is but one entry (other
than the brief index entries), and that the main-entry. Upon this is
marked the numerical symbols of the classification adopted, which we
shall presume throughout is the best-known and most used, Dewey's
_Decimal Classification_. For convenience in sorting, the numbers are
better written on the top right-hand of the slip or card. Our entry is
marked accordingly
=914.69=
BELL, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. _London and
New York_, John Lane, 1912. pp. viii., 227. 8º
This entry can be curtailed if considered desirable, as shown above for
the dictionary catalogue.
As some persons may not have used the Dewey Classification, it may be
explained that these numerical symbols signify
900 History (the General Class).
910 Geography and Travels.
914 Europe.
914.6 Spain (the Iberian Peninsula).
914.69 Portugal.
Brief entries are needed for the author and subject-index
or indexes, which appear at either the end
or beginning of the catalogue when printed, thus
Bell, A. F. G. In Portugal. 914.69
Portugal (Travels). 914.69
In the following pages all the examples given to illustrate the various
points which arise in the cataloguing of books are worked out in full
for both the dictionary and classified catalogues, in order to show the
whole method of treatment, as well as to prevent the misunderstanding
which arose upon explanations given only by way of suggestion, and not
as completed examples, in my former book upon this subject.
To show how difficult it is for experienced cataloguers to avoid
error and the pitfalls in their way, it may be mentioned that several
otherwise good catalogues have these two books
Here and there in Italy and over the border, by
Linda Villari. 1893
Italian life in town and country, by L. Villari. 1902
entered as
VILLARI, Linda. Here and there in Italy. 1893
-- Italian life in town and country. 1902
though the latter book is by Luigi Villari. With nothing in either
book to show this, the presumption that both books are by the same
author is excusable, the initials of the authors' names and the subject
being alike, yet it proves that it does not do to jump to conclusions.
Correctly catalogued, the entries are
VILLARI, Linda. Here and there in Italy and over
the border. pp. viii., 269. 1893
VILLARI, Luigi. Italian life in town and country.
(_Our neighbours._) pp. xii., 261, illus. 1902
and the subject-entries are
=Italy.=
Villari, L. Here and there in Italy. 1893
Villari, L. Italian life in town and country. 1902
Both entries will be marked 914.5 for the classified catalogue
(History--Geography and Travels--Europe--Italy), and the index entries
will be
Villari, Linda. Here and there in Italy. 914.5
Villari, Luigi. Italian life. 914.5
Italy (Travel). 914.5
CHAPTER V.
Joint-Authors.
Joint-Authors. Collations. Synonymous Subject-Headings.
Participants in a Correspondence. References. Man and Wife
as Joint-Authors.
When a book is written by two authors, the entry is given under the
first-named on the title-page. The following is an illustration of the
method of treatment in such a case, and in order to make the matter
clear, the title-page is set out in full as before. The whole title
is printed in capital letters, and has no other punctuation than that
shown.
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES |
| OF ECONOMICS |
| |
| TOGETHER WITH A SHORT SKETCH |
| OF ECONOMIC HISTORY |
| |
| BY |
| RICHARD T. ELY, Ph. D., LL. D. |
| PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL ECONOMY IN THE UNIVERSITY |
| OF WISCONSIN |
| AND |
| GEORGE RAY WICKER, Ph. D. |
| ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF ECONOMICS IN DARTMOUTH COLLEGE |
| |
| NEW YORK |
| THE MACMILLAN COMPANY |
| LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD. |
| 1910 |
| ALL RIGHTS RESERVED |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
Upon the lines already laid down, the main-entry
becomes
ELY, Richard T., and George Ray WICKER.
Elementary principles of economics; together
with a short sketch of economic history. _New
York_, Macmillan Co., 1910. pp. xii., 388
Frequently the names of the authors are seen rendered in this fashion
ELY, Richard T., and WICKER, George Ray
While it is essential and unavoidable that the name of the first author
should be turned about to get his surname as the leading word, yet
there is no object in twisting about the second author's name in like
manner, as it is not so required, therefore the ordinary reading of the
name is better and simpler, as given in the first entry.
Unless needed to distinguish between different authors of the same
name, the academical degrees are omitted, as well as any statement
concerning the professorships held by these authors, although the fact
that they hold such offices goes to prove their qualifications for
dealing with this subject. If it were desired to direct attention to
this, it could be done by means of a note or annotation to the entry,
after this manner
The first author is Prof. of Pol. Econ., Wisconsin Univ., and
the second Asst. Prof. of Economics, Dartmouth Coll.
The share of the second author in the book needs to be recognised, and
this is accomplished by means of a reference, as
WICKER, George Ray (_Joint-Author._) _See_ Ely,
Richard T.
If this writer happens to be the sole author of another work, then the
form of reference is made to read
WICKER, George Ray.
-- (_Joint-Author_). _See also_ Ely, Richard T.
To give the reference in this form may seem to be a contradiction of
the previous statement that the second author's name need not be turned
about, but in this case it is necessary to point directly to the name
Ely under which the entry is found.
An alternative style for both the above references so far as the use of
capitals and punctuation is concerned is
WICKER, Geo. Ray (_joint-author_) _see_ ELY,
Richard T.
WICKER, Geo. Ray.
-- (_joint-author_) _see also_ Ely, Richard T.
It must be borne in mind that whatever style is adopted should be
strictly followed throughout.
An explanation concerning the collation (number of pages) is required.
The book has six prefatory leaves, paged in Roman numerals, i. to xi.,
made up of the half-title and the title (both unpaged), three pages
of preface (the second and third being marked vi., vii.), a blank
page, three pages with a list of contents (the second and third are
marked x., xi.), and a blank page, making twelve pages in all. Doubt
will arise in a case of this kind as to whether the title leaves and
the blank pages should be taken into account, but as the printer has
seen fit to include them all in his pagination, the statement of these
prefatory pages is better given as xii. The rest of the book is
straightforward, being paged from 1 to 388.
A briefer form of author-entry is
ELY, R. T., and G. R. WICKER. Elementary
principles of economics; with a short sketch
of economic history. _N.Y._, 1910
The places of publication may be shortened in this way where the
abbreviation used can be readily recognised--N.Y. for New York.
Examples of other places will readily occur to the cataloguer,
especially if they are in common use, as _Edin._ for Edinburgh, _Dub._
for Dublin, _Oxf._ for Oxford, _Camb._ for Cambridge, _Manc._ for
Manchester, _L'pool_ for Liverpool, and so on. The London Library
Catalogue goes much further than this, and gives _A._ for Amsterdam,
_C._ for Cambridge, _D._ for Dublin, _L._ for Leipzig, and other bare
initials in the same way, though they are not consistently used.
It not only omits London as the place of publication from English
books, as already recommended herein, but carries out the idea to the
exclusion of all capital cities in the cases of native published books,
leaving Paris, Berlin, Madrid, to be taken as understood when these
cities are the places of publication of French, German, and Spanish
books respectively. In many ways the economies effected in the London
Library Catalogue are notable, though so numerous that a considerable
explanatory list has to be given in the preface. The book we are
dealing with would appear in this style in the Author Catalogue
=Ely (Richard Theodore) & G. R. Wicker.=
Elem. princ. of economics, w. a short sketch of econ.
hist. s8º N.Y. 1910
and in the Subject Index would be further condensed. The shortest form
allowable in the catalogue of a popular library, without abbreviating
the words, is
ELY, R. T., and G. R. WICKER.
Elementary principles of economics. 1910
In considering the subject-heading for this book, we have the choice
of synonymous terms, viz., Economics and Political Economy. The first
is the more modern term which is gradually supplanting the other in
use, and for that reason it is the better to adopt. Having made the
choice definitely, we at once proceed to write a cross-reference, which
will prevent the placing of any other book upon the same subject under
the discarded heading whatever be the terms on the title-page. The
reader will be thus guided to the heading which has been chosen for the
subject. It is a fundamental principle of the dictionary catalogue,
which cannot be too often impressed upon the cataloguer, that a book is
entered under its specific subject quite irrespective of the terms used
upon the title-page, and that two books upon the same subject ought not
to be in two places. Accordingly the reference to this end will be
Political Economy. _See_ Economics.
which prevents the placing of any book under Political Economy.
The subject-entry is
=Economics=:
Ely, R. T., &c. Elementary principles of
economics. 1910
Besides the economies in _subordinate entries_ already referred to, it
will be seen that the second author's name has "etc." substituted for
it; as a well-recognised further economy that may be adopted without
hesitation.
No other entries of any kind are needed for the dictionary catalogue,
as the book is adequately catalogued as shown.
For the classified catalogue, the author-entry is marked 330.2 (300
Sociology, 330 Political Economy, 330.2 Compends), and the entries for
the indexes are
Economics 330
Political Economy 330
Ely, R. T., &c. Elem. economics 330.2
The writers of a published correspondence are regarded as joint-authors
in the same way, except that a book like
The correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and Ralph
Waldo Emerson, 1834-1872. 2 v. ports. 1883
cannot be covered very satisfactorily by an entry under the first-named
and a reference under the second, as in the Ely-Wicker above, such a
book needing two entries. An examination of it shows that the letters
were edited by Charles Eliot Norton, and, though this is not stated
on the title-page, it goes into the principal entry, but between
brackets (not parentheses), which, as Cutter says in his Rules, are
important, "both as a check on indiscriminate addition and as an aid to
identification." The main-entry is
CARLYLE, Thomas, and Ralph Waldo EMERSON.
Correspondence, 1834-72; [ed. by Charles
Eliot Norton.] 2 v. ports. 1883
and the second entry under
EMERSON, Ralph Waldo, and Thomas CARLYLE.
Correspondence, 1834-72. 2 v. 1883
A reference is required under the editor's name, thus
NORTON, Charles E. (_Ed._) _See_ Carlyle, Thomas.
Most catalogues will have a goodly number of entries under Carlyle.
To enlarge the reference sufficiently to describe the particular book
involves a reference as long as an entry. In such case give the entry
NORTON, Charles E. (_Ed._) Correspondence of
Thomas Carlyle and Ralph W. Emerson. 2 v.
1883
or, shorter still,
NORTON, Chas. E. (_Ed._) Correspondence of Carlyle
and Emerson. 2 v. 1883
This is better than a reference, as it takes up no more room and saves
the searcher the trouble of turning to another part of the catalogue. A
book of this kind, obviously, has no subject-entry.
In the classified catalogue a dual book like this needs two
entries--one in 816.3 (American Letters) for Emerson, and another in
826.8 (English Letters) for Carlyle, with the index entries
Carlyle, Thos. Correspondence with Emerson, 826.8
Emerson, R. W. Correspondence with Carlyle, 816.3
The book itself cannot go under both these numbers on the shelves;
choice of one must be made, preferably the Carlyle number, though this
does not affect the entries in the catalogue except so far as the
necessary clue to the position of the book for finding is concerned.
A somewhat exceptional example of joint-authors, fortunately for the
cataloguer, is that of a man and wife whose names appear on their
books sometimes with the one leading, sometimes the other. This is to
be found in the books by the mountaineers and explorers Mr. and Mrs.
Workman, two of whose books may be taken to illustrate the matter, and
catalogued as they would be under ordinary circumstances, viz.,
WORKMAN, William Hunter and Fanny Bullock.
Through town and jungle: fourteen thousand
miles awheel among the temples and people
of the Indian Plain. 1904. pp. xxiv., 380,
map, illus.
WORKMAN, Fanny Bullock and William Hunter.
In the ice world of Himálaya: among the
peaks and passes of Ladakh, Nubra, Suru,
and Baltistan. 1900. pp. xvi., 204, maps,
illus.
Owing to the names being reversed, these entries would not come
together in the catalogue, so the cataloguer is quite justified in
stretching the meaning of the rules in order to avoid their separation.
The name that appears first in the majority of the books by the two
authors is adopted for the entry, which in this case is the lady.
Accordingly the first book will be brought under the second form of
the names, and other books they have written conjointly will be so
entered, that all of them may come together. In order to prevent
misunderstanding, and lest the second name be read as Hunter, the names
can be shortened, as
WORKMAN, Fanny B. and Wm. H. In the ice
world of Himálaya: among the peaks and
passes of Ladakh, Nubra, Suru, and Baltistan.
1900. pp. xvi., 204, maps, illus.
-- Through town and jungle: 14,000 miles awheel
among the temples and people of the Indian
Plain. 1904. pp. xxiv., 380, map, illus.
It is allowable to interpret "fourteen thousand" as 14,000, in the
middle of a title, as above; if the title commenced with it, the words
are better.
Although the separate names of these authors may come together in the
catalogue, it is better not to anticipate that they will, so it is
safer to give the necessary reference--
WORKMAN, William H. (_joint-author_.) _See_ Workman,
Fanny B.
At the time of printing this reference may be omitted if it is found
that no other name comes between, though the reference stands if the
rules are literally followed.
