English Heraldic Book-stamps

by Cyril Davenport · English · Gutenberg #47714 · 448,725 chars · public domain (US)

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Title: English Heraldic Book-stamps

Author: Cyril Davenport

Release date: December 20, 2014 [eBook #47714]
Most recently updated: October 24, 2024

Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENGLISH HERALDIC BOOK-STAMPS ***

ENGLISH HERALDIC BOOK-STAMPS

[Illustration]

THIS FRONTISPIECE
SHOWING
THE BOOK-STAMP OF
HIS MAJESTY THE KING
IS REPRODUCED
BY HIS MAJESTY'S
GRACIOUS PERMISSION.

[FOR DESCRIPTION
See p. 155]

ENGLISH HERALDIC
BOOK-STAMPS

FIGURED AND DESCRIBED

BY
CYRIL DAVENPORT V.D. F.S.A.

AUTHOR OF 'THE BOOK,' ETC.

[Illustration]

LONDON
ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & CO Ltd
1909

CONTENTS

PAGE

INTRODUCTION 1

COATS-OF-ARMS 41

BIBLIOGRAPHY 413

INDICES--

INDEX TO THE INTRODUCTION 417

INDEX TO THE COATS-OF-ARMS, ETC. 421

Introduction

The coats-of-arms and crests which are figured and described in the
following pages do not exhaust the number of stamps of this kind that
must exist on bookbindings throughout England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Perhaps some day I shall go on my travels and search for unrecorded
coats, but the present collection, even if it should prove to have been
only a first instalment, will not easily be equalled in interest.

Little attention has been hitherto paid to English coats-of-arms
outside books. For French coats of the same kind an excellent and
comprehensive handbook has been compiled by M. J. Guigard, _Nouvel
Armorial du Bibliophile_, Paris, 1890.

Two short papers have already been written about my present subject,
and both of these are illustrated with drawings by myself. The
earlier paper is by Mr. W. Y. Fletcher, and appeared in vol. iii. of
_Bibliographica_ in 1897; it is called "English Armorial Book-Stamps
and their Owners." The second paper is by Mr. A. W. Pollard, and
appeared in _The Library_ of April 1902; it is called "The Franks
Collection of Armorial Book-Stamps." The drawings I made for these
two papers were carefully drawn exactly as the stamps were cut, and
consequently look very black; in my newer drawings, however, I have in
many cases only given the outlines of supporters, crests, helmets, and
accessories generally, the effect of which is less heavy and equally
useful for identification.

Armorial devices stamped on the outsides of books occur in England from
the end of the fifteenth century onwards, and very fine examples are
found of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries particularly. Towards
the end of the seventeenth century the popularity of the book-stamp was
diminished by the growth of the use of adhesive book-plates. It may be
mentioned that, especially during the reign of Elizabeth, many fine
armorial woodcuts are found in English books, the arms being generally
those of the patron to whom the book was dedicated.

The succession of English Royal coats-of-arms on books is complete
from the time of Henry VII. to that of Edward VII., and they will all
be found in this book. The usual authorities for Royal armorials are
great seals and coins, but the books which belonged to our sovereigns
supply an equally fine and equally accurate collection. Every change of
bearings, supporters, mottoes or badges is duly represented, and there
are very few old private libraries in England which have not some Royal
books upon their shelves. These books have either been given away by
the sovereigns themselves, or acquired as official perquisites.

With regard to the identification of coats-of-arms or crests on books,
this is a process of exhaustion, and it will be found easiest to begin
with accessories, if there are any. These accessories are found either
as augmentations _on_ the shield or additions _outside_ it, and by
their help it is often easy to narrow down the limits within which the
owner must come. By the help of coronets it is possible to fix the
exact rank of the owner, and this alone, together with the date of the
book, ought to make the identification easy, by help of a Peerage of
the same date.

The decorations which surround a shield are often of great use; the
coat-of-arms and coronet of an Earl, for instance, may be easily
identified, but there may nevertheless be three or four persons who
succeeded each other rapidly, and bore the same coat, to whom the book
may have belonged. But round such a coat perhaps there is the Garter,
or the collar of the Bath, or the insignia of some other order, and
this will very likely decide which Earl was the actual owner.

The date of the printing of a book is of some use, if everything else
fails, but it must be understood that as a rule it only means that the
binding belonged to somebody at a later date. Even that is not quite
certain, because old stamped bindings have too often been transferred
to newer books. Such a transfer would be evident to a binder, but it
may well deceive any one else.

The large majority of the stamps illustrated herewith are in the
British Museum, but I have included a few in private ownership, and to
these owners my sincere thanks are due for their kindness in allowing
me to copy the various coats. I have in every case mentioned this
private ownership, and where such mention is not found the book from
which the drawing has been made is in the British Museum, either in the
Department of Printed Books or in the Department of Manuscripts.

Heraldry is of military origin, but its decorative side, and the
various exact rules which govern it, were probably brought into use
during the Middle Ages, in connection with the frequent Tournaments
which were governed by strict rules. The ceremonies to be followed
at the Tournaments were very closely laid down; heralds as well as
their assistants of all sorts came into much prominence, and personal
insignia acquired an importance they have never had since. Even now
there are a few signs of ancient personal heraldry existing in our
army; crests and tartans of private families may be found among the
Highland regiments, but the modern tendency, especially since the late
war in South Africa, has been to abolish such peculiarities.

To Blazon is to describe the different divisions and bearings on a
coat-of-arms in proper sequence and in heraldic language, so that an
heraldic artist can, from the description, draw and colour the coat
correctly.

The colours of shields and bearings ought to be given in every case,
either of blazon or illustration; but as this is not always convenient,
two methods of indicating colours have been adopted. The first is known
as Trick, and in this manner colours were marked until the seventeenth
century.

In Trick the colours or tinctures are indicated by letters, and they
are described in Gerard Legh's _Accedens of Armory_, London, 1562, as
follows:--

O. Or. Yelowe. A. Argent. Whyghte.
G. Geules, betweene Red and Tenne.
B. Azure, bright Blewe. V. Vert. Grene.
P. Purpure. Purple. E. Ermyn. White poudred wt Black.
Es. Ermines. Black powdred whight. T. Tenne. Orynge coloure.
M. Sangwyne. Murreye. Pr. Proper coloure. Naturall.
BB. Blewe. Sad Blewe.

The letters are put either in the spaces or on the charges to which
they refer, or they may be found in the margin with a directing line
drawn to the proper place.

Several other methods of indicating colour by means of black and white
lines laid in certain directions have been tried, but they have all
failed to stand the test of time except that invented by an Italian
Jesuit Father, Silvestro Petra Sancta, who lived in the seventeenth
century. His method is figured and described in a book he wrote and
illustrated on Italian coats-of-arms. It is a very useful book, because
the coats are arranged according to the devices upon them. It is in
fact an illustrated ordinary of Italian arms, _Tesserae Gentilitiae_,
Romae, 1638.

The colours and lines given by Father Petra Sancta are as follows:--

[Illustration: Aurum (Or)]

[Illustration: Argentum (Argent)]

[Illustration: Puniceum (Gueulles)]

[Illustration: Cyaneum (Azur)]

[Illustration: Prasinum Viridem (Sinople)]

[Illustration: Violaceum (Pourpre)]

[Illustration: Nigrum]

These are still the commonest colours, but a few more have been added
since; they are, however, rarely used.

Besides the metals and the colours a few furs are used in heraldry; the
two most usual of these are Ermine and Vair. Ermine is white and shows
little conventional spots on it, which represent the black tips of the
tails of the same animal.

[Illustration]

Vair is supposed to represent little grey squirrel skins spread out and
arranged touching each other. It is coloured blue and white.

[Illustration]

The others, rarely found, are variations on one or other of these two.

Ermines shows white tails on a black ground.

Erminois shows black tails on a gold ground.

Erminites is the same as Ermine, but each black tail has one
outer red hair on each side.

Pean shows gold tails on a black ground.

Counter Vair has the skins differently arranged.

Potent is like Vair, but the skins are differently shaped, like
thick T's.

Counter Potent has the Potent skins differently arranged.

The heraldic lines, dots, and furs should be learnt, as they must be
understood and are continually met with in heraldic works of late date.
The tincture lines do not show on English Royal book-stamps until
the time of George II., and on earlier book-stamps the want of any
indication of colour is a great element of doubt in the attribution of
coats-of-arms to particular persons, in the absence of assistance from
marks outside the shields, coronets, helmets, crests, and the like.

An heraldic heiress is a lady whose father is armigerous but leaves no
son. In such a case the lady's coat, if she married, would be shown on
an escutcheon of Pretence placed in the centre of her husband's coat,
and may be shown as a quartering on the coats-of-arms of her children.

Marshalling is the manner and method of conjoining divers arms upon
one shield according to heraldic precedent and usage; it is an exact
process.

The marshalling of the many family coats which may be inherited through
marriages with heraldic heiresses is often a very elaborate and
difficult matter. The rules, however, for such marshalling are well
known and logical. A very good summary of this important part of a
herald's duty can be found in Mr. A. C. Fox Davies's _Art of Heraldry_,
in the chapter on Marshalling. A coat-of-arms is, however, sometimes
found with many quarterings which only show the successive alliances,
but in such a case the facts should always be stated. In default of
such explanation the existence of the proper heraldic heiress rights
must always be presumed.

When a man quarters the coat-of-arms of an ancestral heiress, he has
also the right to use the crest belonging to it. The right of bearing
a crest, although not allowed to ladies, seems to be latent in them,
as it can be inherited through them, if heiresses, by their male
descendants. But in ordinary English usage it is usual only to use
one crest, except in the case of an assumption by Royal Licence of an
additional surname, coat-of-arms, and crest. In German heraldry such
quartered coats are usually accompanied by all their respective crests,
which are placed along the top of the coat in an arched line, each on
its proper helmet, and all facing inwards.

Distinctive personal marks on English shields are few; the commonest is
the Ulster hand which is used as an augmentation by Baronets. The rank
of Baronet, which is hereditary, was instituted by James I. in 1611. By
the original Statutes of the Order, Baronets in order to qualify for
the rank had to maintain "thirty soldiers three years at eightpence a
day in the Province of Ulster in Ireland." A Baronet had to prove that
he was a gentleman by birth and to possess property to the value of
£1000 per annum.

The arms of Ulster are a red left hand appaumé on a silver ground,
and the origin of this curious coat is said to be that on an Irish
expedition for the acquisition of new territory in ancient days, the
ancestor of the O'Neiles, finding that an adversary was reaching the
coveted shore more quickly than he was, cut off his left hand, and
threw it ashore, thereby establishing a "first landing" claim to the
new territory. The claim was allowed, and so the successful chieftain
became the first king of Ulster and the ancestor of the succeeding
kings.

The Ulster hand, either with or without its silver shield, usually
shows either on the honour point in the centre of a shield, in the
dexter chief, or in the centre chief, but there is no definite rule as
to its position.

In 1625 a similar hereditary rank was instituted for Nova Scotia in
North America, but since 1801 all Baronets have been "of the United
Kingdom." The Baronets of Ulster and of the United Kingdom both use the
Ulster hand as their symbol, borne upon their shield, but the Baronets
of Nova Scotia indicate their rank in another way. The badge of a
Baronet of Nova Scotia hangs from the base of his shield, suspended
by a tawny ribbon; the badge is oval, and shows "argent, a saltire
azure, thereon an inescutcheon of the arms of Scotland ensigned with an
Imperial Crown, the whole encircled by a fillet on which are the words
'FAX MENTIS HONESTAE GLORIA.'"

Concerning the Knights of the English Langue of the Order of St. John
of Jerusalem, Guillim says that they may wear "their Paternal coat
armour insigned with this cross on the chief of their Paternal Coat."
The cross he speaks of is, he says, that of Amadeus, Earl of Savoy
(Gu., a cross argent), who fought in company with the Knights of St.
John at the Siege of Acre in the thirteenth century, and, the Grand
Master being slain, put on his dress and demeaned himself so gallantly
that he was asked to allow the Order to adopt his coat-of-arms.

In the Charter of Incorporation of this Order granted by Queen
Victoria in 1888, it is ordained that "Knights of Justice may bear the
Arms of the Order, viz. Gules, a cross argent embellished alternately
in each of the principal angles with a Lion guardant and a Unicorn,
both passant or," as a chief on their coat-of-arms. The lion and the
unicorn were added to the then existing arms of the English Langue of
the Order by George IV.

Knights of other Orders and Knights Bachelors do not, as such, use any
augmentations on their shields.

Several forms of marks of cadency are given in the _Book of St.
Albans_, printed in the fifteenth century, and many more had been used
in mediæval times, but the manner of indicating cadency which has
lasted until the present day is the only one that it is necessary to
describe here.

In an old window at St. Mary's Church, Warwick, the six sons of the
Earl of Warwick, who died in the thirty-fourth year of Edward III., are
marked by the six following devices on their shields:--

[Illustration: 1st, a Label]

[Illustration: 2nd, a Crescent]

[Illustration: 3rd, a Mullet or spur rowel, sometimes pierced]

[Illustration: 4th, a Martlet]

[Illustration: 5th, an Annulet]

[Illustration: 6th, a Fleur-de-lys]

Gerard Legh in his _Accedens of Armory_ mentions three more such
marks:--

7th, a Rose. 8th, a Cross moline. 9th, a double Quatrefoil.

The first six are often met with, but the last three very rarely.

The Royal Family all use labels as cadency marks, distinguished by
charges upon them, or by the number of points, differences which are
all specially granted, the eldest son always wearing a plain silver
label of three points.

English coronets seem to have followed a definite line of development,
but they were not actually settled as to their respective designs until
the time of Charles II., at whose coronation all the ranks of the
Peerage carried their respective coronets exactly in their present
form.

At first coronets of rank were only circlets of metal, then on this
circlet were put balls or "pearls" (as in the portrait of King Alfred
on the Dowgate Hill brooch, or the coronet of a Baron or Viscount),
then the pearls were ornamentally tripled, and this trefoil soon
turned into a leaf form (_e.g._ the coronet of an Earl or Marquis,
alternately pearls and leaves), and finally leaves alone figure as the
mark of the highest peerage rank of a subject (_e.g._ the coronet of a
Duke, leaves only).

The Royal Crown has gone through a similar line of development, but in
this case the trefoil has evolved into two different forms, that of the
cross pattée, and that of the fleur-de-lys. These forms became fixed in
the time of Henry VII., the existing crown of England being essentially
of the same pattern as that then finally adopted, arches and all.

While fully appreciating the fact that the forms of modern coronets
only date from the time of Charles II., it is still interesting to
inquire by what methods peers of earlier date marked their dignity
pictorially, and it seems that this was done by means of the use of
a crest-chapeau, and the use of a helmet under it. But in sculpture
certain forms of coronets also appear. Crowns and coronets are placed
immediately upon the top of the shield. Over the crown or coronet comes
the helmet, and over the helmet the crest.

The Royal Crown of England has followed a definite line of development,
and, as mentioned above, it reached its present form in the time of
Henry VII., but, curiously enough, on the only known book-stamp that
is attributed to this king the crown is shown in a more ancient form,
that of a circlet ornamented with fleurs-de-lys of different sizes.
The centre cross pattée on the English crown was not used before it
was invented by Henry VI., and it first shows on his seal for foreign
affairs.

[Illustration]

The Royal Crown of England now has upon the circlet four crosses pattée
and four fleurs-de-lys, and from the tops of the crosses rise two
complete arches, bearing a mound and cross at their point of junction.
The Stuart crowns often show two more arches, rising from the tops of
the fleurs-de-lys, and this peculiarity was lately shown on the diamond
crown made for the coronation of Queen Alexandra. The Royal crowns are
richly jewelled.

[Illustration]

The coronet of the Prince of Wales is the same as the crown of the
Sovereign, except that it has only one arch and no jewels. The single
arch was granted, for the future, by Charles II.; before that the
princely coronet had no arch. The older form of this coronet can still
be seen on the Prince of Wales's badge of three ostrich feathers, which
are held together by a coronet of the old shape. The three feathers are
said to have been the badge of John, King of Bohemia, who was killed by
the Black Prince at Crécy in 1346. The motto "ICH DIEN" also belonged
to the King of Bohemia.

The coronets of younger children of the Sovereign are the same as that
of the Prince of Wales, but without the arch.

[Illustration]

The coronets of Princes, grandchildren of the Sovereign, are the same
as those of the younger children of the Sovereign, except that the two
outer crosses pattée are replaced by strawberry leaves.

[Illustration]

Charles II. settled all these matters as they now are, and also
ordained that Princes, grandchildren or nephews of the Sovereign,
being also Dukes, should wear on their coronets four crosses pattée
alternately with four strawberry leaves.

[Illustration]

The Black Prince was the first English Duke. The title derives from
Dux, a leader, and was, and still is, a sovereign title in many
instances. The Black Prince was created a Duke in 1337 by his father
Edward III. On the Prince's tomb at Canterbury he wears over his helmet
a coronet which shows ten or more leaves on short pyramidal points
rising from the circlet. The present ducal coronet is probably a
survival of this form. The Black Prince's helmet with chapeau and crest
is also preserved at Canterbury. On the tomb of John Beaufort, Duke of
Somerset (1444), at Wimborne Minster, he is shown wearing a coronet
set with several trefoils or leaves rising from the circlet. The same
design shows in _Prince Arthur's Book_ (1501-2) at the College of
Arms, where the banner of Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, is ensigned
with a coronet bearing several leaves resembling strawberry leaves.

At the coronation of Edward VII., the official description of a Duke's
coronet is "of silver gilt, and on the circle eight strawberry leaves."
Pictorially five of these leaves are shown.

[Illustration]

The first English Marquis was Robert de Vere, created Marquis of Dublin
by Richard II. in 1387. A Lord Marcher was a Governor or Ruler of
the Marches, or Frontiers, but the dignity did not become hereditary
until the fourteenth century. It was a position of much importance and
responsibility. The coronet of a Marquis is nearly the same as that of
a Duke, but each alternate leaf is turned into a silver ball or pearl.

At the coronation of Edward VII., the official description of a
Marquis's coronet is "of silver gilt, and on the circle four gold
strawberry leaves and four silver balls alternately, the latter a
little raised on points above the rim." Pictorially three strawberry
leaves and two pearls are shown.

[Illustration]

The title of Earl, or Eorl, is one of Anglo-Saxon origin, and probably
derived from the Danish Jarl. Eorls were warriors and had charge of
shires, but by the Normans they were called Counts. It is the oldest
English title of nobility.

