A Manual of Philippine Birds
by Richard C. McGregor · English · Gutenberg #47757 · 2,003,989 chars · public domain (US)
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Title: A Manual of Philippine Birds
Author: Richard C. McGregor
Release date: December 23, 2014 [eBook #47757]
Most recently updated: October 24, 2024
Language: English
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS ***
A MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS
BY
Richard C. McGregor
Part I
GALLIFORMES TO EURYLÆMIFORMES
Part II
PASSERIFORMES
MANILA
BUREAU OF PRINTING
1909
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Science, Manila.
Publication No. 2, Part I.
(Actual date of publication, April 15, 1909.)
Publication No. 2, Part II.
(Actual date of publication, January 31, 1910.)
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Preface
Use of the keys
Class Aves
Subclass Carinatæ
Order Galliformes
Family Megapodiidæ
Genus Megapodius Gaimard
1. cumingi Dillwyn
Suborder Phasiani
Family Phasianidæ
Genus Excalfactoria Bonaparte
2. lineata (Scopoli)
Genus Gallus Brisson
3. gallus (Linnæus)
Genus Polyplectron Temminck
4. napoleonis Lesson
Order Hemipodii
Family Turnicidæ
Genus Turnix Bonnaterre
5. fasciata (Temminck)
6. ocellata (Scopoli)
7. whiteheadi Grant
8. suluensis Mearns
9. celestinoi McGregor
10. worcesteri McGregor
Order Columbiformes
Suborder Columbæ
Family Treronidæ
Subfamily Treroninæ
Genus Treron Vieillot
11. nipalensis (Hodgson)
Genus Sphenocercus Gray
12. australis McGregor
Genus Osmotreron Bonaparte
13. axillaris (Bonaparte)
14. everetti Rothschild
15. vernans (Linnæus)
Genus Phapitreron Bonaparte
16. amethystina Bonaparte
17. cinereiceps Bourns and Worcester
18. brunneiceps Bourns and Worcester
19. frontalis Bourns and Worcester
20. maculipectus Bourns and Worcester
21. leucotis (Temminck)
22. occipitalis Salvadori
23. nigrorum Sharpe
24. brevirostis Tweeddale
25. albifrons McGregor
Subfamily Ptilopodinæ
Genus Leucotreron Bonaparte
26. occipitalis (Bonaparte)
27. marchei (Oustalet)
28. leclancheri (Bonaparte)
Genus Lamprotreron Bonaparte
29. temmincki (Prevost and Des Murs)
Genus Spilotreron Salvadori
30. bangueyensis (A. B. Meyer)
Subfamily Muscadivorinæ
Genus Muscadivores Gray
31. nuchalis (Cabanis)
32. chalybura (Bonaparte)
33. palawanensis (Blasius)
34. ænea (Linnæus)
35. pickeringi (Cassin)
36. langhornei (Mearns)
Genus Ptilocolpa Bonaparte
37. carola (Bonaparte)
38. nigrorum Whitehead
39. mindanensis Grant
Genus Zonophaps Salvadori
40. poliocephala (Hartlaub)
41. mindorensis (Whitehead)
Genus Myristicivora Reichenbach
42. bicolor (Scopoli)
Family Columbidæ
Subfamily Columbinæ
Genus Columba Linnæus
43. griseogularis (Walden and Layard)
Subfamily Macropyginæ
Genus Macropygia Swainson
44. tenuirostris Bonaparte
45. phæa McGregor
Family Peristeridæ
Subfamily Turturinæ
Genus Streptopelia Bonaparte
46. dussumieri (Temminck)
Genus Oenopopelia Blanford
47. humilis (Temminck)
Genus Spilopelia Sundevall
48. tigrina (Temminck and Knip)
Subfamily Geopeliinæ
Genus Geopelia Swainson
49. striata (Linnæus)
Subfamily Phabinæ
Genus Chalcophaps Gould
50. indica (Linnæus)
Subfamily Geotrygoninæ
Genus Phlegoenas Reichenbach
51. luzonica (Scopoli)
52. criniger (Jacquinot and Pucheran)
53. keayi Clarke
54. menagei Bourns and Worcester
55. platenæ Blasius
Subfamily Caloenadinæ
Genus Caloenas Gray
56. nicobarica (Linnæus)
Order Ralliformes
Family Rallidæ
Subfamily Rallinæ
Genus Hypotænidia Reichenbach
57. striata (Linnæus)
58. philippensis (Linnæus)
59. torquata (Linnæus)
Genus Rallina Reichenbach
60. fasciata (Raffles)
61. eurizonoides (Lafresnaye)
Genus Porzana Vieillot
62. auricularis Reichenbach
63. plumbea (Gray)
Genus Poliolimnas Sharpe
64. cinereus (Vieillot)
Genus Limnobænus Sundevall
65. fuscus (Linnæus)
66. paykulli (Ljungh)
Genus Amaurornis Reichenbach
67. olivacea (Meyen)
68. phoenicura (Pennant)
Genus Gallinula Brisson
69. chloropus (Linnæus)
Genus Gallicrex Blyth
70. cinerea (Gmelin)
Genus Porphyrio Brisson
71. pulverulentus Temminck
Subfamily Fulicinæ
Genus Fulica Linnæus
72. atra Linnæus
Order Colymbiformes
Family Colymbidæ
Genus Tachybaptus Reichenbach
73. philippensis (Bonnaterre)
Order Procellariiformes
Family Procellariidæ
Subfamily Procellariinæ
Genus Oceanodroma Reichenbach
74. species Mcgregor
Family Puffinidæ
Subfamily Puffininæ
Genus Puffinus Brisson
75. leucomelas Temminck
Order Lariformes
Family Laridæ
Subfamily Sterninæ
Genus Hydrochelidon Boie
76. leucoptera (Meisner And Schinz)
77. hybrida (Pallas)
Genus Sterna Linnæus
78. hirundo Linnæus
79. longipennis Nordmann
80. boreotis (Bangs)
81. anæstheta Scopoli
82. fuscata Linnæus
83. sinensis Gmelin
84. melanauchen Temminck
Genus Anous Stephens
85. stolidus (linnæus)
Subfamily Larinæ
Genus Larus Linnæus
86. ridibundus Linnæus
87. vegæ (Palmen)
Order Charadriiformes
Suborder Charadrii
Family Charadriidæ
Subfamily Arenariinæ
Genus Arenaria Brisson
88. interpres (Linnæus)
Subfamily Lobivanellinæ
Genus Microsarcops Sharpe
89. cinereus (Blyth)
Subfamily Charadriinæ
Genus Squatarola Leach
90. squatarola (Linnæus)
Genus Charadrius Linnæus
91. fulvus Gmelin
Genus Ochthodromus Reichenbach
92. geoffroyi (Wagler)
93. mongolus (Pallas)
94. veredus (Gould)
Genus Ægialitis Boie
95. dubia (Scopoli),
96. peroni (Bonaparte)
97. alexandrina (Linnæus)
Subfamily Himantopodinæ
Genus Himantopus Brisson
98. leucocephalus Gould
Subfamily Totaninæ
Genus Numenius Brisson
99. arquatus (Linnæus)
100. cyanopus Vieillot
101. variegatus (Scopoli)
Genus Mesoscolopax Sharpe
102. minutus (Gould)
Genus Limosa Brisson
103. baueri Naumann
104. limosa (Linnæus)
Genus Totanus Bechstein
105. eurhinus (Oberholser)
Genus Helodromas Kaup
106. ochropus (Linnæus)
Genus Heteractitis Stejneger
107. brevipes (Vieillot)
Genus Actitis Illiger
108. hypoleucos (Linnæus)
Genus Terekia Bonaparte
109. cinerea (Güldenstädt)
Genus Glottis Koch
110. nebularius (Gunnerus)
Genus Rhyacophilus Kaup
111. glareola (Linnæus)
Subfamily Scolopacinæ
Genus Calidris Illiger
112. leucophæa (Pallas)
Genus Pisobia Billberg
113. minuta (Leisler)
114. ruficollis (Pallas)
115. damacensis (Horsfield)
116. temmincki (Leisler)
Genus Heteropygia Coues
117. aurita (Latham)
Genus Erolia Vieillot
118. ferruginea (Brünnich)
Genus Tringa Linnæus
119. crassirostris Temminck and Schlegel
Genus Limicola Koch
120. platyrhyncha (Temminck)
Genus Gallinago Koch
121. stenura (Bonaparte)
122. megala Swinhoe
123. gallinago (Linnæus)
Genus Rostratula Vieillot
124. capensis (Linnæus)
Subfamily Phalaropodinæ
Genus Lobipes Cuvier
125. lobatus (Linnæus)
Suborder Parræ
Family Parridæ
Genus Hydrophasianus Wagler
126. chirurgus (Scopoli)
Genus Hydralector Wagler
127. gallinaceus (Temminck)
Suborder Cursorii
Family Glareolidæ
Genus Glareola Brisson
128. orientalis Leach
Suborder Oedicnemi
Family Oedicnemidæ
Genus Orthorhamphus Salvadori
129. magnirostris (Vieillot)
Order Gruiformes
Suborder Grues
Family Gruidæ
Genus Antigone Reichenbach
130. sharpi Blanford
Order Ardeiformes
Suborder Plataleæ
Family Ibididæ
Genus Plegadis Kaup
131. autumnalis (Linnæus)
Family Plataleidæ
Genus Platalea Linnæus
132. minor Temminck and Schlegel
Suborder Ciconiæ
Family Ciconiidæ
Subfamily Ciconiinæ
Genus Dissöura Cabanis
133. episcopus (Boddaert)
Suborder Ardeæ
Family Ardeidæ
Genus Pyrrherodia Finsch and Hartlaub
134. manilensis (Meyen)
Genus Ardea Linnæus
135. cinerea Linnæus
136. sumatrana Raffles
Genus Mesophoyx Sharpe
137. intermedia (Wagler)
Genus Herodias Boie
138. timoriensis (Lesson)
Genus Egretta Forster
139. garzetta (Linnæus)
Genus Demigretta Blyth
140. sacra (Gmelin)
Genus Nycticorax Forster
141. nycticorax (Linnæus)
142. manillensis Vigors
Genus Gorsachius Bonaparte
143. melanolophus (Raffles)
144. goisagi (Temminck)
Genus Butorides Blyth
145. javanica (Horsfield)
146. amurensis (Schrenck)
147. spodiogaster Sharpe
Genus Bubulcus Bonaparte
148. coromandus (Boddaert)
Genus Ixobrychus Billberg
149. sinensis (Gmelin)
150. cinnamomeus (Gmelin)
Genus Nannocnus Stejneger
151. eurhythmus (Swinhoe)
Genus Dupetor Heine and Reichenbach
152. flavicollis (Latham)
Genus Botaurus Stephens
153. stellaris (Linnæus)
Order Anseriformes
Family Anatidæ
Subfamily Plectropterinæ
Genus Nettapus Brandt
154. coromandelianus (Gmelin)
Subfamily Anatinæ
Genus Dendrocygna Swainson
155. arcuata (Horsfield)
156. guttulata Wallace
Genus Anas Linnæus
157. luzonica Fraser
Genus Polionetta Oates
158. zonorhyncha (Swinhoe)
Genus Mareca Stephens
159. penelope (Linnæus)
Genus Nettion Kaup
160. crecca (Linnæus)
Genus Dafila Stephens
161. acuta (Linnæus)
Genus Querquedula Oken
162. querquedula (Linnæus)
Genus Spatula Boie
163. clypeata (Linnæus)
Subfamily Marilinæ
Genus Marila Oken
164. marila (Linnæus)
165. fuligula (Linnæus)
Order Pelecaniformes
Family Phalacrocoracidæ
Genus Phalacrocorax Brisson
166. carbo (Linnæus)
Family Anhingidæ
Genus Anhinga Brisson
167. melanogaster Pennant
Family Sulidæ
Genus Sula Brisson
168. piscator (Linnæus)
169. leucogastra (Boddaert)
Family Fregatidæ
Genus Fregata Lacépède
170. aquila (Linnæus)
171. ariel (Gould)
Family Pelecanidæ
Genus Pelecanus Linnæus
172. philippensis Gmelin
Order Accipitriformes
Suborder Accipitres
Family Falconidæ
Subfamily Accipitrinæ
Genus Circus Lacépède
173. spilonotus Kaup
174. melanoleucos (Pennant)
175. æruginosus (Linnæus)
Genus Astur Lacépède
176. trivirgatus (Temminck)
177. soloensis (Latham)
178. cuculoides (Temminck)
Genus Accipiter Brisson
179. gularis (Temminck and Schlegel)
180. virgatus (Temminck)
181. manillensis (Meyen)
Subfamily Aquilinæ
Genus Lophotriorchis Sharpe
182. kieneri (Geoffroy St. Hilaire)
Genus Spizaëtus Vieillot
183. philippensis Gurney
184. limnæëtus (Horsfield)
Genus Pithecophaga Grant
185. jefferyi Grant
Genus Spilornis Gray
186. bacha (Daudin)
187. holospilus (Vigors)
188. panayensis Steere
Genus Butastur Hodgson
189. indicus (Gmelin)
Genus Haliæetus Savigny
190. leucogaster (Gmelin)
Genus Haliastur Selby
191. intermedius Gurney
Genus Elanus Savigny
192. hypoleucus Gould
Genus Pernis Cuvier
193. ptilorhyncus (Temminck)
Genus Baza Hodgson
194. magnirostris Gray
195. leucopais Sharpe
Genus Microhierax Sharpe
196. erythrogenys (Vigors)
197. meridionalis Grant
Genus Falco Linnæus
198. peregrinus Tunstall
199. melanogenys Gould
200. ernesti Sharpe
201. severus Horsfield
Genus Cerchneis Boie
202. tinnunculus (Linnæus)
Suborder Pandiones
Family Pandionidæ
Genus Pandion Savigny
203. haliætus (Linnæus)
204. leucocephalus Gould
Genus Polioaëtus Kaup
205. ichthyætus (Horsfield)
Order Strigiformes
Family Strigidæ
Subfamily Buboninæ
Genus Pseudoptynx Kaup
206. philippensis Kaup
207. gurneyi Tweeddale
208. mindanensis Grant
Genus Otus Pennant
209. megalotis (Gray)
210. everetti (Tweeddale)
211. fuliginosus (Sharpe)
212. sibutuensis (Sharpe)
213. longicornis (Grant)
214. mindorensis (Whitehead)
215. whiteheadi (Grant)
216. rufescens (Horsfield)
217. cuyensis McGregor
218. calayensis McGregor
219. romblonis McGregor
220. boholensis McGregor
Genus Ninox Hodgson
221. lugubris (Tickell)
222. scutulata (Raffles)
223. japonica (Temminck and Schlegel)
224. philippensis Bonaparte
225. everetti Sharpe
226. spilocephala Tweeddale
227. spilonota Bourns and Worcester
228. reyi Oustalet
229. mindorensis Grant
230. plateni Blasius
Subfamily Striginæ
Genus Strix Linnæus
231. whiteheadi (Sharpe)
Family Aluconidæ
Genus Aluco Fleming
232. longimembris (Jerdon)
Order Psittaciformes
Family Loriidæ
Genus Trichoglossus Vigors and Horsfield
233. johnstoniæ Hartert
Family Cacatuidæ
Subfamily Cacatuinæ
Genus Cacatua Vieillot
234. hæmaturopygia (P. L. S. Müller)
Family Psittacidæ
Subfamily Palæornithinæ
Genus Prioniturus Wagler
235. verticalis Sharpe
236. montanus Grant
237. discurus (Vieillot)
238. waterstradti Rothschild
239. mindorensis Steere
240. cyaneiceps Sharpe
241. luconensis Steere
Genus Tanygnathus Wagler
242. lucionensis (Linnæus)
243. megalorhynchos (Boddaert)
244. everetti Tweeddale
245. burbidgei Sharpe
Genus Bolbopsittacus Salvadori
246. lunulatus (Scopoli)
247. intermedius Salvadori
248. mindanensis (Steere)
Genus Loriculus Blyth
249. chrysonotus Sclater
250. regulus Souancé
251. bournsi McGregor
252. philippensis (P. L. S. Müller)
253. mindorensis Steere
254. siquijorensis Steere
255. apicalis Souancé
256. dohertyi (Hartert)
257. worcesteri Steere
258. galgulus (Linnæus)
259. bonapartei Souancé
Order Coraciiformes
Suborder Podargi
Family Podargidæ
Genus Batrachostomus Gould
260. septimus Tweeddale
261. microrhynchus Grant
262. menagei Bourns and Worcester
263. javensis (Horsfield)
264. affinis Blyth
Suborder Coraciæ
Family Coraciidæ
Subfamily Coraciinæ
Genus Eurystomus Vieillot
265. orientalis (Linnæus)
Suborder Halcyones
Family Alcedinidæ
Genus Pelargopsis Gloger
266. javana (Boddaert)
267. gouldi Sharpe
268. gigantea Walden
Genus Alcedo Linnæus
269. bengalensis Gmelin
270. meninting Horsfield
Genus Alcyone Swainson
271. cyanopectus (Lafresnaye)
272. argentata (Tweeddale)
273. flumenicola (Steere)
274. nigrirostris (Bourns and Worcester)
Genus Ceyx Lacépède
275. melanura Kaup
276. mindanensis Steere
277. samarensis Steere
278. euerythra Sharpe
279. bournsi Steere
280. goodfellowi Grant
Genus Halcyon Swainson
281. coromandus (Latham)
282. gularis (Kuhl)
283. pileatus (Boddaert)
284. winchelli Sharpe
285. chloris (Boddaert)
286. hombroni (Bonaparte)
287. lindsayi (Vigors)
288. moseleyi (Steere)
Suborder Bucerotes
Family Bucerotidæ
Genus Hydrocorax Brisson
289. hydrocorax (Linnæus)
290. mindanensis (Tweeddale)
291. semigaleatus (Tweeddale)
Genus Anthracoceros Reichenbach
292. montani (Oustalet)
Genus Gymnolæmus Grant
293. lemprieri (Sharpe)
Genus Penelopides Reichenbach
294. panini (Boddaert)
295. manillæ (Boddaert)
296. talisi Finsch
297. mindorensis Steere
298. affinis Tweeddale
299. basilanica Steere
300. samarensis Steere
Genus Craniorrhinus Cabanis and Heine
301. leucocephalus (Vieillot)
302. waldeni Sharpe
Suborder Meropes
Family Meropidæ
Genus Merops Linnæus
303. americanus P. L. S. Müller
304. philippinus Linnæus
Suborder Caprimulgi
Family Caprimulgidæ
Subfamily Caprimulginæ
Genus Lyncornis Gould
305. macrotis (Vigors)
Genus Caprimulgus Linnæus
306. griseatus Walden
307. mindanensis (Mearns)
308. manillensis Walden
309. macrurus Horsfield
310. jotaka Temminck and Schlegel
Suborder Micropodii
Family Hemiprocniidæ
Genus Hemiprocne Nitzsch
311. major (Hartert)
Family Micropodidæ
Subfamily Chæturinæ
Genus Collocalia Gray
312. lowi (Sharpe)
313. whiteheadi Grant
314. origenis Oberholser
315. fuciphaga (Thunberg)
316. germani Oustalet
317. troglodytes Gray
318. marginata Salvadori
319. isonota (Oberholser)
Genus Chætura Stephens
320. gigantea (Temminck)
321. celebensis (Sclater)
322. dubia McGregor
323. picina Tweeddale
Subfamily Micropodinæ
Genus Tachornis Gosse
324. pallidior McGregor
Genus Micropus Meyer and Wolfe
325. pacificus (Latham)
326. subfurcatus (Blyth)
Order Trogones
Family Trogonidæ
Genus Pyrotrogon Bonaparte
327. ardens (Temminck)
Order Coccyges
Suborder Cuculi
Family Cuculidæ
Subfamily Cuculinæ
Genus Clamator Kaup
328. coromandus (Linnæus)
Genus Surniculus Lesson
329. lugubris (Horsfield)
330. velutinus Sharpe
Genus Hierococcyx S. Müller
331. sparverioides (Vigors)
332. fugax (Horsfield)
Genus Cuculus Linnæus
333. micropterus Gould
334. canorus Linnæus
335. saturatus Hodgson
Genus Penthoceryx Cabanis
336. sonnerati (Latham)
Genus Cacomantis S. Müller
337. merulinus (Scopoli)
Genus Chalcococcyx Cabanis
338. xanthorhynchus (Horsfield)
339. malayanus (Raffles)
Genus Eudynamys Vigors and Horsfield
340. honorata (Linnæus)
341. mindanensis (Linnæus)
342. frater McGregor
Subfamily Centropodinæ
Genus Centropus Illiger
343. mindorensis (Steere)
344. carpenteri Mearns
345. steeri Bourns and Worcester
346. sinensis (Stephens)
347. viridis (Scopoli)
348. javanicus (Dumont)
349. melanops Lesson
350. unirufus (Cabanis and Heine)
Subfamily Phænicophainæ
Genus Dryococcyx Sharpe
351. harringtoni Sharpe
Genus Dasylophus Swainson
352. superciliosus (Cuvier)
Genus Lepidogrammus Reichenbach
353. cumingi (Fraser)
Order Scansores
Suborder Capitones
Family Capitonidæ
Genus Xantholæma Bonaparte
354. hæmacephalum (P. L. S. Müller)
355. roseum (Dumont)
Order Piciformes
Suborder Pici
Family Picidæ
Subfamily Picinæ
Genus Yungipicus Bonaparte
356. validirostris (Blyth)
357. maculatus (Scopoli)
358. menagei Bourns and Worcester
359. leytensis Steere
360. fulvifasciatus Hargitt
361. ramsayi Hargitt
Genus Tiga Kaup
362. everetti Tweeddale
Genus Chrysocolaptes Blyth
363. erythrocephalus Sharpe
364. hæmatribon (Wagler)
365. lucidus (Scopoli)
366. montanus Grant
367. rufopunctatus Hargitt
368. xanthocephalus Walden and Layard
Genus Lichtensteinipicus Bonaparte
369. funebris (Valenciennes)
370. fuliginosus (Tweeddale)
Genus Mulleripicus Bonaparte
371. pulverulentus (Temminck)
Genus Thriponax Cabanis and Heine
372. javensis (Horsfield)
373. pectoralis Tweeddale
374. multilunatus McGregor
375. mindorensis Steere
376. hargitti Sharpe
Order Eurylæmiformes
Family Eurylæmidæ
Subfamily Eurylæminæ
Genus Sarcophanops Sharpe
377. steeri (Sharpe)
378. samarensis Steere
Order Passeriformes
Suborder Mesomyodi
Family Pittidæ
Genus Pitta Vieillot
379. erythrogastra Temminck
380. propinqua (Sharpe)
381. kochi Bruggemann
382. atricapilla Lesson
383. mulleri (Bonaparte)
384. rothschildi (Parrot)
385. steeri (Sharpe)
386. moluccensis (P. L. S. Müller)
Suborder Acromyodi
Family Hirundinidæ
Genus Chelidonaria Reichenow
387. dasypus (Bonaparte)
Genus Riparia Forster
388. riparia (Linnæus)
389. chinensis (Gray)
Genus Hirundo Linnæus
390. rustica Linnæus
391. gutturalis Scopoli
392. javanica Sparrman
393. striolata (Boie)
Family Muscicapidæ
Genus Hemichelidon Hodgson
394. sibirica (Gmelin)
395. griseosticta Swinhoe
396. ferruginea Hodgson
Genus Alseonax Cabanis
397. latirostris (Raffles)
Genus Cyornis Blyth
398. herioti Ramsay
399. banyumas (Horsfield)
400. philippinensis Sharpe
401. lemprieri Sharpe
402. platenæ (Blasius)
Genus Muscicapula Blyth
403. westermanni Sharpe
404. luzoniensis Grant
405. nigrorum Whitehead
406. montigena Mearns
407. basilanica (Sharpe)
408. samarensis Bourns and Worcester
Genus Gerygone Gould
409. simplex Cabanis
410. rhizophoræ Mearns
Genus Zanthopygia Blyth
411. narcissina (Temminck)
Genus Cyanoptila Blyth
412. bella (Hay)
Genus Hypothymis Boie
413. occipitalis (Vigors)
Genus Camiguinia McGregor
414. helenæ (Steere)
Genus Cyanomyias Sharpe
415. coelestis (Tweeddale)
Genus Rhipidura Vigors and Horsfield
416. superciliaris (Sharpe)
417. samarensis (Steere)
418. albiventris (Sharpe)
419. cyaniceps (Cassin)
420. sauli Bourns and Worcester
421. nigrocinnamomea Hartert
422. hutchinsoni Mearns
423. nigritorquis Vigors
Genus Xeocephus Bonaparte
424. rufus (Gray)
425. cinnamomeus Sharpe
426. cyanescens Sharpe
Genus Callaeops Grant
427. periopthalmica Grant
Genus Terpsiphone Gloger
428. affinis (Blyth)
429. nigra McGregor
Genus Rhinomyias Sharpe