For the first of these two books the subject-entry is
=Himalayas, The=:
Workman, F. B., &c. In the ice world of
Himálaya. 1900
and two references will be desirable and necessary,
=India=:
_See also_ Himalayas.
=Mountaineering=:
_See also_ Himalayas.
The first of these will insure that a person requiring books upon
India in all parts will not overlook those upon the Himalayas, and
the second will show that books upon mountain climbing in particular
regions are entered under the names of those regions.
As the journey chronicled in the second of these books covered the
length and breadth of India, it is entered under the name of the
country accordingly, and placed in that sub-division of the subject
allotted to books of travel.
=India=:
_Travels and Description._
Workman, F. B., &c. Through town and
jungle. 1904
Any subject-heading comprising a comparatively large number of books is
better sub-divided, as it not only facilitates reference, but in a way
indicates the character of the books.
Here again title-entries under "In" or "Through" would be useless and
wasteful.
For the classified catalogue the first of these books is marked 915.42
(History, Geography and Travels, Asia, India, North-west Provinces,
etc.), and the second 915.4 (Travels in India generally). The
index-entries are
Workman, F. B., &c. Ice world of Himálaya. 915.42.
-- Through town and jungle. 915.4
Himalayas, The 915.42
India (Travels), 915.4
CHAPTER VI.
Books by more than Two Authors. Composite Books.
=Books by Three Authors. Choice of Subject-Headings.=
=Cross-References. Books by a number of Authors.=
=Ecclesiastical and other Titles of Honour. The use of=
=Capitals. Editors. Dates of Publication. Title-Entries.=
=Punctuation. "Indexing" Contents of Composite Books.=
=Separate Works printed together. Volumes of Essays= =by
Single Authors.=
A book written by more than two authors or of a composite character
needs careful consideration as to the best method of entry. If the
number of authors does not exceed three, the book can be dealt with on
the lines indicated in the preceding chapter. The principal entry of a
book of this nature is
CADBURY, Edward, M. Cécile MATHESON, and
George SHANN. Women's work and wages:
a phase of life in an industrial city. 1906
The method of giving the imprint and collation having already been
shown, they are omitted as far as they can be from this and all
subsequent entries taken in illustration, upon the understanding
that those who desire to give them in full know how to do so, and
others--the majority--who look upon them as burdening the entry, can
see how far they may be judiciously left out.
The second and third authors of the above book require references from
their names
MATHESON, M. Cécile (_joint-author_.) _See_ Cadbury,
Edward.
SHANN, George (_joint-author_.) _See_ Cadbury,
Edward.
Where strict economy of entry is of importance, these two references
could be dispensed with, though it is undesirable to omit them if space
can be spared. The economy can, of course, be carried much further by
laying down a rule to the effect that, when a book has more than two
authors, only the first shall be taken into account, in this way
CADBURY, Edward, and others. Women's work
and wages. 1906
in which case the references cannot be given, as there is nothing to
refer to, the names of the other authors not appearing in the entry.
Some catalogues economise by leaving out all references from the names
of joint-authors without any serious difficulty arising, though it is
not in accordance with good cataloguing principles.
An alternative method of entry, and one recognised by the rules, though
it is cumbersome, is to take the name of the first-mentioned author as
the "heading," followed by "and others," and bring the names of all
into the entry, after this fashion
CADBURY, Edward, and others. Women's work
and wages: a phase of life in an industrial
city, by Edward Cadbury, M. Cécile Matheson,
and George Shann. 1906
the references ("added entries") from the two last-named authors being
given as recommended above.
This book requires two subject-entries and a reference, it being upon
women's work and the payment therefor among the poorer class of workers
in Birmingham, and is a contribution to the literature of the labour
question as regards women. Therefore it is entered under the heading
"Labour," with a sub-heading "Women's work."
=Labour=:
_Women's work._
Cadbury, E., &c. Women's work and wages.
1906
We have the choice of another heading, viz., "Women"; and as there will
certainly be other books in a reasonably sized library upon the labour
and wages aspects of the question, it would be a waste of space to give
double entries (under both headings), therefore we proceed to put the
matter right by a reference--
=Women=:
_See also_ Labour (Women's work).
If we consider that the book has some bearing, as this has, upon the
social question in general, sweating, and poverty, we add _See also_
references _under_ any headings adopted for these subjects.
=Social Question, The=:
_See also_ Labour.
=Sweating=:
_See also_ Labour.
=Poor=:
_See also_ Labour.
When the time for printing arrives, if the completed catalogue has no
books entered under any of these headings, the _See also_ reference
must either be withdrawn altogether or converted into a _See_
reference. For example, the reference from "Sweating" might be given as
Sweating. _See_ Labour.
upon the supposition that books solely upon this aspect of the labour
question might be better placed under the more general heading, though
this is somewhat against the rule for specific entry. The difference
between these two forms of reference may again be emphasised. The
_See_ reference is intended to prevent books being entered under the
subject-heading referred _from_ in order that they be placed under the
heading referred _to_; the _See also_ reference is an appendix to a
subject-heading, under which books relating to the subject in general
are entered, and is meant to direct to lesser or related divisions of
the same subject.
The scope of the inquiry of the book is local and has an important
bearing upon social conditions in Birmingham, which must be taken into
account, therefore an entry is given
=Birmingham=:
_Social, &c. Conditions._
Cadbury, E., &c. Women's work and wages.
1906
The fact that the book is so entered signifies in itself that it
applies particularly to Birmingham, without any further necessity for
showing the connection.
In the classified catalogue the book is placed at 331.4 (Sociology.
Capital. Labour and Wages. Labour of Women), and the index entries are
Cadbury, E., &c. Women's work. 331.4
Labour, 331.4
Women's work, 331.4
Birmingham, Women's work, 331.4
The next book we take in hand has the names of no less than
twenty-three contributors on its title-page, and is entitled
The Church and life of to-day, by the Bishop of
Bristol, the Dean of Manchester, the Bishop
of Durham [and twenty other names following.]
1910
Clearly all the names cannot be reckoned with in this case, and so we
take the first, the Bishop of Bristol. Under no circumstances would
the book be entered by the name of the See or Deanery of any of the
writers, and, if not given in the book, the name of the Bishop or Dean
must be ascertained from a Clergy List or any other available source,
taking care that the name is that of the right person. Accordingly the
entry under the surname of the first-named author becomes
BROWNE, G. F., _Bp. of Bristol_, and others. The
Church and life of to-day. 1910
The _Bp. of Bristol_ may be curtailed to simple _Bp._, as bishops
change their sees at times, and it must be a rare occurrence to have
two bishops of the same surname at the same date. It is the rule
to give the highest position attained at the time the catalogue is
prepared, irrespective of the date of publication of the book, even
though it may appear to be an anachronism. This, by the way, applies
not only to ecclesiastical preferment, but to changes in the peerage
or any other accessions in rank. The second essay in this volume
illustrates this point, though not so far as this book is concerned. It
is by "the Rt. Rev. J. E. Welldon, Dean of Manchester, late Bishop of
Calcutta." The cataloguer does not trouble to notice both offices, but
takes the highest which has been held, and enters as
WELLDON, J. E. C., _Bp._
While the rules recommend reference from the name of the See, it serves
no very useful purpose, and would multiply entries largely if always
given. The form when used would be
Bristol, Bishop of. _See_ Browne, G. F.
It has already been shown that the offices held by a writer and his
academical or other honours are ignored by the cataloguer unless for
the special purpose of distinguishing between authors of the same name.
If the title is so used, it is given as
SMITH, _Rev._ John.
if the degree, as
SMITH, John, M.A.
and not in the form occasionally seen, of
SMITH, M.A., John.
Anything required to distinguish between authors may be used, even the
name of the place with which a man is identified. A good example of
four authors, sometimes mixed for want of this, is
TAYLOR, Isaac, _Baptist minister, Calne_.
TAYLOR, Isaac, _Canon of York_.
TAYLOR, Isaac, _Indep. minister, Ongar_.
TAYLOR, Isaac, _of Stanford Stevens_.
As three of these are "Rev.," no purpose is served by affixing that
title to their names, and in cataloguing would generally be no more
useful than to attach "Mr." to others. It is considered to be quite in
order to ignore all ecclesiastical titles below that of a dean, and,
in the democracy of cataloguing, military and civil distinctions share
the same fate. It is a matter of no moment to the cataloguer that the
compiler say of a dictionary of quotations holds the rank of colonel.
Civil distinctions below that of a knight may safely be disregarded,
even "Hon." omitted from the names of younger sons and daughters of
the nobility, though it is customary and better to give the higher
_courtesy titles_ of Lord and Lady. The custom here outlined works
quite satisfactorily in practice, and is economical of space, but any
who wish to be particularly exact and deferential in this respect
cannot do better than follow the British Museum rule (No. 15) in its
entirety and after the manner of the examples attached thereto.
The honours lists of each New Year and King's Birthday must be closely
examined, and the changes in titles noted for alteration in the
catalogue.
Something must be said here as to the use of capital letters in
cataloguing. Until comparatively recent years it was the recognised
custom to give a capital initial to every word that would admit of it,
but this fashion is not now so generally observed. Perhaps our American
cousins are to be blamed (or praised) for this. As has been truly said
"The reasons for writing and printing all catalogue titles in
small letters and with only such capitals as cannot be avoided
is two-fold. First, there can be no standard prescribing what
words should or should not be capitalised [that is, a rule
saying what words should have a capital letter under the older
fashion], and so the cataloguer will be constantly at a loss,
or will use capitals in the most unprincipled way. He will
write one day, The Dangers of great Cities, and the next, The
dangers of Great Cities; with no particular reason for either
form. Secondly, the appearance--the symmetry--of a title or a
sentence, whether written or printed, is best attained by the
exclusion of capitals. Nothing can be more unsightly than the
constant breaking up of the harmony of a line by the capricious
use of capitals."
The use of capitals is now mostly limited to proper names and to
adjectives derived from them, besides those customary in ordinary
usage. In foreign names the custom of the language is followed, and,
therefore, speaking generally, there would be more capital letters in
the Teutonic languages, and fewer in the Romance languages. In the
entry of the book under notice it is seen that the word Church has
an initial capital because the Church of England is meant and not
the Christian church in general. There is a recommendation to the
effect that a capital initial should be used to the second word in
the title of a book if the first word is an article, and this, though
not commonly adopted in practice, has the advantage of emphasising
the word whereby the entry is usually alphabetised (as shown later),
as the articles "a," "an," and "the," are invariably ignored for this
purpose when beginning a title, though they are taken into account in
the middle of a title. The use made of capital letters throughout the
illustrative entries in this book is that becoming general, and can
be noted in passing. It is not intended to dogmatise on the use of
capitals, as it resolves itself into a question of taste rather than
one of utility--the rule is, however, "in all doubtful cases avoid the
use of capitals."
The twenty-three essays or articles in the book before us range over
as many topics, opening with one on novels and novelists, and closing
with one on training in patriotism. As there is a more or less single
purpose or idea running through them all, viz., the influence or
bearing of the Church of England on the ethical and social questions of
the day, the whole book is entered under the name of that Church for
subject.
=Church of England=:
Browne, G. F., &c. The Church and life of
to-day. 1910
As already stated, when the number of entries under such a
subject-heading warrant it, they should be sub-divided to facilitate
reference and indicate as far as possible the nature of the books. As
a rule such divisions suggest themselves by the quantity and nature of
the material in hand when arranging it under the heading, the entries
falling into sections like History, Customs, Ritual, Polity, etc., this
being marked and placed with the sub-division most appropriate.
The book also has a large bearing upon the ethics of these days, and
seems to need an additional entry under "Morals" or "Ethics." If any
doubt exists as to the value of the book as a contribution to the
subject, let the mistake be made on the right side, and give the entry
=Ethics=:
Browne, G. F., &c. The Church and life of
to-day. 1910
and the reference from the synonym
Morals. _See_ Ethics.
For the classified catalogue the entry is marked 261.4 (Religion. The
Church. Church and Morals.), and the index entries
Ethics, Church and, 261.4
Church of England and Morals, 261.4
Morals, Church and, 261.4
Browne, G. F., &c. The Church and life of to-day. 261.4
A book somewhat similar to the last but varying in the method of
treatment is
The citizen of to-morrow: a handbook on social
questions edited by Samuel E. Keeble for the
Wesleyan Methodist Union for Social Service.
London, Charles H. Kelly
Examining the book we find that there are three series, each consisting
of five essays, classified as "Historical and General," "Labour and
Poverty," and "Citizenship and Service." The book, having a general
editor, the main-entry is given under his name, and because of this
is not entered under that of the writer of the first essay, as in the
previous example.
KEEBLE, Samuel E. (_Ed._) The citizen of to-morrow:
a handbook on social questions.