The Saxon form of name has, however, in this case, proved the most
lasting, but the remains of the Norman nomenclature exist in the title
of Countess, and also in the name County. The Earl or Shire man had his
deputy, the Sheriff, and he became the Vice-count or "Viscount." Hugh
Lupus, created Earl of Chester by the Conqueror, is said to have been
the first properly constituted English hereditary Earl. The coronet
worn by Henry Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, in the early fourteenth century,
and which is said by Sandford to have been shown on the Earl's tomb
in St. Paul's Cathedral, was a simple circlet; and so is that worn
by William de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, who died in the thirteenth
century, on his tomb at Westminster.

Margaret, Countess of Richmond, the mother of Henry VII., wears, on her
tomb at Westminster, a coronet with eight leaves and eight pearls on
points; essentially the same form of a Countess's coronet as used now.
But on her seal she uses a circlet from which rise alternately roses
and fleurs-de-lys, five roses and four fleurs-de-lys, each on a short
pyramidal point. This shows that at that time there was no definite
pattern.

On the tomb, at Windsor, of Charles Somerset, Earl of Worcester, who
died about the middle of the sixteenth century, is a coronet with
nine trefoils, or leaves, of equal size, and his son Henry, Earl of
Worcester (_d._ 1549), on his tomb in the Parish Church at Chepstow,
shows a coronet of leaves and pearls, all on short pyramidal stems,
rising from the circlet. Except for the proportion of the stems this
coronet is the same as that now used. At a little later date, in
Elizabeth's reign, I think the Earl's coronet took definite shape, and,
among others, it shows both on the seals of Dudley, Earl of Leicester,
and Charles Howard, Earl of Nottingham, essentially in its present
form.

[Illustration]

At the coronation of Edward VII. the official description of an Earl's
coronet is "of silver gilt, and on the circle eight silver balls
raised upon points, with gold strawberry leaves between the points."
Pictorially five points with pearls and four strawberry leaves are
shown.

A Viscount is a Vicecomes, or deputy for a Count or Earl. The Earls
have retained their Saxon name, but the Viscount has kept the Norman
equivalent of their rank as Sheriffs. Both the Earl and his Viscount
were originally county officials. Since 1441 the title has been one
of hereditary rank. The first English Viscount was John, Viscount
Beaumont, so created by Henry VI. The first English Viscount to wear a
coronet was Robert, Lord Cecil of Effingdon, who was created Viscount
Cranbourn by James I. in 1605, and his coronet was essentially the same
as is now used.

[Illustration]

At the coronation of Edward VII., the official description of a
Viscount's coronet is "of silver gilt and on the circle sixteen silver
balls." Pictorially nine of these silver balls are shown.

The Barons are probably the modern representatives of the ancient Saxon
Thanes. It is an old Norman name for the Thane, and it is found often
enough in ancient documents. Guillim says that citizens of London were
called "Barons Londonni," and in _Domesday_ there is mention of Barons
of Warwick. There were Barons of the Exchequer, and there are still the
Barons of the Cinque Ports. But none of these were hereditary titles.

Edward III., however, created William de la Pole an hereditary Baron,
and since that time the dignity has been generally hereditary. Baronies
were at first held by Tenure, that is by reason of the existence of
adequate territorial possessions, and Guillim says that this essential
was forgone by Henry III., who created Barons by Writ. In later times,
when the rank became hereditary, Baronies by Writ have been heritable
through the female line, and because of this, Baronial titles have in
many instances been held by several allied families, with different
family names.

The coronet of a Baron was originally a plain circlet, but Charles
II. ordained that in future there should be six balls upon it, and
the Barons at his coronation wore such additional ornamentation. In
Ireland, however, this form of Barons' coronets had already been fixed
by James I.

At the coronation of Edward VII., the official description of a Baron's
coronet is "of silver gilt and on the circle six silver balls at equal
distances." Pictorially four silver balls are shown.

[Illustration]

The coronet of a King-of-Arms is of silver gilt, and on the circlet is
inscribed the words "MISERERE MEI DEUS SECUNDUM MAGNAM MISERICORDIAM
TUAM," taken from the 51st Psalm. From the circlet rise alternately
long and short oak leaves.

[Illustration]

The Kings-of-Arms, Heralds, and Pursuivants were incorporated as a
College by Richard III. in 1483, and Derby House in the city, now the
College of Arms, was given to them as their headquarters in 1555.
Kings-of-Arms wore coronets from the beginning; a portrait of William
Bruges, the first Garter King-of-Arms, in 1420, in an illuminated
manuscript, shows him wearing a coronet on which are four trefoils, or
leaves, upon short pyramidal stems. On the grant of arms of the Tallow
Chandlers' Company, John Smert, Garter King-of-Arms in 1456, is shown
wearing a coronet on which are three leaves and two pearls or balls.
Sir William Dugdale, Garter King-of-Arms during the latter half of the
seventeenth century, wore a coronet with twelve oak leaves of equal
height on the circlet, on which there was no inscription. The coronet
as now used was probably first decided upon early in the eighteenth
century.

Heralds and Kings-of-Arms are entitled to surround their arms
with the ancient collar of SS. The same honour is allowed to the
Serjeants-at-Arms and several of the Judges.

Imitation jewels are repoussé upon the circlets of all these coronets,
except those of Barons and Heralds. No English crowns or coronets,
except those worn by the Sovereign or the Queen Consort, have any real
jewels upon them.

Crowns and coronets are only officially worn in England on the occasion
of the coronation, and then with the ordered coronation dress. They are
put on when the crown is put upon the head of the Sovereign. But if
they are held over the head of the owner it appears to be sufficient,
as in Sir George Hayter's beautiful picture of the coronation of Queen
Victoria, the Duchess of Cambridge is shown with a Lady-in-Waiting
holding her coronet over her head. The Duchess was wearing a very
handsome diamond tiara which, no doubt, she considered more becoming
than her coronet.

Crowns and coronets are properly depicted without any cap within
them, but when they are worn it is always over the Peer's cap, known
variously as a Cap of Estate, of Maintenance, or of Dignity. The same
cap is also used in many early instances as a crest-chapeau. The cap
is the same for all ranks, from the Sovereign to the King-of-Arms; it
consists of a red velvet cap lined with white silk and turned up with
miniver, which is white ermine fur having small dots or tufts of black
horsehair sewn into it at intervals. At the top is an ornamental gold
button, with fringes of gold thread.

[Illustration]

The earliest figure of a cap of this sort can be seen on the Black
Prince's helmet over his tomb at Canterbury; it has been painted red
and miniver, but is now in a very bad condition. The crest stands upon
it.

The Cap of Estate, without any crown or coronet over it, is worn by the
Sovereign on the way to the coronation, and it is also generally borne
on a cushion by one of the great officers of State when the Sovereign
is present in State or Semi-State. It is carried by the Marquis of
Winchester or his representative. Peers used such caps pictorially
before they showed coronets, and on fifteenth and sixteenth century
seals the Cap of Estate marks a high rank. It commonly shows on the
seals of Dukes and Earls in conjunction with a helmet. The chapeau
in early times seems to end in two swallow-tails, but now it is worn
round. As a crest support in modern times it is rarely granted, but
there still remain a few instances of its use.

Although it is correct to depict coronets without the Cap of Estate, it
is also correct to show them with it. In the latter case the miniver
turn-up comes just below the lower rim of the circlet. It is a common
mistake to show the miniver turn-up without the velvet Cap above it,
which is obviously absurd.

In the absence of a crown or coronet the Helmet rests directly on the
upper part of a shield. In fifteenth and sixteenth century seals it
shows very large in comparison with the coat-of-arms, and so does the
crest; the helmet often shows the guige or shield belt, and the shield
often hangs _couchée_ or sideways. The Helmet, so says Guillim, is
the true mark of English nobility, and it certainly shows as such on
seals dating from the fourteenth until about the end of the sixteenth
century, when rank coronets began to be used instead of, or together
with, a corresponding form of helmet.

From the early seventeenth century the shapes and metals of the helmets
denoting rank have been clearly laid down, and they are as follows:--

[Illustration: _Royal._--A Helmet of Gold, with six bars, set
affrontée.]

[Illustration: _Peers._--A Helmet of Silver, barred, with five bars,
and garnished gold, usually set in profile, but Dukes sometimes used it
affrontée.]

[Illustration: _Baronets_ and _Knights_.--A Helmet of Steel, garnished
with silver, without bars, the visor open, and set affrontée.]

[Illustration: _Esquires._--A Helmet of Steel, the visor closed, and
set in profile.]

On the Helmet, between it and the crest support, comes the mantling,
the survival of the helmet cover torn in war, and showing in strips,
now ornamentally treated. The main metals and colours of the
coat-of-arms should be repeated in the mantling.

To wear a crest at a Tournament implied more social status than the
possession of a shield, and in the latter part of the fourteenth
century all great nobles were very careful to display their crests,
but lesser gentry had to be content with their shields only. In early
visitations coats-of-arms were frequently granted without crest at all.

Later, in Jacobean times, crests were sometimes given to persons
already bearing arms, and they became commoner. Whenever ancestral
coats-of-arms are quartered with a given coat, the corresponding
crests may also be worn, but in English usage this is rarely done. In
the event, however, of an additional surname being adopted by Royal
Licence, with the corresponding coat-of-arms and crest, the second
crest is commonly used; but it is very rare in English Heraldry to show
more than two crests.

Crests are undoubtedly derived from the fact that in the days of
Armour, Knights were completely covered up and required some evident
mark by which they could be recognised. To meet this difficulty a
coloured device set on the top of a man's helmet offered an obvious and
ornamental solution. Such a crest was strictly personal; the retainers
of a Knight wore his badge and his colours, but never his crest. The
modern use of livery colours and badges can be well seen in the case
of the Beefeaters at the Tower. Very ancient helmets were sometimes
ornamentally coloured.

The crest "Crista," a cockscomb, was often of a fan or cockscomb shape
on the top of a helmet, but gradually it assumed more distinguishing
peculiarities. On the Great Seal of Richard I., on the equestrian side,
a cockscomb crest shows on the King's helmet, with a lion of England
on the flat base of it. The whole coat-of-arms sometimes shows on the
Fan crest, as it does in the crest of the City of London. The original
Fan, however, in this instance, has become curiously modified into the
shape of a dragon's wing.

Crests are carried on some sort of support; those usually found are one
or other of the following:--

On a crest-chapeau, the old cap of maintenance, dignity, or of
estate. It was, and is, usually used by persons of high
rank. The earliest remaining example of the use of the
crest-chapeau is in Canterbury Cathedral, and a model of
one is there on the helmet of the Black Prince, over his
tomb. The cap is of red velvet turned up with miniver; it
is not a round cap like its modern representative, but is
of an elongated shape, ending in two swallow-tails.

Issuing from an heraldic coronet showing three strawberry
leaves, the colour of the coronet being exemplified in the
official grant. This coronet does not appear to have any
meaning.

Issuing from a Mural coronet, sometimes granted to Army
officers.

Issuing from a Naval coronet, sometimes granted to Naval
officers.

On a fillet or twisted torse of the chief metal and chief
colour of the coat-of-arms with which it is used. This
fillet is the commonest crest support, and the others,
chapeau or coronet, are themselves sometimes set upon a
torse. It should be stated in the grant.

Crests carry the same cadency marks as occur on the coat-of-arms.

Crests are of very ancient use; marks of dignity worn upon the head are
among the earliest signs of chieftainship used by mankind. A savage
chief would readily wear a rare bird's feather in his head as a mark
of dignity, or even his own hair matted into particular forms, as the
Zulus still do. As for feathers, we still wear them on our heads as
indications of rank; they can be found on the ceremonial hats of all
the great Orders of Knighthood, on the hats of the Staff of our army
as well as on several Regimental head-dresses, and on the hats of our
Civil Servants.

Knights and Companions, or Esquires, of Orders of Knighthood show the
badge or badges of the Order or Orders to which they belong suspended
from the proper ribbon from the base of their shields. Medals are
seldom so shown. Knights Commanders of Orders of Knighthood usually,
in addition, surround their coats-of-arms with the ribbon and motto of
their senior Order. From this ribbon may depend the badges of all the
Orders to which the Knight belongs. Knights Grand Cross may further
surround their coats-of-arms with the collars of any or all the Orders
having collars to which they belong, the badge of each depending from
its proper collar. When several collars are shown they are sometimes
halved, each badge always being so arranged as to hang from a link of
its own collar.

Many officials besides those already mentioned are entitled to show
emblems of their office outside their shields, but few of these show
on book-stamps. An instance, however, may be seen on one of the stamps
used by Samuel Pepys, where he shows two anchors behind his shield
as a mark of his position as Secretary to the Admiralty. In the same
way Field-Marshals are entitled to place crossed batons behind their
shields.

Clergymen of high rank sometimes ensign their coats-of-arms with a
Mitre, but as non-combatants they use no crests. Archbishops and
Bishops impale the Arms of their See with their own paternal coats,
the official coat taking the dexter position. Deans also and lesser
ecclesiastical dignitaries in many cases impale their family coats with
an official one, in the same way.

The origin of Supporters to coats-of-arms is a matter upon which there
is much difference of opinion. It is probable that as now used they
are partly of utilitarian and partly of decorative origin. Badges
and charges on coats-of-arms have often developed into Supporters.
Henry VIII., in 1528, borrowed one of the lions of England from his
coat-of-arms and adopted him as a Dexter Supporter, a dignity he has
retained ever since.

At Tournaments, before the combatants entered the Lists their banners
and shields were displayed and held by retainers or pages. These
serving-men were dressed in their Lord's livery or in some fancy dress.
So that a Knight's shield would be recognised not only by the devices
upon it, but also by the colours and appearance of its Supporter.

Many foreign shields, and ancient English ones also, show only one
Supporter, and it is likely enough that when pictorial heraldry began
generally to show Supporters, a second Supporter was often added for
the sake of uniformity alone. In King Arthur's Book at the College of
Arms, illuminated quite early in the sixteenth century, banners are
shown with only one Supporter holding them up.

Supporters were regularly used by persons of high rank from early in
the fifteenth century; they carry on them any marks of cadency which
may be on the shield to which they belong. The right to use Supporters
depends upon the wording of the grant of Arms concerned. Practically
they are now seldom granted except to Peers. In the past, however, many
commoners have been granted Supporters for their coats-of-arms, by
Royal Warrant, and some of these are hereditary. This is a point which
would be specified in the grant, and without such specification the
Supporters would not be hereditary.

In Scotland ancient usage is allowed to be a good cause for using
Supporters.

Supporters have at present no defined status, they indicate no rank;
but the tendency now is to restrict their use, and it is quite probable
that some day they will become actual evidences of Peerage rank, as
they probably originally were. No list of English Heraldic Supporters
has yet been published.

Mottoes largely derive from War-cries. In England they are not
mentioned in grants of arms, and very rarely in visitation books.
Mottoes are not hereditary, but can be changed at the will of any
armigerous person. Officers of arms will record mottoes by request,
provided they do not infringe any existing rights.

In Scotland, however, mottoes are recognised officially; they are
subject to grant, and their position with regard to the coat-of-arms
or crest to which they belong is specified. Heraldic mottoes appear to
have been used in England in the sixteenth century; they show on some
of the Garter Plates at Windsor. Mottoes often accompanied badges,
and in many cases they may have been transferred from them to the
coat-of-arms or to the crest.

The motto "DIEU ET MON DROIT" was adopted by Edward III., in allusion
to his claim to the Throne of France. In 1801, on the Legislative
union of Great Britain and Ireland, the title of King of France, as
well as the coat-of-arms of France which had appeared on the English
coat-of-arms ever since the time of Edward III., was discontinued, but
the motto has been retained and is still used. Useful lists of English
mottoes are given in several editions of Burke's _Peerage_, and in the
1905 edition of Fairbairn's _Crests_.

Some elementary knowledge of heraldic terms and bearings must be
acquired before it is possible to use any of the ordinaries, or lists
of coats-of-arms, arranged according to the divisions of shields and
the bearings upon them.

Fortunately the primary and, at the same time, the most important
divisions of a shield are few and easily learnt. They had originally a
structural origin, and although I begin with a line in my analysis, it
is likely that the charges were originally first; for instance, a red
scarf tied across the top of a shield would develop heraldically into
"a chief gu." In the same way a red scarf tied from top to bottom of
an iron shield would become heraldically "sa., a pale gu." and so on.
There are now proper proportions for all these charges, but in practice
they are not strictly adhered to.

A large number of coats are not divided up at all, but are simply
charged with bearings that may be easily identified if the colours
are known; such coats have frequently animal forms upon them, a Lion
rampant or an Eagle displayed, or more than one animal arranged in a
certain order. Such coats can generally be easily found in an Ordinary,
but the colour in old seals and on old books is seldom given, and this
often makes any unsupported identification very doubtful.

[Illustration]

The shield may be divided by a centre perpendicular line from top to
bottom; this is called division _per Pale_, and when the dividing line
is thickened it becomes a charge, and is described "a Pale." A husband
impales his wife's coat with his own, on the sinister side, except when
the lady is an heraldic heiress, when her coat will be found on an
escutcheon of Pretence in the centre of her husband's shield. Children
of such a marriage are entitled to quarter their mother's coat with
their paternal coat. They can also use any ancestral quarterings to
which their mother was entitled.

[Illustration]

When a shield is divided by a central horizontal line it is said to be
divided _per Fess_, and when the dividing line is thickened it becomes
a charge and is called "a Fess." Several small fesses are called bars,
or the shield may be described as "Barry."

[Illustration]

If the perpendicular pale and the horizontal fess lines are combined,
a shield becomes "Quartered" or "Quarterly," and if these lines are
thickened we get the Cross, of which there are several varieties,
_e.g._ cross pattée, with the ends flattened out like feet; cross
crosslet with each end crossed by a little bar; cross moline with
double-pointed ends; cross fleury with triple-pointed ends, and so on.
If a shield is covered all over with reduplications of the quartering
lines, so as to be divided into a number of little squares, or
quarterings, it is said to be chequy or compony.

[Illustration]

When a shield is divided diagonally, either from right to left, or
from left to right, which must be specified, it is said to be _per
Bend_, dexter or sinister, as the case may be. If either of these lines
is thickened so as to become a charge it is called "a Bend" (dexter
or sinister). If the dexter and sinister dividing Bend lines are
combined, a division _per Saltire_ is the result, and if these lines
are thickened so as to become a charge, it is called "a Saltire." If
the upper triangle in the Saltire is drawn down into a narrow point
and forms a charge, it is called "a Pile." There may be several of
these, and their number, position, and colour are always stated. If
the Saltire lines are repeated so as to cover the entire shield with
diamond-shaped spaces, it is said to be Lozengy, and if these lines are
thickened so as to become charges, it is called Fretty, and the little
bars are interlaced.