430. albigularis Bourns and Worcester
431. goodfellowi Grant
432. ruficauda (Sharpe)
433. ocularis Bourns and Worcester
434. insignis Grant
Genus Culicicapa Swinhoe
435. ceylonensis (Swainson)
436. helianthea (Wallace)
Genus Cryptolopha Swainson
437. olivacea (Moseley)
438. cebuensis Dubois
439. nigrorum Moseley
440. mindanensis Hartert
441. xanthopygia Whitehead
Genus Eumyias Cabanis
442. panayensis Sharpe
443. nigrimentalis (Grant)
444. nigriloris (Hartert)
Family Campophagidæ
Genus Artamides Hartlaub
445. difficilis (Hartert)
446. guillemardi Salvadori
447. striatus (Boddaert)
448. kochi Kutter
449. panayensis Steere
450. mindorensis Steere
451. cebuensis Grant
Genus Malindangia Mearns
452. mcgregori Mearns
Genus Edolisoma Jacquinot and Pucheran
453. cærulescens (Blyth)
454. alterum Ramsay
455. panayense Steere
456. everetti Sharpe
457. mindanense (Tweeddale)
458. elusum McGregor
Genus Pericrocotus Boie
459. marchesæ Guillemard
460. novus McGregor
461. leytensis Steere
462. johnstoniæ Grant
463. igneus Blyth
464. cinereus Lafresneye
Genus Lalage Boie
465. melanoleuca (Blyth)
466. minor (Steere)
467. niger (Forster)
Family Pycnonotidæ
Genus Ægithina Vieillot
468. viridis (Bonaparte)
Genus Chloropsis Jardine and Selby
469. palawanensis (Sharpe)
470. flavipennis (Tweeddale)
Genus Irena Horsfield
471. cyanogastra Vigors
472. ellæ Steere
473. melanochlamys Sharpe
474. tweeddali Sharpe
Genus Hypsipetes Vigors,
475. fugensis Grant
476. batanensis Mearns
477. camiguinensis McGregor
Genus Iole Blyth
478. striaticeps Sharpe
479. everetti (Tweeddale)
480. haynaldi (Blasius)
481. rufigularis (Sharpe)
482. gularis (Pucheran)
483. guimarasensis Steere
484. mindorensis Steere
485. siquijorensis Steere
486. cinereiceps Bourns and Worcester
487. monticola Bourns and Worcester
Genus Poliolophus Sharpe
488. urostictus (Salvadori)
Genus Microtarsus Eyton
489. melanocephalos (Gmelin)
Genus Trichophorus Temminck
490. frater (Sharpe)
491. palawanensis (Tweeddale)
Genus Pycnonotus Boie
492. goiavier (Scopoli)
493. cinereifrons (Tweeddale)
Family Timeliidæ
Subfamily Timeliinæ
Genus Pseudotharrhaleus Grant
494. caudatus Grant
495. unicolor Hartert
496. griseipectus Mearns
497. malindangensis Mearns
Genus Turdinus Blyth
498. rufifrons (Tweeddale)
Genus Ptilocichla Sharpe
499. falcata Sharpe
500. basilanica Steere
501. mindanensis Steere
502. minuta Bourns and Worcester
Genus Anuropsis Sharpe
503. cinereiceps (Tweeddale)
Genus Dasycrotapha Tweeddale
504. speciosa Tweeddale
Genus Zosterornis Grant
505. striatus Grant
506. whiteheadi Grant
507. dennistouni Grant
508. pygmæus Grant
509. plateni (Blasius)
510. capitalis (Tweeddale)
511. nigrocapitatus (Steere)
512. affinis McGregor
Genus Mixornis "Hodgson" Blyth
513. woodi Sharpe
514. cagayanensis Guillemard
Genus Macronous Jardine and Selby
515. striaticeps Sharpe
516. mindanensis Steere
517. montanus (Mearns)
518. kettlewelli Guillemard
Genus Leonardina Mearns
519. woodi Mearns
Subfamily Brachypteryginæ
Genus Brachypteryx Horsfield
520. poliogyna Grant
521. brunneiceps Grant
522. mindanensis Mearns
523. malindangensis Mearns
Family Turdidæ
Subfamily Turdinæ
Genus Planesticus Bonaparte
524. mindorensis (Grant)
525. thomassoni (Seebohm)
526. mayonensis (Mearns)
527. kelleri (Mearns)
528. nigrorum (Grant)
529. malindangensis (Mearns)
Genus Turdus Linnæus
530. pallidus Gmelin
531. chrysolaus Temminck
532. obscurus Gmelin
Genus Geokichla "Boie" S. Müller
533. interpres (Temminck)
534. cinerea Bourns and Worcester
535. mindanensis Mearns
Genus Zoothera Vigors
536. andromedæ (Temminck)
Genus Oreocincla Gould
537. varia (Pallas)
Genus Petrophila Swainson
538. manillensis (J. R. Forster)
Subfamily Ruticillinæ
Genus Chaimarrornis Hodgson
539. bicolor Grant
Genus Calliope Gould
540. calliope (Pallas)
Genus Copsychus Wagler
541. mindanensis (Boddaert)
Genus Kittacincla Gould
542. luzoniensis (Kittlitz)
543. superciliaris Bourns and Worcester
544. nigra Sharpe
545. cebuensis Steere
Subfamily Saxicolinæ
Genus Pratincola Koch
546. caprata (Linnæus)
Genus Saxicola Bechstein
547. oenanthe (Linnæus),
Family Sylviidæ
Genus Locustella Kaup
548. fasciolata (Gray)
549. ochotensis (Middendorf)
550. lanceolata (Temminck)
Genus Acrocephalus Naumann
551. sorghophilus (Swinhoe)
552. orientalis (Temminck and Schlegel)
Genus Tribura Hodgson
553. seebohmi (Grant)
Genus Orthotomus Horsfield
554. frontalis Sharpe
555. mearnsi McGregor
556. castaneiceps Walden
557. derbianus Moore,
558. chloronotus Grant
559. ruficeps (Lesson)
560. cineraceus Blyth
561. cinereiceps Sharpe
562. nigriceps Tweeddale
563. samarensis Steere
Genus Cisticola Kaup
564. cisticola (Temminck)
565. exilis (Vigors and Horsfield)
Genus Megalurus Horsfield
566. palustris Horsfield
567. tweeddalei McGregor
Genus Acanthopneuste Blasius
568. borealis (Blasius)
569. xanthodryas (Swinhoe)
570. lugubris (Blyth)
Genus Horornis Hodgson
571. canturians (Swinhoe)
572. minutus (Swinhoe)
573. seebohmi (Grant)
Genus Phyllergates Sharpe
574. philippinus Hartert
575. heterolæmus Mearns
Family Artamidæ
Genus Artamus Vieillot
576. leucorynchus (Linnæus)
Family Laniidæ
Subfamily Laniinæ
Genus Enneoctonus Boie
577. tigrinus (Drapiez)
Genus Cephalophoneus Fitzinger
578. validirostris (Grant)
579. nasutus (Scopoli)
580. suluensis Mearns
Genus Otomela Bonaparte
581. lucionensis (Linnæus)
582. cristata (Linnæus)
583. superciliosa (Latham)
Subfamily Pachycephalinæ
Genus Hyloterpe Cabanis
584. philippinensis Walden
585. apoensis Mearns
586. fallax McGregor
587. illex McGregor
588. albiventris Grant
589. whiteheadi Sharpe
590. winchelli Bourns and Worcester
591. homeyeri Blasius
Family Paridæ
Genus Pardaliparus Selys-Longchamps
592. elegans (Lesson)
593. albescens McGregor
594. edithæ McGregor
595. mindanensis (Mearns)
596. amabilis (Sharpe)
Genus Penthornis Hellmayr
597. semilarvatus (Salvadori)
598. tessacourbe (Scopoli)
Family Sittidæ
Genus Callisitta Bonaparte
599. palawana (Hartert)
600. oenochlamys (Sharpe)
601. mesoleuca (Grant)
602. lilacea (Whitehead)
Family Certhiidæ
Genus Rhabdornis Reichenbach
603. mystacalis (Temminck)
604. minor Grant
605. inornatus Grant
Family Zosteropidæ
Genus Zosterops Vigors and Horsfield
606. meyeni Bonaparte
607. whiteheadi Hartert
608. vulcani (Hartert)
609. halconensis Mearns
610. batanis McGregor
611. siquijorensis Bourns and Worcester
612. boholensis McGregor
613. everetti Tweeddale
614. basilanica Steere
615. meyleri McGregor
616. richmondi McGregor
617. luzonica Grant
618. aureiloris Grant
619. nigrorum Tweeddale
620. goodfellowi Hartert
621. malindangensis (Mearns)
Genus Hypocryptadius Hartert
622. cinnamomeus Hartert
Family Dicæidæ
Genus Dicæum Cuvier
623. retrocinctum Gould
624. hæmatostictum Sharpe
625. papuense (Gmelin)
626. luzoniense Grant
627. apo Hartert
628. bonga Hartert
629. dorsale Sharpe
630. pallidius Bourns and Worcester
631. xanthopygium Tweeddale
632. intermedium Bourns and Worcester
633. sibuyanicum Bourns and Worcester
634. assimile Bourns and Worcester
635. sibutuense Sharpe
636. cinereigulare Tweeddale
637. besti Steere
638. flaviventer Meyer
639. pygmæum (Kittlitz)
640. davao Mearns
641. hypoleucum Sharpe
642. mindanense Tweeddale
643. everetti Tweeddale
644. obscurum Grant
645. nigrilore Hartert
Genus Prionochilus Strickland
646. johannæ Sharpe
647. quadricolor Tweeddale
648. olivaceous Tweeddale
649. bicolor Bourns and Worcester
650. inexpectatus Hartert
Genus Piprisoma Blyth
651. æruginosum (Bourns and Worcester)
Family Nectariniidæ
Subfamily Nectariniinæ
Genus Chalcostetha Cabanis
652. calcostetha (Jardine)
Genus Æthopyga Cabanis
653. magnifica Sharpe
654. boltoni Mearns
655. shelleyi Sharpe
656. bella Tweeddale
657. arolasi Bourns and Worcester
658. bonita Bourns and Worcester
659. flavipectus Grant
660. rubrinota McGregor
Genus Eudrepanis Sharpe
661. pulcherrima (Sharpe)
662. jefferyi Grant
663. decorosa McGregor
Genus Cinnyris Cuvier
664. sperata (Linnæus)
665. henkei Meyer
666. juliæ (Tweeddale)
667. flagrans (Oustalet)
668. guimarasensis Steere
669. jugularis (Linnæus)
670. aurora (Tweeddale)
Genus Anthreptes Swainson
671. chlorigaster Sharpe
672. malaccensis (Scopoli)
673. wiglesworthi (Hartert)
674. cagayanensis Mearns
675. rhodolæma Shelley
676. griseigularis Tweeddale
Subfamily Arachnotherinæ
Genus Arachnothera Temminck
677. flammifera Tweeddale
678. dilutior Sharpe
679. philippinensis (Steere)
Family Motacillidæ
Genus Motacilla Linnæus
680. ocularis Swinhoe
681. melanope Pallas
Genus Budytes Cuvier
682. leucostriatus Homeyer
Genus Dendronanthus Blyth
683. indicus (Gmelin)
Genus Anthus Bechstein
684. hodgsoni Richmond
685. richardi Vieillot
686. rufulus Vieillot
687. gustavi Swinhoe
688. cervinus (Pallas)
Family Alaudidæ
Genus Alauda Linnæus
689. wattersi Swinhoe
Genus Mirafra Horsfield
690. philippinensis Ramsay
Family Fringillidæ
Genus Loxia Linnæus
691. luzoniensis Grant
Genus Pyrrhula Brisson
692. leucogenys Grant
693. steerei Mearns
Genus Fringilla Linnæus
694. montifringilla Linnæus
Genus Passer Brisson
695. montanus (Linnæus)
Genus Spinus Koch
696. spinus (Linnæus)
Genus Emberiza Linnæus
697. pusilla Pallas
698. spodocephala Pallas
699. sulphurata Temminck and Schlegel
Family Ploceidæ
Subfamily Viduinæ
Genus Padda Reichenbach
700. oryzivora (Linnæus)
Genus Munia Hodgson
701. jagori Martens
702. formosana Swinhoe
703. cabanisi Sharpe
Genus Uroloncha Cabanis
704. everetti (Tweeddale)
705. fuscans (Cassin)
Genus Reichenowia Poche
706. brunneiventris (Grant)
Family Oriolidæ
Genus Oriolus Linnæus
707. acrorhynchus Vigors
708. isabellæ Grant
709. albiloris Grant
710. samarensis Steere
711. steeri Sharpe
712. basilanicus Grant
713. cinereogenys Bourns and Worcester
714. assimilis Tweeddale
715. xanthonotus Horsfield
Family Dicruridæ
Genus Dicrurus Vieillot
716. balicassius (Linnæus)
717. striatus Tweeddale
718. suluensis Hartert
719. mirabilis Walden and Layard
Genus Chibia Hodgson
720. palawanensis (Tweeddale)
721. cuyensis McGregor
722. worcesteri McGregor
723. borneensis Sharpe
724. menagei Bourns and Worcester
Genus Bhuchanga Hodgson
725. palawanensis Whitehead
Family Sturnidæ
Subfamily Sturninæ
Genus Sturnia Lesson
726. sinensis (Gmelin)
727. philippensis (Forster)
Genus Spodiopsar Sharpe
728. sericeus (Gmelin)
729. cineraceus (Temminck)
Genus Lamprocorax Bonaparte
730. panayensis (Scopoli)
731. todayensis Mearns
Genus Ætheopsar Sharpe
732. cristatellus (Linnæus)
Genus Sarcops Walden
733. calvus (Linnæus)
734. melanonotus Grant
Genus Goodfellowia Hartert
735. miranda Hartert
Genus Eulabes Cuvier
736. palawanensis Sharpe
Family Corvidæ
Genus Corone Kaup
737. philippina (Bonaparte)
Genus Corvus Linnæus
738. pusillus Tweeddale
739. samarensis Steere
Additions and corrections
PREFACE.
During several years spent in collecting zoölogical specimens in the
Philippine Islands the author has constantly experienced the need of a
book containing descriptions of the Philippine birds. That others have
felt the same want is evident from the many requests for literature
received. Lists of Philippine birds [1] have been published from time
to time but they contain no descriptions and are of use to those only
who have a considerable library at hand.
The Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum contains descriptions of
most of the known species of birds and these include very many of the
Philippine species but the bulk of its 27 volumes would preclude the
use of this work in the field even if its rarity and cost were not
prohibitory. Thus there is an almost total lack of adequate means
for identifying Philippine birds which has been a serious check to
activity and interest in ornithological work throughout the Islands.
To meet this need and to place descriptions of the birds inhabiting
the Philippines in a convenient form for the use of local naturalists
the present work has been prepared. Technical terms and references
to internal structure have been avoided as far as possible although
this method weakens, to some extent, the keys and diagnoses of the
higher groups. The diagnoses of orders, families, and genera being
drawn from Philippine species may or may not define these groups as
represented outside of the Archipelago.
The actual material which has been available for study consists of
about 8,000 specimens of birds collected for the Bureau of Science,
a few skins received in exchange from the Menage Collection, nearly
200 skins received from the United States National Museum, part
in exchange and part as a loan, and a few small lots of skins from
various sources. There are, however, some 150 species inhabiting the
Philippines of which not a single specimen has been examined. Of some
other species the available material is quite inadequate for complete
descriptions; this is particularly true of the shore and water birds,
most of which visit the Philippine Islands as migrants and can not
be obtained here in breeding plumage.
To meet these deficiencies a large number of descriptions have been
taken from previous works, notably the Catalogue of Birds in the
British Museum, Oates's Birds of British Burmah, and the four volumes
on birds in the Fauna of British India, while a few have been taken
from periodicals. All copied descriptions and parts of descriptions
are inclosed in quotation marks followed by the authors' names;
the exact reference in each case will be found in the synonymy of
the species described.
The quotations ending with "Bourns and Worcester MS." are taken from a
manuscript prepared by Messrs. Frank S. Bourns and Dean C. Worcester
and based upon the ornithological specimens collected by the Menage
Expedition. This manuscript was intended for publication by the
Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences, but as that institution was
unable to meet the necessary expense, the right to use the manuscript
reverted to the authors who have permitted the publication of their
notes in this Manual.
The scientific name, an English name, and such native names as seem
to be commonly used with some degree of accuracy are given for each
species.
The synonymy consists of references to original descriptions and
to all works from which quotations are made; also to the following
works when the species is given in them: Catalogue of Birds in
the British Museum, Sharpe's Hand-List of the Genera and Species
of Birds, Oates and Reid's Catalogue of Birds' Eggs in the British
Museum, and McGregor and Worcester's Hand-List of Philippine Birds;
other references are to plates or figures, records of rare species,
important descriptions, notes on habits, or critical remarks. [2]
The distribution of each species is given by islands, arranged
alphabetically, with the names of collectors so far as these have
been worked out from the available literature. Distribution outside
of the Philippine Islands is given in a general way only.
To the descriptions and measurements of the birds are added notes
on habits, nests and eggs, abundance, etc. and in very many cases
manuscript notes by Bourns and Worcester, giving information on habits,
colors of soft parts, measurements, and validity of species.
All measurements are in the metric system. In copied descriptions
inches and hundredths have been carefully reduced to millimeters and
the English measurements omitted, tenths and hundredths of millimeters
being disregarded in most instances.
In accordance with Canon XXXVII of the Code of Nomenclature adopted
by the American Ornithologists' Union, Revised Edition (1908), generic
and specific names, unless evidently misprinted, are spelled as in the
original descriptions. Dr. Charles W. Richmond, Assistant Curator,
Division of Birds, United States National Museum, has most kindly
verified a very large number of these citations.
The last half century has been exceedingly fruitful in systems of
classification, some of them excellent, most of them suggestive and
helpful. The whole subject has been reviewed in a masterly way by
Newton, Dictionary of Birds, London (1896), 45-120 of introduction.
The present author has not the ability to judge of the relative merits
of the schemes of classification proposed by various authors but the
system set forth in Sharpe's Hand-List [3] and copied in McGregor
and Worcester's Hand-List of Philippine Birds is followed as being
both convenient and well known.
USE OF THE KEYS.
A key is a short cut used to approximate identification without
reading a great number of descriptions. The keys given here differ in
no essential particular from those to be found in other systematic
works on ornithology, but for the benefit of the beginner their use
may be briefly explained.
Having in hand an unknown bird begin with the key to the Orders
(p. 7), reading first the line beginning a1; if the specimen has
the characters given after a1 then the bird belongs to the Order
Pelecaniformes and another key is to be used which will be found
under that order, (p. 200). If the characters on the line after
a1 are not found in the specimen, then those given on the line a2
are to be examined and these the specimen must have, if no mistake
has been made. The next choice is between b1 and b2 and so on until
characters are found which agree with those of the specimen and at
the same time lead to a word at the right printed in heavy face type;
this is the name of the order to which the specimen belongs.
Having determined the order turn to the page where the order begins
and use the key there which leads to the suborders or to the families,
then find and use the keys to genera and species.
To illustrate the use of keys with a concrete example, suppose that we
have a specimen of the common spoon-billed duck or shoveler, but know
nothing of its affinities. Beginning with the key to orders we find:
"a1. Hind toe connected by a web to the inner toe." As this does not
agree with our specimen we try:
"a2. Hind toe not connected by a web to the inner toe." Yes.
"b1. Nostrils tubular." No.
"b2. Nostrils not tubular." Yes.
"c1. Cutting edges of bill more or less distinctly fringed or
serrated, tip of bill rounded ... Anseriformes."
Yes, and our bird belongs in the order Anseriformes. By a similar
procedure we find that our duck belongs in the subfamily Anatinæ
(p. 185) and in the key to genera (p. 187) we find:
"a1. Bill not spatulate."
"a2. Bill flattened, and spatulate ... Spatula."
As our duck has a flattened, spatulate bill we turn to the genus
Spatula (p. 196) and as there is but one Philippine species in this
genus we know that our bird is--
Spatula clypeata (Linnæus).
SHOVELER.
A MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS.
By Richard C. McGregor.
Class AVES.
Oviparous, warm-blooded, amniotic vertebrates which have their anterior
extremities transformed into wings. Metacarpus and fingers carrying
feathers or quills. With an intertarsal joint. Not more than four
toes of which the first is the hallux. (Gadow.)