(_Wesleyan Methodist Union for Social Service._)
[1906]
The abbreviation _Ed._ may be used either for editor or edited, the
position marking the meaning. The year of publication is not on the
title-page, but is taken from the end of the preface, which is dated
"June 30, 1906"; being, therefore, an addition to the title-page it
is enclosed in brackets. The value of giving the year of publication
wherever possible is unquestionable. When there is no clue to it in the
book itself, all available sources of reference should be searched,
more particularly the _English Catalogue of Books_ and library
catalogues. In the event of the search proving fruitless, the letters
"n.d.", signifying no date, are put in place of the date.
As was the case with the previous book, each essay in the book deals
with a separate subject, yet the whole forms a single subject, and may
be fitly placed under a heading entitled, say,
=Social Question, The=:
Keeble, S. E. (_Ed._) The citizen of to-morrow.
[1906]
Such a heading would be specially reserved for books dealing with the
whole social problem, and no book should find a place under it if upon
a particular phase, such as housing, the land, unemployment, etc.,
as the position for these is under the name of the special subject
they deal with. As recommended already, _See also_ references should
be given from it as books upon the separate subjects come up for
cataloguing.
The book is unlike that upon the Church of England, inasmuch as it
lays no particular stress upon the efforts of the Wesleyan Methodists
towards social reform. At the same time, the work has been prepared
under the auspices of the Wesleyan Methodist Union for Social Service,
and this must be recognised, in full catalogues at any rate, by the
entry
Wesleyan Methodist Union for Social Service.
The citizen of to-morrow; ed. by S. E. Keeble.
[1906]
A book of this varied nature is a little puzzling in regard to its
right place in the classified catalogue, as some parts of it bear
on topics in the class Sociology, though in the aggregate it may be
regarded as belonging to Social Ethics, and so is marked 177.
In the books hitherto taken as examples, no entries have been given
under the first words of the titles, as it is not considered that
they are required. There is the remote possibility in this instance
of the book being remembered by its title, but that does not justify
the entry, as any person interested would remember one of the three
entries already given. When it is thought essential or desirable
to give a title-entry, it will be shown as we proceed. The older
catalogues of popular libraries were largely based upon the principle
of a title-entry for every item; the first or some other striking word
of the title-page being taken; it being considered rank heresy to go
behind the words of the title, as already mentioned. The result was
often confusing, if not actually misleading. A case in point is that of
the first book we took in illustration (page 34). Under the old system
this would have appeared as
Portugal, In. By A. F. G. Bell.
while Lady Jackson's "Fair Lusitania," though identical in subject,
would be in another part of the catalogue, as
Lusitania, Fair. By Lady Jackson.
It may be noted in passing that every book taken so far in illustration
is virtually without a punctuation mark of any kind on the title-page.
If the title-pages had been punctuated by the printer, it is probable
that no two of them would have been alike in principle, therefore the
cataloguer must provide the punctuation as he proceeds, certainly it
cannot be left to the printer. The entry above under "Keeble" lends
itself to an explanation of the punctuation used in it. The parentheses
enclosing the (_Ed._) serve to isolate it from the initials of the
author's name, and so prevent misunderstanding in that respect.
Occasionally the form used is
KEEBLE (Samuel E.) _ed._
A colon is used between the title of the book ("The citizen of
to-morrow") and its explanatory sub-title ("a handbook on social
questions") which makes the distinction clear. If the second title were
an alternative one preceded by "or," the first title is followed by a
semi-colon and the second preceded by a comma, as
The citizen of to-morrow; or, a handbook on social
questions.
The printing of the name of the Union of Social Service in italics
enclosed in parentheses emphasises in some measure the fact that it is
published for that body, and indicates the point of view taken. In the
entry under "Wesleyan Methodist Union" the semi-colon before the "ed.
by S. E. Keeble" is a good form, separating the name from the title of
the book without cutting it off altogether as a full stop would do.
On the other hand, if he were the sole author of the book, the "ed.,"
being omitted, the "by" would be preceded by a comma, as
Wesleyan Methodist Union for Social Service.
The citizen of to-morrow, by S. E. Keeble.
The next is apparently of the same kind as the two preceding books, yet
it calls for quite different treatment. The title-page reads
Essays and studies by members of the English
Association. Collected by A. C. Bradley.
Oxford, at the Clarendon Press, 1910
Here the English Association in its corporate capacity is regarded as
the author of its own publications, the editor or collector occupying a
subsidiary place, more particularly in this case, as each of the three
volumes of these _Essays and studies_ so far published has a different
editor. Accordingly our entry becomes
English Association, The. Essays and studies;
collected by A. C. Bradley. _Oxf._, 1910
with a reference
BRADLEY, A. C. (_Ed._) _See_ English Association.
The volume contains seven essays, each by a different author upon a
separate subject, and, unlike the other two books, without a general
idea running through the whole. For full, and, indeed, for average
catalogues, each of these essays must be reckoned with, both for
authors and subjects. Where space is not of much consequence, and it
is desired to catalogue the book fully, then the contents are set out
under the principal entry, and each of the essays dealt with as if it
were a distinct work. This is for the dictionary catalogue. To carry it
out adequately fifteen entries are necessary, and are here fully worked
out.
English Association, The. Essays and studies;
ed. by A. C. Bradley. _Oxf._, 1910
English place-names, by H. Bradley. On the
present state of English pronunciation, by R. Bridges.
Browning, by W. P. Ker. Blind Harry's _Wallace_, by
G. Neilson. Shakespeare and the grand style, by G.
Saintsbury. Some suggestions about bad poetry, by
E. Sichel. Carlyle and his German masters, by C. E.
Vaughan.
This is the principal entry for the dictionary catalogue, and the only
one for the classified catalogue, where it is marked 820.6 (English
Literature. Societies.) The extent to which the contents of such a book
would be noticed in the indexes to a classified catalogue is a matter
of discretion, and presumably they would be ignored. Not so, however,
in the good dictionary catalogue; as it is a matter of every-day
experience with librarians to find that essays of the kind often give
the gist of a subject in such a way as to be sufficient for the needs
of most of those interested in it, and, moreover, such an article or
essay may prove to be the only contribution to the subject appearing
in the catalogue, or the only one the library contains. The further
entries then for the dictionary catalogue are these:
BRADLEY, Henry. English place-names. (English
Assoc, essays.) 1910
=Place-Names=:
Bradley, H. English place-names. (English
Assoc, essays.) 1910
Names, Place. _See_ Place-names.
It is essential that the "(English Assoc, essays)" be in every entry as
a guide to the book containing the essay. More correctly it should be
given with more detail, as
BRIDGES, Robert. On the present state of English
pronunciation. (English Assoc. Essays and
studies.) 1910
but the shorter form serves its purpose.
For the subject-entry of this last item we can choose between
"Pronunciation, English," "English Pronunciation," and "Phonetics." An
examination of the essay proves that for several reasons the first is
the best to select, and it becomes
=Pronunciation, English=:
Bridges, R. The present state of English
pronunciation. (English Assoc, essays.)
1910
The matter can be easily put right, as before, by the serviceable
references
English pronunciation. _See_ Pronunciation, English.
Phonetics. _See also_ Pronunciation.
The apparent frequency of such references seems to suggest that the
catalogue would be chiefly composed of references, but as a matter of
actual practice this is not so, as often a single reference serves for
many books.
KER, W. P. Browning. (English Assoc, essays.)
1910
=Browning, Robert.=
Ker, W. P. Browning. (English Assoc.
essays.) 1910
NEILSON, Geo. On Blind Harry's _Wallace_.
(English Assoc. essays.) 1910
Harry, Blind. _See_ Henry the Minstrel.
Henry the Minstrel. Blind Harry's _Wallace_.
Neilson, G. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910
SAINTSBURY, Geo. Shakespeare and the grand
style. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910
=Shakespeare, Wm.=
Saintsbury, G. Shakespeare and the grand
style. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910
This heading is likely to be so large in quantity of material that it
will need some sub-division of the works _on_ Shakespeare (which will
follow those _by_ him.)
SICHEL, Edith. Some suggestions about bad
poetry. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910
=Poetry.=
Sichel, E. Some suggestions about bad
poetry. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910
A heading of this kind, of course, only includes books _upon_ poetry as
a subject, and not works because they are written in _poetical form_.
VAUGHAN, C. E. Carlyle and his German masters.
(English Assoc. essays.) 1910
=Carlyle, Thomas.=
Vaughan, C. E. Carlyle and his German
masters. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910
The suggestion made in the Shakespeare entry above also applies to this
Carlyle entry. There is no occasion to repeat the heading of Carlyle
as subject when printing, as this style of type seems to imply, though
it is sometimes done, and there is nothing against it. Books _by_ and
_on_ an author can be distinguished by the use of the dash and indent,
as below, or by printing the books _on_ in smaller type.
CARLYLE, Thomas. The French Revolution. 3 v.
[1888]
-- The life of Friedrich Schiller. 1873
-- Sartor resartus. 1891
Arnold, A. S. The story of Carlyle. 1888
Vaughan, C. E. Carlyle and his German
masters. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910
If the exigencies of space necessitate making choice between setting
out the contents of a volume of this miscellaneous character, as in the
principal entry above, or index-entries for author and subject in this
way, there can be no question that indexing is the better, because each
of the articles is a contribution to the subject, and if not so indexed
is lost. This loss must perforce be risked when the collections are so
voluminous that they require an enormous number of entries to complete.
Unless space and expense are of no consequence, there is no alternative
but to dispense with the index entries. Sainte Beuve's _Causeries du
lundi_ is a case in point, and the opposite course of setting out the
contents of these volumes under the principal entry must suffice for
most catalogues.
Whatever doubt may arise as to the policy of indexing such a work,
none whatever exists as to the necessity for dealing separately with
the contents of a volume which consists in reality of several works
brought together by an editor or publisher. A good example of this is
Ideal commonwealths: Plutarch's Lycurgus,
More's Utopia, Bacon's New Atlantis, Campanella's
City of the Sun, and a fragment of
Hall's Mundus alter et idem; with an introduction
by Henry Morley. 10th edition.
London: Routledge.
Each of the individual works must be catalogued separately and
completely precisely as if each were a separate publication. The
main-entry may appear under the name of Morley as editor (though his
share in the production seems to consist merely of a preface of four
pages) in this form
MORLEY, Henry (_Ed._) Ideal commonwealths. n.d.
Plutarch's Lycurgus. More's Utopia. Bacon's
New Atlantis. Campanella's City of the Sun. Hall's
Mundus alter et idem (fragment).
The subordinate or added entries in this case being given under each
author.
PLUTARCH. Life of Lycurgus. (Morley. Ideal
commonwealths.) n.d.
MORE, Sir Thomas. Utopia. (Morley. Ideal
commonwealths.) n.d.
BACON, Francis, _Lord_. New Atlantis. (Morley.
Ideal commonwealths.) n.d.
CAMPANELLA, Tommaso. The City of the Sun.
(Morley. Ideal commonwealths.) n.d.
HALL, Joseph. Mundus alter et idem; transl. by
Wm. King. (Morley. Ideal commonwealths.)
n.d.
In the Campanella item above the Christian name is kept in the
vernacular, as it is a customary rule to so enter all names instead of
anglicizing them, even when the books are translations.
In addition to the foregoing entries, all the works contained in the
book, the Plutarch excepted, will need title-entries in the dictionary
catalogue.
Utopia. More, Sir T. (Morley. Ideal commonwealths.)
n.d.
The "(Morley. Ideal commonwealths)" must be inserted in every entry as
a guide to the book containing the works. The form more correctly is
"(Morley, H. (_Ed._) Ideal commonwealths.)", though the shorter form is
sufficiently distinctive. Even this could be left out if it happened
that the entry covered the only edition of any of the books contained
in a library, when the usual shelf-mark attached to the entry might be
regarded as a sufficient guide, and the entry reduced to the simplest
form of
Utopia. More, Sir T. n.d. 320.1
though this is not recommended.
On the other hand, if a library had a collection of editions of the
_Utopia_, it would be a good and reasonable economy to cover the whole
by a reference to the author's name, where they would be found set out
in detail, as
Utopia. More, Sir T. _See under_ More, Sir
Thomas.
The remaining entries, continued on the same lines, are
New Atlantis. Bacon, Lord. (Morley. Ideal
commonwealths.) n.d.
City of the Sun, The. Campanella, T. (Morley.
Ideal commonwealths.) n.d.
Mundus alter et idem. Hall, J. (Morley. Ideal
commonwealths.) n.d.
For the classified catalogue the full entry, as shown under Morley
above, is numbered 320.1 (Political Science. Theory of the State), and
each author must appear in the index.
The foregoing rules and suggestions are also applicable to works of a
varied character when the work of a _single author_--volumes of essays
usually meriting and receiving separate entries under the subjects.