[Illustration]

If now the dividing lines of a quartered coat and those of a coat
divided per Saltire be combined, we get a division known as Gyronny,
common in Scottish heraldry.

[Illustration]

If a shield is divided by an angular line in a gable form, the two
lowest lines of a division per Saltire, it is called _per Chevron_,
and if this line is thickened so as to become a charge, it is called a
Chevron.

[Illustration]

When a third part of the top of a shield is marked off by a horizontal
line it forms what is called a Chief, and when the top left-hand corner
is marked off as a small square, measuring about a third of the chief,
it is called a Canton, and is often an honourable augmentation to a
coat-of-arms, granted for some distinguished service.

[Illustration]

When a shield has a narrow border all round it, it is called a Bordure,
and this is also often an honourable augmentation, difference, or mark
of cadency on a family coat-of-arms.

The boundary lines of all these charges are normally straight, but they
may also be either

[Illustration: Engrailed]

[Illustration: Embattled]

[Illustration: Indented]

[Illustration: Dancetty]

[Illustration: Wavy]

[Illustration: Raguly]

[Illustration: Nebuly]

and a few more which are rarely met with.

Charges are usually placed on shields in certain positions which
follow one or other of the main lines of division which have just been
enumerated.

For instance, the three lions of England are arranged one under the
other, on an imaginary line running from the top to the bottom of the
shield. If such a broad line existed it would be called a Pale, so
the lions are said to be "In, or Per Pale." Similarly, they might be
arranged "In Fess" or "In Bend," and so on.

All charges and bearings on shields should be shown flat except

The Fret, which is interlaced.

Fretty, a small fret repeated, also interlaced.

Roundels in colour, which should be shown as hemispherical. They
doubtless represent the bosses on a shield. The metal roundels,
however, the Bezant of gold, and the Plate of silver, no doubt
represent coins, and are shown flat; and that Cadency marks may
correctly be represented, as in relief on a shield.

Heraldic charges are numerous, and if any prolonged investigation is
likely to be required their names and forms will have to be learnt.
But a few of the commoner charges may well be explained here, as such
explanation may possibly in many cases save a long search.

[Illustration: A Dragon is a monster with scales all over
him; he has four legs ending in eagle's talons and a
spear-head at the end of his tail, his wings are like the
wings of a bat, with a claw at the end of each rib.]

[Illustration: A Griffin has the head, front legs, and wings
of an eagle, and the hind-quarters of a lion.]

[Illustration: A Wyvern has a dragon's head and wings, with
two eagle's legs, his tail is curled round itself and ends
in a spear-point. He is scaly all over.]

A _Cockatrice_ is a Wyvern with a cock's head.

A _Basilisk_ is a cockatrice with its tail ending in a
dragon's head.

A _Lion_ shows one eye, one ear, and stands upon one foot,
rampant. He has a mane, and his tail has a tuft at the end,
and he shows no spots. If a lion is otherwise depicted it
must be mentioned in the blazon. A lion showing two eyes
and two ears is a lion "Leopardé."

A _Leopard_ shows two eyes and two ears; he has no mane and
his tail is not tufted. He should show spots and be
"nowhere shaggy." If he only shows one eye and one ear he
is a leopard "Lionné."

Most of the other animals explain themselves, but there are a few
curious charges, no doubt survivals of common forms, which also retain
their ancient heraldic names, and these forms and names are useful to
remember; among them the following occur perhaps most frequently:--

[Illustration: A Caltrap.]

[Illustration: A Chess-rook.]

[Illustration: A Clarion.]

[Illustration: A Fer-de-Moline.]

[Illustration: A Fermail.]

[Illustration: A Fountain.]

[Illustration: A Fret.]

[Illustration: A Fusil.]

[Illustration: A Mascle.]

[Illustration: A Maunch or Sleeve.]

[Illustration: A Pheon.]

[Illustration: A Rustre.]

[Illustration: A Water Bouget.]

Heraldic Shields changed their forms at different periods, but it is
not necessary to trouble much about that here, as coats-of-arms on
books are always simple in shape. But it may be noted that unmarried
ladies or widows show their arms in the form of a Lozenge. Guillim
says, "This form is derived from the fusil, or spindle for yarn, single
women being called spinsters." The lozenge is an inconvenient form,
and it is broadened out whenever possible. When a wife's coat is shown
on an escutcheon of Pretence in the centre of her husband's shield, it
loses its lozenge form.

In view of a possible second volume in continuation of the present, I
should feel most grateful if any librarians or owners of libraries will
send me rubbings of any more coats-of-arms on books that they know of.
To make a rubbing, from which I can make a drawing, is quite easy. A
piece of soft paper should be used, and kept from slipping by a weight.
Put the paper carefully over the stamped part of the book, and then
with the finger gently press the paper down into the stamped leather.
When the design can just be distinguished, rub over the paper, without
letting it slip, with an H.B. pencil cut to a broad round point, and
it will be found that in this way, with a little practice, every line
and dot in a stamp will show quite clearly. The impressed lines on
the leather will show as white on the rubbing. From such a rubbing a
drawing can be made. Besides the rubbing, I should also like a copy of
the title of the book, and the name of the owner or library to which it
belongs.

I am aware that many of my attributions of coats in the following
pages are open to criticism, and I shall be very grateful if any of
my readers can correct any of them with authority. At the end of the
book I have given a short list of the books of reference, heraldic and
biographical, which I have found of most service in the compilation of
this book, and I gratefully record my indebtedness to them all.

I have taken the Royal Titles from the respective Great Seals.

C. D.

BURLINGTON FINE ARTS CLUB,
_September 1908_.

Coats-of-Arms

[Illustration]

ABBOT, GEORGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY

_Arms._--Impaled.

Dexter: Arg., an archiepiscopal staff, headed with a cross
pattée or, surmounted by a pall arg., charged with four
crosses pattée fitchée sable, fringed and edged or. _The
See of Canterbury._

Sinister: Gules, a chevron between three pears pendent or.
_Abbot._

[Several volumes in the Library at Lambeth Palace.]

George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury (born 29th October 1562,
died 4th August 1633), was a native of Guildford, and took
orders in 1585, afterwards becoming a tutor at Oxford, where
he was also a Fellow of Balliol. He was a strong Puritan and a
popular preacher at St. Mary's.

In 1597, Abbot was elected Master of University College, and
in 1599 he became Dean of Winchester and also Vice-Chancellor
of the University of Oxford. He wrote several treatises on
the religious questions of his time, and enjoyed the personal
esteem of James I., who thought very highly of him as a
theologian and as a politician.

The King's favour showed in the rapid promotion of Dr. Abbot.
In 1609 he was consecrated Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield,
and later in the same year he was translated to London. In
the next year, on the death of Archbishop Bancroft, Abbot
was made Archbishop of Canterbury. Dr. Abbot had no sinecure
in his Archbishopric, and his many enemies and the troubled
state of theological matters generally left him but little
peace. In 1621, when shooting with a crossbow at a buck, he
accidentally killed a gamekeeper, and this not only preyed much
upon his mind, but it also offered a handle for his detractors,
especially those among the clergy, many of whom held that
homicide rendered him unfit for his high position.

On the death of James I. Royal favour deserted the Archbishop,
as Charles I. never appears to have thought well of him.
In 1627, on more or less unjust pretexts, he suffered
sequestration of his office, and a commission was appointed to
exercise the Archiepiscopal functions, and Abbot retired to
his native town, Guildford, where he died in 1633. Many of his
books remain in the Library at Lambeth Palace.

[Illustration]

ABROL

_Arms._--Per pale or and gu., three roundels interchanged, a crescent
for difference.

_Motto._--TERES ATQUE ROTUNDUS.

Probably belonged to the Library of a member of the Worcestershire
family of Abrol.

[TUSSER. _Five hundred pointes of good Husbandrie._
1593.]

[Illustration]

ALBERT OF SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA, PRINCE CONSORT OF QUEEN VICTORIA

The initial "A" within the garter and ensigned with the Ducal Crown of
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.

[RAPHAEL. Works at Windsor Castle, 1876.]

Prince Albert (born 26th August 1819, died 14th December 1861)
was the second son of Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. He
married Queen Victoria at St. James's, 16th February 1840,
and was all his life a Patron of the Arts and of Literature,
and the International Exhibition of 1851 is said to have been
originally thought of by him.

Prince Albert's books were kept at one or other of the Royal
Palaces, and few of them are anywhere else.

[Illustration]

ANNE (BULLEN), QUEEN CONSORT OF HENRY VIII.

_Arms._--Impaled.

Dexter: Quarterly.

1 and 4. France } All as used by Henry VIII.
2 and 3. England } (q.v.).

Sinister: Quartered.

1. Gu., 3 lions passant guardant or, a label of three points
az., each charged with three Fleur-de-lys or. _Earls of
Lancaster._

2. Az., semée de Fleur-de-lys or, a label of five points gu.
_Angoulême._

3. Gu., a lion passant guardant or. _Guyenne._

4. Quarterly, first and fourth, per fess indented az. and
or. _Butler._ Second and third arg., a lion rampant sa.,
crowned or. _Rochford._

5. Gu., 3 lions passant guardant or, a label of three points
arg. _Brotherton_, Earl of Norfolk.

6. Chequy, or and az. _Warren_, Earl of Warren and Surrey.

The first three of these coats were granted to Anne Bullen by Henry
VIII., when he created her Marchioness of Pembroke. The paternal coat
of Bullen, "Arg., a chevron gules, between three bulls' heads sa.," is
omitted.

The shield is ensigned with the Royal Crown of England, and supported
by two angels.

[WHITTINGTON. _De octo partibus orationis._ Londini
[1521], and other Sixteenth-Century Tracts.]

Anne Bullen, or Boleyn (born 1507, died 19th May 1536), was the
daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire and Ormonde,
of Hever Castle in Kent. She was maid of honour to Catherine of
Aragon, Queen of Henry VIII., and while acting in this capacity
she attracted the attention of the king, who decided that he
would marry her if he could get rid of Queen Catherine.

Consequently, after many difficulties, a divorce was arranged,
and Henry married Anne Bullen in 1532, and she was crowned
Queen in 1533. Queen Elizabeth was her only child.

In 1536 the Queen was indicted of high treason, and on 19th May
of the same year she was beheaded. Some of the books bearing
Queen Anne Bullen's arms form part of the old Royal library in
the British Museum; the stamp is impressed in blind, without
gold, and with it is often associated one or other of the panel
stamps having the coat-of-arms of Henry VIII.

[Illustration]

ANNE OF DENMARK, QUEEN CONSORT OF JAMES I.

_Arms._--A cross gu., surmounted of another arg. _Frederick II._, King
of Denmark and Norway.

Dexter canton: Or, semé of hearts ppr., 3 lions passant
guardant az., crowned or. _Denmark._

Sinister canton: Gu., a lion rampant, crowned or, holding in
his paws a battle-axe arg. _Norway._

Dexter base: Az., 3 crowns ppr. _Sweden._

Sinister base: Or, 9 hearts, 4, 3, and 2, gu., in chief a lion
passant guardant az. _Gothes._

In base: Gu., a wyvern, wings expanded and tail nowed or. _The
Vandals._

An escutcheon of Pretence, quarterly;

1. Or, 2 lions passant guardant az. _Sleswick._

2. Gu., an inescutcheon having a nail fixed in every point
thereof in triangle, between as many holly leaves, all arg.
_Holstein._

3. Gu., a swan, wings close arg. _Stormer._

4. Az., a chevalier armed at all points, brandishing his
sword, his helmet plumed, upon a courser arg., trapped or.
_Ditzmers._

Over the whole an inescutcheon per pale--

Dexter: Az., a cross formée fitchée or. _Dalmenhurst._

Sinister: Or, 2 bars gu. _Oldenburg._

_Motto._--LA MIA GRANDEZZA VIENE DAL ECCELSO.

[PLUTARCH. _Les Œuvres morales de Plutarque._
Paris, 1588.]

Anne of Denmark (born 12th December 1574, died 1619), Queen
Consort of James I., King of England, Scotland, France, and
Ireland, was the daughter of Frederick II., King of Denmark and
Norway. The alliance between the Danish Princess and James VI.
of Scotland was not agreeable to Queen Elizabeth, but in spite
of her opposition the marriage took place in 1589 at Upslo. In
1590 the king and queen returned to Scotland, and in 1603, on
the death of Queen Elizabeth, they came to England.

Queen Anne was a great patron of Progresses, Pageants, and
Masques, and is said to have been a beautiful dancer. She was
very extravagant, and incurred much censure for running into
debt, although her allowances were very liberal. At one period
Queen Anne was suspected of leanings towards the Roman Catholic
religion. She objected to the marriage, ultimately of the
greatest importance, of her daughter Elizabeth to Frederick V.,
Elector Palatine of the Rhine, on the ground that his position
was not high enough, but she attended the marriage in 1612.

Several of her books are among the old Royal collection
presented to the British Museum in 1757.

[Illustration]

ANNE, QUEEN OF GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND IRELAND

_First Coat-of-Arms_

1. _Arms._--Within the Garter. Quarterly.

1st and 4th grand quarters; quarterly; France and England.

2nd grand quarter; Scotland.

3rd grand quarter; Ireland.

As used by James I. (q.v.).

Used from 8th March 1702 until 6th March 1706.

[BIANCHINI. _De Kalendario et Cyclo Cæsaris._
Romae, 1703.]

[Illustration]

_Second Coat-of-Arms_

2. _Arms._--Within the Garter. Quarterly.

1st and 4th grand quarters, impaled.

Dexter: England.

Sinister: Scotland.

2nd grand quarter; France.

3rd grand quarter; Ireland.

Colours as used by James I. (q.v.).

Used from 6th March 1706 until 1st August 1714.

_Crest._--A Royal Crown ppr., thereon a lion statant guardant or,
crowned ppr.

_Supporters._--Lion and unicorn.

_Motto._--SEMPER EADEM.

_Badges._--Tudor rose and Thistle.

[ENGLAND. _Laws._ 1702.]

[Illustration]

The Royal name ensigned with a Royal Crown, and the motto "VIVAT
REGINA" upheld by two cherubs.

[EUCLID. _Elements._ Oxford, 1703.]

[Illustration]

The Royal Monogram ensigned with a Royal Crown.

[OVERBECK.
_Reliq. Ant. Romae._
Amst., 1708.]

Queen Anne (born 10th May 1655, died 1st August 1714) was
the second daughter of James II. and Anne Hyde, daughter of
Edward Hyde, first Earl of Clarendon. She succeeded her cousin,
William III., on the throne of England in 1702. Queen Anne was
the last of the Stuart line to occupy the throne of England.

The first coat-of-arms used by Queen Anne was the same as that
generally used by her predecessor, but without the arms of
Nassau, that is to say, first and fourth grand quarters, France
and England quarterly; second grand quarter, Scotland; and
third grand quarter, Ireland. In 1702 a notice was published
in the _London Gazette_ to the effect that "wheresoever there
shall be occasion to embroider, depict, grave, carve, or paint
Her Majesty's Royal Arms with a motto, this Motto following,
_viz_. SEMPER EADEM, is to be used" (23rd December). It will be
remembered that this motto had been previously used by Queen
Elizabeth.

The Legislative Union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland
took place on Thursday, 6th March 1706, when the royal assent
was given to the Act. A change in the Royal coat-of-arms took
place in consequence of this Act, and for the remainder of the
reign of Queen Anne (1706-1714) the first and fourth grand
quarters contained the coats of England and Scotland impaled,
in the manner used to denote husband and wife; the second grand
quarter, France; and the third grand quarter, Ireland. Besides
the coat-of-arms, the crowned initials and name of Queen
Anne were frequently stamped upon her books, and some of her
book-stamps appear to have been designed by foreigners.

Queen Anne's books came to the British Museum with the rest of
the old Royal Library of England in 1757.

[Illustration]

ASTLE, THOMAS

_Arms._--Az., a cinquefoil erm., a bordure engrailed of the second.
_Astle._

_Crest._--On a chapeau, a plume of five feathers in a case arg. banded
gu., and environed with a ducal coronet or.

[Collection of miscellaneous MSS. Stowe, 516.]

Thomas Astle (born 22nd December 1735, died 1st December 1803)
was a book collector and antiquary, and a native of Yoxall in
Staffordshire. In 1783 he was appointed Keeper of the Records
in the Tower of London, where his literary tastes stood him in
good stead, and he edited and indexed the treasures which were
under his care with energy and success; he was also a Trustee
of the British Museum.

Astle wrote several important works; perhaps the most useful
of them are the Catalogue of the MSS. in the Cottonian
Library, and a treatise on the Origin and Progress of Writing.
His printed books now belong to the library of the Royal
Institution, and his collection of Manuscripts is kept at the
British Museum. This important collection belonged successively
to the Marquis of Buckingham at Stowe, and then to the Earl of
Ashburnham, who sold it in 1883 to the Trustees of the British
Museum.

Mr. Astle was a Fellow of the Royal Society and of the Society
of Antiquaries.

[Illustration]

AYLMER, MATTHEW, 1ST BARON AYLMER

_Arms._--Arg., a cross sa., between four Cornish Choughs of the second.
_Aylmer._

_Coronet._--That of a Baron.

_Motto._--STEADY.

[BURNET. _History of the Reformation._ London, 1681.]

Matthew Aylmer (born 1660 (?), died 18th August 1720) was a
sailor who took part in the Battle of La Hogue. He subsequently
became Rear-Admiral of Great Britain and Governor of Chelsea
Hospital. In 1718 he was created Baron Aylmer of Balrath in
Meath.

[Illustration]

BACON, FRANCIS, BARON VERULAM AND VISCOUNT ST. ALBANS

_Crest._--A boar passant erm., armed and hoofed or, a crescent for
difference. _Bacon._

[BACON. _Novum Organum._ Londini, 1620.]

[University Library, Cambridge.]

Francis Bacon (born 22nd January 1561, died 9th April 1626) was
a son of Sir Nicolas Bacon, Lord Keeper of the Seals to Queen
Elizabeth. He went to Cambridge at the age of thirteen and
studied law.

In 1595 he was elected Member of Parliament for Middlesex,
but presently fell upon evil times and, among other troubles,
managed to offend the Queen by some of his writings. James
I., however, restored him to Royal favour. In 1619 he became
Lord Chancellor, and shortly afterwards was created Baron
Verulam and Viscount St. Albans. Bacon's enemies presently
prevailed against him again, and his own malpractices with
regard to various judicial matters gave them the opportunity
of ruining him. In spite of the king's favour and efforts in
his behalf, in 1621 Bacon was ordered to pay a fine of £40,000
for his misdeeds; he was adjudged to be incapable of sitting
in Parliament or to accept any public office under the Crown,
neither was he to be permitted to live in any place where the
Royal Court might be. He was, moreover, condemned to be kept a
prisoner in the Tower of London during the king's pleasure.