Subclass CARINATÆ.
Sternum with a keel; scapulæ and coracoids fused forming an acute
or a right angle; foramen ischiadicum present; distal six or seven
vertebræ fused to form the pygostyle.
Orders.
a1. Hind toe connected by a web to the inner toe ... Pelecaniformes
(p. 200)
a2. Hind toe not connected by a web to the inner toe.
b1. Nostrils tubular.
c1. Bill strong and decidedly hooked at the tip
... Procellariiformes (p. 84)
c2. Bill weak, very small, gape very wide ... Caprimulgi in
Coraciiformes (p. 295)
b2. Nostrils not tubular.
c1. Cutting edges of bill more or less distinctly fringed or
serrated, tip of bill rounded ... Anseriformes (p. 184)
c2. Cutting edges of bill not fringed.
d1. Rectrices rudimentary; or if evident not prominent, being
short, soft, and hidden by the upper coverts.
e1. Tarsus flat; toes lobed ... Colymbiformes (p. 82)
e2. Tarsus normal; toes not lobed.
f1. Hind toe wanting ... Hemipodii (p. 17)
f2. Hind toe present. ... Excalfactoria and Megapodius in
Galliformes (p. 9)
d2. Rectrices not rudimentary; if short not hidden by upper
coverts.
e1. Anterior toes distinctly webbed and tarsus shorter than
tail. ... Lariformes (p. 85)
e2. Anterior toes not distinctly webbed; or, if webbed,
tarsus decidedly longer than tail; or else bill extremely
small with gape very broad and deeply cleft.
f1. Lower portion of thighs naked; or, if feathered, the
bill lengthened and grooved along each side, the outer and
middle toes separated for their entire length.
g1. Hind toe well developed and inserted on the level of
the anterior toes; claws not excessively lengthened; loral
or orbital region or both naked ... Ardeiformes (p. 157)
g2. Hind toe if present, small and inserted above the
level of the rest; or else size of bird small (less than
1 meter), loral and orbital regions fully feathered and
middle claw not pectinate.
h1. If more than 1 meter long the hind toe short and
elevated; if less than 1 meter long the hind toe not
elevated.
i1. Size very large; hind toe small and
elevated. ... Gruiformes (p. 155)
i2. Size medium to small; hind toe not
elevated. ... Ralliformes (p. 65)
h2. Less than 1 meter long, usually much less; the hind
toe if present, short and elevated, or if long the claws
excessively long and wings spurred ... Charadriiformes
(p. 98)
f2. Lower portion of thighs feathered; or else middle and
outer toes united for at least half their length, the bill
if lengthened not grooved along the side.
g1. Bill strongly hooked and with a distinct cere at base
of upper mandible.
h1. Toes three in front; or else outer toe reversible;
claws sharp and powerful.
i1. No facial disk of modified feathers; plumage
normal, compact; nostrils generally not concealed by
bristles. ... Accipitriformes (p. 210)
i2. Eyes surrounded by a disk of modified feathers;
plumage soft and fluffy; nostrils usually concealed
by stiff bristles. ... Strigiformes (p. 249)
h2. Toes two in front and two behind, the outer
toe permanently reversed; claws small and dull
... Psittaciformes (p. 272)
g2. Bill not strongly hooked and without a cere at base
of upper mandible.
h1. Hind toe small and elevated ... Galliformes (p. 9)
h2. Hind toe or toes well developed and on the same
level as the anterior toes.
i1. Upper mandible with a soft swollen
base. ... Columbiformes (p. 23)
i2. Bill without a soft swollen base.
j1. Toes two in front, two behind; rarely two in
front and one behind, then the bill straight and
the rectrices stiff and pointed.
k1. Two toes in front united for their basal joint.
l1. Inner toe reversed, tail graduated
... Trogones (p. 362)
l2. Outer toe reversed, tail nearly
square. ... Scansores (p. 389)
k2. Two toes in front perfectly free.
l1. Bill straight, its tip chisel-shaped;
rectrices stiff, with stiff, pointed tips
... Piciformes (p. 392)
l2. Bill more or less curved; rectrices long and
soft, without stiff, pointed tips ... Coccyges
(p. 363)
j2. Toes three in front, one behind; rarely two in
front and one behind, then the tail soft; or rarely
four toes turned forward and arranged in pairs.
k1. Claw of hind toe shorter than that of third
toe; feet weak, or feet strong and two toes united
for their basal joint ... Coraciiformes (p. 295)
k2. Claw of hind toe equal to or longer than that
of middle toe.
l1. Outer and middle toes united for their
basal joint; bill broad; eye surrounded by a
fleshy wattle; tail graduated ... Eurylæmiformes
(p. 410)
l2. Outer and middle toes not united; toes
four in number; rectrices twelve with rare
exceptions; bill variable in shape, never
extensively membranous, softly tumid, nor cered
... Passeriformes (p. 413)
Order GALLIFORMES.
MEGAPODES, PAINTED QUAIL, AND PHEASANTS.
Bill short and stout, culmen curved; head small; body heavy; wings
short and rounded, curved to the body; tail either very short or
greatly elongated; legs moderate to heavy; claws well developed; toes
four, slightly webbed at base. Members of this order are terrestrial;
their flight is strong and swift but can not be sustained for a long
distance. Their food consists of grain, seeds, and insects. The nest
is usually a slight hollow in the ground, hidden by grass or brush;
the megapodes, however, bury their eggs in mounds.
Suborders.
a1. Hind toe on a level with the other toes; feet and claws very heavy;
colors plain, the sexes similar in color ... Megapodii (p. 9)
a2. Hind toe slightly elevated; feet and claws moderate in size;
sexes very different in color; males much brighter ... Phasiani (p. 11)
Suborder MEGAPODII.
Family MEGAPODIIDÆ.
Nostrils oval, situated near anterior border of surrounding membrane;
bill moderate, culmen curved; orbital area nearly naked; ear-opening
small; chin, throat, and face scantily feathered with short plumes,
the skin usually red or dusky; legs, feet, and claws very large and
powerful; claws slightly curved and usually blunt; anterior face
of tarsus bearing a row of large scutes; rectrices short, exceeding
coverts but little; sexes alike.
Genus MEGAPODIUS Gaimard, 1823.
Characters same as those given for the Family.
1. MEGAPODIUS CUMINGI Dillwyn.
PHILIPPINE MEGAPODE.
Megapodius cumingii Dillwyn, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1851), 119, pl. 39.
Megapodius pusillus Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 765,
pl. 78 (juv.).
Megapodius dillwyni Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 766.
Megapodius cumingi Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 22, 449;
Meyer and Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (1898), 2, 671, pl. 41,
fig. 1; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 12; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs
(1901), 1, 16; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 7.
Ou-cong', Calayan, Camiguin N.; ta-bon', Luzon, Mindoro,
Cagayancillo, and in general.
Balabac (Steere, Everett); Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Steere,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Cagayancillo (McGregor);
Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Cebu (Everett, Bourns &
Worcester); Cresta de Gallo (McGregor); Fuga (Whitehead, McGregor);
Luzon (Cuming, Heriot, Whitehead); Marinduque (Steere Exp.);
Mindanao (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
Goodfellow); Mindoro (McGregor, Porter); Palawan (Everett,
Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester, White); Romblon
(Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Bourns & Worcester); Sibutu (Everett);
Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester, Platen);
Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao
(McGregor). Celebean Islands and islands of northwestern Borneo.
Adult.--Top of head dark blue-gray with a wash of olive-brown; a narrow
gray collar on hind neck; rest of upper parts, including exposed parts
of folded wing, rich olive-brown; lower parts dark blue-gray. Iris
brown; bill yellow, dusky at base and about nostrils; legs and nails
black or dark brown; skin about eye varies from bright red to almost
black. A male from Cagayancillo measures, 340 in length; wing, 230;
tail, 72.4; tarsus, 62; middle toe with claw, 57; bill from nostril,
14. A female from the same island measures, 340 in length; wing, 235;
tail, 70; tarsus, 58; middle toe with claw, 57; bill from nostril, 14.
Young.--A bird measuring but 165 in length, taken in Calayan, October
7, 1903, bears a general resemblance to the adult but the superorbital
space, lores, chin, and throat are closely feathered; forehead, chin,
and area below eye dull yellowish brown; throat, sides of neck, and
breast dull brown; middle of abdomen dark ochraceous brown; feathers
of upper parts dark brown, obscurely edged with olive-brown on back,
scapulars, and wing-coverts; plumage, except remiges and rectrices,
soft and decomposed.
Nest.--The incubation mound built by this species is fully described
below. The eggs are prized by the natives for food; both the eggs and
the birds are quite palatable. When fresh the thin surface layer of the
egg is dark pink, usually smooth, but occasionally roughened by small
lumps; when exposed to air and light for some time the color becomes
dull, dirty brown and in many cases the outer layer crumbles away
exposing the true shell which is dull white and closely pitted. Five
eggs from Calayan taken in December measure: 78 by 52; 82 by 52.5;
82.5 by 47; 80 by 51; 79 by 51.
"This species probably occurs on every island of any size in the
group. It is frequently met with a considerable distance inland,
where it frequents wooded plains and hill. Its nest is usually,
though by no means always, built near the seashore. Several pairs
of birds frequently nest in the same mound, scratching up a little
additional material every time that an egg is deposited, eventually
forming a very large mound of earth, decayed leaves, sticks, etc.,
which in extreme cases comes to measure from 4 to 5 meters in diameter
by 1 1/2 meters high in the middle. The mound is frequently formed
about the roots of some old stump. When ready to lay, the female
tunnels into this mound, sometimes even burrowing into the solid
ground to a depth of half a meter or more, so that the eggs are one
to two meters below the surface of the mound. The egg is deposited at
the bottom of this burrow, which is then filled up. The young birds
dig to the surface as soon as hatched. They can run and fly when
they leave the shell, and seem always to shift for themselves from
the day of their birth. M. cumingi seems to lay all the year round,
the female apparently depositing an egg about once a week. The eggs
are oval in form, of a curious pinkish color when fresh, but rapidly
fading to a light dirty brown if exposed to the light.
"The old birds seem rather reluctant to take wing and when flushed fly
but a short distance, alight on the ground and run with great rapidity.
"There is much individual variation as to size and color even in birds
from one locality. Length, 336 to 380; culmen, 15 to 19; tarsus, 55
to 68; wing, 210 to 233; tail, 63 to 86. Iris dark chocolate-brown;
bill light yellowish at tip, brown at base; legs sometimes dark brown,
but usually strongly tinged with red, especially at back; feet dark
brown to black; nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Suborder PHASIANI.
Family PHASIANIDÆ.
Bill strong and horny, nostrils oblong, never hidden by feathers;
culmen curved but not hooked; tarsi naked and in the male armed with
spurs (Excalfactoria without spurs); toes four, naked, and never
pectinated along sides; sexes differently colored.
Genera.
a1 Much smaller; length less than 150 mm.; head without crest or comb;
spurs absent ... Excalfactoria (p. 12)
a2 Much larger; length more than 350 mm.; head crested or with a comb;
spurs present in the male.
b1. No crest but with a fleshy comb; tail-coverts without ocelli;
male with one pair of spurs ... Gallus (p. 13)
b2. No comb but with an elongated crest; longer tail-coverts
ocellated; male with two or three pairs of spurs ... Polyplectron
(p. 16)
Genus EXCALFACTORIA Bonaparte, 1856.
This genus resembles Turnix but is distinguished from it by having
a hind toe; the male is much handsomer than the female; the tail has
but eight short rectrices which are hidden by the long upper coverts.
2. EXCALFACTORIA LINEATA (Scopoli).
ISLAND PAINTED QUAIL.
Oriolus lineatus Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786),
2, 87.
Excalfactoria lineata Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 22, 253;
Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 32; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1901),
1, 48, pl. 4, fig. 2; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 7.
Pu-gong bú-quet, ti-co ti-co, Manila; pu-gong pa-rang, Calapan,
Mindoro.
Basilan (McGregor); Batan (McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Calamianes
(Bourns & Worcester); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Lubang (McGregor);
Luzon (Heriot, Whitehead, McGregor); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester);
Mindanao (Koch & Schadenberg, Clemens); Mindoro (McGregor,
Porter); Negros (Layard, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Palawan
(Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Bourns & Worcester);
Samar (Whitehead); Sibuyan (McGregor); Siquijor (Celestino); Sulu
(Guillemard); Ticao (McGregor). Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Australia.
Adult male.--Upper parts dark brown; most of the feathers with light
shaft-lines, large subterminal black blotches, and some black bars; the
black markings heaviest on lower back; forehead, circumorbital area,
sides of neck, breast, and flanks slate-blue; chin, upper throat,
and lower half of face black; throat patch bordered posteriorly by
a wide, crescentic, white patch which is bordered posteriorly by
a narrow black band; a white included patch on side of face from
lower mandible to below ear, the anterior end of which is pointed;
a narrow white line from below nostril to eye; a patch of rich
chestnut covering middle of abdomen and lower breast; wings sandy
brown; coverts and secondaries vermiculated with darker brown; tail
chestnut; upper tail-coverts chestnut mixed with slate-blue. Iris
deep red; bill dark blue, black along upper part; legs dark yellow;
nails brown. Length about 135. Five males measure: Wing, 66 to 70;
tail-coverts, [4] 26 to 28; exposed culmen, 9 to 11; tarsus, 18 to 19.
Adult female.--Upper parts and wings as in the male, but with a light
buff, median line on head; forehead, sides of head, and throat dark
buff; the black and white throat patch of male replaced in female by
an equal area of dark buff in which the white bases of feathers show
through on chin and upper throat; a line of fine black spots from
gape to below ear-coverts; breast and flanks light buff, each feather
crossed by one to three crescentic marks of blackish brown; middle of
abdomen white or with a pale buff wash. Five females measure: Wing,
67 to 71; tail-coverts, 22 to 26; exposed culmen, 10 to 11; tarsus,
17 to 18.5.
Young.--In a very young chick from Sibuyan, sex undetermined, the
upper parts, including wings and coverts, are blackish brown; top of
head marked with three buffy lines extending from forehead to nape
and separated by wide blackish brown bands; wing-coverts and feathers
of back with edges and shafts buff; chin and throat pale yellow;
upper breast, sides, and flanks black with wide white shaft-stripes;
belly dirty yellowish buff. A nearly full grown male in mixed plumage,
from Calapan, has the black chin-spot developed, the white patches
partly developed, and the breast, abdomen, and flanks retain some
of the old striped feathers of the first plumage along with the new
chestnut and slate feathers. The young female of E. chinensis is said
to have the upper breast and sides spotted; as age increases these
spots resolve themselves into transverse bars. The young female of
E. lineata probably undergoes a similar change of plumage.
Both the painted and bustard quails frequent grassy fields and
plains, usually in small companies. When flushed they fly but a
short distance and seldom get up a second time, seeming to place more
reliance on running than on flight. Except Polyplectron the genera
of the Philippine Turnicidæ and Phasianidæ range from the coasts to
the highlands.
Genus GALLUS Brisson, 1760.
Head surmounted by a fleshy comb; a wattle on each side of throat;
tail laterally compressed, the central feathers being higher than the
lateral ones; the former greatly elongated and curved in the males;
feathers of neck and rump long and pointed; each tarsus armed with
a long sharp spur.
3. GALLUS GALLUS (Linnæus).
RED JUNGLE FOWL.
Phasianus gallus Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 158.
Gallus bankiva Temminck, Pig. et Gall. (1813), 2, 87.
Gallus gallus Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 22, 344; Sharpe,
Hand-List (1899), 1, 39; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1901), 1, 59;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 8.
? Gallus stramineicollis Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1879), 317. [5]
La-bú-yu, Lubang, Manila, and generally; ma-noc' i-has', Bohol.
Balabac (Steere); Basilan (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Bohol (McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns &
Worcester); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Cebu
(Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Fuga
(Whitehead, McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp.); Lubang
(McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Schmacker, Whitehead, McGregor);
Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao
(Everett, Steere Exp., Goodfellow); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor, Porter); Negros (Bourns & Worcester, Keay);
Palawan (Steere, Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester, White);
Panay (Steere, Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester);
Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Celestino); Sulu
(Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester);
Ticao (McGregor). Malay and Indian Peninsulas, Indo-Malayan
Islands, Indo-Chinese countries.
Adult male.--Sides of head, chin, and throat clothed with scattered
hair-like feathers; ear protected by short close-set feathers;
feathers on top of head, neck, and mantle lanceolate, those of
mantle very long; head, neck, and sides of neck dark reddish brown,
becoming lighter and yellowish near ends of longest feathers, and
forming a zone of orange-yellow, the tips again darker, reddish, and
shaft-lines darker; mantle feathers hidden by hackles, and lesser
coverts blackish brown with slight gloss; lower back and median
coverts rich maroon-red forming a wide crescent; lanceolate rump
feathers dark orange-red; below (except a few lanceolate reddish
feathers on throat) blackish brown with a slight green gloss not
always evident; primaries dark brown edged with buff; secondaries
dark brown with exposed outer webs dark cinnamon, mottled near tips;
alula and greater coverts blackish brown, the latter with green and
purple gloss; tail and its upper coverts black, glossed with green;
middle pair of rectrices curved outward and about twice the length
of next pair. Top of head decorated with a deeply emarginated, fleshy
comb, crimson in color; a wattle on each side of throat also crimson;
a round lappet below each ear light bluish; other bare areas of head
and neck pale crimson; bill dark brown above, lighter below; legs gray,
spurs black, nails dark brown. The length varies greatly, of course,
with the development of central rectrices. A male from Mariveles,
Bataan measures, 660 in length; wing, flat on rule, 235; tail, 368;
bill from front of comb, 17; tarsus, 74; middle toe with claw, 59;
spur, 24. A male from Fuga, tail, 508; spur, 28.
"Adult female.--Top of the head rust-red, shading into orange on the
neck and pale yellow on the upper mantle, each feather with a wide
black stripe down the center; rest of upper parts pale reddish brown,
finely mottled with black and with pale shafts; quills blackish brown,
the outer half of the outer webs of secondaries mottled with pale
reddish brown; fore part of neck chestnut; chest and breast pale light
red, shading into pale reddish brown on sides, flanks, and belly,
each feather with a pale shaft; under tail-coverts brownish black;
tail-feathers like the secondaries, the center pair of feathers mottled
on the margins of both webs, and the outer pairs on the outer web,
with pale rufous. Soft parts much the same as those of the male;
comb very much smaller, and wattles absent. Length, 420; wing, 190;
tail, 140; tarsus, 61.
"Immature males have the hackles of the mantle much paler than in
the majority of adult birds and mostly with dark shaft-stripes; the
chestnut part of the outer webs of the secondaries finely mottled
with black nearly to the margins; the feathers underlying the hackles
of the mantle dull, brownish black without any green gloss, and the
comb and wattles rudimentary." (Grant.)
Chick.--Below light yellow-buff, palest on chin; throat, upper breast,
and sides of neck washed with brownish buff; top and sides of head
dark yellow-buff; a band from above angle of mouth backward through
eye to side of neck dark cinnamon, bordered above with blackish brown;
middle of crown and hind neck with a wide, black-bordered cinnamon
patch which becomes diffused on interscapular region, reappears on
middle of back and is continued to the tail; the black bordered on
each side with light buff followed by dark brown; wings and tail light
brown, speckled and vermiculated with darker brown. Iris light brown;
bill, legs, and nails flesh. Small chicks were taken in Mariveles,
Province of Bataan, March 8, 1902, and at Irisan, Province of Benguet,
on April 30, 1903.
Nest.--A slight hollow dug in the earth in the shelter of bushes or
grass is the usual nest. The eggs are much smaller than with domestic
varieties; four from a nest found February 26, 1904, near Mariveles,
Bataan, measure respectively: 47 by 36; 44 by 34; 45 by 35; 46 by
35. In color the eggs are light creamy buff; the shape is similar to
that found in eggs from the domestic varieties.
The jungle fowl is found throughout the Philippines and the males are
frequently domesticated by the natives and used for their national
pastime of cock fighting. In this country at least the wild chickens
afford the gunner no sport whatever as they habitually remain within
thick tangles of brush where wing-shots are impossible, or, if by
chance caught in the open, they scurry to the nearest thicket. There
is no great difficulty, however, in securing specimens, if one cares
to kill them sitting. Their flesh is usually tender and more savory
than that of the domestic birds. The male has a high falsetto voice
resembling very much that of a young domestic cock. Delighting in
small growth mixed with a tangle of bamboo and rattan, especially if
near cultivated fields, this species generally avoids true forest
unless there be near-by clearings. The natives are very successful
in taking the cocks alive by employing a live decoy which they picket
within a small corral of snares.
Genus POLYPLECTRON Temminck, 1807.
Bill similar to that of Gallus; feathers of crown forming a long
crest; wings short and rounded; rectrices twenty-four in number and
greatly graduated; upper tail-coverts lengthened; tarsi covered with
transverse plates and each tarsus armed with two or three sharp spurs;
tarsus longer than middle toe with claw.
4. POLYPLECTRON NAPOLEONIS Lesson.
PALAWAN PEACOCK PHEASANT.
Polyplectron napoleonis Lesson, Traité d'Orn. (1831), 487,
650; Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 22, 361; Bourns and
Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 43;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 8.
Polyplectron nehrkornæ Blasius, Mitth. orn. Ver. Wien (1891), 1;
Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 22, 360.
Polyplectrum napoleonis Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 39.
Pavo real, Spanish name.
Palawan (Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester, White).
Adult male.--Black; top of head, crest, and hind neck green, changing
with the light to purple; a large white patch from base of lower
mandible extending over ear-coverts; a narrow superciliary line
of white (this line is absent in some specimens; in others wider
and confluent on nape); mantle, secondaries, and greater and median
wing-coverts green, changing to blue and purple, bases of the feathers
black; remainder of wing brown or blackish; back and rump black,
thickly marked with small, rusty buff spots; longest coverts and
rectrices similar but the spots fewer and lighter and each feather
with two large, round or oval spots of peacock-green, surrounded by
a black ring and an outer gray ring; longest coverts tipped with
a narrow line of pale buff; rectrices tipped with lines of black,
gray, white, and gray, the white line narrow and sharply defined;
under parts all black, except tail-coverts which are speckled with
buff. "Bill black tipped with pale horn-color; eyes chocolate-brown;
legs, feet, and nails brown." (Bourns and Worcester.) A male from
Iwahig, Palawan, measures: Wing, 190; tail, 240; exposed culmen, 28;
bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 66; middle toe with claw, 56.