Fletcher's _A. L. A. Index to General Literature, Boston_, 1905, is
a useful work of reference in this connection, though it does not
compensate for the want of the indexing referred to in this chapter.
A volume may consist of a number of essays or articles by an individual
author upon topics so closely related that they are a contribution to a
single subject. Such, for example, is
PELHAM, Henry F. Essays; collected and ed. by
F. Haverfield. pp. xxiv., 328, map. la.8º
_Oxf._, 1911 937
This is lettered on the publisher's cover "Essays on Roman History."
The contents of the volume, which should be set out under the above
entry, are
Biographical note. The Roman curiæ. Chronology of the
Jugurthine War. The early Roman emperors (Cæsar-Nero). Problems
in the constitution of the Principate. The domestic policy of
Augustus. Notes on the reign of Claudius. Hadrian. The Roman
frontier system. The Roman frontier system in Southern Germany.
Arrian as legate of Cappadocia. Discoveries at Rome, 1870-89.
The imperial domains and the colonate. Pascua. Pagus.
Although so miscellaneous in character, this book requires but one
subject-entry, as it would be a work of supererogation to index each
essay separately.
=Rome=:
_History._
Pelham, H. F. Essays. 1911 937
For the classified catalogue the book is not placed under English
Essays (824), but under Ancient History--Rome (937), the index entries
being
Pelham, Henry F. Essays. 937
Rome, Ancient (History). 937
CHAPTER VII.
Illustrated Books. Music.
=Authors and Illustrators. Translations of Foreign Titles of=
=Books of Illustrations and of Music. The Cataloguing= =of
Music. Librettists. "Indexing" Miscellaneous= =Music. Dates
of Publication.=
In these days of cheap processes of reproduction of illustrations,
particularly in colour, the cataloguer is called upon to decide whether
the author (that is, the writer of the text) or the illustrator is the
more important person in connection with a book.
The real occasion of a book's existence may be that an artist has
produced a series of pictures considered to be worth reproduction, and
the author has been engaged to write appropriate text for them. To put
it another way, the former custom was for the artist to illustrate
an author's text, whereas nowadays an author may write text for
illustrations. This does not by any means imply that the text in itself
is not valuable apart from the illustrations, and therefore most of
such books need double entry, or at least references, as in the case of
joint-authors. The following three books are of this class:
Hampshire, painted by Wilfrid Ball, R.E., described
by Rev. Telford Varley, M.A., B.SC. 1909
Kent, by W. Teignmouth Shore, painted by W.
Biscombe Gardner. 1907
The Channel Islands, painted by Henry B. Wimbush,
described by Edith F. Carey. 1904
In each of these examples the first-named, whether artist or author,
should be taken for the main-entry, but the mode of entry does not
follow that for joint-authors; the share of each in the book must be
shown, as
BALL, Wilfrid (_Illus._) Hampshire; described by
Telford Varley. pp. xii., 316, 75 col. illus.,
map. 1909
VARLEY, Telford. Hampshire described; [illus.]
by W. Ball. 1909
=Hampshire=:
Ball, W., &c. Hampshire painted and described.
1909
For short-entry catalogues, or as an economy, the "added entry" for the
second of the persons named may be reduced to the reference, as
VARLEY, Telford. _See_ Ball, Wilfrid.
Where the artist's name appears in the secondary place, as in the
second book, a reference like this meets all reasonable requirements,
though the same cannot be said when the writer of the text occupies
that place, as in the first instance, and an entry is preferable to the
reference if the trifling additional space can be afforded. In reality
it does not resolve itself into a question of sparing space for the
entry of a particular book, but of finding room for many similar cases.
The second book is
SHORE, W. Teignmouth. Kent; [illus.] by W.
Biscombe Gardner. pp. x., 240, 73 col.
illus., map. 1907
GARDNER, W. Biscombe (_Illus._) Kent; [described]
by W. T. Shore. 1907
or alternatively
GARDNER, W. Biscombe (_Illus._) _See_ Shore, W.
Teignmouth.
=Kent=:
Shore, W. T., &c. Kent. 1907
The abbreviation "illus." is used equally to mean illustrator,
illustrated, and, in the collation, illustrations, without any
likelihood of confusion of idea by a person of ordinary intelligence,
the position and context denoting the meaning. Sometimes this
abbreviation is curtailed to "il.", or "ill.", with a loss of
clearness, and as no real saving of space results, it cannot be
recommended.
The third book is
WIMBUSH, Henry B. (_Illus._) The Channel
Islands; described by Edith F. Carey. pp.
xiv., 294, 76 col. illus., map. 1904
CAREY, Edith F. The Channel Islands; [illus.]
by H. B. Wimbush. 1904
=Channel Islands, The=:
Wimbush, H. B., &c. The Channel Islands
painted and described. 1904
As a rule there is no occasion for the cataloguer to notice the
illustrator, except for books of this special character. Where the
artist is famous and his illustrations lend value to a book, or where
books are likely to be required because illustrated by a notable
artist, it is well to mark the fact either by entry or reference. Such
illustrators as Bewick, Beardsley, Blake, Brangwyn, Crane, Cruikshank,
Dulac, "Phiz," Rackham, Rowlandson, Hugh Thomson, Turner, to name a
dozen among the best known, should be noticed, either by entry under
their names, or after the manner shown in the following entries.
Suppose the first book received is
Tales from Shakespeare, by Charles and Mary
Lamb, illustrated by Arthur Rackham. 1909
we proceed to write our main-entry, taking care to note that the book
is illustrated by this particular artist,
LAMB, Charles and Mary. Tales from Shakespeare;
illus. by Arthur Rackham. 1909.
We then give the reference from the artist
RACKHAM, Arthur (_Illus._) _See_ Lamb, Charles and
Mary.
Later we get a book, the title-page of which reads
The Rhinegold and the Valkyrie, by Richard
Wagner, with illustrations by Arthur Rackham,
translated by Margaret Armour. 1910
and on the half-title we find
The Ring of the Niblung a trilogy with a prelude
by Richard Wagner translated into English
by Margaret Armour. I.
so we combine and adapt the two titles, as
WAGNER, Richard. The Ring of the Niblung;
transl. by Margt. Armour; illus. by Arthur
Rackham. I. 1910
I, The Rhinegold. The Valkyrie.
and give the usual references
ARMOUR, Margaret (_Transl._) _See_ Wagner,
Richard.
RACKHAM, Arthur (_Illus._) _See_ Wagner, Richard.
"Transl." is a perfectly clear abbreviation for either translated or
translator--the shorter form, "tr.", may mean anything, and is to be
avoided.
Later still we get another book, the principal entry for which is
BARRIE, Jas. M. Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens;
illus. by Arthur Rackham. 1910
when we make another reference
RACKHAM, Arthur (_Illus._) _See_ Barrie, Jas. M.
Last of all we receive the second part of "The Ring of the Niblung,"
which we embody in the former entry, converting it into
WAGNER, Richard. The Ring of the Niblung;
transl. by Margt. Armour; illus. by Arthur
Rackham. 2 v. 1910-11
v. 1. The Rhinegold. The Valkyrie.
v. 2. Siegfried. The twilight of the gods.
If we have forgotten that the former reference was made, which is
unlikely, we make another, as before
RACKHAM, Arthur (_Illus._) _See_ Wagner, Richard.
When the time comes for printing the catalogue, if it has not already
been done, these references are all amalgamated into:
RACKHAM, Arthur (_Illus._) _See_ Barrie, Jas. M.;
Lamb, Chas. and Mary; Wagner, Richard.
A certain amount of knowledge and discretion is required in cataloguing
the illustrators of books; cheap modern reprints of standard books with
illustrations by Cruikshank or "Phiz" hardly call for notice by the
cataloguer.
Although it is the duty of the cataloguer to adhere to the language
of the title-page in transcribing a title, it is conceivable that the
usefulness of books in foreign languages, when they consist altogether
or mainly of illustrations, may be extended in popular libraries, if a
free explanatory translation of the title or a note is attached to the
entry, after the manner shown in the following three entries:--
SÉGUY, E. Les fleurs et leurs applications décoratives
[Flowers and their application in ornament].
pl. 30. fº _Paris_, [1903]
RÉMON, Georges. Soixante planches de peintre
décorative. fº _Dourdan_, n.d.
Sixty plates in colour for house decoration.
LEHNER, Jos., und Ed. MADER. Neue Dekorations-Malereien
im modernen Stil. pl. 60.
fº _Wien_, [1904]
Original ornamental designs in colour.
So far as the orthodox rules for cataloguing are concerned, it is
something of a heresy to suggest that, as these books contain no text,
the original titles might be ignored, and a translation alone be given
if space is a consideration, but if so catalogued, they would make a
larger appeal in many libraries, and, after all, books are catalogued
for the purpose of ensuring that they shall be used. The entries might
be
SÉGUY, E. Flowers and their application in ornament,
pi. 30. fº [1903]
It must be understood that this translation is not a recommendation,
but is only by way of suggestion, as there are not many books similar
in character. If the suggestion is adopted, it must be carried out
uniformly through all entries.
RÉMON, Georges. Sixty plates of decorative
painting [house]. fº n.d.
LEHNER, J., and E. MADER. New painted decorations
in the modern style, pl. 60. fº [1904]
The subject entries and references required for these books are
=Ornament=:
Séguy, E. Les fleurs et leurs applications
décoratives. 1903
Decoration. _See_ Ornament.
Design, Ornamental. _See_ Ornament.
Flowers in ornament. _See_ Ornament.
The first two references are for synonymous terms for the subject. The
last is required for two reasons. Firstly, there are sure to be other
books in the catalogue in which floral design will form the principal
feature without any reference to flowers on the title-page; secondly, a
book of the kind is better placed under the subject-word "Ornament" or
whatever term is taken for the decorative arts, rather than "Flowers",
to prevent it being mistaken for a work on botany or gardening.
The next book is on ornament as applied to house decoration only,
and the designs are not meant for other purposes, certainly not for
ornament generally, therefore the entry is
=House Decoration=:
Rémon, G. Soixante planches de peintre
décorative. n.d.
and the supplementary references are
Decoration, House. _See_ House Decoration.
Ornament. _See also_ House Decoration.
If the title of this book were printed "60 planches de peintre
décorative", and the title had to be transcribed in full, the language
of the original must be followed, and not a hybrid title given, as
"Sixty planches de peintre décorative".
The third book, being upon ornament in general, receives an entry
accordingly
=Ornament=:
Lehner, J., &c. Neue Dekorations-Malereien
im modernen Stil. [1904]
No further references are needed beyond those already given to the
first of these three books. It would be literally correct but none the
less pedantic to convert the "&c." of the above entry to "u.s.w." (und
so weiter), as
Lehner, J., u.s.w.
and such a procedure is not recommended.
The entries of the first and third of these books would be marked for
the classified catalogue 745 (Art. Ornamental Design), and the second
729.4 (Art. Architectural Design and Decoration. Painted Decoration),
the index-entries being
Séguy, E. Les fleurs décoratives, 745
Ornament, 745
Floral Ornament, 745
Decoration, Ornamental, 745
Rémon, G. Peintre décorative, 729.4
House Decoration, 729.4
Decoration, House, 729.4
Lehner u. Mader. Dekorations-Malereien, 745
The foregoing suggestion for the translation of title-pages, where the
text of the book is nonexistent or immaterial, is also applicable in
the case of music, more especially instrumental music, as many persons
understand music without understanding continental languages, and
therefore to give a translation of the title-pages of musical works
(not works _upon_ music, which is a different matter) in a catalogue
may serve a most useful purpose. Take these as examples:--
BEETHOVEN, Ludwig van.
Sämmtliche Sinfonien für das Pianoforte zu
zwei und vier Händen; arrangirt von F. W.
Markull. No. 8-9, vierhandig. 4º _Wolfenbüttel_,
n.d.
JADASSOHN, S.
Sechs Clavierstücke. 4º _Leipzig_, n.d.
LECLAIR, Jean M.
Le tombeau: sonate à violon avec la basse
continue; arrangée pour le violon avec accompagnement
de piano par Gustav Jensen. 4º
n.d.
There is no great reason why these and similar works should not be
usefully adapted for the catalogues of popular libraries at any rate, as
BEETHOVEN, Ludwig van.
Collected pianoforte symphonies; arranged by
F. W. Markull. Nos. 8-9, Piano duet. 4º
_Wolfenbüttel_, n.d.
JADASSOHN, S.
Six pianoforte pieces. 4º _Leipzig_, n.d.
LECLAIR, Jean M.
Le tombeau: sonata, with continued thorough-bass;
arranged for the violin, with piano
accompaniment by Gustav Jensen. 4º n.d.
As "Le tombeau" is the distinctive title of this particular piece, it
is as well to give it in the original form, or, if in translation, as
"Le tombeau (The tomb)." It should be unnecessary to add that, where
space is of no consideration, the above titles can be given in the
original with the translation following enclosed within brackets; to do
this would conform with literal accuracy.