In 1625, when Charles I. came to the throne of England, all
these judgments were reversed and Bacon was rehabilitated, but
did not live much longer to enjoy his honours.

[Illustration]

BAGOT, RT. HON. SIR CHARLES, KNIGHT

_Arms._--Erm., two chevrons az. _Bagot._

_Crest._--Out of an heraldic coronet, a goat's head ar., attired or.

_Helmet._--That of a Knight.

_Decoration._--The collar and badge of a Knight Grand Cross (civil) of
the Order of the Bath, with the motto "TRIA JUNCTA IN UNO."

_Legend._--THE RIGHT HONOURABLE SIR CHARLES BAGOT.

[CARY. _Memoirs._ Edinburgh, 1808.]

Sir Charles Bagot (born 23rd September 1781, died 19th May
1843) was the second son of William, first Baron Bagot, who for
many years represented Stafford in the House of Commons.

Sir Charles had an important political and diplomatic career;
he was a Privy Councillor and a Knight Grand Cross of the
Order of the Bath. In 1807 he was Under-Secretary of State for
Foreign affairs, and acted as Minister Plenipotentiary both to
France and to the United States of America.

In 1841 Sir Charles Bagot was governor of Canada, and at
different times he held the posts of Ambassador to Russia, the
Netherlands, and to Austria.

[Illustration]

BATEMAN, WILLIAM, VISCOUNT BATEMAN

_Arms._--On a fess sa., between three muscovy ducks ppr., a rose of the
field. _Bateman._ All within a fillet bearing the legend "TRIA JUNCTA
IN UNO," being the motto of the Order of the Bath; dependent from the
fillet is the badge of the same Order.

_Coronet._--That of a Viscount.

_Supporters._--Two lions rampant reguardant ppr., collared and chained
or.

_Motto._--NEC PRECE NEC PRETIO.

[MONDONVILLE. _Sonates._]

William Bateman (born circ. 1680, died December 1744) was the
son of Sir James Bateman, Lord Mayor of London in 1717.

Mr. Bateman was twice Member of Parliament for Leominster, and
in 1725 was created Viscount Bateman in the Peerage of Ireland.
In 1731 he was made a Knight of the Order of the Bath.

[Illustration]

BAYNTUN, WILLIAM

_Arms._--Impaled.

Dexter: Sa., a bend lozengy arg. _Bayntun._

Sinister: Gu., a fess dancetty between three cross crosslets
fitchée or. _Gore._

_Crest._--A griffin's head erased sa., beaked or.

_Legend._--SIGIL GUL BAYNTUN.

[ENGLAND. _Statuta in Parlameto, etc._ London, 1504.]

Probably the arms of William Bayntun, who was Consul-General at
Algiers in the latter half of the eighteenth century. His son
Henry became an Admiral and a Knight Grand Cross of the Order
of the Bath in 1839.

[Illustration]

BEATON, JAMES, ARCHBISHOP OF GLASGOW

_Arms._--On a Bishop's cross. Quarterly, first and fourth, arg., a fess
between three mascles or; second and third arg., a chevron sa., charged
with an otter's head erased of the first. _Beaton._ At the base of the
shield, the fish of Glasgow holding a ring in its mouth.

_Motto._--FERENDVM VT VINCAS.

_Legend._--IACOBVS A BETOVN ARCHIEPISCOPVS GLASGVENSIS 1576.

[_Hours of the Diocese of Salisbury._ 1526.]

James Beaton (born 1517, died 1603) was a son of John Beaton of
Balfour, Fife. He was a man of high character and much esteemed
both in Scotland and in France, where circumstances caused
him to spend a considerable portion of his life. Beaton acted
as Ambassador from Scotland at the French Court, and lived in
Paris at the Scots College, an Institution of which he was
very proud, and to which he bequeathed the greater part of his
fortune.

Beaton also took a leading part in the politics of his time,
and was a staunch friend to Mary Queen of Scots. In 1552 he
was, in Paris, consecrated Archbishop of Glasgow, and he also
held several important ecclesiastical preferments in France.

[Illustration]

BENNET, HENRY, EARL OF ARLINGTON

_Arms._--Within the Garter. Gu., a bezant between three demi lions
rampant arg. _Bennet._

_Coronet._--That of an Earl.

[_Hist. del Ministerio del Card. Guilio Mazarino._
Colonia, 1669.]

Henry Bennet (born 1618, died 20th July 1685) was the second
son of Sir John Bennet of Dawley in Middlesex. He was an
excellent scholar and linguist, and a skilled diplomatist,
especially in foreign affairs, but his standard of political
morality does not appear to have been a very high one.

Bennet was a favourite of Charles II. for a long time, and
the king honoured him highly. He was made Keeper of the Privy
Purse, and Secretary of State in 1662; next year he was
created Baron Arlington. In 1672 he was made a Knight of the
Garter and Earl of Arlington, in 1674 Lord Chamberlain of the
Household, and in 1675 a Lord of the Admiralty.

Arlington was a member of the Cabal Ministry; in 1674 he was
impeached for his promotion of popery, breach of trust, and
other misdeeds, but the vote of censure was lost. In 1674 he
sold his secretaryship to Sir Joseph Williamson, and retired,
more or less in disgrace, to his estate at Euston in Suffolk,
where he had built a splendid house. Here he died in 1685.

[Illustration]

BERKELEY, ROBERT

_Arms._--Quarterly.

1st and 4th; gu., a chevron between 10 cinquefoils ar.
_Berkeley._

2nd and 3rd; gu., a lion rampant arg., ducally crowned or.
_Hayward._

_Crest._--A bear's head couped arg., muzzled gu.

_Helmet._--That of an Esquire.

[POLANO. _The Historie of the Council of Trent._
London, 1620.]

Robert Berkeley (born 1713, died 20th December 1804) was a son
of Thomas Berkeley of Spetchley in Worcestershire. He wrote
several anonymous treatises, both political and theological,
on questions of his time. He married three times but left no
issue. Thomas Phillips wrote his _Life of Cardinal Pole_ while
he was chaplain at Spetchley.

[Illustration]

BLUNDELL, HENRY

_Crest._--A squirrel sejant gu., collared and holding a nut or.
_Blundell._

_Motto._--AGE QUOD AGIS.

_Initials._--H. B. (Henry Blundell).

[_Engravings and etchings of the Principal Statues, etc., in the
collection of Henry Blundell, Esq., at Nice._ 1809.]

Henry Blundell (born 1723, died 1810), of Nice-Blundell in
Lancashire, was the son of Robert Blundell of Nice. He was
a noted collector of works of art and an antiquary of some
repute. His contributions to literature are accounts of his own
collections, and are illustrated with fine engravings.

Blundell was a friend of the antiquary and collector Charles
Towneley of Towneley Hall, also in Lancashire, and it is
probable that his archæological tastes were largely fostered by
this friendship. Towneley certainly suggested the production of
Blundell's catalogues.

[Illustration]

BOOTHBY, SIR BROOKE, BART.

_Arms._--Ar., on a canton sa., a lion's gamb erased erect or.
_Boothby._ In the centre of the shield an inescutcheon arg., bearing
the Ulster hand gu.

_Crest._--A lion's gamb erased erect or.

_Helmet._--That of an Esquire.

[WILLIAMS. _Antichrist._ London, 1660.]

[Illustration]

_Crest._--A lion's gamb erased erect or. On an escutcheon arg., pendent
from a branch, the Ulster hand gu., the badge of a Baronet.

[CAMPANELLA. _A discourse touching the Spanish Monarchy._
London.]

Sir Brooke Boothby, 7th Baronet (born 1743, died 1824), was the
eldest son of Sir Brooke Boothby, 6th Baronet, of Ashbourne
Hall, Derbyshire.

Sir Brooke was the author of several political treatises and
miscellaneous works, many of which are in verse. He belonged
to the literary circles of his time, and spent some time in
France, where he is said to have enjoyed the friendship of
Rousseau.

[Illustration]

BOSCAWEN, HUGH, VISCOUNT FALMOUTH

_Arms._--Erm., a rose gu., barbed and seeded ppr. _Boscawen._

[SETTLE. _Rebellion display'd._ London, 1715.]

Hugh Boscawen of Tregothnen, Cornwall (born 1680 (?), died 25th
October 1734), was a noted whig politician. He represented
successively, Tregony, Cornwall, Truro, and Penryn, following
in the footsteps of his father, Edward Boscawen, who had also
been a member of Parliament for a long time.

In 1720 Boscawen was created Viscount Falmouth, and he held the
appointments of Comptroller of the Household, Vice-Treasurer of
Ireland, and Warden of the Stanneries, besides others of lesser
note. He was also a member of the Privy Council.

[Illustration]

BOURCHIER, RACHEL, COUNTESS OF BATH

_Arms._--Impaled.

Dexter: Arg., a cross engrailed gu., between four water bougets
sa. _Bourchier._

Sinister: Arg., three dexter gauntlets, backs affrontées or.
_Fane._

_Coronet._--That of an Earl.

_Mottoes._--BON TEMPS VIENDRA.

NE VILE FANO.

NON EST MORTALE QVOD OPTO.

SEMPER EADEM.

_Legend._--EX DONO RACHAEL COMITISSÆ BATHON DOTARE AN. DOM. MDCLXX.

[_Symbolarum in Matthaeum Tom. I., etc._ Tolosae, 1646.]

Rachael Fane (born 1613, died 11th November 1680) was the
daughter of Francis Fane, first Earl of Westmorland. In 1638
she married (1) Henry Bourchier, 6th Earl of Bath, and (2)
Lionel Cranfield, 3rd Earl of Middlesex, retaining, however,
her precedency as Countess of Bath by Royal Warrant.

The earliest English lady's armorial book-plate belonged to
Lady Bath, and was similar to the book-stamp illustrated
herewith.

[Illustration]

BRIDGMAN, SIR ORLANDO, BART.

_Arms._--Sa., ten plates, four, three, two, and one; on a chief arg., a
lion passant erm. _Bridgman._

_Crest._--A demi lion rampant arg., holding between the paws a garland
of laurel ppr.

[LAURI. _Antiquae urbis Splendor._ Romae, 1612.]

Sir Orlando Bridgman (born 1606 (?), died 1674) was a
distinguished lawyer and legal author. He was the son of John
Bridgman, Bishop of Chester, and a Fellow of Magdalene College,
Cambridge.

In 1640 Bridgman was elected Member of Parliament for Wigan
and was Knighted. By submitting to Cromwell he escaped the
penalties of being a Royalist, and made himself of much
importance as a lawyer during the Commonwealth. At the
Restoration Sir Orlando was received into Royal favour in
consideration of his former loyalty, and was given a Baronetcy
and made Chief Baron of the Exchequer. In 1660 he was made
Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, and in 1667 Lord Keeper of
the Great Seal. On occasions he acted as Speaker in the House
of Lords. Towards the end of his life he fell into some sort of
disfavour, and lived in retirement at Teddington.

[Illustration]

BROWNLOW, JOHN, VISCOUNT TYRCONNEL

_Arms._--Quarterly.

1st and 4th; or, an inescutcheon within an orle of martlets sa.
_Brownlow._

2nd and 3rd; arg., a lion rampant az. _Mason._

_Crest._--On a chapeau gules, turned up with ermine, a greyhound
passant or, collared of the first.

_Supporters._--Two talbots ppr., collared gu.

_Coronet._--That of a Viscount.

_Helmet._--That of a Peer.

_Motto._--ESSE QUAM VIDERE.

[SAVAGE. _The Wanderer._ London, 1729.]

[Edward Almack, Esq., F.S.A., Brighton.]

Sir John Brownlow (born 1692 (?), died 27th February 1754)
was the eldest son of Sir William Brownlow of Belton in
Lincolnshire. He was Member of Parliament for Grantham and
for Lincolnshire, and in 1718 was created Viscount Tyrconnel.
In 1725 he was made a Knight of the Order of the Bath. Lord
Tyrconnel died at his country seat of Belton, and left no heir.

[Illustration]

BRUDENELL OF STANTON WYVILE

_Crest._--A dexter arm embowed, covered with leaves vert, grasping a
spiked club, in bend sinister or, slung to the arm with a chain of the
last. _Brudenell._

[LE MIRE. _Geographia Ecclesiastica._ Lugd., 1620.]

Books bearing this crest probably belonged to a member of the
family of Brudenell, of Stanton Wyvile in Leicestershire.

[Illustration]

BULLINGHAM

_Arms._--Az., an eagle displayed arg., in the beak a sprig vert, on a
chief or, a rose between two crosses crosslet gu. _Bullingham._

[_Hardwick Papers_, Vol. 766.]

The book belonged to a member of the Lincolnshire family of
Bullingham, in the seventeenth century.

[Illustration]

BURRELL, SIR WILLIAM, BART.

_Arms._--Vert, 3 shields arg., 2 and 1, each charged with a bordure
engrailed or. In the chief point on an escutcheon arg., the Ulster hand
gu.

_Crest._--A naked arm embowed holding a branch of laurel, all ppr.

_Motto._--SVB LIBERTATE QVIETEM.

[COLLINSON. _The History and Antiquities of the
County of Summerset._ Bath, 1791.]

William Burrell (born 10th October 1732, died 20th January
1796) was the son of Peter Burrell of Beckenham, Kent, and was
educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated
LL.D.

In 1789 Burrell succeeded, by special remainder, to the
Baronetcy of his father-in-law, Sir Charles Raymond. Sir
William Burrell was Member of Parliament for Haslemere; a
Commissioner of Excise; a Fellow of the Royal Society and of
the Society of Antiquaries. He was especially interested in the
antiquities of Sussex, both architectural and genealogical. He
made a large collection of prints, drawings, and manuscripts
relating to Sussex, which he bequeathed to the British Museum,
and which are now in the Department of Manuscripts. He died at
Deepdene in Surrey.

[Illustration]

BYNG

_Crest._--An heraldic antelope statant erm., armed, crined, and unguled
or. _Byng._

[RHODES. _Book of Nurture._ 1577.]

Mr. Byng's Library, largely composed of Shakespeare literature,
was mostly bound in a straight-grain green morocco. He was
probably a member of the family of the Earl of Strafford.

[Illustration]

CAMPBELL, HUGH, THIRD EARL OF LOUDOUN

_Arms._--Gyronny of eight, erm. and gu. _Campbell_ of Auchmannoch.

_Crest._--A double-headed eagle, on the dexter side a sun in glory ppr.

_Coronet._--That of an Earl.

_Helmet._--That of a Peer.

_Motto._--NEMO ME IMPVNE LACESSIT, being the motto of the Order of the
Thistle.

[SETTLE. _Irene Triumphaus._ London, 1713.]

Hugh Campbell (born c. 1666, died 20th November 1731) was the
eldest son of James, 2nd Earl of Loudoun. He succeeded to the
title in 1684. Lord Loudoun held several important official
posts in Scotland; he was a Lord of Session, a member of the
Scottish Privy Council, and a Commissioner of the Treasury.
In 1704 he was a joint Secretary of State for Scotland, and
a Commissioner for the Union. In 1707 Lord Loudoun was made
a Knight of the Order of the Thistle, and shortly afterwards
Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland and a member of the
English Privy Council.

Lord Loudoun fought at Sheriffmuir in 1715. He was one of the
Scottish representative peers in the House of Lords, and Lord
Lieutenant of Ayrshire. The Earldom of Loudoun descends through
the female line and has consequently belonged to various
families; it has been held by representatives, among others, of
the families of Rawdon, Campbell, and Hastings.

[Illustration]

CAMPBELL, JOHN FREDERICK, EARL CAWDOR

_Arms._--Impaled.

Dexter: Quarterly.

1. Or, a hart's head caboshed sa., attired gu. _Calder._

2. Gyronny of eight, or and sa. _Campbell._

3. Arg., a lymphad sa. _Lorn._

4. Per fess, az. and gu., a cross or. _Lort._ Sinister:
Quarterly.

1 and 4. Barry of 10, or and sa. _Botevile._

2 and 3. Arg., a lion rampant, tail nowed and erected gu.
_Thynne._

_Crest._--A swan ppr., crowned or.

_Coronet._--That of a Baron.

_Helmet._--That of a Peer.

_Supporters._--Dexter, a lion rampant guardant gu. Sinister, a hart
ppr.

_Motto._--BE MINDFULL.

[CAXTON. _Chronicles of England._ Westminster, 1482.]

John Frederick Campbell (born 8th November 1790, died 7th
November 1860) was the eldest son of John Campbell of
Stackpole Court, Pembrokeshire, first Baron Cawdor. In 1821
John Frederick succeeded to his father's Barony, and in 1816
he married Elizabeth Thynne, daughter of the Marquis of Bath.
In 1827 he was created Earl Cawdor of Castlemartin. He was a
Fellow of the Royal Society, and Lord Lieutenant of Carmarthen.

The coat-of-arms of Calder, which is given the place of honour
in Lord Cawdor's coat, is borne by right of Muriel, heiress
of John Calder, or Cawdor, of Nairn. She married Sir John
Campbell, son of Archibald, Earl of Argyll, about 1510, and was
the ancestress of the present family.

[Illustration]

CAPELL, WILLIAM, EARL OF ESSEX

_Arms._--Gu., a lion rampant between 3 crosses crosslet fitchée or.
_Capell._

_Coronet._--That of an Earl.

_Supporters._--Two lions rampant arg., ducally crowned gu.

_Motto._--FIDE ET FORTITUDINE.

[BASNAGE. _History of the Jews._ London, 1708.]

William Capell (born 1697, died 17th January 1742) was the son
of Algernon, Earl of Essex, and succeeded his father in the
Earldom in 1710.

Lord Essex held several important offices, among them those of
Keeper of Hyde Park, Ambassador to Sardinia in 1735, Captain of
the Yeomen of the Guard, Ranger of St. James's Park, and Lord
Lieutenant of Hertfordshire. In 1725 he was made a Knight of
the Order of the Thistle, and in 1738 a Knight of the Garter.

[Illustration]

CAREW, GEORGE, EARL OF TOTNESS

_Arms._--Or, 3 lioncels passant sa. _Carew._

[PRATEOLUS. _Elenchus Haereticorum._ COLONIAE, 1605.]

George Carew (born 29th May 1555, died 22nd March 1629) was the
son of George Carew, Dean of Windsor, and educated at Oxford.
In 1583 he was Sheriff of Carlow in Ireland, and was Knighted
in 1585. Sir George Carew held several important military
appointments in Ireland, and became Master of the Ordnance and
commander of expeditions to Cadiz and other places, and in
1598 he was Ambassador to France. In 1600 he was President of
Munster, and shortly afterwards Vice-Chamberlain to Anne, Queen
Consort, and Member of Parliament for Hastings.