Female.--Top of head and a short crest dark brown; sides of face, chin,
and throat white; remainder of the plumage brown, more rusty above
and on wings, finely speckled with dark brown and black; tail with
the large round metallic spots of the male replaced by black spots
having little or no metallic color. A female from Iwahig, Palawan,
measures: Wing, 180; tail, 183; exposed culmen, 22; bill from nostril,
13; tarsus, 54; middle toe with claw, 48.
Young.--"An immature male resembles the female, but has tail and
greater coverts like those of adult male, though the ocelli are much
smaller and absent on inner webs of all the tail-feathers except
three middle pairs; one or two feathers of mantle have a metallic
bluish green patch in the middle and traces are apparent of black
plumage on mantle, wing-coverts, throat, and under parts." (Grant.)
This beautiful peacock pheasant, the "pavo real" of the Spaniards,
is confined to the Island of Palawan. Bourns and Worcester state that
the species is extremely shy, all of their specimens, including 18
adults beside young, being taken by natives in snares. They give the
following average measurements: Eleven males, length, 519; wing, 180;
tail, 222; culmen, 24; tarsus, 61; seven females, length, 420; wing,
166; tail, 150; culmen, 22; tarsus, 55.
Bourns and Worcester have shown that the character upon which
P. nehrkornæ was based--i.e., narrow superciliary stripes not confluent
on nape--is variable to a great degree and not dependent upon age,
so napoleonis is accepted as the correct specific name for the Palawan
bird, although originally applied to a specimen supposed to have come
from Luzon, an island in which the genus certainly does not exist.
Major John R. White has secured a fine series of these birds at the
Iwahig penal colony, and he states that he has seldom seen the birds
until snared by the natives.
Order HEMIPODII.
BUTTON QUAILS.
Culmen curved but not hooked; nostrils opening by a slit beneath a
horny scale; tarsi naked, without spurs; hind toe absent; wings short,
rounded, and curved to the body; rectrices short, soft, and nearly
hidden by the long fluffy coverts.
Family TURNICIDÆ.
Size small, the largest Philippine species under 200 mm. in length,
the others much smaller. Birds of this family resemble Excalfactoria in
general form but may be recognized by their lack of a hind toe. They
are usually found in grassy plains. The flight is rapid but of short
duration; the birds get up at one's feet but seldom flush a second
time. The nest is placed on the ground beneath a tuft of grass; eggs,
three or four, spotted with brown.
Genus TURNIX Bonnaterre, 1790.
Characters same as those given for the Family.
Species.
a1. Breast without chestnut or rusty buff, heavily cross-barred with
black. ... fasciata (p. 18)
a2. Breast chestnut or rusty buff, without black cross-bars.
b1. Larger; wing more than 80 mm.; breast rich chestnut; chin white
([male]), or black ([female]), or white spotted with black (young)
... ocellata (p. 20)
b2. Smaller; wing less than 80 mm.; breast rusty buff; chin whitish,
never black nor mixed with black.
c1. Bill more slender, depth at angle of gonys, 4 mm. or less.
d1. Smaller; wing, 57 to 60; tarsus, 16.5 to 18 mm ... whiteheadi
(p. 20)
d2. Larger; wing, 65.5 or more; tarsus, 19 mm. or more.
e1. Larger; wing, 67 mm.; upper parts lighter ... suluensis
(p. 21)
e2. Smaller; wing, 65.5 mm.; upper parts darker ... celestinoi
(p. 22)
c2. Bill stouter, depth at angle of gonys, 5.8 mm ... worcesteri
(p. 23)
5. TURNIX FASCIATA (Temminck).
PHILIPPINE BUTTON QUAIL.
Hemipodius fasciatus Temminck, Pig. et Gall. (1815), 3, 634, 757.
Turnix fasciata Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 22, 535;
Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 48; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1901),
1, 70; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 8.
Turnix nigrescens Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 765.
Turnix haynaldi Blasius, Ornis (1888), 4, 317.
Pu-gong daan, Manila; tic-ti'-co, Calapan, Mindoro.
Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Cebu (Everett, Bourns &
Worcester); Luzon (Everett, Heriot, Whitehead, McGregor, Mearns);
Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (McGregor, Porter); Negros
(Steere Exp.); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, White); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns
& Worcester).
Adult male.--Above blackish brown; feathers of back largely black with
white or buff margins; in some specimens the margins largely rufous;
chin and throat white; breast and sides light buff with clear-cut,
subterminal, black cross-bars; abdomen and belly dirty white; flanks
and under tail-coverts washed with buff; quills blackish brown,
first three or four narrowly edged with pale buff or white; first
alula-quill widely edged with pale buff or white; coverts light buff,
more or fewer with strong cross-bars. Bill black, yellow at base;
legs pale greenish yellow. Length, 140. Three males measure: Wing,
68 to 76; tail, 23 to 28; culmen, 12 to 13; tarsus, 21 to 22; middle
toe with claw, 18 to 19.5.
Adult female.--Like the adult male but larger; chin and throat
black; hind neck and sides of neck decorated with a collar of rich
chestnut. Iris white; bill yellow, slightly greenish toward tip; legs
greenish; nails flesh-colored. Length, 160. Three females measure:
Wing, 72 to 81; tail, 29 to 30.5; culmen, 13 to 14; tarsus, 23 to 25;
middle toe with claw, 20 to 23.
Young.--Immature birds of both sexes resemble the adult male but the
bars of breast are reduced to spots or to irregular V-shaped bars;
above more uniform, dull rusty brown and edges of feathers more or
less rusty; wing-coverts blackish brown, notched with white.
There is much variation in the color of the upper parts due to wear;
birds in fresh plumage (February, Manila) are largely chestnut above
and males may have a narrow chestnut collar; the rich color fades and
the feathers become abraded very rapidly. A male (March 17, Tarlac)
shows scarcely any chestnut and that of a faded hue. The species is
easily recognized in any plumage by the black bars (spots in young)
on breast.
Eggs.--"The eggs of the Philippine bustard quail are grayish white,
densely covered with specks and dots of yellowish brown and small
blotches of pale purple. The three examples in the collection
[collected by the Steere Expedition in Negros, November 10], are
very broad ovals and measure respectively: 28.4 by 21.3; 27 by 21.3;
26 by 21.3." (Oates.)
A nest believed to belong to this species was found in Mindoro,
March 23, 1905. It was made of dry grass and placed on the ground
in an old clearing, where it was well hidden by the surrounding
grass. The three eggs were slightly incubated; two of them measure 25
by 20 and the third measures 24.6 by 19.8. The ground-color is white,
closely speckled with dull greenish brown and occasional small spots
of various shades of lilac, the larger end rather thickly marked with
blotches of blackish brown. One specimen from Manila, July 30, 1908,
measures 23.5 by 18.5.
"Common about old paddy-fields and on grassy plains. It flies but a
short distance and then buries itself in the grass, where it runs
rapidly and hides so well that one is seldom able to flush a bird
the second time." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
6. TURNIX OCELLATA (Scopoli).
SPOTTED BUTTON QUAIL.
Oriolus ocellatus Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786),
pt. 2, 88.
Turnix ocellata Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 22, 548;
Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 49; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 8.
Pu-gong gu'-bat, Manila.
Luzon (Everett, Heriot, Whitehead, McGregor, Worcester, Mearns).
Adult male.--Above mottled and spotted; head and sides of face black
with roundish white spots and some rusty edging to feathers; rest of
upper parts with large black centers to feathers whose edges are light
buff and tips rusty; a slight trace of a chestnut nuchal collar; chin
and middle of throat white; breast uniform rufous-chestnut; middle of
belly dirty white; flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts dirty buff;
primaries brown with pale edges; secondaries mottled and with wider,
buff edges; coverts and tertials buff, each with a larger, roundish,
black spot. "Iris white, upper mandible grayish brown at tip, pale
yellow from nostrils back; lower mandible pale yellow, except tip
light brown, legs and feet light straw-yellow, except joints and
soles light brown; nails gray. Length, 165." (Worcester.) A specimen
from Benguet measures: Wing, 93; tail, 33; culmen, 15; tarsus, 25;
middle toe with claw, 24.
Adult female.--Similar to male but larger; throat and chin black;
chestnut of breast continued above as a wide nuchal collar. Iris
white; bill pale yellow, grayish at tip; legs dull yellow; nails
whitish. Length, 180; wing, 115; tail, 37; culmen, 17; tarsus, 29;
middle toe with claw, 27.5. These measurements are from a specimen
taken near Manila.
Young.--In young males the throat is more or less spotted with
black and many of the breast-feathers are subterminally spotted with
black. In young females the throat is more or less spotted with white.
This is much the largest of the Philippine button quails and appears
to be confined to the Island of Luzon.
7. TURNIX WHITEHEADI Grant.
WHITEHEAD'S BUTTON QUAIL.
Turnix whiteheadi Grant, Hand-Book Game Bds. (1896), 2, 276;
Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 5, 493; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1,
48; McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 7, pl. I, fig. 2;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 8.
Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).
Adult male.--General color above black, finely vermiculated with gray
and dull reddish brown or with dull chestnut; crown mostly black with
dull chestnut tips to the feathers; a distinct median line of buff
from bill to neck; many feathers on back edged with buff or whitish
buff; forehead and whole side of face pale buff, most of the feathers
black tipped; chin, upper throat, and abdomen white; breast dark buff;
a few black spots on sides of breast; a few feathers on sides, under
wings, dull chestnut; quills brown with light edges; long alula-quill
edged with white; coverts largely ochraceous-buff or dull chestnut
and more or less marked with large black spots; long scapulars
broadly edged with ochraceous-buff or pale yellow-buff. Iris white;
upper mandible dark horn; lower mandible dull blue; legs and nails
flesh-colored. Length, about 120; wing, 56.5 to 61; tail, 16.5 to 28;
culmen, 9 to 10; tarsus, 16.5 to 18.
Adult female.--Differs from the adult male in having median crown-line
and sides of face pale straw or whitish; a narrow collar of dull
chestnut; above generally darker and marked with a greater amount of
dull chestnut. Wing, 60 to 64; tail, 18 to 22; culmen, 9.5 to 11.5;
tarsus, 17 to 18.
Young.--Immature birds are similar to adults but have the breast
white, streaked with dark brown; upper parts more uniformly and less
richly colored.
Eggs.--White with numerous, obscure, lilac markings; around the larger
end a band of dark sienna; larger end covered to middle of egg with a
wash of dark brown; edge of this color-area well-defined and slightly
irregular; smaller end of egg with a few small specks and a faint brown
wash. Two eggs measure respectively 20 by 16 and 20 by 16.5. Another
egg, measuring 20.6 by 16.2, is white, speckled with brown and has
nearly one-half the surface, at the larger end, covered with dark
vandyke-brown. Eggs are deposited in August so far as known.
The only known specimens of Whitehead's button quail were purchased
in the Quinta Market, Manila. It is said that they are trapped in
the vicinity of Parañaque, some 7 kilometers from Manila.
8. TURNIX SULUENSIS Mearns.
SULU BUTTON QUAIL.
Turnix suluensis Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 83;
McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 8.
Sulu (Mearns).
"Adult female (type and only specimen).--General color of upper parts
walnut-brown, the feathers finely banded and vermiculated with gray and
black; top of head clove-brown, the feathers almost imperceptibly edged
with gray, divided by a median stripe of isabella-color extending from
the base of the bill to the occiput; sides of head and neck buffy
white speckled with clove-brown; nape walnut-brown, the feathers
edged with gray; mantle walnut-brown, the feathers edged with gray,
and vermiculated with black, gray, and traces of very pale cinnamon;
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts clove-brown, the feathers
narrowly edged with gray on the back and upper rump, more broadly with
cinnamon on the lower rump and upper tail-coverts; tail grayish drab,
the feathers perceptibly cross-banded with wavy lines of dusky, edged
with cinnamon on outer webs, with middle pair of feathers extending 7
mm. beyond the next pair; scapulars and humerals conspicuously edged
externally with golden buff and cinnamon; primaries grayish drab, the
two outer ones edged externally with wood-brown; secondaries darker
drab, edged with cinnamon on the outer web; greater wing-coverts
cinnamon, drab at base, with a subterminal black spot on the outer
web; lesser wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous, edged with buff, with a
subterminal black ocellus; chin, upper throat, and malar region,
whitish, the last speckled with blackish brown; lower neck and upper
breast clay-color, bordered by a chain of oval black spots, the
largest 3 mm. in length; lower breast and middle of belly whitish;
sides of lower neck, and sides of chest and breast, chestnut mixed
with black and clay-color; flanks light clay-color; under tail-coverts
darker clay-color; lining of wings pale clay-color and pale grayish
drab. Length of skin, 120; wing, 68; tail, 31; culmen, 11.5; depth
of bill at angle of gonys, 3.8; tarsus, 19.5." (Mearns.)
9. TURNIX CELESTINOI McGregor.
CELESTINO'S BUTTON QUAIL.
Turnix celestinoi McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A,
292, 317.
Bohol (McGregor).
Adult male (type and only specimen).--Ground-color of upper parts
black; feathers of head narrowly edged with dull buff, paler on
forehead; a narrow median line of pale buff from forehead to nape; hind
neck, mantle, rump, and tail-coverts with wavy, broken, cross-lines
of dark rusty buff, obsolete on neck; lores and side of head light
buff with small black tips to feathers; a patch on each side of neck
pale vinaceous-buff with narrow black cross-lines; chin and throat
white, each feather with narrow buff tips, middle of abdomen white;
rest of lower parts rusty buff or clay-color, a trifle lighter than
in T. worcesteri; each feather on sides of breast marked with a
wide black bar; primaries, secondaries, primary-coverts, and alula
drab-gray; first primary and first feather of alula edged exteriorly
with ocherous-buff; secondary-coverts and inner secondaries with
wide edges of ocherous-buff preceded by large black spots or bars;
wing-lining and axillars drab-gray; tail bluish slate and hidden by
the long coverts. Length, 130; wing, 65.5; tail, 18.1; exposed culmen,
11.5; depth of bill at angle of gonys, 4; tarsus, 20; middle toe with
claw, 18.5.
The only specimen known was taken on a grassy hill near the town
of Guindulman, in Bohol, June 22, 1906. It is closely related to
T. suluensis.
10. TURNIX WORCESTERI McGregor.
WORCESTER'S BUTTON QUAIL.
Turnix worcesteri McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 8,
pl. 1, fig. 1; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 8.
Luzon (McGregor).
Adult (sexes nearly alike).--General color above black; forehead
spotted with white; feathers of crown and nape tipped with pale
buff and some edged with white, producing an incomplete white line
on middle of head (this line may be perfect in a well made skin);
feathers on back and rump barred and tipped with pale buff; tertials
and scapulars edged with whitish buff; feathers on sides of face mostly
white with black tips; lores white; feathers on sides of neck black,
each with a wide, subterminal, white bar; a small black spot behind
ear; breast and throat rusty buff or dark clay-color, this color
extending up each side of the white chin-area as rusty-buff tips to
the feathers and bounded above by the black-tipped white feathers of
malar region; flanks, under tail-coverts, and sides of abdomen and
breast also rusty buff, but paler; middle of abdomen whitish; a few
feathers on sides of abdomen barred with blackish brown; primaries,
their coverts, and secondaries drab-gray; four outer primaries narrowly
edged with whitish; secondaries barred with whitish on outer webs;
secondary-coverts blackish, mottled and edged with pale buff; rectrices
blackish, edged with buff. Bill pale bluish; legs flesh-pink, nails
slightly darker; iris very pale yellow. A male measures: Length, 120;
wing, 65; tail, 27; culmen from base, 10; depth of bill at angle of
gonys, 5; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 16. Length of female, 128;
wing, 71; tail, 23.5; culmen, 11.4; depth of bill at angle of gonys,
5.8; tarsus, 16.7; middle toe with claw, 18.
Worcester's quail is known from four specimens which were purchased
in Quinta Market, Manila. It resembles T. whiteheadi but differs from
that species in having the bill much deeper. Major E. A. Mearns informs
me that he is quite sure that he saw a live bird of this species in
Manila, in August, 1907.
Order COLUMBIFORMES.
DOVES AND PIGEONS.
Tip of bill horny and strongly convex forming a "nail" which is often
of a shade or color different from that of the soft, contracted, basal
portion; covering of nostril generally tumid; toes four, three in
front, cleft to the base or with a slight web; hind toe not elevated;
legs and toes never much lengthened; tarsus either slightly longer or
slightly shorter than middle toe without claw; wing flat and rather
long; in several genera the primaries variously cut or attenuated;
tail usually square or slightly rounded; never forked; in Macropygia
and Geopelia the rectrices are greatly graduated. A few genera are
terrestrial, but most of them are more or less arboreal and generally
capable of strong, swift, and sustained flight. Their food is largely
grain and small seeds; the larger species feed on the fruits of trees,
rarely on the leaves. The nest is a slight structure of twigs placed on
the ground, in a shrub, or in a tall tree. Eggs one or two, pure white
or slightly cream-colored; in shape rather long, equal ended, ovals.
Suborder COLUMBÆ.
Characters same as those given for the Order.
Families.
a1. Soles very broad; tarsus stout, more or less feathered, and
generally shorter than middle toe without claw.
b1. Nostril coverings flat or but slightly swollen ... Treronidæ
(p. 24)
b2. Nostril coverings swollen forming a grape-seed shaped prominence
on each side of culmen ... Columbidæ (p. 51)
a2. Soles not greatly expanded on sides of toes; tarsus more slender,
unfeathered, and longer than middle toe without claw ... Peristeridæ
(p. 54)
Family TRERONIDÆ.
Soles very broad; tarsus stout, more or less feathered; bill stout
or large; gape very wide in some; nostril covering flat or somewhat
swollen; tail moderate in length, nearly square; medium to large
sized species.
Subfamilies.
a1. Under tail-coverts long, their tips reaching well beyond toes;
size generally smaller; length, 340 mm. or less.
b1. First primary not attenuated; third primary scooped on
middle of inner web, except in Phapitreron which has mostly brown
plumage. ... Treroninæ (p. 24)
b2. First primary abruptly attenuated, except in Spilotreron which
has mostly green plumage; third primary normal ... Ptilopodinæ
(p. 36)
a2. Under tail-coverts moderate, their tips reaching little if
any beyond toes; size generally larger; length, 360 mm. or more
... Muscadivorinæ (p. 42)
Subfamily TRERONINÆ.
Genera.
a1. General color green or greenish yellow; rectrices fourteen,
under coverts usually equal to or longer than shortest rectrix;
third primary deeply scooped near middle of inner web.
b1. Horny nail of bill reaching feathers of forehead ... Treron
(p. 25)
b2. Horny nail of bill not reaching feathers of forehead.
c1. Tail slightly graduated; under tail-coverts broadly streaked,
the shafts black ... Sphenocercus (p. 26)
c2. Tail square; under tail-coverts not streaked, the shafts of
the same color as the webs ... Osmotreron (p. 26)
a2. General color brown; rectrices twelve, under coverts shorter than
shortest rectrix; third primary not scooped ... Phapitreron (p. 29)
Genus TRERON Vieillot, 1816.
This genus differs from the other green pigeons in having the horny
portion of culmen extending back to frontal feathers; a small naked
area around eye; pattern and colors of the plumage very similar to
those of Osmotreron axillaris.
11. TRERON NIPALENSIS (Hodgson).
THICK-BILLED GREEN PIGEON.
Toria nipalensis Hodgson, As. Research (1836), 19, 164, pl. 9.
Treron nipalensis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21,
34; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 53; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs
(1901), 1, 82; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 9.
Treron nasica Steere, List Birds and Mams. Steere Exp. (1890), 24.
Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Steere,
Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
Celestino, White). Nepal to Burma, Malay Peninsula, Siam, Cochin
China, Tenasserim, Borneo.
Adult male.--Crown ashy, forehead lighter; face and neck dark gray,
the latter followed by a narrow line of ashy gray; mantle, including
lesser wing-coverts, dark chestnut; lower back, rump, and tail-coverts
dark green; under parts yellowish green, breast more yellowish; thighs
and flanks darker and greener, mixed with white; under tail-coverts
cinnamon; wings black; median and greater wing-coverts and secondaries
edged with yellow; some of the inner secondaries tipped with green;
tail above, ashy gray with a black band some distance from the tip,
but the median rectrices green and the next two partly green. "Legs
and feet vary from lake-pink to coral-red; orbital skin pea-green;
the irides vary from bright orange to yellowish red, with an inner,
deep-blue ring more or less apparent; gape and base of upper mandible
to nostril bright red; rest of bill pale yellowish, or greenish white,
tipped with greenish." (Hume.) Two males from Palawan measure: Length,
250, 260; wing, 132, 136; tail, 89, 87; culmen from base, 20, 21;
tarsus, 19.8, 20.
Adult female.--Differs from the male in having the mantle dark green
like lower back; under tail-coverts buffy white with large pointed
shaft-marks of dark green. A female from Palawan measures: Length,
250; wing, 130; tail, 84; culmen from base, 20; tarsus, 20.
"Two females measure: Length, 210; culmen, 20; wing, 130; tail, 74;
tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 29. Iris with outer orange and inner
brown ring; bill yellow, red at base of lower mandible." (Bourns and
Worcester MS.)
Genus SPHENOCERCUS Gray, 1840.
This genus resembles Osmotreron, but it has a longer and more strongly
graduated tail and the hard portion of the upper mandible is shorter.
12. SPHENOCERCUS AUSTRALIS McGregor.
SOUTHERN WEDGE-TAILED PIGEON.
Sphenocercus formosæ McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4,
9; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 9.
Sphenocercus australis McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2,
sec. A, 344.
Pú-nay, Calayan; a-ri-da-uang', Batan.
Batan (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor).
Adult male.--General color above olive-green, lighter and grayish on
neck and sides of neck; crown ochraceous-buff; lower parts uniform
green from chin to abdomen; middle of abdomen white, washed with pale
yellow; sides blue-gray; flanks and thighs dark olive-green, mixed
with fine lines of pale yellow; under tail-coverts pale yellowish
(the longest buffy), each with a wide, dark olive-green shaft-mark;
shoulders maroon connected by a maroon band across the back; primaries
and secondaries black; secondaries and greater coverts with narrow
margins of pale yellow; inner secondaries and tail dark green like
back; tail black below with a narrow gray tip. Bill light blue,
the tip whitish; skin about eye blue; inner ring of eye clear blue,
outer ring pink, a dusky intermediate ring; legs dull carmine, nails
pale blue. Length, about 355; three specimens measure: Wing, 188 to
197; tail, 125 to 130; exposed culmen, 19 to 20; tarsus, 24 to 27;
middle toe with claw, 38 to 40.
Adult female.--Differs from the male in lacking the ochraceous of
crown and the maroon of shoulders and back, the entire upper parts
being green. Three specimens measure: Wing, 185 to 189; tail, 118
to 125; culmen, 19 to 19.5; tarsus, 24 to 27; middle toe with claw,
35.5 to 37.5.