As music is introduced here in connection with translated titles, we
may also at this place consider the whole question of cataloguing
it. Usually the catalogue of music is printed apart from the general
catalogue of a library, in the form of a class-list, the entries being
sub-divided into sections and divisions, according to the amount of
material.
Whether in a separate publication or in the general catalogue, the
composer occupies the place held by the authors of other works, and his
surname is taken for the main-entry, as shown in the following examples
of operas. The title-pages read:--
Maritana. Opera in three acts, the music composed by W. Vincent
Wallace. The words by Edward Fitzball. Edited by Myles B.
Foster. Boosey & Co.
The Bohemians (founded upon "La vie de Bohème" by Henry
Murger.) An opera in four acts by Giuseppe Giacosa and
Luigi Illica. Music by Giacomo Puccini. English version
of Acts I. and II. by William Grist, Acts III. and IV. by
Percy Pinkerton. Arranged by Carlo Carignani. G. Ricordi &
Co. Copyright 1897. (Printed in Italy.)
and these we proceed to condense and adapt after this manner:--
WALLACE, W. Vincent. Maritana: opera; words
by Edward Fitzball; ed. by Myles B. Foster.
(_Royal ed._) pp. ii., 284. n.d.
PUCCINI, Giacomo. The Bohemians: an opera by
Giuseppe Giacosa and Luigi Illica; English
version by Wm. Grist and Percy Pinkerton;
arranged by Carlo Carignani. pp. viii., 204.
4º 1897
In the first entry the added words denoting the edition are taken from
the printed cover of the book.
The above represent the full form for the dictionary catalogue. Any
additional entries would be in the way of references from the names of
the writers of the libretti, the translators, editors, or arrangers, as
FITZBALL, Edward. _See_ Wallace, W. Vincent.
FOSTER, Myles B. _See_ Wallace, W. Vincent.
It may be considered that the writer of the libretto is of equal
importance with the composer in such work, both often being named
together in connection therewith, as "the Gilbert-Sullivan operas."
It must be remembered, however, that in musical works like these the
libretto as given seldom represents the complete work of the author,
the spoken words being omitted; therefore, not only is his place
secondary, but his share in the work is incomplete. For this reason
even the reference can be dispensed with, except in full catalogues,
where every name is taken into account. In the contrary case, where
the words of an opera are published without the music, the reverse
method would be followed, and the name of the composer ignored for
cataloguing, because his work is not included.
Besides references as above, there is the possible usefulness of
title-entries (in the dictionary catalogue only), as
Maritana: opera. Wallace, W. V. n.d.
Bohemians, The: opera. Puccini, G. 1897
If the collection of music in a library is not sufficient to warrant
the publication of a separate catalogue, it is desirable to embody
in the dictionary catalogue a class-list of music under the heading
"Music", treated as subject, although this is not strictly in
accordance with the principles governing the compilation of such a
catalogue. The entries under the heading would be sub-divided as
required, in this way
=Music.=
_Operas_.
(_Vocal scores, with pianof. accom._)
Puccini, G. The Bohemians. 1897
Wallace, W. V. Maritana. n.d.
Music and musical works fall logically into place as part of a
classified catalogue, and are as readily dealt with there as in a
separately published Catalogue of music. The two principal entries of
the above operas are marked 782.1 (Music--Dramatic Music--Opera.)
When a library contains an extensive or comparatively large selection
of music, there are sure to be included volumes of "albums," "gems,"
"selections," and other miscellaneous collections, which in the
ordinary way are catalogued after this manner:--
=Music.=
_Pianof. solos._
Klassiker-Perlen: Gems from the classics.
(_Conservatoire ed_.) Bk. 1. 4º n.d.
Bk. 1. Prelude, C major, by Bach. Largo, by
Handel. Gavotte, by Gluck. Träumerei, Warum?
and Summerlied, by Schumann. Nocturne, by Field.
The song of the lark, Chant sans paroles, and
Bacarolle, by Tschaikowsky. Moment musical and
Menuett, by Schubert. Melody in F, by Rubinstein.
Unless the contents of such volumes are at least set out as above they
cannot be regarded as properly catalogued. If the library had any one
of these pieces as a separate publication, it would, no doubt, receive
individual treatment, and be dealt with in this way (to take the last
item in the above book):--
=Music.=
_Pianof. solos._
Rubinstein, Anton. Melody in F. (Op. 3,
no. 1.) n.d.
For this reason, when the number of books is large, and the separate
catalogue, therefore, of considerable size, such miscellaneous
collections should be dealt with ("indexed") as if each item were a
separate work. If it is essential to index the contents of other books
of a miscellaneous character, it is doubly necessary for miscellaneous
music, more especially as it brings all the works of a composer
together according to the nature of the compositions. If this course is
pursued, then, as a counter-balancing economy, the contents need not
be set forth under the principal entry, the separate "indexing" being
sufficient, as
=Music.=
_Pianof. solos._
Bach, J. Sebastian. Prelude. (Gems from
the classics, Bk. 1.) n.d.
This recommendation of separate entry is for a class-list of music
(that is, a separately-published catalogue of music), and only applies
to volumes containing works by several composers. Separate entries
are not required in the case of a collection of pieces by a single
composer. One entry only is needed, as
=Music.=
_Pianof. solos._
Menynski, M. Esquisses russes pour piano.
pp. 48. 4º n.d.
This contains six pieces, each with a distinctive title, and these
titles can be set out, if thought well, as contents _under the above
entry_. No further entries should be given, even in the dictionary
catalogue, as title-entries for the items in works of this kind are
superfluous.
There are, also, many collections of miscellaneous music much too
comprehensive to allow of the separate cataloguing of each item, and
these must, of necessity, be simply catalogued, even without the
contents being set out. Examples of collections of this type are:--
HATTON, J. L. (_Ed._) The songs of England: a
collection of 200 English melodies, including
the most popular traditional ditties, &c., of
the last three centuries. (_Royal ed._) 2 v. n.d.
PAUER, E. (_Ed._) March-album: a collection of
the most celebrated Italian, French, and German
marches. pp. 114. n.d.
In either the music or the classified catalogue, these would be
respectively allotted to the divisions Music--Vocal Music--Ballad and
Song (Dewey 784.3) and Music--Pianoforte Solos--Marches (Dewey 786.44).
In a short-entry catalogue, they can be condensed to
HATTON, J. L. (_Ed._) The songs of England. 2 v.
n.d.
PAUER, E. (_Ed._) March-album: Italian, French,
and German marches. n.d.
Experience proves that no useful purpose is served by giving the dates
of publication of modern music in an ordinary catalogue; in fact, it
can only be given in exceptional cases, the majority being "n.d.", as
the above examples testify. The works of the classic masters appear in
so many forms and editions that the dates, when ascertained, are of no
particular help.
CHAPTER VIII.
Publications of Governments, Societies, and Corporate Bodies.
=Co-operative Indexes. Publications of Societies. Publishing=
=Societies. Government Publications. Statutes. Colonial=
=and Foreign Government Publications. Local Government=
=Publications. Associations and Institutions.= =Congresses.=
The extent to which the work of dissecting and "indexing" the contents
of books of a miscellaneous nature is to be carried out in a library
catalogue depends largely on the nature and purpose of the library,
though a limit must be set to it in any case. It would be unusual to
index the proceedings or transactions of a society, or the contents of
reviews, or other periodical publications, however valuable they might
be. For this most libraries must depend upon the co-operative indexes,
such as the _Royal Society's Catalogue of Scientific Papers_, the
_International Catalogue of Scientific Literature_, the _International
Institute of Technical Bibliography_, Poole's _Index to Periodical
Literature_, the _Engineering Index_, the _Index to Archæological
Papers_ (unfortunately of little value because it is only an index of
authors instead of subjects), and other works of the kind. The Library
Association publishes a _Class-Catalogue of Current Serial Digests and
Indexes of the Literature of Pure and Applied Science_.
The form of entry for the publications of societies will vary according
to their nature. As already stated, societies or other bodies in
their corporate capacity are regarded as the authors of their memoirs,
transactions, proceedings, journals, etc., and entry is made under
their names accordingly. The question arises, under what part of the
name? and it may be laid down in general terms that if a society be
national or general in its scope and character, and its headquarters
are in London, then the first word of the official name of the society,
other than an article, is the correct entry-word. The following are
illustrative examples of this:--
Royal Society of London. Catalogue of scientific
papers, 1800-1900. Subject-index, v. 3,
Physics, pt. 1. _Camb._, 1913
Society of Antiquaries of London. Archæologia;
or, miscellaneous tracts relating to antiquity.
v. 1-59, with indexes. 4º 1770-1905
Chemical Society. Abstract of papers. 17 v.
1896-1912
Linnean Society. Proceedings, 1838-55. 2 v.
1849-55
British Association for the Advancement of
Science. Reports. 20 v. 1891-1910
Institution of Civil Engineers. Minutes of proceedings.
v. 56-142. 1879-1900
On the other hand, if the society be national for Scotland, Wales, or
Ireland, or provincial, colonial, or foreign, the entry-word depends
upon the nature of the society. The publications of the Royal Society
of Edinburgh, for instance, might be better placed under "Edinburgh,
Royal Society" than under "Scotland. Royal Society of Edinburgh,"
notwithstanding that it is a national and not a local body. Against
this, the publications of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland are
better entered under "Scotland, Society of Antiquaries of," although
there is much to be said in favour of treating such important bodies
after the manner shown in the previous entries, as
Royal Society of Edinburgh.
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.
in which case these references are necessary:--
Scotland, Society of Antiquaries of. _See_ Society
of Antiquaries of Scotland.
Edinburgh, Royal Society of. _See_ Royal Society
of Edinburgh.
The British Museum practice is inconvenient and affords no help in
cataloguing the publications of societies, because all of them are
brought together, irrespective of character, country, or locality,
under the general heading of "Academies," and arranged according to
the names of the places of publication in one general alphabet (not in
national or geographical order), as Abbeville, Aberdeen, Abo, Acireale,
Adelaide, etc. If it is desired to find say the "Proceedings of the
Institution of Mechanical Engineers," it is necessary to turn first to
"Academies," and then to "Birmingham," provided one knows or remembers
that the Institution has its centre there. Publications like those of
the Early English Text Society or the Hakluyt Society must be sought
first under "Academies" and afterwards under "London." This method
of general, then local entry, is not a simple and ready one. Even
local entry is not always satisfactory, as often enough the place of
publication or of the meetings of a society are merely incidental, and,
therefore, the proceedings of a county antiquarian society should be
entered under the name of the county or society, and not the place--the
Kent Archæological Society under Kent and not Maidstone, the Historic
Society of Lancashire and Cheshire under Lancashire ("Lancashire and
Cheshire, Historic Society of"), not under Liverpool, and the Chetham
Society under that distinctive name, not under Manchester. These
societies cause little or no trouble, as their names usually suggest
the best entry-word, even in the case of foreign societies.
It must clearly be understood that when a society is established for
the publication of separate works upon subjects coming within the scope
of the society's purpose, and not for the reading and discussion of
papers, its publications require full cataloguing, as if each work had
been issued independently, in addition to whatever entry is given under
the name of the society. A case in point would be this:--
Chetham Society. Remains, historical and literary,
connected with the palatine counties of Lancaster
and Chester, v. 61, new ser. _M'chester_,
1907
v. 6. Materials for the history of Lancaster, by
Wm. Oliver Roper. Pt. 1.
This is the main-entry in full catalogues. The essential sub-entries are
ROPER, Wm. O. Materials for the history of
Lancaster. Pt. 1. (_Chetham Soc._, v. 61, new
ser.) 1907
=Lancaster=:
Roper, W. O. Materials for the history of
Lancaster. Pt. 1. (_Chetham Soc._, v. 61,
new ser.) 1907
Whatever economy may be exercised, neither of these two last entries
can be dispensed with, rather let the list of contents and the volumes
under the main-entry be omitted, especially if the list is a long one,
involving a hunt through many items to find a particular book. Under
ordinary circumstances a summary entry for a whole set can be made to
suffice in this fashion:--
Chetham Society. Remains, historical and literary,
connected with the palatine counties of Lancaster
and Chester. 116 v. _M'chester_,
1844-93
Includes indexes to v. 1-30 and v. 31-114.
Similar entries for the whole set would be made under "Lancashire" and
"Cheshire." By this arrangement a person requiring a particular work in
the series could find it by reference to the entry under the author's
name, or under the definite subject, if the book does not deal with
either of these counties in general, and one or the other is certain
to be remembered. It may be explained that the summary entry for the
whole series, when given under the names of the two counties, obviates
any necessity for separately entering any particular book under these
counties. For example, the late Chancellor Christie's volume (No. 7 of
the new series) on the old church and school libraries of Lancashire
requires no separate entry under "Lancashire," as it is covered by the
general entry under the name of this county--the separate entries are
given under "Christie" and "Libraries."