In 1605 he was created Baron Carew, and he became Master of
the Ordnance in England and Governor of Guernsey, and in
1625 he was created Earl of Totness, and afterwards became
Treasurer-General to Queen Henrietta Maria.

Lord Totness was an excellent antiquary and a friend of Sir
Robert Cotton. He collected manuscripts, especially those
concerning Ireland, and his collections are now scattered, but
are chiefly to be found in the British Museum, at Lambeth, in
the Bodleian Library at Oxford, at Hatfield, or in the State
Paper Office.

[Illustration]

CARTERET, GEORGE, BARON CARTERET

_Arms._--Gu., four fusils in fess arg., with the Ulster hand gu., in an
escutcheon arg., in the dexter chief. _Carteret._

_Crest._--On a mount vert, a squirrel sejant, cracking a nut ppr.

_Helmet._--That of a Peer, but wrongly shown, as it should be in
three-quarters position.

_Supporters._--Two winged stags.

_Motto._--LOYAL DEVOIR.

[CHURCHILL. _Divi Britannici._ London, 1675.]

George Carteret (born 1669, died 1695) was the grandson of Sir
George Carteret, Governor of Jersey, who had been created a
Baronet by Charles I. in 1645. In 1681 Sir George was created
Baron Carteret of Hawnes, and married Grace, daughter of John
Granville, Earl of Bath, in 1674. In 1714 she was created
Countess Granville, and at her death her son John succeeded to
the Earldom.

[Illustration]

CARTERET, JOHN, SECOND BARON CARTERET--AFTERWARDS SECOND EARL
GRANVILLE.

_Arms._--Gu., four fusils in fess arg. _Carteret._

_Crest._--On a mount vert, a squirrel sejant, cracking a nut ppr.

_Coronet._--That of a Baron.

_Supporters._--Two winged stags.

_Motto._--LOYAL DEVOIR.

[THUCYDIDES. _De Bello Peloponnesiaco._ Oxonii, 1696.]

[Sir William Worsley, Bart., Hovingham Hall, York.]

John Carteret (born 12th April 1690, died 2nd January 1763)
succeeded his father as second Baron Carteret in 1695, and in
1744 became Earl Granville on the death of his mother, Countess
Granville, whose Earldom was created January 1, 1714. Lord
Granville was a Lord of the Bedchamber to George I., and in
1716 Lord Lieutenant and Curtos Rotulorum of Devonshire. In
1719 he was Ambassador to Sweden.

In 1721 Lord Granville was Secretary of State, and three years
later Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He was also a Knight of the
Garter. In 1710 he married Frances, daughter of Sir Robert
Worsley, Bart., of Appledurcombe, in the Isle of Wight.

[Illustration]

CATHERINE OF ARAGON, QUEEN CONSORT OF HENRY VIII.

_Arms._--Impaled.

Dexter: Quarterly.

1st and 4th, France. 2nd and 3rd, England. All as used by
Henry VIII. (q.v.).

Sinister: Quartered.

1st and 4th grand quarters, quarterly.

1 and 4. Gu., a castle or. _Castile._

2 and 3. Arg., a lion rampant gu. _Leon._

2nd and 3rd grand quarters, per pale.

Dexter: Or, paly of 4 gu. _Aragon._

Sinister: Per saltire arg., 2 eagles displayed sa. and or, paly
of 4 gu. _Sicily._

In the base point, arg., a pomegranate or. _Grenada._

Ensigned with a Royal Crown and supported by two angels.

[HOLKOT. _Opus revera insignissimum in librum Sapietie
Salomonis editum._ Parisius, 1518.]

Catherine of Aragon (born 15th December 1485, died 6th January
1536) was the youngest daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of
Spain, and in 1501 she married Arthur, Prince of Wales, who
died in 1502.

In 1509, Catherine married Henry VIII., and they had several
children, of whom only Mary, afterwards Queen, survived her
infancy. Henry VIII. divorced Queen Catherine in 1533, on the
plea that the marriage was illegal as she was his brother's
widow, and in the same year he married Anne Bullen, who was one
of the Queen's Maids of Honour.

Queen Catherine died at Kimbolton Castle, Huntingdonshire,
in 1536, and was buried at Peterborough. A few of her books
came with the old Royal Library to the British Museum in 1757.
She was fond of literature and a patron to learning of all
sorts, and a friend of Erasmus. She appointed Ludovicus Vives,
a well-known Spanish savant and author, to be tutor to her
daughter Mary.

[Illustration]

CATHERINE OF BRAGANZA, QUEEN CONSORT OF CHARLES II.

_Arms._--Arg., 5 shields az., 1, 3, and 1, each charged with 5 plates,
2, 1, and 2; a bordure of Castile, gu., 7 towers or, 3, 2, and 2.
_Portugal._

_Crown._--The Royal Crown of England.

[_Jesus Maria Joseph; or, The devout Pilgrim of the Virgin
Mary._ Amsterdam, 1663.]

[Edward Almack, Esq., F.S.A., Brighton.]

Catherine of Braganza (born 15th November 1638, died 31st
December 1705) was the daughter of John, Duke of Braganza, who
in 1640 became Juan IV., King of Portugal. In 1662 the Princess
Catherine married Charles II., King of England, and as part of
her very large dowry, the King received Tangier, commanding the
Straits of Gibraltar, and Bombay.

After Charles's death Queen Catherine retired to Portugal,
where in 1704-5 she acted ably as Regent for her brother, Pedro
II.

[Illustration]

CAVENDISH, WILLIAM GEORGE SPENCER, SIXTH DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE

_Arms._--Sa., 3 bucks' heads, caboshed arg. _Cavendish._

_Crest._--A serpent nowed ppr.

_Coronet._--That of a Duke.

_Supporters._--Two bucks ppr.

_Motto._--CAVENDO TUTUS.

[THEODOCRITUS. Δ. Χαλκονδυλου ἐρωτηματα συνοπτικα των ὀκτω
του λογου μερων μετα τινων χρησμων κανονων. Milan, 1493.]

William George Spencer Cavendish (born 21st May 1790, died 17th
January 1858) was the son of William, fifth Duke of Devonshire,
and succeeded to the family honours in 1811.

The Library at Chatsworth was already one of much importance,
but the sixth Duke of Devonshire added to it so extensively
that he is generally considered as its founder. He purchased
rare books at all the great sales of his time, and removed
the books which had accumulated at his other residences to
Chatsworth. His collection has been further added to by
successive owners.

The Duke was a Knight of the Garter, a Member of the Privy
Council, Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of Derbyshire,
and High Steward of Derby. In 1821 he carried the orb at
the Coronation of George IV. In 1826 he was Ambassador
Extraordinary to Russia, and twice held the office of
Lord Chamberlain of the Household. At the Coronation of
Queen Victoria His Grace carried the Sword "Curtana," the
square-tipped Sword of Mercy.

[Illustration]

CECIL, WILLIAM, FIRST BARON BURGHLEY

_Arms._--Quartered.

1 and 6. Barry of 10, arg. and az.; over all six escutcheons
sa., 3, 2, and 1, each charged with a lion rampant of the
first. _Cecil._

2. Per pale, gu. and az. a lion rampant arg., supporting a
tree eradicated vert. _Wynstone._

3. Sa., a plate between 3 castles arg. _Etchington._

4. Gu., on a bend cotised arg., 3 cinquefoils sa. _Berondon._

5. Arg., a chevron erm., between 3 chess-rooks. _Pinchbeck._

_Crest._--Six arrows in saltire or, barbed and feathered arg., girt
together with a belt gu., buckled and garnished or, over the arrows a
morion cap ppr.

_Helmet._--That of a Peer.

_Supporters._--Two lions rampant erm.

_Motto._--COR · VNV · VIA · VNA.

[_Hebrew Bible._ Antverpiae, 1582.]

[Illustration]

_Variety._--Within the Garter, the crest is shown without the morion
cap, and the two Supporters are moved up from the side of the shield,
the usual place for Supporters, and used as Supporters for the crest.

[ARIOSTO. _Orlando Furioso in English Heroical Verse_,
by John Harington. London, 1591.]

William Cecil (born 13th September 1520, died 4th August
1598) was the son of Richard Cecil, Master of the Robes to
Henry VIII. He was educated at Cambridge, and soon showed a
remarkable ability. After Cambridge Cecil went to Gray's Inn
and studied Law, and presently came under the personal notice
of Henry VIII., who at once took a strong liking to him. At
Court Cecil rapidly gained place and power, and under the
Protector Somerset he became Secretary of State. He steered his
way with some difficulty through the troubles accruing through
the claim of Lady Jane Grey to the throne, but managed to
escape serious misfortune, and was elected Member of Parliament
for Lincolnshire.

At this time he also made himself useful to the Princess
Elizabeth, then holding a difficult political position, and
when she became Queen in 1558 she at once made Cecil a member
of her Privy Council and Secretary of State. In 1563 he was
Speaker of the House of Commons. Although not on friendly
terms with the Earl of Leicester, and in a position which gave
cause to much envy, Cecil was able to retain the confidence of
Queen Elizabeth, who, in 1571, created him Baron Burghley, and
shortly afterwards a Knight of the Garter.

Lord Burghley seems to have had a considerable library, and
most of his books have upon them one or other of his beautiful
stamps, sometimes in gold and sometimes in blind.

[Illustration]

CHALLESTON, FAMILY OF

_Arms._--Arg., a chevron vairé between 3 eagles displayed vert.
_Challeston._

_Crest._--A demi eagle vert, wings displayed vairé.

_Helmet._--That of an Esquire.

[STOW. _Survey of London._ 1618.]

The family of Challeston does not appear to have distinguished
itself in any of the ordinary ways, but the arms are described
in Burke's _General Armory_, and also in Papworth's _Dictionary
of Coats-of-Arms_.

[Illustration]

CHARLES I., KING OF GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND IRELAND

_Arms._--Within the Garter. Quarterly.

1st and 4th grand quarters; France and England quarterly.

2nd grand quarter; Scotland.

3rd grand quarter; Ireland. All as used by James I. (q.v.).

_Crest._--A Royal Crown ppr., thereon a lion statant guardant or,
crowned ppr.

_Helmet._--Royal.

_Supporters._--A lion and a unicorn, as used by James I. (q.v.).

_Motto._--DIEV ET MON DROIT.

[CESPEDES Y MENESES. _Historia de Don Felipe III., Rey
de las Españas._ Barcelona, 1634.]

Prince Charles (born 29th November 1600, died 30th January
1649) was the second son of James I., and on the death of his
brother Henry became heir to the Crown. He was created Prince
of Wales on 3rd November 1616, and while holding this rank he
often used some of his brother's book-stamps, differentiating
them, however, by the addition of his initials "C. P.," and
also by the substitution of gold for silver in places where the
latter metal had been used by Prince Henry, as, for instance,
in the case of the label of the eldest son and the feathers in
the Prince of Wales' plumes.

As Prince, Charles had a few small books bound for him in
red leather, the first instance of its use for English Royal
bindings, and towards the end of his reign again he had several
fine bindings made for him in the fine red morocco which was so
largely used by Samuel Mearne for Charles II. Whether Charles
I.'s red bindings were made by Mearne is doubtful, but it is
possible that they were. They are quite plain except for the
fine coat-of-arms in the centre, and for delicate gold tooling,
of Mearne style, in the panels of the back. Charles I. was a
patron of the Arts and a man of cultured and literary tastes.
The style of binding that is generally associated with his name
is of a better order than the semis and heavy corners which
marked the bindings made for James I.

Many of James I.'s stamps were, however, used by King Charles
I., and in a majority of cases it is only by the date of the
printing of the book that it is possible to say to which king
the volume belonged. There is a tendency for the corner-pieces
to become less, and also a tendency to substitute a more
distinguished manner with regard to small gold toolings than
that of the formal symmetrical repetition so prevalent in the
previous reign.

[Illustration]

CHARLES II., KING OF GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND IRELAND

_Arms._--Within the Garter. Quarterly.

1st and 4th grand quarters; France and England quarterly.

2nd grand quarter; Scotland.

3rd grand quarter; Ireland. All as used by James I. (q.v.).

_Crest._--A Royal Crown ppr., thereon a lion statant guardant or,
crowned ppr.

_Helmet._--Royal.

_Supporters._--A lion and a unicorn, as used by James I. (q.v.).

_Motto._--DIEV ET MON DROIT.

_Initials._--C. R. (Carolus Rex).

[Reynold's _Works_, 1658.]

[Illustration]

_Variety._--Without Supporters.

[_Common Prayer._ London, 1660.]

[Illustration]

_Variety._--Within the Garter and without Supporters.

[_Paraphrasis in Psalmos Davidis._ Salmurii, 1662.]

[Illustration]

The Royal name and title abbreviated. "CAR. REX" (Carolus Rex) ensigned
with a Royal Crown, and with the motto "DIEV ET MON DROIT."

[SANDERSON. _Complete History of the Life and Raigne
of King Charles._ London, 1658.]

[Illustration]

Crowned initials "C.C." adossés, within palm branches, commonly found
on books bound for Charles II. by Samuel Mearne, the Royal Bookbinder.

[CRANZIUS. _Vandaliae and Saxoniae Alberti Cranzii
Continuatio._ Wittebergae, 1586.]

Charles II. (born May 1630, died 6th February 1685) was the
elder son of Charles I. In 1660 Charles ascended the throne of
England, although his accession is sometimes counted from the
date of the death of Charles I., 30th January 1649. In Scotland
it is always so dated.

Samuel Mearne was appointed Royal Bookbinder to Charles II.
in June 1660, and he bound the greater number of the King's
books in a beautiful red morocco. On most of these bindings
the King's initials within a palm spray appear, and sometimes
the edges of the leaves of the books have designs painted upon
them, only showing when the book is open. Charles II. also used
several of the book-stamps that had been made for Charles I.

Mearne was one of the greatest bookbinders of any time, and
apart from the splendid work he did for Charles II., he
executed numbers of other bindings, many of which are inlaid
and have the leather stained and painted. He invented what is
known as the "Cottage" design, and his style and detail is
often copied even at the present time.

[Illustration]

CHARLOTTE OF MECKLENBURG, QUEEN CONSORT OF GEORGE III.

_Arms._--On two separate shields, side by side.

Dexter shield: Quarterly.

1st and 4th, France and England, quarterly.

2nd, Scotland.

3rd, Ireland. All as used by James I. (q.v.).

Sinister shield, the arms of Charlotte of Mecklenburg.
Quartered.

1. Arg., a bull's head in pale sa. (crowned gu.), armed and
ringed arg. _Mecklenburg._

2. Az., a griffin segreant or. _Wenden._

3. Vert, in chief az., a griffin segreant or. Principality of
_Schwerin_.

4. Gu., a cross pattée arg. _Ratzeburg._

5. Gu., an arm armoured ppr., holding a ring or, issuing from
a cloud. County of _Schwerin_.

6. Or, a bull's head sa., in bend sinister (crowned gu.),
armed and ringed arg. _Rostock._

Over all, on an escutcheon of pretence, the arms of _Stargard_, per
fess, gu. and or.

The two shields are ensigned with the Royal Crown of England.

This stamp is probably of foreign design, as it will be noted that the
Royal coat-of-arms of England is as that used by Queen Anne before
1706, and not that used by George III., for whom it is intended.

[CEFFALONIE. _Monument élevé à la gloire de Pierre-le-Grand._
Paris, 1777.]

Charlotte Sophia (born 16th May 1744, died 17th November 1818)
was the youngest daughter of Charles Louis, Grand Duke of
Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

In 1761 the Princess married George III., King of England, and
her married life was uneventful. As Queen she devoted herself
entirely to domestic matters.

[Illustration]

CHETWYND, WALTER

_Arms._--Quartered.

1. Az., a chevron between 3 mullets or. _Chetwynd._

2. Arg., 2 chevrons az. _Bagot._

3. Quarterly, arg. and az., on a bend gu., 3 fleurs-de-lys or.
_Garshall._

4. Arg., 3 bars sa. _Raymond._

5. Gu., 10 billets or. _Salter._

6. Sa., 3 fishes naiant in pale or. _Verney._

7. Gu., a lion rampant erm. _Meriford._

8. Gu., 5 piles issuing from the sinister. _Henderson_ (?).

9. Sa., 3 pheons arg. _Egerton_ of Shropshire.

10. Paly wavy of 6, arg. and gu. _Gurnon._

11. Arg., a chevron between 3 oak leaves vert. _Haslerigg._

12. Az., a lion rampant or. _Hetherfield._

[DEMOCRITUS. _Anatomy of Melancholy._ Oxford, 1628.]

Walter Chetwynd (born circ. 1620, died 1693) was a son of
Walter Chetwynd of Ingestre, in Staffordshire. He was Member of
Parliament for Stafford, and for Staffordshire, and Sheriff in
1680.

Chetwynd was a Fellow of the Royal Society, and an Antiquary,
particularly as concerned the County of Staffordshire. He was
a friend of Dr. Robert Plot, who wrote _The Natural History
of Staffordshire_ in 1686, and assisted him in many ways. His
collections of drawings and manuscripts were nearly all lost in
a fire at Ingestre in 1882.

[Illustration]

CHITTING, HENRY

_Arms._--Quarterly; arg. and az., on a bend gu., 3 quatrefoils of the
first. _Chitting._

_Crest._--A talbot's head erased arg.

_Helmet._--That of an Esquire.

_Motto._--FIDELITATE ET SAGACITATE.

_Initials._--H. C. (Henry Chitting).

[_Collection of rolls of the reigns of many kings._ Stowe, 601.]

Henry Chitting (born 1580 (?), died 1638) was a herald and
genealogist. In 1618 he became Chester Herald, and conducted
several of the heraldic visitations of English counties.
Chitting wrote a valuable work on the _Extinct Baronage of
England_, and others of less general importance.

[Illustration]

CHOLMONDELEY, GEORGE, THIRD EARL CHOLMONDELEY

_Arms._--Gu., in chief 2 helmets in profile arg., and in base a garb
or. _Cholmondeley._

_Coronet._--That of an Earl.

[FAERNI. _Fabulae._ London, 1743.]

George Cholmondeley (born 2nd January 1702, died 10th June
1770) was the son of George, second Earl Cholmondeley, and
succeeded his father in the Earldom in 1733. He was Member
of Parliament for East Looe, and afterwards for Windsor, and
Governor of Chester Castle. In 1725 Viscount Malpas, the
courtesy title used by George Cholmondeley, was made a Knight
of the Order of the Bath, and he subsequently held the offices
of Master of the Robes, Master of the Horse, and was Lord
Lieutenant of North Wales and of Montgomery. In 1736 he became
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and in 1743 Lord Privy
Seal. He held the rank of Lieutenant-General in the army.