This species is closely related to Sphenocercus formosæ and specimens
of the two species should be compared. It is not uncommon in Calayan
and Camiguin. We were first led to search for it by hearing its
weird, prolonged cry which is remarkably like that of a child in
pain. Having located the tree in which one of these birds was resting
it was difficult to see the bird as its yellowish green under parts
were in perfect harmony with the color of the leafy branches.
Genus OSMOTRERON Bonaparte, 1854.
Length, 280 to 305 mm.; colors largely yellow or olive-green; primaries
black; secondaries and coverts with conspicuous yellow borders; tail
nearly square, moderate in length; under tail-coverts very long,
equaling or slightly exceeding rectrices; bill short and moderately
stout; feathers covering proximal tarsal joint.
Species.
a1. Tail green above.
b1. Smaller; green of neck and breast lighter and more tinged with
yellow. ... axillaris (p. 27)
b2. Larger; green of neck and breast darker ... everetti (p. 28)
a2. Tail bluish slate above with a subterminal black bar ... vernans
(p. 28)
13. OSMOTRERON AXILLARIS (Bonaparte).
PHILIPPINE GREEN PIGEON.
Treron axillaris Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. (1854), 39, 875.
Osmotreron axillaris Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21,
48, pl. 4; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 54; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 9.
Pú-nay, in general use.
Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Everett, McGregor);
Dinagat (Everett); Guimaras (Meyer, Murray, Steere Exp.); Lubang
(McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Meyer, Whitehead, McGregor); Masbate
(McGregor); Mindanao (Steere, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino); Mindoro (Everett,
McGregor, Porter); Negros (Meyer, Steere, Everett, Keay); Panay
(Murray, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (McGregor);
Samar (Whitehead); Semirara (Worcester); Sibay (Porter); Siquijor
(Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Tablas (Celestino); Tawi Tawi
(Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).
Adult male.--Top of head and a narrow band in front of mantle
pearl-gray, darker on crown; mantle and lesser coverts rich maroon,
forming a wide band across the back; rest of upper parts (except wings)
and lower parts, except as beyond, yellowish green, duller and greener
on neck and face, darker and richer on rump and tail-coverts, lighter
and yellower on lower parts; flanks and thighs dark olive-green;
under tail-coverts white, their tips light yellow; wings black;
inner secondaries, and median and greater coverts edged with clear
lemon-yellow; outer secondaries edged with pale straw-yellow; tail
black below with a wide, gray terminal band. Iris light glistening
blue; bill dark red at base, bluish beyond nostrils; feet and nails
lead-blue. Length, 280 to 305; three males measure: Wing, 153 to 158;
tail, 98 to 100; culmen from base, 20 to 23; tarsus, 23 to 24.
Adult female.--Somewhat similar to the male but general coloration
darker and greener; edging of wing-coverts paler; maroon of mantle and
wings and gray band in front of mantle wanting; under tail-coverts
with narrow, dark-green shaft-lines. A female from Lubang measures:
Wing, 165; tail, 104; culmen from base, 21; tarsus, 22.
This very showy dove is usually found feeding in fruit trees and
often in company with the smaller, congeneric species, O. vernans,
but the latter is a much rarer bird.
14. OSMOTRERON EVERETTI Rothschild.
EVERETT'S GREEN PIGEON.
Osmotreron axillaris Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893),
21, 48 (part).
Osmotreron everetti Rothschild, Nov. Zool. (1894), 1, 41; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 9.
Bongao (Everett); Meimbun (Everett?); Sibutu (Everett); Sulu
(Burbidge, Guillemard, Everett).
"Osmotreron everetti resembles O. axillaris from the Philippines, but
is altogether a larger bird; the purplish chestnut mantle is bordered
above by a very conspicuous interscapulary band of lavender-gray, of
the same color as the crown; this color is of a lighter shade than in
O. axillaris and the interscapulary band is much less distinct and not
so pure gray in the latter. In O. everetti the green of the neck and
breast is a shade lighter and more tinged with yellow, the abdomen
paler and more grayish along the middle. Length, about 279; wing,
161 to 165 ([female] 162 to 165); tail, 91 to 92; bill, 19; tarsus,
23. 'Iris greenish silvery' (Everett); 'iris pearly green; bill red at
base, blue at tip; feet pale slate.' (Guillemard.) I have no female
of true O. axillaris to compare, but the female of O. everetti seems
to be the larger, and the mantle much darker olive." (Rothschild.)
I have seen no specimens of Everett's green pigeon.
15. OSMOTRERON VERNANS (Linnæus).
PINK-NECKED GREEN PIGEON.
Columba vernans Linnæus, Mantissa Plantarum (1771), 526.
Osmotreron vernans Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21,
60; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 54; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs
(1901), 1, 83; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 9.
Pú-nay. in general use.
Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Everett, Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Cebu (Everett, McGregor); Guimaras (Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Luzon (Meyer, Heriot, Steere Exp.,
McGregor); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Everett,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow); Mindoro (McGregor,
Porter); Negros (Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Palawan (Everett,
Platen, Whitehead, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay
(Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Siasi (Guillemard);
Sibay (Porter); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
Celestino). Celebes, Malay Peninsula, Indo-Malay Islands,
Indo-Chinese provinces.
Adult male.--Head, chin, and upper throat blue-gray, darkest on crown;
forehead, sides of face, chin, and throat faintly greenish; neck all
round and sides of head behind eye lavender-gray, forming a narrow
band on hind neck and a wide patch on lower throat, followed by a
patch of deep orange on breast; lower breast and abdomen yellowish
green, clear lemon-yellow on middle of belly; sides and lining of wing
blue-gray; flanks and thighs dark olive-green, the latter streaked
with light lemon-yellow; under tail-coverts chestnut; back, rump,
mantle, and secondary-coverts dull gray-green, richer green on the
coverts; upper tail-coverts like rump but with a faint chestnut wash;
primaries, alula, primary-coverts, and outer secondaries black;
some of the primaries and secondaries edged with yellow; greater
coverts broadly margined with pale yellow, forming a conspicuous band;
rectrices slate-gray above, each with a black subterminal band and
washed with green near the base; rectrices blackish below with narrow
slate-gray tips. Base of bill black, tip pale blue; iris light yellow;
legs and feet coral-pink. Salvadori quotes the following iris colors
from Davidson: "Irides with three rings, the outer one rose-pink,
the next prussian-blue, the innermost ultramarine-blue." Length, 280;
wing, 147; tail, 92; culmen from base, 19; tarsus, 23.
Adult female.--Nearly all green; somewhat similar to the male but
darker green above; the lavender wanting on head and neck, and orange
wanting on breast, these parts being dark green; under tail-coverts
pale yellow, more or less washed with cinnamon on inner webs. One
female from Mariveles, Bataan Province, measures: Length, 280; wing,
148; tail, 93; culmen from base, 19; tarsus, 22.
"Young male.--Resembles the female, but with some trace of the
vinaceous purple color on the neck, and of the brown-orange on
the breast.
"Young female.--Has the rufescent color of the upper tail-coverts
scarcely visible, and the central tail-feathers more or less tinged
with green.
"Some specimens have the forehead and throat more or less
tinged with greenish, but they are not confined to a particular
locality. I have seen in the Museum of Paris a variety entirely of
a canary-yellow." (Salvadori.)
"Its nest is a mere platform of twigs, grass-stems, tendrils, and
leaves, measuring about 180 mm. in breadth. The eggs are nearly oval
in form, pure white in color, and measure 31 by 24." (Bourns and
Worcester MS.)
Genus PHAPITRERON Bonaparte, 1854.
Length, 230 to 280 mm.; sexes alike in color; colors nearly uniform
brown of various shades; a wide iridescent band on neck; primaries
neither scooped nor cut; rectrices graduated and rounded and with
gray tips; under tail-coverts gray or dark buff. Birds of this genus
are closely related inter se, maculipectus alone showing a slight
departure from the type in its mottled breast. The species fall
naturally into two groups which might take the rank of subgenera
were anything to be gained thereby. The first five species (see key
to species), the amethystina group are rare deep-woods birds; their
colors are generally darker brown than those of the leucotis group
and the bill is noticeably longer and heavier, being longer than
tarsus. The five species of the leucotis group are fairly common in
their respective ranges; they are to be found in more open country or
even on the borders of rice-fields; in this group the tarsus equals,
or is slightly greater than, the culmen.
Species.
a1. Culmen more than 19 mm.; longer than tarsus.
b1. Breast not mottled.
c1. Under tail-coverts cinnamon or ocherous-brown.
d1. Breast brown; wing longer ... amethystina (p. 30)
d2. Breast pearly ash; wing shorter ... brunneiceps (p. 32)
c2. Under tail-coverts ashy gray.
d1. Under tail-coverts not tipped with fulvous ... cinereiceps
(p. 31)
d2. Under tail-coverts slightly tipped with fulvous ... frontalis
(p. 32)
b2. Breast distinctly mottled ... maculipectus (p. 33)
a2. Culmen less than 17 mm.; equal to or less than tarsus.
b1. Forehead gray or fulvous, not white.
c1. Throat and cheeks deep ruddy fulvous.
d1. Throat darker; occiput dull amethystine-rufous ... leucotis
(p. 33)
d2. Throat lighter; occiput bright coppery amethystine
... occipitalis (p. 34)
c2. Throat and cheeks pale fulvous.
d1. Forehead grayish; light streak under eye fulvous ... nigrorum
(p. 35)
d2. Forehead pale fulvous; light streak under eye white
... brevirostris (p. 35)
b3. Forehead and chin pure white ... albifrons (p. 36)
16. PHAPITRERON AMETHYSTINA Bonaparte.
AMETHYSTINE BROWN PIGEON.
Phapitreron amethystina Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium (1854),
2, 28; Compt. Rend. (1855), 40, 214; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 10.
Phabotreron amethystina Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 214,
pl. 34, fig. 2; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 66;
Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 55.
Bohol (McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Steere Exp.); Luzon
(Meyer, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Goodfellow, Celestino);
Panaon (Everett); Samar (Steere Exp., Whitehead).
Adult.--A black line below eye from gape to neck; below this a line
of white mixed with reddish brown; general color above dark brown,
lighter on forehead and fore crown; bird held toward the light,
neck and its sides, beautiful, iridescent purple and violet-blue;
wing-coverts, back, rump, and tail-coverts, dark glossy green;
bird held away from the light, neck and sides of neck blue or deep
violet; wings, back, tail, and its coverts washed with purple;
below uniform light brown except middle of abdomen and tail-coverts
which are dark buff; tail dark brown with a broad, apical, gray band,
the middle pair of rectrices do not show this band from above. Iris
light brown; bare skin about eyes dark, dirty red; bill black; legs
and feet bright carmine; nails horn-colored. Length, about 255. In a
male from Bataan Province, Luzon, the wing is 140; tail, 99; culmen,
23; tarsus, 20.5. Salvadori gives the following measurements: Wing,
146; tail, 78; bill, 22; tarsus, 22.
"A rare bird in the few islands where it is found. Legs dull pink;
iris dark brown; feet dark pink; nails brown; bill black. Length, 292;
wing, 145; tail, 97; culmen, 25; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw,
30." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
17. PHAPITRERON CINEREICEPS Bourns and Worcester.
GRAY-HEADED PIGEON.
Phabotreron cinereiceps Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 8; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1899), 1, 55.
Phapitreron cinereiceps McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 10.
Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).
"Adult.--Top of head, nape, and sides of neck clear ashy gray,
slightly washed with rufous on forehead; hind neck amethystine as in
P. amethystina; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts brown with bronze
reflections, the tail-coverts slightly more ruddy than back; four outer
pairs of tail-feathers dark brown, lighter at base; two central pairs
ruddy brown with bronze reflections; all the tail-feathers with ashy
tips which form a distinct terminal band 6 mm. in width; shafts of
tail-feathers black; wing-coverts and secondaries uniform with back;
primaries dark brown, the first five sharply edged with rusty brown on
outer web; a narrow black stripe under eye; sides of face, ear-coverts,
fore neck, and breast rich ruddy brown, the breast with a slight
metallic gloss; chin and throat lighter; abdomen and thighs fulvous
brown; flanks darker with slight metallic wash; under tail-coverts
clear ashy gray; shafts of tail-feathers with basal half black, apical
half white; under surface of tail nearly black, the terminal gray band
distinct and wider than on upper surface, measuring 15 mm. on outer
pair of feathers; under wing-coverts and axillars like the flanks;
under surface of quills uniform dark brown. Bill black; legs and
feet dirty purplish; nails black; iris in one specimen bright yellow,
in another orange-red. Length, 260; wing, 134; tail, 99; culmen, 20;
tarsus, 18. Sexes alike." (Bourns and Worcester.)
This species is known from the types only.
18. PHAPITRERON BRUNNEICEPS Bourns and Worcester.
BROWN-HEADED PIGEON.
Phabotreron brunneiceps Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 9; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1899), 1, 55.
Phapitreron brunneiceps McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906),
10; McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 281.
Basilan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).
"Adult.--Above dark brown with greenish reflections; amethystine spot
on hind neck less blue than in P. amethystina; top of head brown,
forehead slightly lighter and nape slightly darker than crown; sides
of face and ear-coverts brown, paler than crown; a narrow, dark brown
streak under eye; chin and throat grayish fulvous; breast pearly ash;
abdomen, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts ochraceous-brown;
under surface of tail brownish black with a broad, gray, terminal
band; under wing-coverts and axillars fulvous-brown; primaries with
sharply defined light edges on upper web; below slightly more ashy;
tail-feathers brown above with distinct terminal bands of gray,
central pair with slight metallic gloss; shafts of quills black above
and below except the terminal 15 mm. which are white. Bill black;
feet dark pink; nails brown; iris orange-red. Length, 255; wing, 132;
tail, 89; culmen, 24; tarsus, 18. A well-defined species distinguished
from P. amethystina by its smaller size and the entirely different
color of its under surface." (Bourns and Worcester.)
This species is very distinct from P. amethystina being smaller and
differently colored. A male measures: Length, 267; wing, 135; tail,
100; culmen from base, 25.
19. PHAPITRERON FRONTALIS Bourns and Worcester.
CEBU AMETHYSTINE PIGEON.
Phabotreron frontalis Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 10; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1899), 1, 55.
Phapitreron frontalis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 10.
Cebu (Bourns & Worcester).
"Adult.--General color of upper surface as in P. brunneiceps but
forehead and crown lighter, nape washed with ashy gray, and lacking
metallic gloss; tail glossed with dull bronze instead of amethystine
and the terminal band less strongly marked than in brunneiceps;
under surface much as in brunneiceps but everywhere darker; under
tail-coverts ashy gray, slightly tipped with fulvous; tail much as in
brunneiceps, the outer web of outer pair of feathers being, however,
light brown; basal half of shafts dirty whitish; apical fourth white,
rest brown. Iris pale orange; bill black; legs and feet purple;
nails light brown. Sexes alike. Length, 260; wing, 140; tail, 100;
culmen, 51; tarsus, 21." (Bourns and Worcester.)
The length of culmen given above (2 inches in original description)
is undoubtedly an error.
20. PHAPITRERON MACULIPECTUS Bourns and Worcester.
MOTTLED AMETHYSTINE PIGEON.
Phabotreron maculipectus Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 10; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1899), 1, 55; Grant, Ibis (1896), 563.
Phapitreron maculipectus McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 10.
Negros (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).
"Adult male.--Upper surface exactly as in P. amethystina except
that the primaries are slightly darker; dark brown stripe under eye
extending from gape through ear-coverts to hind neck; below this
a white stripe and a second shorter dark stripe below the latter;
cheeks fulvous brown; chin and throat more ruddy brown; breast clear
ashy gray, each feather having an edging distinctly lighter than
its center, producing a beautiful mottled appearance; feathers on
center of fore breast washed with brown and forming a distinct patch;
feathers of abdomen lack the dark centers, and their edges washed
with light brown; thighs and under tail-coverts cinnamon-brown, much
lighter than in P. amethystina; under surface of tail-feathers dark
brown, nearly black, with faint metallic gloss and a broad, gray,
terminal band; shafts of feathers black changing to white at tips;
under surface of wing and axillars uniform fulvous brown. Bill
black; feet dark pink; nails dark brown, nearly black. Wing, 145;
tail, 115; culmen, 26; tarsus, 20. Length not taken from birds in
flesh. This beautiful species was obtained in the Island of Negros
on the mountains of the interior, where it is by no means common. It
is distinguished from all the other species of the genus by its fine
mottled breast." (Bourns and Worcester.)
21. PHAPITRERON LEUCOTIS (Temminck).
NORTHERN WHITE-EARED PIGEON.
Columba leucotis Temminck, Pl. Col. (1823), 189.
Phabotreron leucotis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893),
21, 67; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 55; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs
(1901), 1, 83.
Phapitreron leucotis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906),
10; McGregor, Bur. Govt. Labs. Manila (1905), 34, 6, pl. 3 (nest).
Geopelia striata Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 246
(eggs)! error.
Ba-to ba-to tu-loc, Manila; cu-lu-cu-luc, Lubang.
Catanduanes (Whitehead); Luzon (Meyer, Heriot, Everett, Steere
Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, Everett, McGregor, Porter).
Adult.--A black line from gape to nape below eye; below this a
white line from opposite the posterior border of eye to nape; above,
general color brown; forehead and crown dark gray; below brown; chin,
upper throat, and cheeks ruddy fulvous; lower breast and abdomen
slightly ochraceous, much paler posteriorly; under tail-coverts dark
pearl-gray; wings brown; primaries with pale edges; rectrices brown,
each with a wide, terminal, gray band. Metallic reflections; specimen
held toward the light, occiput, neck, sides of neck, throat, breast,
sides of body, and flanks bronze-green; a blue collar on hind neck and
a blue band across interscapulars; back, rump, and wing-coverts touched
with purple; when specimen is held away from the light the blue bands
change to green; the green of neck and lower parts becomes purple;
the back, wing-coverts, tail-coverts, and rectrices are touched with
violet and dark purple. Iris varies, usually mottled pinkish surrounded
by a narrow white ring or a pale blue ring; bill black; legs carmine;
nails horn-brown. Length, about 235. Three males average: Wing, 134;
tail, 81; culmen from base, 18; tarsus, 20.
Four eggs taken by Whitehead at Cape Engaño in May, 1895, are "glossy
and measure from 26.5 to 28.5 in length, and from 19.5 to 20 in
breadth." (Oates.)
"Fairly common in deep woods. Breeds in April. Legs and feet deep
pink; nails brown. Length, 260; wing, 127; tail, 95; tarsus, 19;
middle toe with claw, 29." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
This species is fairly abundant in the islands where it occurs. Several
nests were found in Mindoro; they were constructed of twisted plant
tendrils which material gave the nests the appearance of being made
of spiral springs. The nest was invariably placed in a small tree
and rested on a horizontal branch at from 2 to 6 meters from the
ground. Eggs and nestlings were found from April 8 to May 6.
22. PHAPITRERON OCCIPITALIS Salvadori.
BASILAN WHITE-EARED PIGEON.
Phabotreron occipitalis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893),
21, 68; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 55.
Phapitreron occipitalis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 10.
Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).
Adult (sexes similar).--"Similar to P. leucotis, but the rufous
throat more vinous, and the occiput of a coppery amethystine, very
conspicuous; the back and wings of a more greenish hue. 'Iris light
warm brown; bill black; feet carmine.' (Everett.) Length, about 230;
wing, 127; tail, 91; bill, 15; tarsus, 20." (Salvadori.)
"Iris purple; legs and feet dark pink; nails brown; bill black. Length,
250; wing, 126; tail, 86; culmen, 18; tarsus, 18.5; middle toe
with claw, 28. Abundant in Basilan. A deep woods bird." (Bourns and
Worcester MS.)
23. PHAPITRERON NIGRORUM Sharpe.
NEGROS WHITE-EARED PIGEON.
Phabotreron nigrorum Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. (1877),
1, 346, 353; Hand-List (1899), 1, 55; Salvadori, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 68.
Phapitreron nigrorum McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 10.
Tuc-mó, Masbate, Ticao, and in general use.
Cebu (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras
(Meyer, Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Negros (Layard, Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay);
Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao
(McGregor).
Adult.--Very similar to Phapitreron leucotis but smaller; chin, sides
of face, and upper throat much paler; the white line on auricular
region replaced by a wider line of pale fulvous from bill to nape. Bill
black; iris gray; legs dark scarlet; nails brown. Four specimens,
two of each sex, measure: Wing, 119 to 124 (122); tail, 90 to 96.5
(94); culmen from base, 17 to 18 (17.5); tarsus, 16.5 to 18 (17.5).
"Very common in the forests of the central Philippines. Iris dark
brown; legs and feet dark pink; nails leaden; bill black. Length,
229 to 250; wing, 119 to 127; tail, 84 to 96; culmen, 17 to 19;
middle toe with claw, 26 to 29." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
24. PHAPITRERON BREVIROSTRIS Tweeddale.
SHORT-BILLED PIGEON.
Phabotreron brevirostris Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877),
549; Challenger Report (1881), 2, Zool. pt. 8, pl. 6; Salvadori,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 69; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899),
1, 55.
Phapitreron brevirostris McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 10.
Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead);
Mindanao (Murray, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Goodfellow, Clemens,
Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead);
Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester); Sulu (Guillemard).
"Similar to P. leucotis, from which it differs in having the forehead
and throat grayish fulvous, the occiput constantly amethystine, and
the rectrices with a decided amethystine tinge; it resembles also
P. nigrorum, especially as regards the coloring of the forehead and
throat, but it differs in having the subocular streak white and the
occiput more amethystine. Length, about 240; wing, 124; tail, 99;
bill, 13; tarsus, 19." (Salvadori.)
"It seems to us that there must be something wrong about the Sulu
record of P. brevirostris. We obtained no pigeons of the P. leucotis
type in Sulu, and the single specimen obtained by us in Tawi Tawi
has been lost or destroyed, so that we are unable to identify it,
but it would be indeed remarkable if P. brevirostris should give way
to P. occipitalis in Basilan only to reappear in Sulu. In the face of
Count Salvadori's identification of Guillemard's specimen, however,
we have nothing to say.
"Iris purple; legs and feet deep purple; nails brown. Five birds from
Samar and Siquijor average: Length, 235; wing, 122; tail, 83; culmen,
19; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 26. A female from Mindanao
is larger, measuring: Length, 250; wing, 127; tail, 94; culmen, 17;
tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 28." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
25. PHAPITRERON ALBIFRONS McGregor.
BOHOL WHITE-EARED PIGEON.
Phabotreron brevirostris Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893),
21, 69 (part).