The book by Roper, taken in illustration above, which is given as "Pt.
1," does not require a second entry for Pt. 2 when it is received
later. All that is necessary is to adapt the entries in this way
Chetham Society. Remains (_and the rest of the
entry as before_).
v. 61-62. Materials for the history of Lancaster, by
Wm. Oliver Roper. 2 v.
ROPER, Wm. O. Materials for the history of
Lancaster. (_Chetham Soc._, v. 61-62, new
ser.) 2 v. 1907
=Lancaster=:
Roper, W. O. Materials for the history of
Lancaster. (_Chetham Soc._, v. 61-62,
new ser.) 2 v. 1907
There are other societies which publish separate and independent books,
lending themselves to this separate treatment, when each work must be
dealt with individually. Among them may be named the Camden, Early
English Text, Folk-Lore, Hakluyt, Harleian, Malone, Navy Records, and
Surtees Societies.
These publications present the same problem for the classified
catalogue as they do for shelf-classification, viz., shall they be kept
together under the name of the Society, or be distributed throughout
the catalogue according to the nature of their contents? If the volumes
of the Camden Society or the Hakluyt Society are so scattered, they
appear in many parts of the catalogue, whereas they are not usefully
entered if grouped together. Some of the other societies do not raise
this difficulty, and the correct solution appears to be, as in the
case of the dictionary catalogue, to give a general entry for the
whole set in its place, and a separate entry for each volume in its
own particular place. It is true there is usually a special place in
the Dewey Classification for such collections (the Hakluyt Society is
910.6), but whether the volumes are all kept together on the shelves
or not, they are virtually lost for usefulness unless, as already
suggested, the entries are distributed according to countries or other
subjects in the catalogue.
The publications of the state, of local government authorities, and
other official bodies are regarded in much the same light for the main
entry as societies. In a British catalogue the publications of the
home government or its departments cannot be usefully or conveniently
grouped together under a general heading of "England" or "Great
Britain," but are better placed under the names of the respective
departments. On the other hand, the publications of any other
government and its departments are brought together under the name
of the state, and those of the governing body of any specified area,
local, home, or colonial, under the name of that area. These points can
be made plainer by examples. To take the home government reports first:
Local Government Board. Annual report, 1908-9.
2 v. 1909 352.042
Board of Trade, Labour Department. Abstract
of labour statistics of the United Kingdom,
1908-9. 1911 331.8
Board of Education. Special reports on educational
subjects, v. 21. 1907 372.942
v. 21. School excursions and vacation schools.
Imperial Education Conference, 1911. Report.
1911 370.6
Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis. Report,
1911. 1912 352.2
While these official titles of the respective departments
are the correct form of entry, there is no
particular objection to reversing the titles, when
they admit of it, thus bringing them under the name
of the public service concerned, as
Trade, Board of, Labour Department.
Education, Board of.
Education Conference, Imperial.
Police, Commissioner of, of the Metropolis.
Any necessary guiding references must be furnished if required, as
Board of Trade. _See_ Trade, Board of.
Board of Education. _See_ Education, Board of.
Imperial Education Conference. _See_ Education Conference.
If the entries are so reversed, this does not convert them into a
combined form of corporate-author and subject-entries; they will still
need entries under whatever subject to which they appertain, unless a
reference is substituted to meet the case under the subject. Should a
library contain, say, many of the volumes of the special reports of the
Board of Education, or a collection of the various reports on Labour
issued by the Board of Trade, the setting of them out in detail twice
over can be avoided by these two references
=Education.=
_See also_ Education, Board of.
=Labour.=
_See also_ Trade, Board of (Labour Dept.)
The police report can be entered under "London," though by "Metropolis"
is meant a much larger district than that usually understood as
London, as it includes several outside county and other boroughs while
excluding the City itself. Nominally the report is that of the chief
officer, but there is no occasion to enter it under his name.
Upon the principle already outlined, editions of the statutes would, in
the ordinary course, be entered under "Parliament," but it is better
to take a separate heading, as "Acts of Parliament" or "Statutes,
British," referring from "Parliament." Illustrative examples are
=Acts of Parliament=:
Statutes, The. A.D. 1235-1900. 2nd revised
ed. 20 v. 1888-1909 346.2
Chitty's Statutes of practical utility. 6th
ed., by W. H. Aggs. v. 1-14. 1911-13 346.2
Statutes, British. _See_ Acts of Parliament.
Parliament. _See also_ Acts of Parliament.
Law. _See also_ Acts of Parliament.
References should be given from the names of any editors, compilers,
digesters, or annotators, as Chitty and Aggs. A volume of Acts relating
to a specified subject, say, Copyright, Theatres, or Workmen, is not
entered under the general heading, but under the name of the subject
and the compiler. Such works ordinarily contain the law as well as the
statutes, and therefore any references required from the general to
the particular would be given under "Law." Legislative publications of
other countries corresponding to our Acts of Parliament are entered
under the names of those countries.
The manner of stating the number of volumes in the second (Chitty)
of the above examples indicates that the work is still in course of
publication; if it were complete the number of volumes would be given
as in the first entry. This first entry also takes precedence of the
Chitty for order because it is the official "By authority" edition.
As said above, the publications of colonial and foreign governments are
first entered under the names of places, then by departments, as
United States. Bureau of Education. Circular
of information No. 1, 1902. Contributions
to American educational history; ed. by
Herbert B. Adams. No. 30, History of
education in West Virginia, by A. R. Whitehill.
_Washington_, 1902 572.973
Canada. Department of Mines. Summary report
of the Geological Survey Branch, 1911.
_Ottawa_, 1912 557.1
An item like that of the U.S. Bureau of Education needs entries for
subject and for the author of the particular section. Presuming
that the whole series is covered under the heading "Education" by a
reference to "United States. Bureau of Education," the other entries are
=Virginia, West=:
Whitehill, A. R. History of education in
West Virginia. (U.S. Bureau of Education,
Circulars of information, No. 1,
1902.) 1902 572.973
WHITEHILL, A. R. History of education in West
Virginia. (U.S. Bureau of Education, Circulars
of information, No. 1, 1902.) 1902 572.973
The first of these entries raises a question in connection with double
place-names, i.e., should the entry be given as above or under "West"?
Following the recommendation of the Joint-Code rule (No. 130), three
standard gazetteers were consulted; two gave the name under "Virginia"
(as in our entry), and one under "West." Accumulation of headings in
one place is prevented when place-names qualified by the points of the
compass, or in some similar way, are entered under the name following
the prefix. All the same, each name must be considered independently.
To enter New York or New Zealand under "York" and "Zealand" is
incorrect, though the Isle of Man or the Isle of Wight are better under
"Man" and "Wight" respectively. If there is the least doubt give the
reference, which in this case is
West Virginia. _See_ Virginia, West.
Examples of local government publications would be
London County Council. Statistical abstract for
London, 1911-12. v. 14. 1912 314.21
-- Education Committee. Report on vacation
schools and organised vacation play. 1912 f 371.74
The "f" attached to the classification numbers is meant to mark the
book as a folio, and, while indicating the size, serves also as a guide
to its probable position on the shelves, because folios are not usually
placed with octavos. If the book were a quarto, it would be marked "q",
as "q 371.74".
Another local government publication is
Hammersmith Borough Council. 12th annual
report, 1911-12. 1913 352.042.1
The libraries of various localities usually make a point of obtaining
all reports and documents bearing upon their particular areas,
and, therefore, need special methods both for classification and
cataloguing, according to the extent of their collections, so we may
consider how the above items may be treated in a typical London public
library. Presuming that all the publications of the London County
Council are received, they would be so numerous that it is not worth
while entering them again under "London" as subject. The entries under
"London County Council" and under "London" would not only be many in
number, but would come together in the catalogue. A better plan is
carefully to enter all under "London County Council", subdividing the
entries according to their nature. Though the Hammersmith report needs
a reference under "London", an entry thereunder could not be justified,
as in the case of the publications of the larger body. The references
would be in this manner
=London=:
_Local Government._
London County Council. Publications. _See_
London County Council.
This is placed in order exactly as if it were an entry, whereas the
Hammersmith reference comes at the end of the entries in the usual way,
as
_See also the names of the Metropolitan boroughs_, as
Hammersmith, Shoreditch, Stepney.
Perhaps the first form of what may be termed an "entry-reference" is
better exemplified by supposing it to be the most suitable style when
under a general heading like "Education", and the entry references are
=Education=:
Board of Education. Reports, &c. _See_
Board of Education.
London County Council. Education reports.
_See_ London County Council.
United States. Board of Education. Publications.
_See_ United States.
These fall into place under the heading as "Board", "London", "United
States", and not as references at the end. This style is only
recommended where there are many entries under both the heading and the
name referred _to_, the ordinary method being
=Education=:
_See also_ Board of Education, London County
Council, United States (Bureau of Education).
The foregoing principles for the entry of government documents also
apply to the publications of associations and institutions. The
officers making reports in an official capacity are usually disregarded
so far as their personal names are concerned, though at times a special
report or other publication may justify and require an entry under the
name of the writer, but this depends upon its nature. International
and local exhibitions are entered under the names of the places where
held, unless the organisations arranging such exhibitions are, more
or less, permanent bodies having exhibitions at intervals in different
places, when the entries are given, not under the names of places, but
under the official name of the organising body, as Royal Agricultural
Society, National Rose Society, International Horticultural Exhibition.
The same applies more particularly to congresses and conferences
of all kinds regularly held, the places of meeting being merely
incidental. The following is an example of such a congress, which is
held at intervals in different parts of the world, and with a certain
continuity:--
National Council of Peace Societies. Official report
of the 17th Universal Congress of Peace,
held at Caxton Hall, Westminster, London,
July 27th to August 1st, 1908. 1909 172.4
The National Council is, apparently, a central body representing
British peace societies, and is responsible for this report only. When
the congress is held in another country, presumably some body in that
country makes itself responsible for the publication of the report, in
which case it is probable the title would be in German or in French,
whichever country issues the report, and this must be remembered. The
title "Universal Congress of Peace", not being the name of a body,
but the purpose of the congress, is met by a subject-entry, the above
serving as a main-entry for this particular report.
=Peace Question, The=:
National Council of Peace Societies. Report
of the Universal Congress of Peace,
London, 1908. 1909 172.4
This is a subject-heading that permits of a concentration of books,
both for and against international peace, and may be made to include
those upon international arbitration, the Hague Conferences, reducing
of armaments, and other phases of the subject, even with the opposite
term of "war" in their titles, provided the books bear upon the
question in the ethical, social, or economic aspect, and are not purely
military in character. The references then would be of this nature:--
War _versus_ Peace. _See_ Peace Question.
Arbitration, International. _See_ Peace Question.
Armaments, Reduction of. _See_ Peace Question.
Militarism. _See_ Peace Question.
The heading is better sub-divided, the books in favour of international
peace and arbitration leading, and those opposed to it following, under
some suitable sub-headings. Amalgamation of subjects under a single
heading is further referred to in Chapter XIV.
CHAPTER IX.
Compound Names. Names with Prefixes. Greek and Roman Names.
=Rendering of the Names of Foreign Authors. Compound= =Names.
Changed Names. Foreign Compound Names.= =Names with
Prefixes. Short Entries. Title-Entries.= =Foreign Names
with Prefixes. Greek and Latin= =Authors.=
We shall not have proceeded very far with the work of cataloguing
before problems in connection with the varying forms of personal names
will arise. Translations of works by foreign authors will, at times,
have varieties of renderings of their names, making it necessary to
hunt out and decide which is the vernacular form or transcription of
the name, and, therefore, the right one to adopt. An instance of a
troublesome name of the kind is that of the Russian novelist, rendered
upon title-pages as Turgenev, Turgénieff, Tourguéneff, Turgueniev, and
Tourgénief.
Another source of worry is that of compound names, or their equivalent
hyphenated-surnames, that is to say, names compounded without the
authority of a deed-poll, or even without obligations as beneficiaries
under a will. It is a growing affectation, to which many persons
are partial, especially if their surnames happen to be among those
most common. A person is born, say, Smith, and having the maternal
surname as a second Christian name, he compounds with it, and Thomas
Jackson Smith in time becomes T. Jackson-Smith. Generally speaking,
the simplest and most convenient plan is to enter all such names, if
English, under the last name. When authors have undoubtedly changed or
added to their names, and have written under both forms, this may be a
good reason for entering under the first part of a double name, though
the necessity for it can be obviated by the ever-useful reference.
Whatever method of entry may be adopted, the latest form of the name
must be given, particularly in the case of those who have written under
both forms. The Dean of Gloucester, for example, who has written some
historical works under his name of H. D. M. Spence, has now published a
guide to Gloucester Cathedral, under the name of H. D. M. Spence-Jones.