[Illustration]

CHURCHILL, GEORGE SPENCER, FIFTH DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH

_Arms._--Impaled.

Dexter: Quarterly.

1st and 4th sa., a lion rampant arg., on a canton of the last a
cross gu. _Churchill._

2nd and 3rd quarterly, arg. and gu., in the second and third
quarters a fret or; over all on a bend sa., 3 escallops of
the first. _Spencer._

Sinister: Or, a bend sa.; over all a lion rampant gu.
_Abernethy_ (?).

_Coronet._--That of a Duke.

_Motto._--FIEL PERO DESDICHADO.

The whole arms are borne upon an Imperial eagle, the heraldic
indication of the rank of a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, a dignity
given to John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough. The eagle is ensigned
with a closed crown, the circlet of which bears the strawberry leaves
and pearls of an English Marquis.

[FERRAROTTO. _Della preeminenza dell' officio di Stradicò
della nobile città di Messina._ Venetiis, 1593.]

[Illustration]

_Variety._--Used as Marquis of Blandford before 1817. _Spencer._

_Arms._--Quarterly.

1st and 4th quarterly, arg. and gu., on the second and third
quarters a fret or; over all on a bend sa., 3 escallops of
the first. _Spencer._

2nd and 3rd sa., a lion rampant arg., on a canton of the last a
cross gu. _Churchill._

_Coronet._--That of a Marquis.

_Motto._--DIEU DEFEND LE DROIT.

The whole arms are borne upon an Imperial eagle as before, but in this
case the whole is ensigned with a Royal orb between the two horns of a
crescent arg., issuing from a Marquis's coronet.

[COLONNA. _Discours du Songe de Poliphile._ Paris, 1654.]

George Spencer, afterwards Spencer-Churchill (born 6th March
1766, died 5th March 1840), was the son of George, fourth Duke
of Marlborough. He was educated at Eton and Oxford, and served
as Member of Parliament for Oxfordshire and for Tregony, and
was a Lord of the Treasury. He married Susan, daughter of the
Earl of Galloway.

In 1817, on the death of his father, he succeeded to the
Dukedom of Marlborough, and in the same year he assumed by
Royal Licence the surname and arms of Churchill in addition
to his patronymic of Spencer. This was done in memory of the
first Duke of Marlborough, who left no male heir, but whose
second daughter Anne had married Charles Spencer, third
Earl of Sunderland, and their son Charles, fifth Earl of
Sunderland, succeeded his aunt Henrietta, _suo jure_ Duchess of
Marlborough, in the Dukedom in 1733. While Marquis of Blandford
the Duke collected a magnificent library at his house, White
Knights, near Reading, but extravagance in living compelled him
to part with it by auction in 1819.

[Illustration]

COCHRANE, JOHN, FOURTH EARL OF DUNDONALD

_Arms._--Impaled.

Dexter: Arg., a chevron gu., between 3 boars' heads erased arg.
_Cochrane._

Sinister: Az., 3 mullets arg., within a double tressure flory
counterflory or. _Murray._

_Coronet._--That of an Earl.

[SETTLE. _Virtute Sacellum._ London, 1720.]

John Cochrane (born 1660 (?), died 5th June 1720) was the
second son of John, second Earl of Dundonald, and succeeded
his brother William in the Earldom in 1705. In 1706 he married
Anne, daughter of Charles Murray, Earl of Dunmore. Lord
Dundonald was a Representative Peer of Scotland and Colonel of
the 4th Regiment of Horse Guards.

[Illustration]

COCKS, JOHN, BARON SOMERS

_Crest._--On a mount vert, a stag lodged reguardant arg., attired sa.,
and gorged with a chaplet of laurel leaves vert. _Cocks._

_Coronet._--That of a Baron.

[_Common Prayer._ London, 1669.]

John Somers Cocks (born 6th May 1760, died circ. 1841) was
the son of Charles Cocks, Baron Somers, and was educated at
Oxford. He was successively Member of Parliament for West Looe,
for Grampound, and for Reigate. In 1806 he succeeded to his
father's barony, and in 1821 was created Earl Somers. Lord
Somers married as his second wife, Jane, daughter of his Uncle
James, and widow of the Rev. George Waddington.

[Illustration]

COKE, THOMAS, FIRST EARL OF LEICESTER

_Arms._--Impaled.

Dexter: Per pale, gu. and az., 3 eagles displayed or. _Coke._

Sinister: Sa., an eagle displayed erm. _Tufton._

_Crest._--On a chapeau az., turned up erm., an ostrich arg., holding in
its mouth a horseshoe or.

_Helmet._--That of an Esquire.

_Motto._--PRUDENS QUI PATIENS.

[MORGUES. _Diverses Pièces pour la Defense de la Royne
Mère du Roy Louys XIII._ Paris, 1637.]

Thomas Coke (born circ. 1699, died 20th April 1759) was the
eldest son of Edward Coke of Holkham in Norfolk. In 1725
Mr. Coke was made a Knight of the Order of the Bath, and
in 1728 he was created Baron Lovel. In 1733 Lord Lovel was
Postmaster-General, and in 1744 he was given a step in the
Peerage and created Viscount Coke and Earl of Leicester. In
1718 Lord Leicester married Lady Mary Tufton, daughter of
Thomas, Earl of Thanet. He left no heir, but the Earldom of
Leicester was revived in 1837 in the person of one of his
collateral descendants.

[Illustration]

THE COMMONWEALTH OF ENGLAND

_Arms._--On two separate shields side by side.

Dexter shield: Arg., a cross gu., being the arms of St. George
of England.

Sinister shield: Az., a harp or, stringed arg., being the Harp
of Ireland.

_Motto._--GOD WITH VS.

_Legend._--THE COMMONWEALTH OF ENGLAND.

[_Proclamations of the Lord Protector_, G. 5194.]

The Commonwealth was established in England in 1649, and Oliver
Cromwell made Protector. In 1649 Charles, Prince of Wales, was
crowned King at Scone, and in the next year at Carlisle. In
1658, on the death of Cromwell, the people of England felt that
the Commonwealth had lasted long enough, and in 1660 Charles
II. returned among general rejoicings. From a bookbinding
point of view the period of the Commonwealth was one of little
interest, but on the Restoration, Samuel Mearne raised the
standard of English bookbinding to a very high level.

[Illustration]

COOTE, CHARLES

_Arms._--Arg., a chevron between 3 coots sa. _Coote._

_Crest._--A coot ppr.

_Motto._--VINCIT VERITAS.

[BOULAINVILLIERS. _Parliaments of France._
London, 1739.]

Charles Coote (born circ. 1761, died 19th November 1835) was
the son of a London bookseller, John Coote, and was educated at
St. Paul's School and at Oxford, where he distinguished himself
by his diligence and literary tastes. He took his D.C.L.
degree in 1789. Dr. Coote wrote several historical works of
much importance, and in 1789 he was admitted to the College of
Advocates, but he never appears to have taken much to law. His
son H. C. Coote was an author of much note and a high authority
on the subject of the Romans in Britain.

[Illustration]

COTTON, SIR ROBERT, BART.

_Arms._--Quartered.

1. Az., an eagle displayed arg. _Cotton._

2. Sa., a fess dancetté between 3 mullets arg. _Wesenham._

3. Or, a saltire gu., a chief of the first. _Bruce._

4. Three piles gu., meeting in point. _Wishart_; over all on
an escutcheon or, a lion rampant sa., within a double
tressure flory counterflory of the second. _Buchanan._

5. Or, a lion rampant sa., a chief gu. _Beauchamp_ (?).

6. Az., a cross flory between 4 martlets or. _King Edward the
Confessor._

[_Breviary of the Diocese of Salisbury._ Parisiis, 1499.]

[Illustration]

_Variety_, with four quarterings only.

[PAPEBURG. _Comment._ Basileae, 1551.]

[Sir W. Worsley, Hovingham Hall, York.]

Robert Bruce Cotton (born 22nd January 1570, died 6th May 1631)
was the eldest son of Thomas Cotton of Connington, Huntingdon.
At an early age he began to collect manuscripts, especially
English ones, and the dissolution of the monasteries in the
earlier half of the sixteenth century afforded him excellent
opportunity of acquiring invaluable examples. So valuable was
Cotton's collections, much of it containing official documents,
that twice it was sequestrated by the Government; some of it,
however, was restored to him. He was made a Baronet in 1611,
having previously received the honour of Knighthood. The part
of the collection of manuscripts which had been retained by the
Government of the day was eventually restored to his son Sir
Thomas Cotton.

A grandson of Sir Robert, Sir John Cotton, desired to present
the collection to the Nation, together with Cotton House, with
various conditions as to name and safe custody, and after
tedious negotiations the collection became National property
and was deposited in Essex House, Strand; in 1730 it was moved
to Ashburnham House, in Little Dean's Yard, Westminster, then
the property of the Government, where also the old Royal
manuscripts were kept. In 1731 a fire occurred at Ashburnham
House, and a large number of manuscripts were burnt and many
others badly injured. The remainder were then stored in a
dormitory at Westminster School, and here they remained until
they were transferred to the British Museum in 1757.

The Cottonian collection of manuscripts is now kept in the
Manuscript Department at the British Museum; but there are
numbers of printed books as well that are widely distributed.
A member of the Cotton Family is always a Family Trustee of
the British Museum. Sir Robert Cotton wrote a large number of
tracts, mainly political. The Cottonian MSS. are curiously
arranged under the names of the Roman Emperors.

[Illustration]

COVENTRY, WILLIAM, FIFTH EARL OF COVENTRY

_Arms._--Sa., a fess erm., between 3 crescents sa.

_Crest._--A garb or, lying fesswise, thereon a cock gu., comb, wattles,
and legs of the first.

_Coronet._--That of an Earl.

_Helmet._--That of a Peer.

[SETTLE. _Honori Sacellum._ London, 1712.]

William Coventry (born c. 1688, died 18th March 1750) was the
son of Walter Coventry of London, the lineal representative
of Walter Coventry, brother of the first Earl of Coventry, in
which line, by special limitation, the Earldom was allowed
to rest. Mr. Coventry was Member of Parliament for Bridport,
and succeeded to the Earldom of Coventry in 1719. He was Lord
Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the county of Worcester, a
Member of the Privy Council, and Clerk Comptroller of the Green
Cloth.

[Illustration]

COVERT, WILLIAM

_Arms._--Quartered.

1. Gu., a fess ermine between 3 martlets or. _Covert._

2. Erm., 2 bars and a canton gu. _Boyes._

3. Gu., a fess between 3 lions' heads couped or. _St. Clair._

4. Arg., a chevron between 3 garbs gu. _Sheffield._

5. Or, 2 crescents, 1 and 1, gu., a canton erm. _Symonds._

6. Lozengy, arg. and gu., a fess sa. _Rockly._

7. Arg., a cross sa., with 2 crosses crosslet fitchée of the
last in the upper cantons. _Balderstone._

8. Arg., on a chief gu., 3 lions rampant arg. _Yonge._

9. Or, a cross gu. _Bourke._

10. Arg., 5 fusils in bend, gu. _Bradeston._

11. Arg., on a chief gu., 3 crosses pattée fitchée of the
first. _Dyall._

12. Arg., 3 garbs gu. _Comyn._

13. Lozengy, arg. and sa., each lozenge sa., charged with a
martlet or. _Croft_ (?).

[BABINGTON'S _Works_. London, 1615.]

William Covert of Kent belonged to an old family, members
of which were settled in Kent, Surrey, and Sussex since the
sixteenth century.

John Covert, a member of the same family, had a command at the
Siege of Boulogne in 1558.

[Illustration]

COWPER, WILLIAM, FIRST EARL COWPER

_Arms._--Arg., 3 martlets gu., 2 and 1, on a chief engrailed of the
last, as many annulets or. _Cowper._

_Note._--The annulets are wrongly shown on this stamp.

[SETTLE. _Fears and Dangers._ London, 1706.]

William Cowper (born c. 1655, died 10th October 1723) was
the son of Sir William Cowper, Bart., M.P. for Hertford, and
succeeded to his father's Baronetcy in 1706. He was educated at
St. Albans, and entered the Middle Temple in 1681, and became a
great lawyer and politician. In 1706 he was made Lord Keeper of
the Great Seal and created Baron Cowper of Wingham. In 1707 he
was Lord High Chancellor, and in 1718 was created Earl Cowper.
Lord Cowper was a Fellow of the Royal Society, a Governor of
the Charterhouse, and Lord Lieutenant of Hertfordshire.

[Illustration]

CRACHERODE, CLAYTON MORDAUNT

_Arms._--Or, a saltire erm., between 4 lions' heads erased sa.
_Cracherode._

_Crest._--A demi boar saliant reguardant or, wounded in the shoulder
with an arrow ppr., which he holds in his mouth.

_Note._--Probably designed and the stamp cut by Roger Payne.

[SUETONIUS. _Opera._ Leovardiae, 1715.]

Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode (born 23rd June 1730, died 5th
April 1799) was a son of an officer of Marines, Colonel
Mordaunt Cracherode.

Clayton Cracherode was educated at Westminster and
Christchurch, Oxford, and was a Fellow of the Royal Society,
and of the Society of Antiquaries, and a Trustee of the British
Museum. He was ordained shortly after leaving Oxford. On the
death of his father, Mr. Cracherode became a rich man, and
spent his fortune freely in collecting choice books, bindings,
drawings, prints, coins, and gems, always getting the finest
examples procurable.

Mr. Cracherode was an eccentric and shy recluse; he hardly
ever left London, and his life is said to have been embittered
by the fact that he was liable to act as King's Cup-bearer
at a coronation, his manor at Great Wymondley being held on
that Tenure. The collections made by Mr. Cracherode were all
bequeathed to the British Museum except two books, a Bible left
to the Bishop of Durham, and a Homer to Cyril Jackson, Dean of
Christchurch, but both of these eventually were given to the
Museum Library. Several of Mr. Cracherode's books were bound
for him by Roger Payne, one of the greatest English bookbinders.

[Illustration]

DERING, SIR EDWARD, BARONET

_Arms._--Or, a saltire sa. _Dering._

_Crest._--Out of an heraldic coronet a plume of 9 ostrich feathers, 4
and 5, arg.

_Legend._--EDOARDVS DERING MILES ET BARONETTVS.

[_The Catholike Moderator._ London, 1623.]

Edward Dering (born 28th January 1598, died 22nd June 1644) was
the son of Sir Anthony Dering of Surrenden. He was educated at
Cambridge, and soon became a collector and lover of antiquities.

In 1619 Dering received the honour of Knighthood, and in
1627 became a Baronet. He represented Kent in the House of
Commons, and interested himself much in religious matters. He
eventually got into trouble with Parliament about some of his
writings, and was imprisoned for a time in the Tower. He raised
a regiment for the King at the commencement of the Civil War,
and in consequence he suffered sequestration of his estates.
He does not appear to have succeeded well as a soldier. Dering
never recovered from the troubles incident upon his advocacy
of the Royalist cause, and he died in comparative poverty. He
has left several works and pamphlets, chiefly political or
theological.

[Illustration]

D'EWES, SIR SYMONDS, BARONET

_Arms._--Or, 3 quatrefoils pierced gu. _D'Ewes._

_Crest._--A wolf's head erased or, about the neck a collar vairé.

[D'EWES. _Journals of Parliaments temp. Eliz._
Harl. MS. 73.]

Symonds D'Ewes (born 18th December 1602, died 8th April 1650)
was the son of Paul D'Ewes of Milden in Suffolk. He went to
Cambridge, and was called to the Bar in 1623. His tastes were
always of a literary and antiquarian character, and he was a
friend of Sir Robert Cotton. In 1626 he received the honour
of Knighthood, and on his father's death in 1631 he inherited
considerable property.

D'Ewes was High Sheriff of Suffolk and Member of Parliament
for Sudbury, and in 1641 he became a Baronet. He wrote many
valuable historical and antiquarian works; his "Diaries"
are now in the British Museum, as are several others of his
manuscripts, forming part of the Harleian Collection.

[Illustration]

DIGBY, SIR KENELM, KNIGHT

_Arms._--Quarterly.

1. Az., a fleur-de-lys arg. _Digby._

2. Arg., a chevron between 3 crosses crosslet fitchée.
_Davenport._

3. Erm., on a bend sa., 3 goats' heads erased arg., armed or.
_Mulsho._

4. Gu., semé of crosses crosslet arg., 3 leopards' heads
jessant-de-lys, arg. _Neville._

On an escutcheon of pretence, the arms of Venetia Stanley.

Quarterly.

1st and 4th grand quarters arg., on a bend az., 3 bucks' heads
cabossed or, a crescent for difference. _Stanley._

2nd grand quarter, quarterly.

1st and 4th or, a lion rampant az. _The Duke of Brabant._

2nd and 3rd gu., 3 lucies hauriant arg. _Lucy._

3rd grand quarter az., 5 fusils conjoined in fess or. _Percy._

_Crest._--An ostrich arg., with a horseshoe in his mouth ppr.

_Helmet._--That of an Esquire.

[ARISTOTLE. _Opera._ Lut. Parisiorum, 1619.]

[Illustration]

_Variety._--Impaled.

Dexter: Quarterly.

1st and 4th, _Digby._ }
} _Sir Kenelm Digby._
2nd and 3rd, _Mulsho._ }

Sinister: Quarterly.

1st and 4th, _Stanley._ }
2nd and 3rd, _The Duke_ } _Venetia Stanley._
_of Brabant._ }

[BOCCALINI. _Delli Avvisi di Parnaso._ Venetia, 1619.]

[Illustration]

_Variety._--Within a vesica.

Quarterly.

1. _Digby._ 3. _Mulsho._ }
} _Sir Kenelm Digby._
2. _Davenport._ 4. _Neville._ }

On an escutcheon of pretence.

Quarterly.

1. _Stanley._ 3. _Lucy._ }
2. _The Duke of_ 4. _Percy._ } _Venetia Stanley._
_Brabant._ }

_Legend._--INSIGNIA KENELMI DIGBY EQVITIS AVRATI.

[PLATO. _Opera._ Paris, 1578.]

[Illustration]

Initials "K.D." for Kenelm Digby, and "V." for Venetia, his wife.

[ARISTOTLE. _Opera._
Lut. Parisiorum, 1619.]