Phapitreron albifrons McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2,
sec. A, 317.
Li-mú-con, Bohol.
Bohol (Steere Exp., McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester,
Celestino).
Adult male (type).--General color brown, much darker above, with
iridescent reflections most pronounced on nape, mantle, and breast;
merging rather abruptly into dark gray of crown; occiput, nape, and
sides of head ruddy brown; from gape a narrow brown line passing
below eye with a wider white line underneath, both lines reaching
beyond ear-coverts; chin white, gradually changing to gray on throat
and ochraceous on breast and abdomen; under tail-coverts and a wide
band at end of tail pale french-gray; wings uniform with the back;
primaries with a narrow light brown edge on outer webs; with the bird
held toward the light the occiput and nape are glossed with green,
followed by a patch of metallic blue, this followed on interscapulars
by a wide band of metallic green extending to sides of neck and
narrowly bordered behind by blue; the wings and remaining upper parts
have a dull green gloss; with the bird held away from the light the
green changes to purple and this metallic color shows also on throat,
breast, and sides of neck. Length, 234; wing, 122; tail, 81; culmen
from base, 16; tarsus, 17.
Female.--Similar to the male. In this species the terminal half of
bill is black; basal half of bill, skin around eyes, and feet dull
crimson; iris brown; nails gray.
Egg.--A hard-shelled egg was taken from a female killed on June 7,
1906; another egg, obtained in the same manner four days later,
measures 27 by 21 and is pure white in color.
This species is most closely related to P. brevirostris but it differs
in having a white forehead and brown subocular line.
Subfamily PTILOPODINÆ.
Forest inhabiting pigeons of medium size; upper surface rich green;
no band across lower back.
Genera.
a1. First primary abruptly attenuated.
b1. Tail rather long; pectoral feathers not
bifurcated. ... Leucotreron (p. 37)
b2. Tail moderate; pectoral feathers bifurcated. ... Lamprotreron
(p. 40)
a2. First primary not so abruptly attenuated; slightly narrowed at
tip. ... Spilotreron (p. 41)
Genus LEUCOTRERON Bonaparte, 1854.
First primary with both webs greatly reduced in width near the tip;
tail square; tarsus feathered for more than half its length. Forest
inhabiting pigeons of medium size.
Species.
a1. Larger, length, 330 mm. or more; under tail-coverts green or gray,
broadly edged with buff.
b1. Secondaries uniform green. ... occipitalis (p. 37)
b2. Secondaries with a conspicuous red patch. ... marchei (p. 38)
a2. Smaller, length, 300 mm. or less; under tail-coverts uniform,
dark cinnamon. ... leclancheri (p. 39)
26. LEUCOTRERON OCCIPITALIS (Bonaparte).
YELLOW-BREASTED FRUIT PIGEON.
Ramphiculus occipitalis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium (1854), 2, 17.
Xenotreron incognita Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 832.
Ptilopus occipitalis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893),
21, 72.
Leucotreron occipitalis Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 55; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1907), 10.
Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., McGregor); Cebu (Everett, Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Leyte (Steere Exp.); Luzon (Meyer, Steere
Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp.,
Goodfellow); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros
(Whitehead); Samar (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (McGregor).
Adult (sexes alike).--Forehead pale gray with a yellow wash, blending
into light slate-gray mixed with green on center of crown; on back
of head a wide band of dark purple or deep cherry-red, extending
over ear-coverts and sides of face below the eyes; remainder of
upper parts, including wings and tail, nearly uniform, rich green;
rectrices and quills partly blue when held toward the light; whole
upper parts slightly bronze away from the light; feathers of chin and
upper throat white with a yellow wash on tips; lower throat and sides
of neck and breast light gray; breast covered by a large oval patch
of old-gold-yellow, just behind this a broad band of deep purple;
middle of abdomen pearl-gray and white; sides and flanks green;
under tail-coverts light buff, the inner webs largely green; rectrices
gray below with light gray tips, above very narrowly edged with light
ocherous; some of the primaries and secondaries narrowly edged with
buff; tips of the green tarsal feathers reaching toes. A male from
Sibuyan measures: Length, 340; wing, 160; tail, 115; culmen from base,
18; middle toe with claw, 35. A male from Basilan: Wing, 148; tail,
115; culmen from base, 18; middle toe with claw, 33. A female from
Mindoro: Length, 320; wing, 153; tail, 113; culmen from base, 19;
middle toe with claw, 34.
Young.--The immature bird differs from the adult in having top of head,
neck, and sides of face uniform green (or with a few purple feathers)
and the yellow and purple areas of breast indicated by a few scattered
feathers of these colors. The first primary is attenuated but not so
abruptly cut on inner web as it is in the adult. In a young female
from Sibuyan the bill was dull red at base; tip brown; feet pink;
nails black.
27. LEUCOTRERON MARCHEI (Oustalet).
MARCHE'S FRUIT PIGEON.
Ptilopus (Rhamphiculus) marchei Oustalet, Le Naturaliste (1880),
324.
Ptilopus marchei Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21,
75; Grant, Ibis (1895), 1, 468; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 486.
Leucotreron marchii Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 55.
Leucotreron marchei McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 10.
Luzon (Marche, Whitehead, Worcester).
"Adult male.--Entire top of head dull crimson-red, the same color
being continued down the sides of the cheeks, on either side of
the throat; feathers surrounding the eye light red; hind cheek and
ear-coverts dusky black; back and sides of the neck and upper part of
the breast pearl-gray, forming a collar which completely separates the
dull crimson crown from the dusky black mantle and back; wings like
the back, but with green reflections; lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts bronze-brown with green reflections; primary quills
black, finely edged with pale yellow; the two outer secondaries are
similarly margined, the remainder edged with crimson along the middle
of the outer web, the crimson barbs being loose and free and forming a
large patch on the wing; tail bronze-brown, broadly edged with brownish
gray, beneath dark gray tipped with whitish; chin and middle of throat
brownish buff; in the center of the gray breast a large patch of bright
orange-vermilion washed with lake, shading into deep red-lake below;
this is followed by a patch of creamy white; rest of under parts dull
pearly gray, most of the feathers finely edged with creamy yellow;
under tail-coverts buff, with brownish gray centers. 'Eye: inner ring
yellow, outer lake-red; bill at base brick-red, tipped with yellow;
feet deep coral-red.' (Whitehead.) Length, 400; wing, 180; tail, 129;
tarsus, 32.
"Adult female.--Similar to the male, but crown of a less crimson tinge;
lower part of the back, rump, and tail bronze-green, distinctly greener
than in the male; upper part of the breast-patch orange-red without
the crimson wash. Length, 373; wing, 173; tail, 114; tarsus, 29.
"Young male.--The whole of the upper parts is brownish bronze shot
with green; the dull crimson of the top of the head and the free
crimson webs of the secondaries are just beginning to make their
appearance; the whole of the feathers of the chest and upper breast
are gray, widely tipped with bronze-green, the only patches of pure
gray feathers being visible on each side of the neck. The orange-red
breast-patch is represented by a deep orange feather in the middle
of the chest and some dark carmine feathers. Otherwise the rest of
the plumage is much like that of the adult." (Grant.)
Marche's fruit pigeon was described in 1880 from a single specimen
which remained unique for fifteen years when Whitehead rediscovered
the species in Lepanto. So far as we at present know, this species
is confined to this subprovince and the neighboring subprovince of
Bontoc. The Igorots say that at certain seasons of the year these birds
become very fat and heavy and that they are then taken by pursuing
them until they are exhausted. This account is probably correct as
the specimens seen in the possession of the Igorots are not injured,
while birds taken in snares or with bird-lime are seldom fit for
specimens. This species may be recognized at once by the large red
patch on the secondaries. In 1903 a pigeon, probably of this species,
was killed in Bontoc by the Hon. Dean C. Worcester but the skin
was lost.
28. LEUCOTRERON LECLANCHERI (Bonaparte).
BLACK-CHINNED FRUIT PIGEON.
Treroloema leclancheri Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. (1855), 41, 247.
Leucotreron gironieri Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 213,
pl. 34, fig. 1.
Ptilopus leclancheri Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893),
21, 79.
Leucotreron leclancheri Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 56; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 10.
Ca-pil'-la, Manila.
Bantayan (McGregor); Batan (McGregor); Bohol (McGregor);
Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Calayan
(McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu
(Burger); Guimaras (Meyer); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer,
Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Mindoro (McGregor, Porter);
Negros (Everett, Steere Exp.); Palawan (Everett, Platen, White);
Panay (Meyer); Romblon (McGregor); Samar (Whitehead); Semirara
(Worcester); Sibuyan (McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester).
Adult male.--Chin black; head, neck, throat, and breast pearl-gray,
washed with dull green on occiput and hind neck, washed with ocherous
yellow on throat and crop; remainder of upper parts green, brightest on
wings and tail, the latter tipped with dull yellowish brown; primaries
edged with white near their tips; some of the secondaries edged with
ocherous-yellow; behind the gray of breast a dark chestnut band,
blackish on its anterior border; middle of abdomen white, washed with
cinnamon or in some specimens with yellowish buff; under tail-coverts
cinnamon; rectrices below, brown with gray tips; remainder of under
parts dull green. Iris bright red; bill bright yellow; base of lower
mandible, and feet dark crimson; nails dark brown. Length, 280 to
305; measurements of three specimens give: Wing, 144 to 145; tail,
104 to 105; culmen from base, 19 to 20; tarsus, 18 to 20.
Adult female.--Forehead blue-gray; chin black; throat and breast green;
dark chestnut pectoral-band, and other parts, as in the male. A female
from Sibuyan has the wing, 145, and tail, 104; a female from Calayan
is larger; wing, 157; tail, 114.
Young.--Green, chin cinnamon; pectoral-band wanting or indicated by
a few chestnut feathers; abdomen white or washed with buff; under
tail-coverts slightly paler than in the adult.
Leclancher's pigeon is generally found in forest and, although
widely distributed, it does not occur in great numbers, except
when feeding in fruit trees; it appears to be strictly arboreal in
habits. Specimens from Camiguin, Calayan, and Batan are considerably
larger than specimens from more southern islands. The nest as observed
in Camiguin, north of Luzon, was a slight platform of twigs placed on
a horizontal branch at from 1.5 to 4.5 meters from the ground. Four
nests contained but one egg each. Three eggs are white in color and
measure, respectively: 35 by 23, 35 by 25, and 31 by 24.
Genus LAMPROTRERON Bonaparte, 1854.
Lamprotreron is distinguished from all other Philippine genera by
having the breast-feathers bifurcated, as if the tip of the shaft
had been cut off of each feather.
29. LAMPROTRERON TEMMINCKI (Prevost and Des Murs).
TEMMINCK'S FRUIT PIGEON.
Kurukuru temminckii Prevost and Des Murs, Voy. Venus, Zool. (1849),
234.
Ptilopus temmincki Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21,
115; Meyer and Wiglesworth, Bds. Celebes (1898), 2, 613.
Lamprotreron temmincki Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 58; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 11.
Ptilopus formosus Guillemard, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1885), 269.
Sulu (Guillemard). Celebes.
"Adult male.--General color above parrot-green, the inner
wing-coverts, scapulars, and inner quills with an oval black spot
near the ends; entire head above aster-purple; hind neck and sides
of neck dragon's-blood-red, shading off into the green of the mantle;
sides of occiput and ear-coverts green, becoming gray on malar region,
chin, throat, and jugulum; the upper breast rose-purple, the feathers
on chest and jugulum forked at the tip (as if the middle part of
the web had been cut out with scissors); passing on lower breast
into a broad band of blackish plum-purple; on and near the carpal
edge a large spot of this color; sides, thighs, and flanks green,
thighs grayer, flanks tipped with naples-yellow; abdomen and under
tail-coverts yellowish white, the inner webs of the latter partly
green; center tail-feathers above green, grayish at tip, all the
lateral tail-feathers blackish, tipped with gray, washed with green;
tail below dusky grayish, terminal bar whitish; quills above black,
washed externally with green, finely edged with yellowish; wings below
slaty, the first primary much attenuated for about 2 cm. and incurved.
"Adult female.--Above all parrot-green, except for a patch of
aster-purple on crown and occiput, and purplish black spots on the
scapulars and inner-coverts; breast green, without rose-purple and
the dark plum-purple band of the male.
"Immature male.--Closely resembling the female; forehead green with
the purple feathers of the crown intermingled; dark purple breast-band
commencing to form; breast grayer than in the female.
"Young in first plumage.--Bright parrot-green, the wing-coverts and
secondaries broadly margined with light yellow, the back, rump, and
scapulars, and breast more finely margined with yellow; remaining
under parts much as in the female; tail tipped with yellowish white;
no purple on head or elsewhere.
"Wing, 128 to 140; tail, 95; tarsus, 22; culmen from cranium suture,
17 to 19." (Meyer and Wiglesworth.)
Male.--"Iris sea-green; bill green, reddish at base; tarsus greenish
olive. Length, 295; wing, 144." (Salvadori.)
Genus SPILOTRERON Salvadori, 1882.
First primary slightly attenuated on its distal third; tail square;
tarsus feathered nearly to the toes.
30. SPILOTRERON BANGUEYENSIS (A. B. Meyer).
MEYER'S FRUIT PIGEON.
Ptilopus bangueyensis Meyer, Jour. für Orn. (1891), 70; Salvadori,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 143.
Spilotreron bangueyensis Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 61; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 11.
Ptilopus purpureinucha Meyer, Jour. für Orn. (1891), 71.
Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Bongao (Everett); Cagayan Sulu (Mearns); Mindanao (Everett, Steere
Exp.); Palawan (Lempriere, Whitehead); Sibutu (Everett); Sulu
(Burbidge, Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns &
Worcester). Banguey.
Adult male.--Bright leaf-green, mantle slightly yellowish; head, neck,
and throat pearly gray; chin and upper throat yellow; a large patch
on occiput and hind neck black; lower abdomen and short tail-coverts
bright yellow; longer tail-coverts bright carmine, narrowly tipped
with yellow; secondaries and greater coverts very narrowly edged with
yellow. Eyelids, iris, and bill greenish yellow; feet rose-pink;
nails brown. Length, 240. Two males from Basilan, wing, 123, 116;
tail, 85; exposed culmen, 16, 15; middle toe with claw, 26.
Adult female.--Entirely green, except the under tail-coverts which
are green, washed with carmine, and narrowly tipped with yellow. Two
females from Basilan measure: Wing, 121, 118; tail, 79, 80; exposed
culmen, 16, 14; middle toe with claw, 26, 25.
Young.--Similar to the adult female but with little or no carmine on
under tail-coverts.
"This, the most northern form of the Spilotreron group, is very
nearly related to the most southern one, from which it is not easily
distinguished. The slight purple tinge of the black occipital spot,
on which Dr. Meyer relies to separate the Basilan bird, appears only
in certain individuals, but is absent in the majority of specimens. As
to the collar of the bird from Banguey, which is described as whitish
gray, I do not find that it is different from that of the specimens
from other localities." (Salvadori.)
"The blue spot on the nape on which Meyer relies to separate the
Basilan birds is a minus quantity in our five specimens from that
island, though they are in breeding plumage. This species is quite
common in Sulu and Tawi Tawi, and is sometimes found feeding in
isolated trees in open fields.
"Iris yellow; legs dark pink; feet same color; nails nearly black; bill
and eye-wattle light greenish yellow. Length, 230; wing, 121; tail,
81; culmen, 33; middle toe with claw, 29." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Subfamily MUSCADIVORINÆ.
This group includes the largest species of forest pigeons.
Genera.
a1. Colors above, except head, metallic blue, green, purple, or bronze;
or the tail at least metallic green above.
b1. First primary not scooped on inner web; lower parts uniform in
color. ... Muscadivores (p. 42)
b2. First primary deeply scooped on inner web.
c1. No light band on tail. ... Ptilocolpa (p. 45)
c2. Tail crossed by a conspicuous gray band. ... Zonophaps (p. 48)
a2. Colors cream and slate; no metallic colors on any part of
plumage. ... Myristicivora (p. 50)
Genus MUSCADIVORES Gray, 1855.
Inner web of first primary very slightly attenuated; gape deeply cleft;
tarsus stout and feathered in front for half its length. Upper parts,
except head and neck, metallic blue or green; tail nearly uniform
with the back and wings, without a light band; head and lower parts
pearl-gray or pale vinaceous-gray.
Species.
a1. Larger; back and scapulars glossy green or coppery bronze.
b1. Nape with a coppery chestnut patch. ... nuchalis (p. 43)
b2. Nape without a coppery chestnut patch.
c1. Gray of mantle lighter and more sharply defined from the
green back.
d1. Upper surface of tail lighter and greener. ... chalybura
(p. 43)
d2. Upper surface of tail darker and bluer. ... palawanensis
(p. 44)
c2. Gray of mantle darker and less sharply defined. ... ænea
(p. 44)
a2. Smaller; back and scapulars glossy brown with but little metallic
color.
b1. Under parts lighter. ... pickeringi (p. 44)
b2. Under parts darker. ... langhornei (p. 45)
31. MUSCADIVORES NUCHALIS (Cabanis).
CHESTNUT-NAPED IMPERIAL PIGEON.
Carpophaga nuchalis Cabanis, Jour. für Orn. (1882), 126; Salvadori,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 190; Grant, Ibis (1895), 116;
Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 487; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 64.
Muscadivora nuchalis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 11.
Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Fuga (Whitehead);
Luzon (Whitehead); Mindoro (teste Hartert).
This species has been established on the character of a cupreous
chestnut nape; otherwise it differs but slightly from M. chalybura
with which it appears to intergrade. Its status is somewhat doubtful.
32. MUSCADIVORES CHALYBURA (Bonaparte).
BONAPARTE'S IMPERIAL PIGEON.
Carpophaga chalybura Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium (1854), 2, 32.
Carpophaga ænea Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 190,
193 (part).
Muscadivora ænea McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 11
(part).
Baud, Bohol; bá-lud, Ticao, Manila, and in general use.
Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead);
Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Dinagat (Everett);
Guimaras (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Everett);
Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor);
Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino); Mindoro (Steere
Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Porter); Negros
(Meyer, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Panay (Bourns &
Worcester); Samar (Bourns & Worcester); Semirara (Worcester);
Sibuyan (McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino);
Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).
Very closely related to M. ænea but gray of hind neck and upper mantle
lighter and more sharply defined from the metallic green of the back;
tail with less blue tinge. Iris bright red; bill gray; legs and feet
dull red.
A male from Mindoro measures: Length, 420; wing, 240; tail, 156;
exposed culmen, 25; tarsus, 28.
A female from Ticao: Length, 420; wing, 232; tail, 147; exposed culmen,
24; tarsus, 25.
This is the common balud, or fruit pigeon, inhabiting the Philippines.
33. MUSCADIVORES PALAWANENSIS (Blasius).
PALAWAN IMPERIAL PIGEON.
Carpophaga ænea palawanensis Blasius, Ornis (1888), 4, 316.
Carpophaga ænea Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 190,
193 (part).
Muscadivora ænea McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 11
(part).
Balabac (Steere); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Palawan (Steere, Everett, Lempriere, Whitehead, Steere Exp.,
Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).
Very much like M. chalybura but tail darker and generally bluer on
its upper surface. Male: Length, 455; wing, 250; tail, 163. Female:
Length, 445; wing, 250; tail, 163.
This bird is a very slightly differentiated race of the green imperial
pigeon.
34. MUSCADIVORES ÆNEA (Linnæus).
GREEN IMPERIAL PIGEON.
Columba ænea Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 283.
Carpophaga ænea Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 190,
193 (part); Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 64; Oates, Cat. Birds'
Eggs (1901), 1, 85.
Muscadivora ænea McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 11
(part).
Bongao (Everett); Sulu (Burbidge, Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester);
Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). Indian Peninsula, Ceylon,
Indo-Chinese countries, Malay Peninsula, Sunda Islands.
Adult (sexes alike).--Head, neck, and abdomen gray, tinged
with vinaceous; breast gray; forehead and chin whitish; under
tail-coverts dark chestnut; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and
wings metallic green, mixed with metallic copper-color; primaries
and secondaries blackish with mealy edges. "Iris red; bill gray;
region of nostrils dull red; edges of eyelids, legs, and feet purplish
red." (Oates.) Length, about 450; wing, 240; tail, 150; exposed culmen,
23; tarsus, 27. Female slightly smaller than male.
35. MUSCADIVORES PICKERINGI (Cassin).
PICKERING'S IMPERIAL PIGEON.
Carpophaga pickeringii Cassin,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (1854), 7, 228; Ornith. Wilkes
Exped. (1858), 267, pl. 27.
Carpophaga pickeringi Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893),
21, 201; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 65.
Muscadivora pickeringi McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906),
11.
A-bu-un, Cagayancillo.
Cagayancillo [6] (McGregor); Cagayan Sulu (Guillemard); Sibutu
(Everett); Sulu (Guillemard). Mantanani Islands, Lawas River,
northwest Borneo.
"Adult male.--Head and under parts grayish vinous, changing into
pure gray on lower hind neck and upper mantle; frontal edge, a ring
of feathers round eyes, and chin whitish; back, rump, and wings
grayish green (in some specimens with a slight brown tinge), with a
metallic luster in some lights; longer upper tail-coverts and tail
above metallic bottle-green; primaries mealy green, especially on
outer webs; under surface of wings and tail gray; under tail-coverts
gray with a reddish tinge. 'Iris crimson; bill light lead-gray; feet
dull crimson.' (Everett.) Length, about 400; wing, 240; tail, 173;
bill, 20; tarsus, 28.
"Female.--Similar to the male." (Salvadori.)
This species was very abundant on Cagayancillo where it fed entirely
on young leaves of trees.
36. MUSCADIVORES LANGHORNEI (Mearns).
LANGHORNE'S IMPERIAL PIGEON.
Muscadivora langhornei Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905),
18, 84; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 11.
East Bolod (Mearns); West Bolod (Mearns).
"This large fruit pigeon is closely related to Muscadivora pickeringi
(Cassin) from Mangsee Island north of Borneo, on the west side of
the Sulu Sea, of which the type (No. 15732) is in United States
National Museum. The size is practically the same; but the colors
differ as follows: General coloration paler; the vinous-gray of the
head and under parts is darker, the gray of lower hind neck extends
farther down on the mantle, the white around the base of the bill and
surrounding the eye is more extensive, the back and rump are paler and
less brownish gray, the wings are paler, grayer and less greenish,
and the under tail-coverts less reddish. Iris purplish red; region
of the nostrils dark plumbeous; bill light plumbeous; naked eyelid
deep vinaceous; bare space around eye plumbeous; feet vinaceous,
flesh-color on under side of toes; claws plumbeous. Three adult males:
Length, 456, 456, 460; alar expanse, 770, 760, 770; wing, 242, 242,
243; tail, 180, 180, 178; culmen, 19, 21, 19; tarsus, 30, 31, 32;
middle toe with claw, 48, 49, 45." (Mearns.)