If the entries are retained under the first form of name, the "Jones"
must be added to all entries--subject as well as author; if the new
name is taken, it should be dealt with after the manner shown in the
next paragraph.
To enter under the last name will not be strictly in accordance with
the orthodox rules, but it will prove by far the most convenient method
for all concerned. Accordingly the undermentioned books are so entered,
and not under the double names of Eardley Wilmot, Betham Edwards, and
Collison Morley, although these writers may at times be spoken of by
their double names.
WILMOT, Sir S. Eardley. Forest life and sport in
India, pp. viii., 324, illus. 1910
EDWARDS, Matilda Betham. Unfrequented France
by river, and mead, and town. pp. x., 204,
illus. 1910
MORLEY, L. Collison-. Modern Italian literature.
pp. viii., 356. 1911
The hyphen may be put in, as shown in the last entry, but this is not
essential, at any rate in short-entry catalogues. Full catalogues give
the references
EARDLEY-WILMOT, Sir S. _See_ Wilmot.
BETHAM-EDWARDS, Matilda. _See_ Edwards.
COLLISON-MORLEY, L. _See_ Morley.
The cataloguer sometimes comes across a name which he may remember
as a decidedly changed name from his point of view, when there is no
alternative but to adopt the newer form. A writer, for example, who at
one time was known as F. H. Perry Coste, has now become Perrycoste,
and, unless the cataloguer's memory serves him well, this author's
books will be entered under Coste and Perrycoste.
The subject-entries of the foregoing books are as follows:--
=India=:
_Travel and Description._
Wilmot, Sir S. E. Forest life and sport in
India. 1910
As this book is for the most part concerned with state forestry in
India, it is likely to be serviceable in connection with forestry as a
subject, though not specifically upon it, the meaning of the rules may
be liberally interpreted to include the entry
=Forestry=:
Wilmot, Sir S. E. Forest life, &c., in India.
1910.
At the time of publication the author was a C.I.E., but later, becoming
a K.C.I.E., the "Sir" is added to his name.
=France=:
_Travel and Description._
Edwards, M. B. Unfrequented France. 1910
=Italian Literature=:
Morley, C. L. Modern Italian literature.
1911
The last book, not being upon literature in the universal sense or
in the abstract, is entered under its definite subject of Italian
literature as shown. Here the serviceable covering reference again
removes all possible doubt.
=Literature.=
_See also the names of national literatures as_
English, Italian, Spanish.
To enter compound names under the last name, as recommended, does not
by any means imply that the first part of the hyphenated name should
be reduced to initials in the _principal entry_ of even a short-form
catalogue, and, therefore, the briefest style for these names is
Wilmot, Sir S. Eardley; Edwards, M. Betham; Morley, L. Collison.
If the codes of rules which stipulate for entry under the first part of
a compound name are followed, the names are given after this fashion,
to take one of the above books in illustration,
BETHAM-EDWARDS, Matilda. Unfrequented France
by river, and mead, and town. pp. x., 204,
illus. 1910
=France=:
Betham-Edwards, M. Unfrequented France.
1910
The reverse form of reference then becomes necessary, as
EDWARDS, Matilda Betham. _See_ Betham-Edwards.
The Dewey numbers for the classified catalogue of these three books are
respectively 915.4 (Geography and Travels--India), 914.4 (Geography and
Travels--France), and 850.9 (Literature--Italian Literature--History).
The index entries are
Wilmot, Sir S. E. Forest life in India, 915.4
India (Travels) 915-4
Edwards, M. B. Unfrequented France, 914.4
France (Travels) 914.4
Italian Literature (History), 850.9
Morley, L. C. Mod. Italian literature, 850.9
Compound names are a greater source of worry where foreign authors are
concerned, and, irrespective of the rules, it is an excellent plan
to use a _native_ biographical dictionary to ensure correctness of
entry. A rule of a general character may be laid down to the effect
that foreign names are subject to the opposite method of treatment to
that for English names, and the first part of the name is taken. It is
said, though the statement is not vouched for, that in France, and, no
doubt, elsewhere, such names are obtained in an odd way. A person say
of the name of Saluste lives in a small town and on the left bank of
the river running through it. In order that he may not be confused with
another person of the same name living in another part, he is spoken of
as Saluste of the Left Bank, and in course of time this distinguishing
name is absorbed by his family, its patronymic eventually becoming
Saluste de la Rive Gauche.
However this may be, the following represent the correct forms for such
names:--
BARBEY D'AUREVILLY, Jules. Ce qui ne meurt pas.
2 v. _Paris_, n.d.
LEROY-BEAULIEU, Pierre. La rénovation de l'Asie:
Sibérie, Chine, Japon. pp. xx., 482. _Paris_,
1900
CANTACUZÈNE-ALTIERI, Princesse Olga. Responsable.
2me éd. pp. 349. _Paris_, 1897
Foreign names of this kind rarely require references from the latter or
other part of the name, but they may be given in very doubtful cases.
The first and third of these books being works of fiction, require no
subject-entries. Works of this class receive instead an entry under
the first word of the title, other than an article (a "title-entry"),
because people often remember and ask for such works by their titles
without knowing the author's names. These will be
Ce qui ne meurt pas. Barbey d'Aurevilly, J.
2 v. n.d.
Responsable. Cantacuzène-Altieri, Princesse.
1897
While it is altogether against the principle of the dictionary
catalogue to gather novels together under a heading "Fiction" or
"Novels" in any part of it, yet there can be no objection to furnishing
a guide to the authors of fiction in a particular foreign language
contained in the catalogue after this style
French Fiction. _See the names of the following
authors_: Barbey d'Aurevilly, Cantacuzène-Altieri.
The second of the above books needs not only a subject-entry under
Asia, but also one under the names of the three countries dealt with in
it, as
=Asia, Eastern=:
Leroy-Beaulieu, P. La rénovation de l'Asie.
1900
=Siberia=:
Leroy-Beaulieu, P. La rénovation de l'Asie.
1900
with similar entries under "China" and "Japan," and references, binding
the whole together, in this way
East, The Far. _See_ Asia, Eastern.
=Asia, Eastern.=
_See also_ China. Japan. Siberia.
It is hardly necessary to say that the translation of works by
a foreign author in no way alters the form of name. Because M.
Leroy-Beaulieu's name is attached to a book in English, it does not
bring him under the rules for English compound names, any more than it
makes an Englishman of him. This last book in translation, therefore,
appears as
LEROY-BEAULIEU, Pierre. The awakening of the
East: Siberia, Japan, China; transl. by
Richard Davey, with a preface by [Sir] Henry
Norman. pp. xxviii., 299. 1900
The fullest form of catalogue will have references under the translator
and the writer of the preface, thus
DAVEY, Richard (_Transl._) _See_ Leroy-Beaulieu,
Pierre.
NORMAN, Sir Henry. _See also_ Leroy-Beaulieu,
Pierre.
The average catalogue will not only dispense with these references,
but may make them impossible by omitting to mention the names in the
main-entry.
It may be said in passing that it is customary to give works in the
original precedence over translations in the order of arrangement and
altogether irrespective of the alphabetical order of the titles. The
subject-entries for this work, being the same as before, need not be
repeated except to give both books under one of them to show this order
=Asia, Eastern=:
Leroy-Beaulieu, P. La rénovation de l'Asie.
1900
-- The awakening of the East. 1900
The classified catalogue entry for the book will be marked 950
(History--Asia), although each of the countries named has a separate
number. The novels will fall into 843.89 (Literature--French
Fiction--Later 19th Century). Though this sub-division may be of
service on the shelves, it is more convenient in the catalogue to
arrange French fiction, or any other fiction, under a general number
(in this case 843), and place the entries in one alphabetical sequence
by authors' names without regard to their period. As a rule, however,
both on the shelves and in the catalogues fiction receives special
treatment.
Names with prefixes are also troublesome, and call for variation in
treatment according to nationality. In all British names the entry is
made under the prefix and not under the name following. Accordingly the
Fitzes, the Macs, the Aps, and the O's attached to names are regarded
as being embodied in them, as FitzHerbert, McColl, Ap John, O'Brien,
and all with similar prefixes are brought together. This statement also
applies to those surnames preceded by "St." The following are examples
of all these:--
FITZ-GERALD, S. J. Adair. Stories of famous
songs. pp. xviii., 426. 1898
The style in which the author prints his name in the book should be
adhered to by the cataloguer, though whether printed as Fitz-Gerald,
Fitz Gerald, or Fitzgerald, all are regarded as alike, and arranged
together for alphabetical position in the catalogue.
MCCABE, Joseph. The Iron Cardinal: the
romance of Richelieu. pp. xii., 389, ports.
1909
Here also the alphabetical order remains the same whether the prefix
is spelled Mac, Mc, or M', this name being arranged as if Maccabe. As
the illustrations to the book consist exclusively of portraits, this
is stated by "ports." instead of "illus." given with the collation. If
the illustrations consist of portraits, pictures, and maps, they are
separately named, as shown in the "St. John" entry below.
AP JOHN, Lewis. William Ewart Gladstone: his
life and times. pp. 329, port. 1887
The preliminary pages in this book are marked i. to xvi., and the
succeeding pages 17 to 329, and these are given as above instead of as
pp. xvi., 313.
O'GRADY, Standish. The story of Ireland.
pp. viii., 214. 1894
ST. JOHN, Charles. Short sketches of the wild
sports and natural history of the Highlands.
New ed., with ... memoir by M. G.
Watkins. pp. xxiv., 319, port., illus., map.
1893
The author's name in this entry is according to the title-page, but a
full catalogue will either give it in full--Charles William George St.
John--or with initials, as Charles W. G. St. John.
In the sorting of this and similar entries for alphabetical order,
the procedure of taking the prefix as part of, and one with, the name
following does not apply. The others were regarded as Fitzg, Macc,
Apj, and Obr respectively, but in this case the "St.," besides being
taken as "Saint" in full, stands isolated from the rest of the name,
when it falls into place among all names with a similar prefix and then
in the alphabetical order of the main name. Accordingly St. John, or
Saint-Simon, or Saint-Yves come _before_ Sainta or Sainte-Beuve.
Before proceeding further, these books may be completed for the
dictionary catalogue and assigned their places in the classified.
=Songs=:
Fitz-Gerald, S. J. A. Stories of famous
songs. 1898
If but a single book appears on the subject a title-entry suffices
Songs, Famous, Stories of. Fitz-Gerald, S. J. A.
1898
This is better and less clumsy than
Songs, Stories of famous. Fitz-Gerald, S. J. A.
1898
=Richelieu, Cardinal=:
McCabe, J. The Iron Cardinal. 1909
In full form catalogues the heading can be given at length
=Richelieu, Armand-Jean Du Plessis=, _Cardinal_
(1585-1642).
The title "The Iron Cardinal" must be so given, and not as "The iron
cardinal," although it may be a fanciful title made use of by this
author alone.
=Gladstone, William Ewart=:
Ap John, L. Gladstone: his life and times.
1887
In arranging the order it is the correct and better plan to put the
books _by_ a person before those _upon_ him, and it is an advantage to
print the latter in smaller type. The books in the extract from the
Manchester catalogue given on pages 11 and 12 would be better arranged
in this order:--
GLADSTONE (W. E.) Gleanings of past years.
-- Homer.
-- Impregnable Rock of Holy Scripture.
Biography of, by Russell.
Biography of, by Smith.
Character of.
Essay on, by Brown.
This meagre, telegraphese style of catalogue can never be satisfactory,
so it is not surprising to learn that Mr. C. W. Sutton, the Manchester
Librarian, has superseded it by the classified form.
=Ireland=:
_History._
O'Grady, S. The story of Ireland. 1894
=Scotland=:
_Natural History, &c._
St. John, C. Wild sports and natural history
of the Highlands. 1893
Highlands, Scottish. _See_ Scotland.
There is no occasion to give a title-entry for any of these books as
they are adequately catalogued as shown. It may be assumed that any
person who wants them will remember either the authors' names or the
subjects. To give entries under "Stories," "Iron Cardinal," "Story of
Ireland," "Short sketches," would be both futile and wasteful.
In the classified catalogue the main-entries given above would
be numbered and arranged, the book on songs, 821.04 (English
Literature--Poetry--Lyric, Ballads), Richelieu as 923.2 (Biography
of Sociology--Statesmen)--rather than 922.2 (Biography of
Religion--Cardinals)--and the Gladstone would be the same number,
923.2. It is a convenience in the case of biographies in a classified
catalogue to lead off with, and arrange by, the name of the subject of
the biography, in which case the entries are changed to this form:--
=923.2 Biography of Sociology--Statesmen.=
Gladstone, William Ewart: his life and times,
by Lewis Ap John. pp. 329, port. 1887
Richelieu, Cardinal. The Iron Cardinal, by
Joseph McCabe. pp. xii., 389, ports.