Kenelm Digby (born 11th July 1603, died 11th June 1665) was
the elder son of Sir Everard Digby, Knight, and Mary Mulsho,
his wife. He inherited large estates from his father in spite
of the fact that much of Sir Everard's property had been
confiscated. Kenelm Digby was educated at Oxford, at Gloucester
Hall, near Worcester College. He travelled much on the
Continent, particularly in France and in Spain. In 1623 he was
Knighted by James I. Quite early in life he had fallen in love
with Venetia, daughter of Sir Edward Stanley, and in 1625 he
married her.

In 1627 Digby fitted out and commanded a curious privateering
expedition, and captured several French, Dutch, Spanish,
Flemish, and Venetian ships, but his conduct was disavowed
by the English government. Digby was suspected of popish
sympathies and suffered various terms of imprisonment in
consequence, but in 1643 he was allowed to leave England for
France, and for a time he made his home in Paris, a town to
which he had always been very partial, and he appears to have
been well received by Louis XIV.

Sir Kenelm Digby wrote a large number of books, religious,
philosophical, and scientific; he was a man of much
imagination, and took delight in inventing quack medicines. He
possessed a large library; many of his books were presented to
the Bodleian Library at Oxford, others are said to have been
given to Louis XIV., and others again were scattered. On some
of the volumes the coat-of-arms of Digby alone occurs, but
in the majority of cases the coat-of-arms is quartered with
various other family coats, and has also the coat-of-arms of
Venetia Stanley either impaled or borne as an escutcheon of
pretence. Many of Sir Kenelm's books were bound in Paris.

[Illustration]

DORMER, ROBERT, EARL OF CARNARVON

_Arms._--Impaled.

Dexter: Az., 10 billets or, 4, 3, 2, and 1, on a chief of the
second a demi lion rampant issuant sa. _Dormer._

Sinister: Per pale, az. and gu., 3 lions rampant arg. _Herbert._

_Coronet._--That of an Earl.

[_Common Prayer._ Dublin, 1621.]

Robert Dormer (born circ. 1610 (?), died 20th September 1643)
was the only son of Sir William Dormer, son of Robert, Baron
Dormer of Wyng. In 1616 Robert Dormer succeeded to the Barony
of Dormer on the death of his grandfather, his father having
predeceased him. In 1628 he was created Earl of Carnarvon, and
in 1641 he was Lord Lieutenant of Bucks. Lord Carnarvon was
killed at the Battle of Newbury, where he fought as a Royalist.
He married in 1625 Anna Sophia Herbert, daughter of Philip,
Earl of Pembroke.

[Illustration]

DOUGLAS, WILLIAM, DUKE OF QUEENSBERRY

_Arms._--Quarterly.

1st and 4th; arg., a human heart gu., imperially crowned ppr.,
on a chief az., 3 mullets of the field. _Douglas._

2nd and 3rd; az., a bend between 6 crosses crosslet fitchée or.
_Marr._

All within a bordure or, charged with the double tressure (flory
counterflory) of Scotland, added by Charles II. to the coat of William
Douglas, Earl of Queensberry, when he conferred upon him the Marquisate
of Queensberry in 1681.

_Coronet._--That of a Duke.

_Supporters._--On each side a Pegasus arg., winged, maned, and hoofed
or.

_Motto._--FORDWARD.

[BOETHIUS. _Scotorum Historiae a prima gentis origine._
Paris, 1526.]

[Illustration]

_Crest._--A man's heart gu., ensigned with an imperial crown ppr., and
winged or. _Douglas._

_Coronet._--That of a Duke.

_Initials._--W. D. (William Douglas).

[PLINY. _C. Plinii Secundi Historiae Naturalis_, Lib. xxxvii.
Lugd. Batavorum, 1635.]

William Douglas (born circ. 1637, died 28th March 1695),
Viscount Drumlanrig, was the son of James Douglas, second
Earl of Queensberry. In 1671 Lord Drumlanrig succeeded to
his father's honours, and in 1681 he received a step in the
Peerage, being created first Marquis of Queensberry. In 1684 he
was created Duke of Queensberry. His Grace was Justice-General
of Scotland in 1680 and a Lord of Session, and from 1682 to
1686 he was High Governor of Edinburgh Castle.

[Illustration]

DUDLEY, ROBERT, EARL OF LEICESTER

_Crest._--A bear arg., muzzled and chained or, grimpant on a staff
raguly arg. A crescent for difference. _Dudley._

_Initials._--R. D. (Robert Dudley).

[TRISSINO. _La Italia Liberata._ Venezia, 1547.]

Robert Dudley (born 24th June 1532, died 4th September 1588)
was a son of John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland. In 1549 he
married Amy Robsart, who was killed at Cumnor Place in Berks
in 1560. It was supposed this was done in order to allow of a
marriage between Dudley and Queen Elizabeth.

Lord Robert Dudley was a great favourite both of Edward VI.,
to whom he had been a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber and
Master of the Buckhounds, and of Queen Elizabeth. He was for
a time Member of Parliament for Norfolk. With his father,
the Duke of Northumberland, Lord Robert conspired to place
Lady Jane Grey on the throne of England, and for this he was
sentenced to death in 1553, but shortly afterwards he was
pardoned and restored in blood. Under Elizabeth Dudley received
many honours. He was made Master of the Horse, Lord Steward
of the Household, and Knight of the Garter in 1559, and in
1564 Earl of Leicester. In 1564 he was elected Chancellor of
Oxford University, and in 1575 he entertained the Queen at his
beautiful home at Kenilworth. Leicester was Lord Lieutenant of
Warwickshire and of other counties, and his possessions were
very great. He married a second time in 1573, but left no heir.

The emblem of the ragged staff, or "Sable a staff raguly
in bend arg.," was used as a coat-of-arms by the ancient
Earls of Warwick, and it shows, as well as a bear, in the
representations of the town of Warwick held in the hands of
figures in the "Rows Roll," written and illuminated by John
Rows of Warwick in the fifteenth century. The bear seems to
have been assumed as a cognizance by Earl Arthgallus, and may
either have been taken from the Warwick bear or as an allusion
to his name "Arth," in British meaning "Bear." The successive
Earls of Warwick used the bear and the ragged staff as a badge,
and Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, whose father, among other
honours, was nineteenth Earl of Warwick, used it as a crest.
Lord Leicester used a chained bear as his dexter supporter, and
the ragged staff shows on one of his many quarterings.

[Illustration]

EDWARD VI., KING OF ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND IRELAND

_Arms._--Quarterly, France and England as used by Henry VIII. (q.v.).

_Crown._--Royal.

_Initials._--E. R. (Edvardus Rex).

This coat-of-arms is upon a binding made for Edward VI. by Thomas
Berthelet, who had been Royal Bookbinder to Henry VIII. It has been,
however, transferred to a volume which belonged to Queen Elizabeth.

[_Public Acts._ London, 1559.]

[Illustration]

_Variety._--Quarterly, France and England as used by Henry VIII.
(q.v.).

_Crown._--Royal.

_Initials._--E. R. (Edvardus Rex).

[ANDREASI. _De Amplitudine misericordiae Dei oratio._
Basileae, 1550.]

[Illustration]

_Badge._--A daisy ppr., crowned or.

The daisy was used as a badge by Edward VI., in memory of his
great-grandmother, Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry VII.

[_Belief in Christ._ London, 1550.]

[Illustration]

_Badge._--The triple ostrich plume arg., of the Prince of Wales, within
a princely coronet or.

_Motto._--IHC (_sic_) DIEN.

_Initials._--E. P. (Edward, Prince.)

[_List of Cities, etc., named in Trogus Pompeius and in the
epistles of Cicero; addressed by Peter Olivarius to
Edward, Prince of Wales._ 1546, MS.]

Prince Edward (born 12th October 1537, died 6th July 1553)
was the son of Henry VIII. and Queen Jane Seymour, his third
wife. He succeeded his father on the throne of England in 1547,
and left the crown by will to his cousin Lady Jane Grey, the
result of which was that her relatives endeavoured to place her
upon the throne and she was beheaded in 1554 by order of Queen
Mary. Although the Prince of Wales's plumes were used on the
bindings made for Prince Edward, he never was Prince of Wales.
The majority of his bindings were made by Thomas Berthelet, and
they came to the British Museum with the rest of the old Royal
Library in 1757.

The supporters used by Edward VI. were the golden lion and the
red dragon, as they were used by Henry VIII. after 1528, but
they do not show on any of his bindings as far as is at present
known.

EDWARD VII., KING OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND,
AND OF THE BRITISH DOMINIONS BEYOND THE SEAS, DEFENDER OF THE FAITH;
EMPEROR OF INDIA.

_Arms._--Within the Garter, and surrounded by the Collar of the Order
of the Garter, dependent from which is the Great George.

Quarterly.

1st and 4th; gu., 2 lions passant guardant in pale or, langued
and unguled az. _England._

2nd; or, a lion rampant within a double tressure flory
counterflory gu. _Scotland._

3rd; az., a harp or, stringed arg. _Ireland._

_Crown._--Royal.

[For illustration see the Frontispiece.]

[Illustration]

EGERTON, FRANCIS HENRY, EIGHTH EARL OF BRIDGWATER

_Arms._--Quarterly.

1st and 4th grand quarters; arg., a lion rampant gu., between 3
pheons sa. _Egerton._

2nd grand quarter; quarterly, France and England. _Mary,
daughter of Henry VII._

3rd grand quarter; barry of six, arg. and az. _Grey._

_Coronet._--That of an Earl.

_Supporters._--Dexter, a horse; sinister, a griffin; each gorged with a
ducal coronet.

_Motto._--SIC DONEC.

[_Rabani Mauri Tractatus super Librum Regum._
Eg. MS. 1783.]

[Illustration]

_Variety._--The shield alone.

[BEZA. _Nov. Test._ London,
1582.]

[Illustration]

_Crest._--A lion rampant gu., supporting an arrow erect or, headed and
feathered arg.

_Coronet._--That of an Earl.

[TAYLOR. _An arrant Thiefe._
London, 1625.]

Francis Henry Egerton (born 11th November 1756, died 11th
February 1829) was a son of John Egerton, Bishop of Durham.
He was educated at Eton and All Souls' College, Oxford, and
was for a long time Rector of Middle, Shropshire. He was a
Fellow of the Royal Society and of the Society of Antiquaries.
Mr. Egerton was a scholar and a book lover, and wrote several
books, mostly genealogical, a subject of which he was very fond.

In 1823, on the death of his brother, Mr. Egerton became Earl
of Bridgwater, but he remained in Paris, where he had lived
for some time. With the Peerage Lord Bridgwater inherited
a large fortune, and he bequeathed a large portion of this
in the endowment of Literature, one result of which was the
"Bridgwater Treatises." He also left a very large collection of
manuscripts and other treasures to the Trustees of the British
Museum, with property to allow of accessions.

[Illustration]

ELIZABETH, QUEEN OF ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND IRELAND

_Arms._--Within the Garter. Quarterly, first and fourth, France; second
and third, England, as used by Henry VIII. (q.v.).

_Crown._--Royal.

[GRANT. _Graecae Linguae Spicilegium._ London, 1577.]

[Illustration]

_Variety._--Within the Garter.

[GUICCIARDINI. _Historie._ London, 1599.]

[Illustration]

_Badge._--Upon a mound or, a falcon arg., royally crowned or, and
holding in his dexter claw a Royal sceptre or; growing on the dexter
side of the mound a rose-tree ppr., with red and white roses.

Queen Elizabeth used this badge in memory of her mother, Queen Anne, at
whose coronation it was shown in a pageant. A falcon was the crest of
the Ormond family, and it is shown sculptured on the tomb of the Earl
of Wiltshire, father of Anne Bullen.

[_Trogi Pompeii historiarum Philippicarum Epitoma._
Paris, 1581.]

[Illustration]

_Badge._--A Tudor rose, arg. and gu., seeded or, and leaved vert.
Ensigned with a Royal Crown.

[CAIUS. _De Antiquitate Cantebrigiensis Academiae libri
duo._ Londini, 1574.]

[Illustration]

_Badge._--A Tudor rose bearing a scroll upon which is the name
"ELIZABETH."

[_New Testament._ London, 1532.]

The Princess Elizabeth (born 7th September 1533, died 24th
March 1603) was the daughter of Henry VIII. and his second wife
Anne Bullen.

In 1558 Elizabeth succeeded her half-sister Mary as Queen of
England. Queen Elizabeth loved magnificence of all kinds, and
the bindings made for her show a considerable range of style;
several were sumptuously bound in velvet with rich embroideries
and pearls, some of these being made by the workmen of
Archbishop Parker; other velvet bindings were stamped in gold,
and had overlays of coloured satin. As Princess, Elizabeth is
supposed to have embroidered a few bindings; two of these are
now in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, and another is in the
British Museum. Others were in carved, engraved, or repoussé
gold finely enamelled, and numbers were in leather, both gold
tooled and blind tooled; some of the former were very likely
bound for the Queen by the printer John Day, who was the first
English binder to use inlays of leather coloured differently to
the main part of the binding.

Small series of triple dots and small corner-pieces show for
the first time on small books bound for Queen Elizabeth towards
the end of her reign.

The supporters used by Queen Elizabeth were the golden lion
and the red dragon; they show on some of the beautiful painted
bindings done for the Queen, but not on any of the stamps. The
Queen's portrait is sometimes found stamped on her books.

[Illustration]

FINCH, HENEAGE, EARL OF AYLESFORD

_Arms._--Quarterly.

1st and 4th; arg., a chevron between 3 griffins passant.
_Finch._

2nd and 3rd; per pale, az. and gu., 3 lions rampant arg.
_Herbert._

_Coronet._--That of an Earl.

_Motto._--NEC ELATA NEC DEIECTA.

[SACCHI. _Platinae hystoria de vitis potificum._
Venetiis, 1511.]

Heneage Finch (born c. 1647, died 22nd July 1719) was the
second son of the first Earl of Nottingham. Mr. Finch was an
eminent lawyer, and in 1678 he became Solicitor-General. He was
Member of Parliament for Oxford, and in 1702, shortly after the
accession of Queen Anne, he was chosen to receive Her Majesty
when she visited that city. On this occasion he was created
Baron of Guernsey. On the accession of George I. Lord Guernsey
was created Earl of Aylesford, and also made a Member of the
Privy Council and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.

[Illustration]

FITZ-ALAN, HENRY, EIGHTEENTH EARL OF ARUNDEL

_Arms._--Within the Garter. Quarterly.

1st and 4th; gu., a lion rampant or. _Fitz-Alan._

2nd and 3rd; sa., a fret or. _Maltravers._

_Crest._--Out of an heraldic coronet gu., a demi eagle, wings displayed
or.

_Helmet._--That of a Peer.

_Motto._--VIRTVTIS LAVS ACTIO.

_Note._--Coloured. The earliest heraldic book-stamp of an English
subject as yet known.

[ARISTOTLE. Venetiis, 1513.]

[Illustration]

_Badge._--A horse courant arg., bearing in his mouth a sprig of oak
ppr.

[_Biblia._ Venice, 1544.]

Henry Fitz-Alan (born c. 1511, died c. 1580) was the son of
William, Earl of Arundel, and succeeded his father in 1544.

Lord Arundel was a soldier of repute, and took part in the
siege of Boulogne in 1545. He gave political offence to the
Earl of Warwick in the reign of Edward VI. and was committed
to the Tower. He acted as Constable at the coronation of Queen
Mary, and as Lord High Steward at that of Queen Elizabeth. He
was a Knight of the Garter. Fond of books, Lord Arundel made
a large collection of them, and profited by the dissolution
of the monasteries in the early sixteenth century to add
to his library at Nonsuch. Many of his books had belonged
to Archbishop Cranmer. He bequeathed his library to his
son-in-law, Lord Lumley, and they were nearly all purchased
eventually by Henry, Prince of Wales.

[Illustration]

FREDERICK, ELECTOR PALATINE OF THE RHINE, AFTERWARDS KING OF BOHEMIA.

_Arms._--Impaled.

Dexter: Quarterly.

1st and 4th; sa., a lion rampant or, crowned gu.
_Pfalz-am-Rhein._

2nd and 3rd; lozengy, az. and arg. _Bavaria._

Over all an escutcheon of pretence bearing a Royal orb as an
emblem of dominion.

Sinister: The Royal arms of James I. (q.v.).

_Crest._--Out of a princely coronet, a lion sejant or, crowned gu.,
between 2 buffalo horns lozengy, az. and arg.

_Supporters._--2 lions rampant or, crowned gu.

[LEGRAIN. _Decade contenant la vie et gestes de Henry le
Grand Roy de France._ Paris, 1614.]

Frederick V., Elector Palatine of the Rhine, married the
Princess Elizabeth (born 15th August 1596, died 13th February
1662), daughter of James VI. of Scotland, in 1613. In 1618,
Frederick was elected King of Bohemia; his acceptance of
this dignity is said to have been largely due to his wife's
ambition. As Queen of Bohemia, Elizabeth's life was not easy,
and she was never popular at Prague, and in 1622 the Palatinate
was taken by the Duke of Bavaria. Her father, now James I. of
England, does not appear to have taken much interest in the
Queen of Bohemia; neither in turn did Charles I. In 1632 the
King of Bohemia died, and the Queen passed the latter part of
her life in England.

Queen Elizabeth's youngest daughter, Sophia, Electress of
Hanover, was the mother of George I., King of England.

[Illustration]

FREDERICK, PRINCE OF WALES

_Arms._--Within the Garter. Quarterly.

1st; _England_ and _Scotland_ impaled.

2nd; _France_.

3rd; _Ireland_.

4th; the arms of the Royal Dominions in Germany.

As used by George I. (q.v.); over all the label arg. of the eldest son
of the King; and the whole ensigned with a Princely coronet.

_Crest._--A Princely coronet ppr., thereon a lion statant guardant or,
coroneted with a princely coronet ppr.

_Helmet._--Royal.

_Supporters._--The lion and unicorn of England, differenced with a
label of three points arg., and the lion wearing a Prince's coronet.

_Motto._--ICH DIEN.

[_Papers relating to Cuba._ London, 1744.]

Frederick Louis, Prince of Hanover, and afterwards Prince of
Wales (born 6th January 1707, died 20th March 1751), was the
eldest son of George, Electoral Prince of Hanover, afterwards
George II., King of England. In 1729 Prince Frederick was
created Prince of Wales, but all his life there were incessant
quarrels between himself and his parents. In 1736 he married
the Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha; it proved an unhappy
marriage.

The Prince of Wales died in 1751, from the after-effects of
an accidental blow from a tennis ball, and nobody appears to
have regretted him. He left nine children, the eldest of whom,
George, succeeded to the throne of England on the death of his
grandfather in 1760. The Prince of Wales' books were generally
bound in red morocco, with one or other of his armorial stamps,
some of which bear the label of the eldest son, and others do
not. But they all have the motto "ICH DIEN," and occasionally
the initials "F. P." at the top on each side of the crest.