Genus PTILOCOLPA Bonaparte, 1854.
Sexes unlike in plumage; bill and gape rather small compared with
Muscadivores; nostril opening elongate; first primary attenuated
and scooped on inner web; second primary slightly scooped; inner
primaries obliquely cut at tip; the outline sinuous and outer web
extending beyond shaft and inner web; tarsus partly feathered.
Species.
a1. Chin, throat, and upper part of chest gray or black.
b1. Band on fore breast light slate-gray. ... carola (p. 46)
b2. Band on fore breast black. ... nigrorum (p. 47)
a2. Chin, throat, and upper part of chest nearly pure
white. ... mindanensis (p. 47)
37. PTILOCOLPA CAROLA (Bonaparte).
GRAY-BREASTED FRUIT PIGEON.
Carpophaga carola Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium (1854), 2, 34;
Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 206.
Ptilocolpa carola Grant, Ibis (1895), 117; Whitehead, Ibis (1899),
489; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 65; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 12.
Ptilocolpa griseipectus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium (1854), 2, 34.
Luzon (Gevers, Heriot, Whitehead, McGregor); Mindoro (Steere
Exp., Whitehead, McGregor, Porter); Mindanao (Everett, Koch &
Schadenberg); [7] Sibuyan (McGregor).
Adult male.--All of head, neck all around, back and interscapulars
light gray; chin white; lower throat delicate light gray, bordered
behind by a narrow white band and this followed by a wide, dark gray
band on fore breast; lower breast, abdomen, and flanks dark chestnut,
darker and slightly purplish on breast; sides gray; alula, primaries,
and their coverts, dark, glossy blue-green; secondaries blue-green,
mealy along outer edges; wing-coverts and inner secondaries canescent,
the smaller feathers each with a dark spot at tip; rump-feathers
canescent with glossy green centers and light purple edges; rectrices
and upper coverts glossy blue-green, shafts black; rectrices black
below, except outermost pair which are brown with white shafts. Iris
white mottled with pink; bill rose-pink, the "nail" white; legs
rose-pink, nails brown. Two males from Benguet, Luzon, average:
Length, 356; wing, 216; tail, 131; culmen from base, 22; tarsus, 22.
Adult female.--Somewhat similar to the male but without a white band
across the crop; fore breast light purple dulled by its slightly mealy
look; held toward the light, it becomes green and away from the light,
slightly metallic copper-red washed with vinous; rest of under parts
much lighter chestnut than in male; wing-coverts glossy green, lesser
and median coverts with blue spots at tips; interscapulars vinous
and slightly mealy; lower back and rump green with touches of deep
blue. The following notes are from an adult female taken in Benguet,
Luzon: Iris with an inner white ring and outer pinkish ring; eyelids
dirty white; bare skin about eyes blue-gray; bill deep rose-red,
tip white; legs and feet rose-red, soles yellowish; nails brown.
Young.--Immature birds have the fore breast chestnut, uniform with
the abdomen, thus not resembling the adult plumage of either sex;
wings rich metallic green, or copper-red, without canescence and the
primaries neither scooped nor cut as are those of the adult.
The plumage of the male and female in the gray-breasted fruit pigeon is
so different that the sexes were long considered to represent distinct
species. Grant, working on the material gathered by Whitehead, has
shown that these differences are sexual and not specific and more
recently collected material sustains his conclusions.
In habits these birds are quite similar to the slightly larger imperial
pigeons or baluds. They feed on large seeds or nuts and are often
found in considerable numbers in fruiting trees.
38. PTILOCOLPA NIGRORUM Whitehead.
BLACK-BREASTED FRUIT PIGEON.
Ptilocolpa nigrorum Whitehead, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. (1897), 6,
34; Ibis (1899), 490; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 12.
Negros (Whitehead).
Adult male.--Similar to P. carola but band on fore breast black
not ash-gray. Total length, 330; wing, 211; tail, 122; tarsus,
22. [8] "Base of bill coral-pink, tipped with dull white; iris pale
straw-yellow; feet coral-pink." (Whitehead.)
Adult female.--Said to be similar to the female of griseipectus.
This species is known from Whitehead's specimens only, taken "when
camped just below the bare cone of Canloon."
39. PTILOCOLPA MINDANENSIS Grant.
MINDANAO FRUIT PIGEON.
Ptilocolpa mindanensis Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. (1905), 16,
16; Ibis (1906), 503.
Mindanao (Goodfellow, Celestino).
Adult male.--"Very similar to the male of P. nigrorum Whitehead, but
with the chin, throat, and upper part of the chest nearly pure white,
instead of gray, and the breast deep grayish black. 'Iris creamy white;
eyelids pale gray; bill scarlet at base, pinkish white toward the tip;
feet dull purple.' (Goodfellow.) Length, about 330; wing, 205; tail,
114." (Grant.)
Collected on Mount Apo, Mindanao, at 2,440 meters.
Genus ZONOPHAPS Salvadori, 1893.
Very large; a conspicuous bare area about eye; first primary slender,
scooped near middle of inner web; second primary attenuated by a
double cut; tail crossed by a gray band some distance from tip.
Species.
a1. Breast green; abdomen pale vinous. ... poliocephala (p. 48)
a2. Breast and abdomen uniform blue-gray. ... mindorensis (p. 49)
40. ZONOPHAPS POLIOCEPHALA (Hartlaub).
PHILIPPINE ZONE-TAILED PIGEON.
Carpophaga poliocephala Hartlaub, Jour. für Orn. (1855), 97;
Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 209; Whitehead, Ibis
(1899), 487.
Zonophaps poliocephala Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 65; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 12.
Basilan (Steere Exp., McGregor); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Dinagat
(Everett); Leyte (Whitehead); Luzon (Gevers, Whitehead); Masbate
(Steere Exp.); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Goodfellow); Mindoro
(McGregor); Negros (Steere, Keay); Panay (Bourns & Worcester);
Samar (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (McGregor); Tawi Tawi (Bourns
& Worcester).
Adult (sexes alike).--Head and a narrow band across throat pale gray,
vinous on crown and occiput; a large patch of light chestnut on chin;
lower breast and abdomen pale vinous; abdomen freckled with chestnut,
the color becoming rich chestnut-brown on flanks, thighs, and under
tail-coverts; tail black below, crossed at about 40 mm. from tip by a
pale gray band which shows both above and below; when the specimen
is held toward the light, the crop, breast, sides of neck, and
upper parts, except head, are rich green; held away from the light,
tail and its coverts, rump, distal wing-coverts, secondaries, and
breast become largely coppery or bronze-color; hind neck vinaceous
gray, proximal wing-coverts, tertials, and interscapular region
deep vinous-purple. Bill black; "iris indian-yellow, passing into
red on outer ring;" legs, feet, and skin about eye crimson; nails
gray. Length, 400 to 430; a male from Sibuyan measures: Wing, 235;
tail, 156; culmen from base, 24; tarsus, 32; a female from Sibuyan,
wing, 235; tail, 154; culmen from base, 24; tarsus, 27.
"Comparatively rare and usually frequents the loftiest trees. For
a long time we mistook its deep booming note for the hoot of some
great owl. Occasionally it comes down into low second-growth where
it is easily shot, being very stupid about making its escape.
"Iris with outer red and inner yellow or brown ring; legs and feet
red; nails dark brown; bill black; eyelids red. Length 400." (Bourns
and Worcester MS.)
41. ZONOPHAPS MINDORENSIS (Whitehead).
MINDORO ZONE-TAILED PIGEON.
Carpophaga mindorensis Whitehead, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1896),
ser. 6, 18, 189; Ibis (1899), 488; Grant, Ibis (1896), 476, pl. 11.
Zonophaps mindorensis Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 65; McGregor
and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 12.
Mindoro (Whitehead).
"Adult male.--Most nearly allied to Carpophaga radiata (Quoy and
Gaimard) but much larger. Top of head, neck, breast, and rest of under
parts bluish slate-gray, darkest on belly and under tail-coverts, the
latter indistinctly edged with rufous; forehead, cheeks, and throat
pale whitish pink; feathers surrounding eye and forming a patch above
ear-coverts, blackish gray; hind neck gradually shading into sooty
black on the mantle and interscapulary region; scapulars and inner
wing-coverts bronze-lake, changing to bronze-green on the rest of the
wings, rump, and upper tail-coverts; primary quills blackish gray,
the inner ones glossed on the outer web and toward the extremity with
metallic green; tail-feathers black, glossed with purple and green,
and with a wide gray band across the middle; under wing-coverts and
axillars slightly glossed with bronze. Length, 482; exposed culmen,
23; wing, 234; tail, 178; tarsus, 35; middle toe with claw, 51.
"Adult female.--Similar to the male but rather smaller, and the under
tail-coverts distinctly margined with chestnut. Length, 445; exposed
culmen, 23; wing, 223; tail, 159; tarsus, 33; middle toe with claw,
46." (Whitehead.)
This species is much larger than Zonophaps poliocephala from which
it differs also in the following points: A large black patch on
ear-coverts and surrounding eye; forehead, cheeks, and chin fawn-color;
occiput, neck, crop, breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts gray.
"Male.--Iris bright yellow, with an outer ring of red; orbital skin
lake-red, with a grayish yellow space between the rings; bill black;
feet coral-pink. Female: Iris straw-yellow, with an outer ring of
golden brown; orbital skin orange-yellow, bill olive-brown, black at
tip; feet salmon-red; nails black.
"This species is more often met with singly or in pairs, but sometimes
as many as four birds were seen together; they were feeding on some
large purple colored fruits as big as a pigeon's egg. C. mindorensis,
like the last species (Zonophaps poliocephala), has a conspicuous
fleshy ring outside the eyelid. * * * During dull misty weather,
especially just after daybreak, the penetrating booming note is more
often heard than on clear days." (Whitehead.)
So far as known the species is confined to the highlands of Mindoro
at an elevation of between 1,200 and 1,800 meters.
Genus MYRISTICIVORA Reichenbach, 1852.
Inner webs of first and second primaries very slightly attenuated;
tarsus feathered in front for half its length. This genus is remarkable
for its coloration; parts of the wings and tail, slate or black,
the rest of the plumage pale creamy white.
42. MYRISTICIVORA BICOLOR (Scopoli).
NUTMEG PIGEON.
Columba bicolor Scopoli, Del Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786), 2, 94.
Carpophaga bicolor Cassin, Ornith. Wilkes Exped. (1858), 265,
pl. 28.
Myristicivora bicolor Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893),
21, 227; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 67; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs
(1901), 1, 86; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 12.
Ca-má-su, bá-lud blan'-co, in general use.
Balabac (Steere, Everett); Bantayan (McGregor); Bongao (Everett);
Cresta de Gallo (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Malanipa
(Murray); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester);
Mindanao (Everett, Koch & Schadenberg); Mindoro (Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor, Porter); Negros (Meyer, Steere Exp.); Nipa
(Everett); Palawan (Bourns & Worcester, White); Sakuijok (Everett);
Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester);
Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); West Bolod
(Mearns). Siam, Cochin-China, Malay Peninsula, Tenimber and
Indo-Malayan Islands, Andamans, Nicobars, and Moluccas.
Adult (sexes alike).--General color pale creamy white; head and sides
of head more or less ochraceous-yellow; wing-coverts and edge of wing
white; alula, primary-coverts, primaries, and most of the secondaries
black; outer web of longer primaries mealy; basal half, or more,
of rectrices and under tail-coverts light yellow, the coverts in
some specimens spotted with black; end of tail marked with a wide
black band which is widest on middle rectrices. Iris dark brown;
bill dull blue with a black tip; eyelids, legs, and feet dark blue;
nails black. Length, about 380; a male from Ticao measures: Wing, 229;
tail, 127; culmen from base, 25; tarsus, 27; a female from Cresta de
Gallo, wing, 229; tail, 127; culmen from base, 24; tarsus, 29.
The camaso, or balud blanco, being a very conspicuous bird, is well
known to both natives and Spaniards and can not be mistaken for
any other species of Philippine pigeon. The species is irregular
in distribution; it is often abundant on a small island and rare,
or entirely wanting, on a larger neighboring island. Worcester and
Bourns found it especially abundant in Siquijor. No specimens were
taken by Whitehead and it is unrecorded from Luzon, although there
seems to be no reason why it should be absent from that island.
Family COLUMBIDÆ.
Tarsus slender, feathered at base; bill slender, gape small, and
nostril covering conspicuously swollen; tail nearly square or greatly
graduated; colors blackish or reddish brown.
Subfamilies.
a1. Tail moderate, nearly square; plumage mostly blackish with purple
and green metallic reflections. ... Columbinæ (p. 51)
a2. Tail greatly elongated and graduated; plumage mostly chestnut or
rufous-brown with little metallic color. ... Macropyginæ (p. 52)
Subfamily COLUMBINÆ.
Genus COLUMBA Linnæus, 1758.
Bill comparatively slender; membrane behind nostril greatly swollen
and bulging out on the side; first primary very slightly scooped on
inner web; tarsus feathered at the base. The only Philippine species
is almost entirely black, glossed with green and purple.
43. COLUMBA GRISEOGULARIS (Walden and Layard).
GRAY-THROATED PIGEON.
Ianthoenas griseogularis Walden and Layard, Ibis (1872), 104,
pl. 6.
Columba griseigularis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893),
21, 313; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 72; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 13.
Bá-lud mai-tim, Manila; bá-duc, Batan.
Basilan (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Batan (McGregor); Cagayan
Sulu (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Guimaras (Layard, Meyer);
Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Gevers, Whitehead); Mindanao (Steere
Exp., Platen, Goodfellow); Mindoro (McGregor); Negros (Everett,
Whitehead); Romblon (McGregor); Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan
(McGregor); Sulu (Burbidge); West Bolod (Mearns). Northern Borneo.
Adult (sexes alike).--General color slate-black with metallic purple
or green tips to the feathers; chin, upper throat, and sides of
face below eyes pale gray; head, neck, back, breast, abdomen, and
tips of wing-coverts, and upper and under tail-coverts glossed with
metallic purple changing to green; remiges and rectrices black without
metallic reflections, their coverts largely black with only the tips
metallic; colors change greatly with the angle at which the specimen
is held. Iris bright yellow; base of bill dark red, tip light yellow;
feet and bare space about eye red. Length, 380 to 430; two males,
wing, 248; tail, 161; exposed culmen, 22; tarsus, 28.
Young.--Differs from the adult in having metallic edges of feathers
narrower on body, and wanting on wing-coverts; throat and breast
blackish brown, each feather tipped with cinnamon.
Although of wide distribution, this species does not occur in great
numbers except on the Island of Batan in the Batanes group where many
individuals are caught with bird-lime and sold to visiting ships.
Subfamily MACROPYGINÆ.
Genus MACROPYGIA Swainson, 1837.
Bill small and rather slender; upper part of tarsus slightly feathered;
tail long and greatly graduated; longest and shortest rectrices
differing in length by about half the wing.
Species.
a1. Smaller and lighter, without a vinous wash on breast and abdomen;
dark rufous-brown above. ... tenuirostris (p. 52)
a2. Larger and darker, a faint vinous wash on breast and abdomen;
blackish brown above. ... phæa (p. 53)
44. MACROPYGIA TENUIROSTRIS Bonaparte.
SLENDER-BILLED CUCKOO DOVE.
Macropygia tenuirostris Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium (1854), 2,
57; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 346; Whitehead,
Ibis (1899), 491; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 74; McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 13.
Macropygia eurycerca Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 288
(young).
Ba-tic'-la-uin', Manila; i-bu-oo, Benguet Igorot.
Balabac (Everett); Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Leyte
(Whitehead); Luzon (Meyer, Heriot, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns &
Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester);
Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Porter); Negros (Meyer,
Steere, Everett, Keay); Palawan (Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (McGregor); Sibutu
(Everett); Sibuyan (McGregor); Sulu (Burbidge); Tawi Tawi (Bourns
& Worcester).
Adult male.--Head, sides of neck and breast, and lower parts bright
cinnamon-rufous, much lighter on throat and chin, darker on flanks,
under tail-coverts, and rectrices; above including wings and tail
dark brown; most of the feathers except remiges and rectrices,
edged with fine rufous dots; feathers of neck covered with irregular
vermiculations of rufous and blackish brown; sides of neck and of
body and crop marked with a few black cross-lines; neck and its sides
glossed with amethystine changing to green; metallic colors extending
faintly onto back and rump; rectrices from above dark brown, except
two outermost pairs which are cinnamon-rufous, each crossed by a
diagonal black bar; next pair similar but more obscurely colored;
inner webs of primaries edged with cinnamon. Iris of three rings,
outermost reddish or crimson, middle ring black, innermost pale
straw; skin around eye dirty brown; eyelids and basal half of bill
crimson; distal end of bill brown; legs and feet bright crimson;
nails brown. Length, about 394; three males average, wing, 189; tail,
200; exposed culmen, 16; tarsus, 23.
Adult female.--Nearly like the male but with very little if any
metallic gloss; neck and its sides black, barred with light cinnamon;
crop and lower throat more or less barred and vermiculated with black.
Young.--A young bird from Sibuyan with tail less than half grown
differs from the adult female in the throat- and breast-feathers being
blackish brown, edged with rufous, and in having bars of upper parts
more sharply cut, being produced by solid colors rather than by dots;
the rectrices seen from above have narrow rufous tips and from below,
each is crossed by a narrow, subterminal gray line.
The adult plumage is here described from a pair of birds taken at
Irisan, Benguet Province, on May 1, 1903. That these were breeding
birds was shown by dissection and was noted on the tags. If the
rusty edges are absent from the wing-coverts of fully adult birds
then it must require two or possibly three years for them to attain
that plumage.
"Exceedingly common in some localities. Frequents open ground
surrounded by patches of second growth. When flushed it frequently
alights in trees. Eyes yellow; legs and feet red. Length, 370;
culmen, 19; wing, 165; tail, 184; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw,
33." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
"Common among the mountains of north Luzon, and found nesting on
the summit of Monte Data, where the large tracts of dead bracken
ferns afford it good protection. I saw a young one nearly ready
to fly on 28th of January on this mountain. This dove is also
plentiful in the lowland forests, and is distributed throughout the
Archipelago." (Whitehead.)
45. MACROPYGIA PHÆA McGregor.
DARK CUCKOO DOVE.
Macropygia phæa McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 9;
Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 338; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 13.
A-la-gá-dang, Calayan.
Batan (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor).
Adult.--Similar to Macropygia tenuirostris but larger and darker;
cinnamon edgings on inner primary webs and rufous edging of
wing-coverts narrower or obsolete. The sexes differ as in the
preceding species.
Male (type).--Bill brown with reddish base; legs dark reddish brown;
nails brown; iris of three rings, outer crimson, middle black,
inner straw. Length, 413; wing, 198; tail, 198; exposed culmen, 18;
tarsus, 24.
Female (type).--Colors of bill, legs, and eyes as in the male. Length,
406; wing, 196; tail, 195; exposed culmen, 18; tarsus, 22.
This species is rather abundant in Calayan; in habits it does not
differ from Macropygia tenuirostris. The species is rare in Batan,
Batanes, where a nest containing one egg was taken, June 12. The egg
is pure white and measures 37 by 27.
Family PERISTERIDÆ.
Tarsus slender and unfeathered; bill slender and weak, gape small,
nostril covering swollen; tail slightly graduated; colors plain or
brilliant; size moderate.
Subfamilies.
a1. Plumage mostly brown, gray, and vinous; very little if any
metallic color.
b1. First primary not greatly attenuated; no narrow cross-bars on
neck and back; tail square or slightly graduated. ... Turturinæ
(p. 54)
b2. First primary abruptly attenuated; neck and back barred with
narrow lines; tail graduated, longest rectrix exceeding shortest
by more than twice the tarsus. ... Geopeliinæ (p. 57)
a2. Plumage largely metallic green or purple.
b1. Feathers of hind neck not elongated; tail not white.
c1. A gray band across rump and another across back; breast
uniform. ... Phabinæ (p. 58)
c2. No band across back nor rump; a large smear of orange or
blood-red on middle of breast. ... Geotrygoninæ (p. 60)
b2. Feathers of neck long, narrow, and soft; tail pure
white. ... Caloenadinæ (p. 64)
Subfamily TURTURINÆ.
Genera.
a1. Feathers of neck normal, not bifurcated; wing-coverts without
shaft-stripes.
b1. Larger, length, 300 mm. or more; outermost rectrices with narrow
white tips. ... Streptopelia (p. 54)
b2. Smaller, length, 240 mm. or less; outermost rectrices with wide
white ends. ... Oenopopelia (p. 56)
a2. Feathers of neck bifurcated; wing-coverts with dark shaft-stripes;
edge of wing pale pearl-gray. ... Spilopelia (p. 56)
Genus STREPTOPELIA Bonaparte, 1854.
This genus is characterized by having a long, nearly square tail,
but the outermost rectrix on each side is about 10 mm. shorter than
the next feather.
46. STREPTOPELIA DUSSUMIERI (Temminck).
DUSSUMIER'S TURTLE DOVE.
Columba dussumieri Temminck, Pl. Col. (1823), 188.
Turtur dussumieri Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 423.
Streptopelia dussumieri Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 79; Oates,
Cat. Birds' Eggs (1901), 1, 96; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 13.
Bá-to ba-tó de col-lar, Manila; pa-gao, Calayan; tuc-mó, Ticao,
Bohol, Cagayancillo.
Agutaya (McGregor); Bantayan (McGregor); Banton (Celestino);
Basilan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett, Steere
Exp., McGregor); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor);
Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Caluya (Porter);
Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Everett, Steere Exp., McGregor);
Cuyo (McGregor); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Leyte
(Everett); Libagao (Porter); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer,
Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Maestre de Campo
(McGregor & Worcester); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Steere
Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Koch & Schadenberg,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow); Mindoro (Steere
Exp., Schmacker, Whitehead, McGregor, Porter); Negros (Meyer,
Everett, Steere Exp., Keay); Palawan (Platen, White); Panay
(Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Samar (Whitehead); Semirara (Worcester); Siasi (Guillemard);
Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan (Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester,
Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns
& Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor);
Verde (McGregor). North Borneo, Marianne Islands.