1909
It is still more convenient to throw all the works of biography into a
single alphabet of the names of the subjects without any sub-division.
This enables the consulter of the catalogue to find a biography
without having to stop and consider whether the person was a cardinal
or a statesman.
The story of Ireland is 941.5 (History--Ireland), it being a
general history, and not one upon a particular period. The book
on the Highlands deals with the fish, birds, and animals, and is
therefore allocated to 591.941 (Science--Zoology--Geographical
Distribution--Scotland).
The index entries are
Fitz-Gerald, S. J. A. Famous songs. 821.04
Songs and Ballads (Literature) 821.04
McCabe, J. Iron Cardinal (Richelieu) 923.2
Richelieu, Cardinal, 923.2
Ap John, L. Gladstone, 923.2
Gladstone, William E. (biographies) 923.2
O'Grady, S. Story of Ireland, 941.5
Ireland (History), 941.5
St. John, C. Wild sports of the Highlands, 591.941
Scotland (Zoology), 591.941
Highlands, Scottish (Zoology), 591.941
Other prefixes, mostly of foreign origin, as De, De la, Le, Van, become
the entry-word when attached to British surnames, as in the following
examples:--
DE MORGAN, William. Alice-for-Short.
DE LA WARR, Constance, Countess. A twice
crowned queen: Anne of Brittany. 1906
LE FEUVRE, Amy. A bit of rough road.
VAN DYKE, Henry. The blue flower.
All these are alphabetized as if the prefixes were part of the names
following, as Demor, Delawa, Lefeu, Vandyke.
The illustrative entries worked out from this point onwards will be
curtailed to the limits of an average or short-entry catalogue, upon
the supposition that most of those who use this book will require
compressed entries, the style for full-entry catalogues having been
already sufficiently indicated. It is easier to give entries in full
than to condense them without the loss of any information of moment.
In the following pages an endeavour will be made to show reasonable
condensation of entries or other economies that may be effected and
adopted. Putting this into practice, it will be observed that the
collation has been left out of these entries, and that the dates of
publication are not given in three of them. This latter omission
is because they are works of fiction, and books in this class of
literature are frequently worn out in popular libraries. The editions
replacing them are seldom of the same date, therefore it serves no
particular purpose to give the dates; the great majority of persons
wanting such books are not in the least concerned as to when the book
was published, unless it be that it is the "latest out."
The title-entries for these same three books are
Alice-for-Short. De Morgan, W.
Bit of rough road, A. Le Feuvre, A.
Blue flower, The. Van Dyke, W.
It is often a puzzle where properly to introduce the articles a, an,
and the, in titles turned about to bring the word following into place;
under no circumstances should entries be given under the articles.
Generally they fall into place to read easily and correctly if brought
in before the possessive or at the end. Guidance must be largely a
matter of sight or sound, as no definite rule can be laid down. It is
incorrect to omit them altogether, because the sense of the title
is often changed or spoiled. Under the author-entry the articles
should be left in their place, as shown, and not twisted about, as is
occasionally seen, after this fashion.
DEEPING, Warwick. Bertrand of Brittany.
-- Lame Englishman, The.
-- Red Saint, The.
-- Woman's war, A.
Under the author-entry the books are placed in alphabetical order by
the word following the article. Some rules recommend that this be
emphasised by the use of a capital initial to it, in this way
DEEPING, Warwick. Bertrand of Brittany.
-- The Lame Englishman.
-- The Red saint.
-- A Woman's war.
This point is further referred to and illustrated in Chapter XII.
Every article when part of a title (apart from the initial one) is
taken into account for alphabetising purposes, as
Story of a play.
Story of Aline.
Story of an African farm.
Story of Leah.
Story of the Gadsbys.
The historical biography yet remains for attention and requires a
title-as-subject entry.
Anne of Brittany. A twice crowned queen. De
la Warr, Countess. 1906
A title-entry may be given if desired, but it cannot be said to be of
much use.
Twice crowned queen, A: Anne of Brittany. De
la Warr, Countess. 1906
For the classified catalogue the works of fiction, in a "free library"
at any rate, will hardly be marked 823 (Literature--English Fiction),
but will be treated as a class apart; all the entries being arranged
alphabetically by author's names, not by the periods in which the books
were written, or the nationalities of the authors. It is true there are
other possibilities in arranging works of fiction in the classified
catalogue, though they introduce an element of obscurity and hinder
ready reference. Historical fiction can be kept apart and arranged
under the countries and periods, or the idea can be carried further and
the books sub-divided under such headings as Human Careers, Adventures
Abroad, America, English Life, Irish Life, Scottish Life, Short Stories
and Sketches, Detectives and Crime. It is conceivable that there are
people who would appreciate a division of this kind, though it would
not suit the general convenience. To bring all the works of fiction
together under a heading "Novels" in the dictionary catalogue, as said
previously, is foreign to its nature, and should not be attempted.
The foregoing illustrations were examples of Anglicized foreign
prefixes. When the prefixes are to genuine foreign names they require
careful consideration and varying treatment according to their
character. If "De" is part of a name undoubtedly French, it is not
the entry word, but the name which follows or precedes it. If a
prefix embodies the definite article in it, as "Du," then that is the
entry-word, whether the name be English or French, so also is the
definite article of "de la", as shown in the de la Brète item below.
The above points are all illustrated in the following examples:--
HARCOURT, Louis d'. Le sabre du notaire.
MAUPASSANT, Guy de. Fort comme la mort.
DU BOISGOBEY, Fortuné. La loge sanglante.
LA BRÈTE, Jean de. Mon oncle et mon curé.
LE ROUX, Hugues. Le fils à papa.
When the prefix is embodied as part of the surname, then the whole name
is regarded as a single one, and comes under the ordinary rule. It is
as well to give examples of these also.
DECOURCELLE, A. Un homme d'argent.
DELABORDE, Vicomte Henri. La gravure: précis
élémentaire. [1882]
All the above are works of fiction, the last excepted, and therefore
receive the usual first-word title-entries in the dictionary catalogue,
the rules governing the use of the article remaining the same for
foreign fiction. To prevent misunderstanding, the correct form for such
entries is here shown
Sabre, Le, du notaire. Harcourt, L. d'.
Fort comme la mort. Maupassant, G. de.
Loge sanglante, La. Du Boisgobey, F.
Mon oncle et mon curé. La Brète, J. de.
Fils à papa, Le. Le Roux, H.
Homme d'argent, Un. Decourcelle, A.
Whatever economy may be effected by leaving out the articles in
English titles, it is better and more correct not to attempt it in
French. The last of the books is on engraving, which word becomes the
subject-heading, as under no circumstances should the name of any
subject be given in any form but English in the catalogue unless, as
happens in remote cases, there is no equivalent in English for the
subject. Accordingly the entry is
=Engraving=:
Delaborde, Vicomte H. La gravure. [1882]
The instruction that when the definite article is a prefix, or part
of a prefix, to a name it becomes the entry word must not be blindly
followed in all cases, as there are exceptions. If it were the
middle part (conjunction) of a double name, for example, it is not
the entry-word. To name some instances of this Viollet-le-Duc is so
entered, and not as Le Duc; Verdy du Vernois, and not Du Vernois;
Leconte de Lisle, and not Lisle or De Lisle; and Puvis de Chavannes,
not Chavannes or De Chavannes. Such names require to be treated with
knowledge and discretion.
The inexperienced and the young cataloguer, they are not necessarily
the same, need to exercise due care lest they blunder stupidly if
unwittingly. Perhaps they have a book by, say, J.-H. Rosny le Jeune one
day, and on another one by J.-H. Rosny Ainé, when it need hardly be
said the entry-names are not Le Jeune or Ainé, or even Rosny le Jeune
or Rosny Ainé, but
ROSNY, J.-H., _ainé_.
ROSNY, J.-H., _le jeune_.
and in this order. This note of warning is not unnecessary, as might be
supposed.
Much the same principles govern Italian and Spanish names with
prefixes. In German and Dutch "von" and "van" are not the entry-words,
except in Anglicized names as already shown, or if clearly embodied in
the surname. This latter remark applies to "van," as "von" is seldom,
if ever, so found.
It is customary in entering books by the Greek and Latin classical
authors to adopt the name contained in some modern standard dictionary,
such as Smith's "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography." This is
usually the Latin form, as Virgilius, Homerus, and while it is wise in
the case of a college or other library to follow this, it is better for
a public library to adopt the English style, as Homer, Horace, Ovid,
Pliny, Virgil; at the same time taking care to adhere to the English
forms throughout and to see that all the books are entered under that
adopted, no matter what may be the languages of the various editions.
The author's name as the entry-word must, of course, be turned into
the nominative, and not left in the case in which it appears on the
title-page, though this difficulty does not arise when the English
renderings of the names are chosen.
The following examples are given to elucidate the matter as well as
emphasise it. The title-pages of the four books selected for the
purpose read:--
Q. Horati Flacci Opera Edited by T. E. Page,
M.A. London Macmillan & Co. 1895
Sophoclis Tragoediae Edited by Robert Yelverton
Tyrell. London Macmillan & Co. 1897
P. Vergili Maronis Bucolica Georgica Aeneis
Edited by T. E. Page, M.A. London Macmillan
& Co. 1895
M. Tullii Ciceronis De Finibus Bonorum et
Malorum Libri Quinque With Introduction
and Commentary by W. M. L. Hutchinson.
London Edward Arnold 1909
The first three books have on the preliminary title-pages "The
Parnassus Library of Greek and Latin Texts." To revert to the style of
the full form of entry, these would appear as
HORATIUS FLACCUS, Quintus. Opera; ed. by T. E.
Page. (_Parnassus lib. of Greek and Latin
texts._) pp. xxii., 252. 1895
SOPHOCLES. Tragoediae; ed. by Robert Y. Tyrrell.
(_Parnassus lib. of Greek and Latin texts._)
pp. xxvi., 272. 1897
VIRGILUS MARO, Publius. Bucolica, Georgica,
Aeneis; ed. by T. E. Page. (_Parnassus lib. of
Greek and Latin texts._) pp. xxii., 376. 1895
CICERO, Marcus Tullius. De finibus bonorum et
malorum; with intro. and commentary by
W. M. L. Hutchinson, pp. xxxii., 238. 1909
It should be noted that the form of words of the _titles_ of the books
is not altered or amended, the dipthongs in "Tragœdiæ" and "Æneis"
being taken from the books, as it is the rule to follow the wording of
a title-page literally, even to the extent of copying obvious mistakes.
References are required from the names of the various editors
PAGE, T. E. (_Ed._) _See_ Horatius. Virgilius.
TYRRELL, Robert Y. (_Ed._) _See_ Sophocles.
HUTCHINSON, W. M. L. (_Ed._) _See_ Cicero.
For "an average catalogue"--by which is meant one that is intended for
the use of all classes, learned or unlearned--the popular form of names
is not only more suitable but is more convenient The entries, then,
would be
HORACE. Opera; ed. by T. E. Page. (_Parnassus
lib._) 1895
SOPHOCLES. Tragoediae; ed. by R. Y. Tyrrell.
(_Parnassus lib._) 1887
VIRGIL. Bucolica, Georgica, Aeneis; ed. by T. E.
Page. (_Parnassus lib._) 1895
CICERO. De finibus bonorum et malorum; ed. by
W. M. L. Hutchinson. 1909
The fact that the titles of the books are given in Latin would in
itself be a sufficient indication to the observant that the works are
in the original and not translations.
Apart from the references from editor's names, the above would be the
sole entries in any style of catalogue, as most classical authors,
certainly the Greek and Latin, do not have subject-entries, or anything
corresponding thereto, probably upon the supposition that the contents
of their works are so well known by those who read them that further
entries are uncalled for.
In the classified catalogue most of the classic authors have a specific
place, those above being respectively 874.5 (Literature--Latin Lyric
Poetry--Horace), 882.2 (Literature--Greek Dramatic Poetry--Sophocles),
873.1 (Literature--Latin Epic Poetry--Virgil), and 875.4
(Literature--Latin Oratory--Cicero--Philosophical Works.)
In all subsequent illustrations the position in the Dewey
Classification will be shown by the number attached to each principal
entry, as if it were the shelf ("finding" or "location") number in
the dictionary catalogue, and this will obviate the necessity for any
separate statement relating to the classified catalogue unless it seems
to be required.
CHAPTER X.
First Name Entry.
Monarchs. Queens. Order of Arrangement. Princes. Popes. Series
Entries. Saints. Friars. Mediæval Names. Artists, &c.
Among other names rather puzzling to the cataloguer are those of
persons who have no surnames in the ordinary accepted sense, and
who are known and entered by their Christian or forenames, such as
potentates, popes, saints, and med
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