Adult (sexes alike).--Forehead and face pearl-gray; top and sides
of head and nape darker, washed with vinous, nuchal collar blackish,
each feather touched with gray, the tips faint metallic green; behind
collar a band of light rusty brown; rest of upper parts, including
tail-coverts, tertiaries, and proximal wing-coverts, earthy brown;
chin white shading into light vinous on throat, breast, and sides
of neck and abdomen; sides and flanks gray; middle of abdomen, vent,
and under tail-coverts white; alula, primary-coverts, and primaries
blackish brown, the last with narrow whitish edges, secondaries
similar to primaries; distal coverts in each series slate-gray;
rectrices blackish brown below; outer webs of shortest pair white;
three outer pairs with wide gray ends and narrow white tips; three
middle pairs with brown ends. Iris light orange or reddish brown; bill
dark horn-blue; angle of mouth dull red; legs light carmine; nails
brown. Length, 300 to 330; three males average: Wing, 161; tail, 134;
exposed culmen, 15; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 31. Two females:
Wing, 158; tail, 129; culmen, 18; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 31.
"Enormously abundant in many localities, especially about the
rice-fields after harvest. Everywhere common in open country. It is
a favorite cage bird with the natives, who call it took-moo from its
note. The nest, which is a mere platform of sticks and twigs, is placed
on the branch of some low tree or bush. The eggs are pure white in
color, and oval in form, with both ends rather sharply pointed. They
measure 28.4 to 30.5 in length by 20.8 to 21.3 in breadth.
"Eyes golden brown; feet purple; length, 305; wing 155; tail, 123;
culmen, 20; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 32." (Bourns and
Worcester MS.)
Dussumier's dove occurs in nearly every island of the group; it
is partial to open, lowland country. After harvest it feeds in the
rice-fields, being found in pairs or small companies.
Genus OENOPOPELIA Blanford, 1898.
Tail short and square, its feathers subequal; first primary nearly
or quite as long as the second.
47. OENOPOPELIA HUMILIS (Temminck).
RED TURTLE DOVE.
Columba humilis Temminck, Pl. Col. (1824), 259.
Turtur humilis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 434.
Onopopelia humilis Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 79.
Onopopelia humulis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 14
(error).
Bá-to ba-tó de col-lar, Manila.
Calayan (McGregor); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Cuming, Möllendorff,
Meyer, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor);
Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester). China, Japan,
Indo-Chinese countries, eastern Bengal, Andamans.
Adult male.--Back, wings, and under parts nearly uniform vinaceous-red;
upper parts darker, more reddish brown; head and sides of face
light slate-gray sharply separated from color of back by a narrow,
black, nuchal band; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts blackish
slate; chin white or nearly so; vent and under tail-coverts white;
alula, primary-coverts, primaries, and secondaries blackish brown;
rectrices black below; three outer pairs with the terminal third white;
three inner pairs with terminal third pearl-gray; outermost pair with
outer web all white; middle pair brown above. Iris dark; bill, legs,
and nails black. Length, 215 to 240. Three males average: Wing, 138;
tail, 90; exposed culmen, 14; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 25.
Adult female.--Color pattern as in the male but the vinaceous-red
replaced by earthy brown; under parts paler with a faint vinaceous
wash; head brown like the back. Three females average: Wing, 128;
tail, 77; exposed culmen, 14; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 24.
Young.--The young male is like the adult female but lacks the nuchal
band and under parts have no vinaceous wash; wing-coverts and feathers
of breast tipped with yellowish brown.
The eastern ruddy dove is one of the common doves in Luzon; it is very
abundant in open lowland country where it feeds upon the ground. Like
the barred and Dussumier's doves this species is common in the vicinity
of Manila; many are sold in the markets throughout the year. In the
other islands it is very scarce.
Genus SPILOPELIA Sundevall, 1873.
Tail graduated; its outermost feather 40 mm. shorter than the central
pair; a wide band of feathers on neck with bifurcated tips.
48. SPILOPELIA TIGRINA (Temminck and Knip).
MALAY SPOTTED DOVE.
Columba tigrina Temminck and Knip, Hist. Nat. des Pig. (1808-11),
1, pl. 43.
Turtur tigrinus Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 440.
Spilopelia tigrina Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 80; Oates,
Cat. Birds' Eggs (1901), 1, 98; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 14.
Balabac (Everett); Palawan (Whitehead, McGregor, Celestino,
White). Burma, Malay Peninsula, Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands,
Celebes, Moluccas.
Adult (sexes alike).--Head dark gray with a vinaceous wash;
forehead and face lighter; lores with a small black spot; bifurcated
feathers of neck black with white tips; feathers of upper parts
brown with paler, dull, rusty edges and dark shaft-stripes, the
stripes widest on tertials and wing-coverts; distal coverts in each
series pearl-gray, outer webs white; quills brown with narrow pale
edges; lower parts vinous; paler, nearly white on chin; abdomen
white washed with buff; under tail-coverts white; three outer
tail-feathers black broadly tipped with white; next pair black,
tipped with gray; two central feathers uniform brown, next pair black
with a broad, terminal, brown band. "Iris reddish pearl; bill black;
feet pinkish." (Wallace.) Length, about 300; wing, 145; tail, 150;
exposed culmen, 17; tarsus, 22.
Young.--"More rufescent above and beneath; feathers of the hind neck
of a pale brown with grayish edges." (Salvadori.)
The Malay spotted dove occurs in small numbers as a winter visitant
to Balabac and Palawan. Whitehead says it is "scarce and very local"
in Palawan; Celestino took several specimens at Puerto Princesa.
Subfamily GEOPELIINÆ.
Genus GEOPELIA Swainson, 1837.
Tip of first primary very slender; tail long and greatly graduated,
and its feathers very slender. This genus contains the smallest
Philippine doves.
49. GEOPELIA STRIATA (Linnæus).
BARRED GROUND DOVE.
Columba striata Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed 12 (1766), 1, 282.
Geopelia striata Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21,
458; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 80; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs
(1901), 1, 101; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 14.
Ba-to ba-tó ca-tic'-bi, Manila.
Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Mindoro (Everett, McGregor);
Verde (McGregor). Siam, Southern Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula,
Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands, Celebes, Amboina.
Adult male.--Anterior half of head, sides of face, chin, and upper
throat pearl-gray; a little lighter on chin and forehead; hind crown
and nape uniform dull reddish brown; rest of upper parts, including
wing-coverts, earthy brown; neck and sides of neck decorated
with sharply cut black and white bars (on hind neck washed with
brown); above, the bars become obliterated posteriorly leaving the
feathers uniform brown with black tips which persist to longest upper
tail-coverts; below, along sides and flanks the black bars are reduced
in width; middle of breast vinaceous-pink; middle of abdomen, vent,
and under tail-coverts white and unbarred, primaries and secondaries
brown, narrowly edged with brown or gray; lining of wing cinnamon
with narrow black bars; rectrices brown, all but middle pair with
wide white tips. Iris pale blue; bill and bare skin about eyes blue;
legs and feet dull red; nails light horn. Length, 216 to 229. Five
males yield the following measurements: Wing, 94 to 100 (98); tail,
91 to 104 (96); exposed culmen, 14 to 15 (14.5); tarsus, 19 to 20
(19.5); middle toe with claw, 22 to 24 (23).
Adult female.--Like the male; said to be less reddish on the occiput
but this difference is not very obvious except where fully adult
birds are compared.
Young.--Above like the adult but bars continued from nape onto
top of head; wing-coverts barred with brown, buff, and rusty brown;
secondaries edged with rusty buff; inner webs of primary-coverts rusty
brown; no vinaceous-pink on breast which is barred like the sides.
In the full-plumaged bird the bars encroach upon the pink area of
breast and are more strongly developed on sides and flanks than in
less mature individuals. In most specimens the primary-coverts are
tipped with cinnamon but in fine plumage these coverts are uniform
brown and the primaries from third to eighth inclusive, are narrowly
edged with red near their bases.
The nest of this species is a frail mass of twigs with scarcely
any hollow; it is placed on the branch of a bush, in a small tree,
or according to Whitehead, among hanging creepers. Near Mariveles,
Bataan, a nest with fresh eggs was found February 27, 1902. The two
oval eggs are pure white.
The barred dove, while one of the commonest species in Luzon, occurs
but rarely in other islands of the Archipelago. It is often found
feeding in rice-fields after the grain has been harvested and is
brought into the Manila markets from neighboring towns.
Subfamily PHABINÆ.
Genus CHALCOPHAPS Gould, 1843.
Bill slender; wing short; tail short and slightly rounded, its feathers
wide; tarsal envelope entire, with no division into plates or scales;
wings and mantle largely bronze-green.
50. CHALCOPHAPS INDICA (Linnæus).
INDIAN BRONZE-WINGED DOVE.
Columba indica Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 164.
Chalcophaps indica Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893),
21, 514; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 84; Oates, Cat. Birds'
Eggs (1901), 1, 103, pl. 8 figs. 2 & 3; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 14.
Ba-to ba-tó si-li, Manila; ma-ná-tad, Bohol; ac-bá-on, Ticao;
ba-na-tá, Cagayancillo; li-mú-kin, Calayan.
Banton (Celestino); Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns &
Worcester, McGregor); Batan (McGregor); Bohol (McGregor);
Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester);
Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Cebu (Everett,
Steere Exp., McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras
(Steere Exp.); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Meyer, Bourns &
Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate
(Steere Exp., McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Koch & Schadenberg,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino); Mindoro
(Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Porter); Negros (Meyer, Everett,
Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Palawan (Steere, Whitehead,
Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Steere,
Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar
(Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor);
Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Platen); Tablas
(Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao
(McGregor); Verde (McGregor). Indian and Malay Peninsulas,
Indo-Chinese countries, Sunda Islands, Nicobars, Andamans,
Moluccas, Ceylon, Celebes, New Guinea.
Adult male.--Forehead and superciliary stripe white, shading into
slate-blue on crown and nape; upper back and neck washed with
slate-blue; primaries, primary-coverts, and alula dull brown; small
lesser coverts on shoulder tipped with white; rest of wings and back
rich metallic green, changing to rich bronze when specimen is held
away from the light; back metallic copper-color crossed near middle
by a band of blue-gray; another blue-gray band between back and rump;
upper tail-coverts dark slate with black tips; sides of neck and
face and lower parts vinaceous-purple, paler on chin and on abdomen,
the former sometimes washed with brown; basal under tail-coverts
blue-gray, the longest ones blackish; rectrices mostly blackish,
outermost pair mostly pearl-gray above, clearest on outer web, with
a subterminal black band; next two pairs similar but variable. Iris
brown; bill coral-red, dark at base; legs dark carmine; feet bluish;
nails horn. A specimen from Mindoro measures: Length, 255; wing, 152;
tail, 92; culmen from base, 23; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 30.
Adult female.--In color pattern like the male from which it differs
chiefly in having the vinaceous-purple replaced by brown, more or
less faintly glossed with purple; whole head brown, superciliary
stripe much reduced; small lesser wing-coverts brown; rump and upper
tail-coverts cinnamon-brown with blackish tips and slight purple
gloss; rectrices much as in male but second, third, and fourth outer
pairs more or less rufous basally. A specimen from Masbate measures:
Length, 241; wing, 139; tail, 85; culmen from base, 20; tarsus, 26;
middle toe with claw, 28.
Young.--A young male has top and sides of head brown, the tips of
many feathers cinnamon or rusty, especially those about the eyes;
metallic colors of back and wings largely replaced by dusky brown and
many of the wing-coverts, as well as some primaries and secondaries,
tipped and mottled with rusty cinnamon; sides of neck, breast, and
abdomen barred with cinnamon and blackish brown. Iris dark brown;
bill dull reddish brown; legs dull pink; nails slate.
"Exceedingly common throughout the group. Invariably found on the
ground and usually in deep woods. Usually alights on the ground again
when flushed. Eyes dark brown; bill dark red; legs and feet light to
dark red; nails light brown. Seven specimens average, 243 in length;
wing, 141; tail, 88; culmen, 22; tarsus, 24; middle toe and claw,
29." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
The bronze-winged dove, because of its wide distribution, is a species
little valued by the collector but its solitary and unobtrusive
habits usually lead the novice to mistake it for a rarity. In no place
abundant, the species may be found in nearly every island where forest,
or even a small growth of trees, exists to afford protected feeding
grounds. Oates records two eggs of this species which were collected
in Mindoro by the Steere Expedition.
Subfamily GEOTRYGONINÆ.
Genus PHLEGOENAS Reichenbach, 1852.
Terrestrial and solitary; wings moderate; first primary normal;
tail moderate and rounded; tarsi unfeathered; wing-coverts banded;
chin and throat white; a conspicuous spot, or patch, of orange or
red on crop region, where the feathers are decomposed and harsh.
Species.
a1. Breast-spot blood-red.
b1. Forehead gray; lower breast pink. ... luzonica (p. 60)
b2. Forehead green like crown; lower breast buff or fawn.
c1. A broad chestnut band on wing-coverts. ... criniger (p. 61)
c2. A broad white band on lesser wing-coverts. ... keayi (p. 62)
a2. Breast-spot orange.
b1. Hind breast and upper abdomen pearly ash. ... menagei (p. 63)
b2. Chest and abdomen white. ... platenæ (p. 64)
51. PHLEGOENAS LUZONICA (Scopoli).
LUZON PUÑALADA.
Columba luzonica Scopoli, Del Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786), 94.
Phlogoenas luzonica Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21,
585; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 88; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 15.
Pu-ña-lá-da, Manila and generally.
Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Heriot, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor,
Celestino).
Adult (sexes similar).--Top of head, from base of bill to hind border
of eye, gray; rest of upper parts dark brown, each feather, except
rectrices and their coverts, edged with metallic green or purple,
according to the light; the edging wider on interscapulars; sides
of neck similar to back; chin, throat, and sides of face below eyes
pure white; a patch of blood-red on the stiffish feathers of crop,
shading into pale salmon on lower breast and abdomen; sides gray;
flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts light buff; primaries and
secondaries brown, edges reddish brown, basal half of inner web
of primaries cinnamon; greater and median coverts reddish brown
with wide gray tips forming two gray bands across each wing; lesser
coverts gray; two middle pairs of rectrices brown on upper surface;
the other rectrices gray, each with a subterminal black bar.
Length, about 280. A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing,
148; tail, 112; culmen from base, 21; tarsus, 35. A female from the
same province measures: Wing, 145; tail, 102; culmen from base, 20;
tarsus, 32.
This beautiful dove is often found in the Manila markets; it is a
well-known favorite of the Spaniards. The species is commonly known
as puñalada which means "stabbed with a dagger." The Calamianes record
of this species is doubtless an error.
52. PHLEGOENAS CRINIGER (Jacquinot and Pucheran).
HAIR-BREASTED PUÑALADA.
Pampusana criniger Jacquinot and Pucheran, Voy. Pôle Sud. (1853),
3, 118.
Phlogoenas bartletti Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1863), 377, pl. 34.
Phlogoenas crinigera Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893),
21, 587; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 88; McGregor and Worcester,
Hand-List (1906), 15.
Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Leyte
(Whitehead); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp.); Samar (Bourns &
Worcester).
Adult male and female.--Head, cheeks, neck, and mantle dark metallic
green changing to metallic purple; back, rump, and tail-coverts
chestnut, some of the feathers with amethystine edges; white of
chin and throat extending backward on each side of a large dark
red crop-patch; rest of under parts rich buffy brown, lighter
on tail-coverts, nearly white on abdomen; alula, primaries, and
primary-coverts dark brown; secondaries chestnut; upper lesser
coverts brown, edged with metallic green changing to amethystine;
remainder of lesser coverts broadly tipped with gray; median and
greater coverts chestnut, tipped with gray forming wing-bands; middle
tail-feathers chestnut, the others blackish with wide gray tips. A
male from Basilan: Length, 280; wing, 153; tail, 110; exposed culmen,
19; tarsus, 36. A female from Basilan: Wing, 145; tail, 95; exposed
culmen, 19; tarsus, 34.
"Eyes lilac; legs light pink; feet dark pink; nails nearly white;
upper mandible black, lower gray. Seven specimens average as follows:
Length, 355; culmen, 21; wing, 146; tail, 95; tarsus, 32; middle toe
with claw, 9.
"We consider the Sulu record of this species extremely doubtful. We
saw a Phlegoenas there which we failed to obtain. It seems to us more
probable, however, from the close relationship of the known birds of
Sulu to those of Tawi Tawi that the species in question is P. menagei.
"The habits of the Philippine representatives of this genus are the
same. The birds are invariably found on the ground in the forest. They
run very rapidly, and in close cover frequently escape in this way
without taking wing. When flushed they invariably alight on the
ground again, and run rapidly after alighting, so that they are
very difficult to kill. P. criniger is fairly abundant in Basilan,
but much rarer in Samar." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
53. PHLEGOENAS KEAYI Clarke.
NEGROS PUÑALADA.
Phlogoenas keayi Clarke, Ibis (1900), 359, pl. 8; McGregor and
Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 15.
Pe-nes, Negros.
Negros (Keay).
Adult.--"Feathers of the head, upper part of cheeks, hind neck, sides
of breast, mantle, and lesser wing-coverts (except the distal series)
gray, broadly edged with dark metallic green, changing to amethystine;
back and rump purplish chestnut with amethystine margins to feathers;
upper tail-coverts purplish chestnut; primaries dusky, with margins
of outer webs and basal two-thirds of inner webs chestnut; secondaries
chestnut, dusky toward tips of inner webs; greater and median coverts
purplish chestnut; lesser coverts with two or three of their distal
rows subterminally gray, broadly margined with white, the latter
color forming a conspicuous band across wing; lining of wing and under
wing-coverts chestnut; central pair of tail-feathers dark chestnut,
the remainder gray with a broad subapical band of black; lower part
of cheeks, throat, fore neck, breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts
white (abdomen washed with fawn in some specimens); flanks and thighs
fawn, almost white in some examples; patch on crop-region small and
blood-red; pectoral band narrow and incomplete, formed by the metallic
green margins to some of the breast feathers. Feet red. Wing, 159;
tail, 104; culmen, 18; tarsus, 37." (Clarke.)
Keay's blood-breasted pigeon is easily recognized by the conspicuous
white band across the wing.
54. PHLEGOENAS MENAGEI Bourns and Worcester.
TAWI TAWI PUÑALADA.
Phlogoenas menagei Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota
Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 10; Sharpe, Hand-List
(1899), 1, 88; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 15.
Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).
"Adult male.--Entire upper surface of head, nape, hind neck,
upper back, sides of neck, and sides of breast rich metallic green;
scapulars and interscapulars dark brown, broadly edged with elegant
violet when specimen is held between observer and the light, this color
changing to deep green when specimen is held away from source of light;
rump and upper tail-coverts ruddy brown narrowly edged with metallic
colors of back; a few of the longest coverts nearly black, washed with
rufous-brown at tips; basal portion of tail-feathers dark ashy gray,
the two central feathers darkest; a distinct subterminal band of black
on all but central pair of feathers; all the feathers with a terminal
gray band, least distinct on central pair; wing-coverts dark brown,
broadly tipped with metallic green except outer series, which are
broadly tipped with ashy gray; primary- and secondary-coverts and
secondaries fulvous-brown, the outer half of outer webs of feathers
rich rufous-brown, the inner secondaries having the entire outer web,
and tip of inner web, of this color; primaries fulvous-brown faintly
washed with rufous-brown on basal half of outer webs; lores, a narrow
line under eye, and ear-coverts nearly black with a faint wash of
metallic green; metallic green of back and sides of neck continued
in a distinct band across the breast, only slightly interrupted at
center of breast and inclosing a beautiful orange plastron formed by
the bristle-like tips of the feathers of the fore breast; basal portion
of these feathers as well as chin, throat, sides of face, and sides of
throat pure white; an indistinct white band behind the green pectoral
band; hind breast and upper abdomen pearly ash, a few of the feathers
tipped with creamy white; belly creamy white; flanks, thighs, and
under tail-coverts buff; under surface of tail like upper, the terminal
band being rather more pronounced; under wing-coverts, axillars, and
basal portion of inner webs of all the quills chestnut-brown; rest of
quills dark brown. Iris light silver-gray; bill slaty gray at tip,
black at base; legs and feet light red; nails light brown. Length,
286; wing, 153; tail, 103; culmen, 21; tarsus, 36.
"Extremely rare and difficult to obtain. We secured two fine males
but failed to get a female." (Bourns and Worcester.)
55. PHLEGOENAS PLATENÆ Blasius.
MINDORO PUÑALADA.
Phlogoenas platenæ "Blasius," Hartert, Jour. für Ornith. (1891)
302; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 588; Sharpe,
Hand-List (1899), 1, 88; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List
(1906), 15.
Mindoro (Platen, Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).
Adult (sexes similar).--Head and neck dark metallic green changing
to amethystine; scapulars, back, and rump chestnut, many of the
feathers edged with metallic green; below white becoming faint buff or
ochraceous on abdomen, flanks, and tail-coverts; finely speckled with
gray on sides of breast; red crop-patch very small; alula, primaries,
and primary-coverts brown; secondaries and coverts chestnut, except
some of the lesser series which are blackish with broad light gray
tips forming a conspicuous patch; upper tail-coverts and middle
pair of tail-feathers gray, remainder of rectrices blackish with
gray tips. Iris purple; bill black; legs dark rose-color; nails
gray. Length, 275 to 285. A male measures: Wing, 150; tail, 106;
exposed culmen, 20; tarsus, 34. A female: Wing, 141; tail, 100;
exposed culmen, 20; tarsus, 34.
Two nests with eggs were collected on the Baco River in 1905. The
first was taken April 28, and was placed 1.5 meters from the ground
on a horizontal limb of a small tree. The two eggs were advanced in
incubation. They measure 30 by 22 and 29 by 22. The second nest was
similarly placed in a shrub. The nest measures 200 by 280 mm. across
the top and is very shallow, the outside depth being about 50 mm. On
the bottom are a number of rather large leaves and sticks, topped by
fine rootlets and spiral plant-tendrils. The materials were poorly put
together so that a large part of the bottom fell off when the nest
was removed from its site. The two eggs were well incubated. They
measure 29 by 22 and 30 by 21. Their color is light cream.
"Common in the old forests in the interior of Mindoro, but very
difficult to shoot. We found its nest in a tangle of vines about two
meters above the ground. The female flew from the nest to the ground
and pretended to be lame. The nest, which contained two young birds,
was found in the month of May." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)
Subfamily CALOENADINÆ.
Genus CALOENAS Gray, 1840.
The genus Caloenas is distinguished by having the feathers of the
neck long, narrow, and pointed; bill deep, with a knob on the base
of culmen; legs and feet large, covered with large transverse plates;
tail short and square.
56. CALOENAS NICOBARICA (Linnæus).
NICOBAR PIGEON.
Columba nicobarica Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 164.
Caloenas nicobarica Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893),
21, 615; Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1898), 4, 24, fig. 5
(head); Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 91; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs
(1901), 1, 106; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 15.
Dun-dú-nai, native name.
Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Bourns &
Worcester); Palawan (Platen); Sibutu (Everet
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