[Illustration]

GARRICK, DAVID

_Arms._--Per pale, or and az., in the dexter compartment a tower gu.,
and in the sinister, on a mount vert, a sea-horse arg., mane, fins, and
tail of the first; on a chief or, 3 mullets of the second.

_Crest._--A mullet or.

[ETHEREGE. _The Comical Revenge._ London, 1690.]

David Garrick (born 19th February 1716, died 20th January 1779)
was the son of an officer in the army, and of Huguenot descent
from the family of La Garrique of Bordeaux. Garrick took to
the stage at an early age, and after having unsuccessfully
tried other means of making a livelihood he eventually took to
acting as a profession. He acted as an amateur at St. John's
Gate, Clerkenwell, and he wrote several plays. His family did
not approve of his becoming an actor, but his rapid success
ultimately reconciled them to it. His life-history is one of
unvarying triumphs, which, however, naturally made him many
enemies; he left the stage practically in 1762.

Garrick was a collector of treasures of all sorts, but
particularly copies of Early English plays, of which he made
a very large and valuable collection. These he bequeathed to
the British Museum. He left a large fortune, and was buried in
Westminster Abbey.

[Illustration]

GEORGE I., KING OF GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND IRELAND

_Arms._--Within the Garter. Quarterly.

1st grand quarter; _England_ }
and _Scotland_ impaled. } As used by Queen
2nd grand quarter; _France_. } Anne.
3rd grand quarter; _Ireland_. }
4th grand quarter; the arms of the Royal
Dominions in Germany. Impaled.

Dexter: Gules, 2 lions passant guardant or. _Brunswick._

Sinister: Or, semée of hearts ppr., a lion rampant az.
_Lunenburg._

In the base point gu., a horse current arg. _Saxony._

Over all an escutcheon gu., charged with the Crown of
Charlemagne or, as a badge of the office of _High Treasurer
of the Holy Roman Empire_. The Crown of Charlemagne is one
of the finest Byzantine Crowns in the world, and it is
one of the very few heraldic bearings that are in actual
existence. It is of gold and richly ornamented with jewels
and enamels, and is kept in the Royal Treasury at Vienna.

_Crest._--A Royal Crown ppr., thereon a lion statant guardant or,
crowned ppr.

_Helmet._--Royal.

_Supporters._--The lion and unicorn, as used by James I. (q.v.).

_Motto._--DIEU ET MON DROIT.

_Initials._--G. R. (Georgius Rex).

_Badges._--A Tudor rose and a thistle.

[_The many advantages of a good Language._ 1724.]

George Lewis, Electoral Prince of Hanover (born 28th May 1660,
died 11th June 1727), was the eldest son of Sophia, youngest
daughter of the Princess Elizabeth, daughter of James I., and
Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lunenburg. In 1714 Prince
George succeeded his cousin, Queen Anne, on the throne of
England. He was then fifty-four years of age, and firmly
fixed in his German ideas; he never spoke English well, and
took every possible opportunity of revisiting his electoral
dominions, where he died in 1727.

George I. made an important change in the English coat-of-arms,
by including the quartered coat containing the Arms of the
Royal Dominions in Germany, Brunswick, Lunenburg, and Saxony.
These arms were used in the fourth quarter by George I.,
George II., and George III. until 1801. After that date they
were shown on an escutcheon of pretence by George III., George
IV., and William IV., at whose death they were discontinued
altogether.

[Illustration]

GEORGE II., KING OF GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND IRELAND

_Arms._--Within the Garter. Quarterly.

1st grand quarter; _England_ and _Scotland_ impaled.

2nd grand quarter; _France_.

3rd grand quarter; _Ireland_.

4th grand quarter; Brunswick impaling Lunenburg, Saxony in the
base point, and the Crown of Charlemagne on an escutcheon
of pretence; all as used by George I. (q.v.).

_Crest._--A Royal Crown ppr., thereon a lion statant guardant or,
crowned ppr.

_Supporters._--The lion and the unicorn, as used by James I. (q.v.).

_Motto._--DIEU ET MON DROIT.

_Badges._--Roses and a Thistle.

[BOERHAVE. _Methodus Studii Medici._ Amst., 1751.]

[Illustration]

_Variety._--Used as Prince of Wales.

_Arms._--Within the Garter. Impaled.

Dexter: The Royal Arms of England, quarterly; first, England
and Scotland impaled; second, France; third, Ireland;
fourth, the arms of the Dominions of the Crown in Germany;
over all the label, with three points arg., of an elder son.

Sinister: The arms of Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Anspach.
Quartered.

1. Per fess, gu. and arg. _Magdeburg._

2. Arg., an eagle displayed sa. _Brandenburg._

3. Arg., an eagle displayed sa. _Jägerndorff._

4. Or, a griffin segreant gu. _Herz. Wenden._

5. Or, a griffin segreant sa. _Fürst Wenden._

6. Arg., a griffin segreant gu. _Pommern._

7. Arg., an eagle displayed sa. _Crossen._

8. Arg., a griffin segreant gu. _Kassuben._

9. Arg., an eagle displayed gu. _Prussia._

10. Per pale, arg. and gu. _Halberstadt._

11. Or, a lion rampant sa., crowned or, within a bordure
gobony, arg. and gu. _Nüremberg._

12. Gu., 2 keys in saltire or. _Minden._

13. Quarterly, arg. and sa. _Hohenzollern._

14. Gu., a cross ar. _Ratzeburg._

15. Gu. For right of Regalia.

_Crest._--A Prince's coronet ppr., thereon a lion statant guardant or,
coroneted ppr.

_Helmet._--Royal.

_Supporters._--The lion and unicorn, the Royal Supporters of England,
each charged with a Prince of Wales' label. The lion is coroneted with
the coronet of a Royal Prince.

_Motto._--ICH DIEN.

[PLAYFORD. _Wit and Mirth._ London, 1714.]

[Illustration]

_Variety._--Used as Prince of Wales. The Prince of Wales' plumes,
within a princely coronet, and flanked by the initials "G. P." for
"Georgius Princeps."

_Motto._--ICH DIEN.

[MUSGRAVE. _Antiquitates Britanno-Belgicae._
Exeter, 1719.]

George, Electoral Prince of Hanover, afterwards Prince of Wales
(born 30th October 1683, died 25th October 1760), was the only
son of George I., and succeeded his father on the throne of
England in 1727.

In 1753 an Act was passed "For the purchase of the Museum or
Collection of Sir Hans Sloane and of the Harleian Collection of
MSS.; and for providing one General Repository for the better
reception and more convenient use of the said Collections,
and of the Cottonian Library." In 1757 King George II. added
to these "Foundation Libraries" of the British Museum, the
old Royal Library of England, which had been largely brought
together by Henry, Prince of Wales. The old Royal Library
underwent several vicissitudes after the death of Prince Henry.
It was kept at St. James's Palace. When it was at length
incorporated with the Sloane and Cotton collections it numbered
altogether about fifteen thousand volumes, manuscripts, and
printed books.

On 2nd September 1705, Prince George, then Electoral Prince of
Hanover, married Wilhelmina Caroline (born 1st March 1683, died
20th November 1737), the eldest daughter of John Frederick,
Margrave of Brandenburg-Anspach. Queen Caroline made herself
as important in Court and political affairs as she had already
done as Princess, and allied herself strongly with Sir Robert
Walpole, then Minister of State, and her power became very
great, as the King gave way to her wishes almost invariably.
Both George II. and Queen Caroline disliked their eldest son
Frederick. During the King's several absences in Hanover, Queen
Caroline acted as Regent, to the great annoyance of the Prince
of Wales.

[Illustration]

GEORGE III., KING OF GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND IRELAND, AFTERWARDS
KING OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, AFTERWARDS KING OF THE UNITED
KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

_First Coat-of-Arms_

_Arms._--Within the Garter. Quarterly.

1st, England and Scotland impaled. 2nd, France. 3rd, Ireland.
4th, The arms of the Royal Dominions in Germany; all as
used by George I. (q.v.).

_Crest._--A royal crown ppr., thereon a lion statant guardant or,
crowned ppr.

_Supporters._--The lion and the unicorn, as used by James I. (q.v.).

_Motto._--DIEU ET MON DROIT.

_Badges._--A rose for England and a thistle for Scotland.

_Note._--Used from 24th October 1760 until 1st January 1801.

[VITRUVIUS POLLIO. _Architecture._ London, 1791.]

[Illustration]

_First Coat-of-Arms_

_Variety._--With supporters bearing the standards of St. George and St.
Andrew. Probably a foreign design.

[SECONDAT. _Le Temple de Guide_. Parisiis, 1772.]

[Illustration]

_First Coat-of-Arms_

_Variety._--Within the Garter, with the "George" jewel, and the badges
and collars of the Orders of the Thistle and the Bath (Civil), with
their respective mottoes, NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT and TRIA JUNCTA IN
UNO.

[PETAVIUS. _De Nithardo breve Syntagma._ Parisiis,
1613.]

[Illustration]

_First Coat-of-Arms_

_Variety._--Used without supporters.

[MONRO. _Works._ Edinburgh, 1781.]

[Illustration]

_Second Coat-of-Arms_

_Arms._--Within the Garter. Quarterly.

1st and 4th, England. 2nd, Scotland. 3rd, Ireland.

Over all, on an escutcheon of pretence, the arms of the Royal Dominions
in Germany ensigned with an electoral bonnet gu., turned up with
miniver. Used from 1st January 1801 until 8th June 1816. Colours as
used by George I. (q.v.).

_Crest, Supporters, and Motto_ as used by James I. (q.v.).

_Badges._--Roses and thistles.

[S. AUGUSTINUS. _De Civitate Dei, etc._ 1467.]

[Illustration]

_Third Coat-of-Arms_

_Arms._--Within the Garter. Quarterly, as in the preceding case, but
with the Royal Hanoverian Crown, instead of the electoral bonnet, over
the escutcheon of pretence. Used from 8th June 1816 until 29th January
1820.

_Crest, Supporters, Badges, and Motto._--As before, with a Royal
helmet, but the shield is additionally enclosed within the collar of
the Order of the Garter, dependent from which is the badge of the Great
George.

[_Inventories of plate belonging to the Crown, etc._]

[Illustration]

The Royal Initials ensigned with a Royal Crown.

[ALLIONIUS. _Tractatio de Miliarium origine et
curatione._ Aug. Taurinorum, 1758.]

[Illustration]

The Irish Harp, crowned.

[_Lord's Journals of Ireland._ Dublin, 1780.]

George III. (born 4th June 1738, died 29th January 1820) was
the eldest son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and grandson of
George II. He succeeded to the throne in 1760.

The troubles in Ireland ended, for a time, in the Legislative
Union in 1801. During the latter part of his reign George III.
became insane and the Prince of Wales was appointed Regent.
Almost as soon as George III. succeeded to the throne he began
collecting books, no doubt to a great extent induced to do so
because of the fact that George II. had practically denuded the
Royal Libraries of their treasures in 1757, but in many ways he
possessed the true collector's instinct. The Royal Librarian
was Sir Frederick Barnard, K.C.H., who travelled about the
Continent seeking early editions and desirable books generally,
under the advice of Dr. Samuel Johnson. Besides the books
collected abroad by Sir Frederick, large numbers were acquired
in England, among these the entire library of Joseph Smith,
British Consul at Venice. Sir Frederick Barnard did not neglect
the sale-room, and he acquired especially valuable additions to
the Royal Library at the sales of the important libraries of
James West, John Ratcliffe, and Richard Farmer, all of which
took place about the same time.

The library collected by George III. is now housed in the
beautiful room known as the "King's Library" in the British
Museum. All the books have one or other of the many book-stamps
used by the King impressed upon them, either on the sides or
on the back. The estimated number of volumes in the library at
the time of its acquisition by the British Museum was about
eighty-four thousand, as well as a very large collection of
charts, maps, and drawings, and several manuscripts. The books
in the King's Library are in splendid condition, and among them
are numbers of precious bindings, especially later English,
Scottish, and Irish. Several of the Royal books were bound by
Charles Kalthoeber, a German binder who copied the style and
stamps used by Roger Payne.

The coat-of-arms used by George III. in the early part of his
reign was the same as that used by his predecessor, viz. first
quarter, England and Scotland impaled; second quarter, France;
third quarter, Ireland; and fourth quarter, Brunswick impaling
Lunenburg, in the base point Saxony, and an escutcheon of
pretence bearing the crown of Charlemagne, as a badge of the
office of High Treasurer of the Holy Roman Empire. This coat
was used until 1801.

On the 1st of January 1801, a Proclamation was issued by the
King regarding the Legislative Union with Ireland, and certain
armorial changes are noted. The first is that in future the
title of the King is to be "of Great Britain and Ireland King,"
instead of as heretofore, "King of Great Britain, France, and
Ireland." Next the arms "shall be Quarterly: first and fourth
England; second Scotland; third Ireland; and it is our Will and
Pleasure that there shall be borne therewith on an escutcheon
of pretence, the arms of Our Dominions in Germany, ensigned
with the electoral Bonnet." So that now the fourth quarter, as
used by George I. and George II., is moved up, and shown on the
escutcheon of pretence in the centre of the shield.

It will be noticed that the Fleurs-de-lys of France are now
left out of the English coat-of-arms, as well as the title of
King of France. The arms of France had been used in the English
coat-of-arms since their adoption, with the motto "DIEU ET MON
DROIT," by Edward III. in 1341, when he claimed the throne of
France by right of his mother Isabella, only surviving child of
Philippe IV. From that time until 6th March 1706, when Queen
Anne changed the first quarter of the English coat, the French
Fleurs-de-lys had held the place of honour. Although the French
coat was discarded in 1801, the motto which alluded to the same
claim to the French throne has been retained and is still used.
The Fleurs-de-lys of France were at first semées, but Charles
VI. of France reduced them to three, and a corresponding change
was presently made in the English coat.

In 1816 the electorate of Hanover was given the rank of a
kingdom, so that the electoral bonnet no longer properly
represented the dignity. On 8th June 1816, a notice was given
in the London _Gazette_ that his Majesty was in future "King of
Hanover," and that a corresponding alteration is to be made in
the Royal arms, and it is ordered that, "instead of the arms of
His Majesty's Dominions in Germany, ensigned with the electoral
bonnet, as directed by His Majesty's Proclamation above
mentioned, there shall henceforth be used and borne with the
arms or ensigns armorial of His Majesty's said United Kingdom,
on an escutcheon of pretence, the arms of His Majesty's
Dominions in Germany, ensigned with the Hanoverian Royal Crown."

The Royal title _Britanniarum Rex_, "King of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland," without the Ducal titles of the
Royal Dominions in Germany, which had been used by George I.
and George II., first appears on the Fifth Great Seal of George
III., used from 1st August 1815 to 17th September 1821.

[Illustration]

GEORGE IV., KING OF THE BRITAINS

The coat-of-arms of George IV. was the same as the last used by George
III., namely 1st and 4th, England; 2nd, Scotland; 3rd, Ireland;
with the arms of the Royal Dominions in Germany on an escutcheon of
pretence, ensigned with the Royal Crown of Hanover.

Several of the older book-stamps of George III. were, however,
frequently used by George IV.

[_Inventories of plate at Windsor, etc._]

[Illustration]

Used when Prince of Wales. A Prince of Wales' plume within a princely
coronet.

[_London and its Environs
described._ London, 1761.]

George IV. used the same coat-of-arms as the last one of George
III., that is to say, first and fourth grand quarters, England;
second grand quarter, Scotland; and third grand quarter,
Ireland; on an escutcheon of pretence the arms of the Dominions
of the Crown in Germany, ensigned with the Hanoverian Royal
Crown.

When George IV. inherited the large library made by his
father, he very soon found that it was a very costly and
troublesome legacy, and at one time he was inclined to sell it
to the Emperor, Alexander I. of Russia. This idea, however,
was very displeasing to English feeling, and the Premier,
Lord Liverpool, was able to convince the King that any such
sale would be highly unpopular. After considerable trouble
the matter was amicably arranged, and Ministers were able
to satisfy the King by means of a fund called "Droits of
Admiralty," which they could dispose of without troubling
Parliament. The King then wrote a letter, 15th January 1823, to
Lord Liverpool, in which he says:--

"The King, my late revered and excellent father, having formed
during a long series of years, a most valuable and extensive
Library, I have resolved to present this collection to the
British Nation."

The library was consequently removed from Buckingham House to
the British Museum in 1828, and arranged in the beautiful room
built for it. In this room the books are kept by themselves,
apart from the rest of the library. It is probable that some
idea of the ultimate destination of this library existed as
long ago as 1791, as in that year a German preacher, Frederick
Wendeborn, wrote that the books in the King's private library,
"it is said, will be one time or another joined to those of the
British Museum."

[Illustration]

GILBERT, JOHN, ARCHBISHOP OF YORK

_Arms._--Quarterly.

1st and 4th; erm., on a chevron sa., 3 roses arg. _Gilbert._

2nd and 3rd; arg., 2 bendlets sa. _Bradshaw._

_Note._-Used before 1726.

[TESAURO. _Patriarchae Genealogia._ Mediolani, 1645.]

John Gilbert (born circ. 1693, died 9th August 1761) was a
son of John Gilbert, Prebendary of Exeter. He was educated at
Oxford, and ordained about 1718.

In 1722 Gilbert succeeded to his father's Prebendal stall at
Exeter, and two years later he was made Dean. In 1726 Dr.
Gilbert was consecrated Bishop of Llandaff, and was afterwards
translated to Salisbury. In 1757 he became Archbishop of York.
Gilbert was not a man of much learning, and his preferment in
the Church is remarkable as being due more to influence than
character. He published several sermons.

[Illustration]

GOWER, GEORGE GRANVILLE LEVESON, DUKE OF SUTHERLAND

_Arms._--Within the Garter. Quartered.

1. Quarterly;

1st and 4th, barry of 8, arg. and gu., over all a cross patonce
sa. _Gower._

2nd and 3rd, az., 3 laurel leaves or. _Leveson._

2. Barry of 8, arg. and gu., over all a cross patonce sa.
_Gower._

3. Gu., 3 clarions or. _Granville._

4. Arg., a lion rampant gu., between 3 pheons, sa. _Egerton._

5. Arg., on a bend az., 3 bucks' heads cabossed or. _Stanley._

6. Gu., 2 lions passant arg. _Strange._

7. Barry of 10, arg. and gu., a lion rampant or, on a canton
sa., a fess arg. _Brandon._

8. Quarterly;

1st and 4th, France.

2nd and 3rd, England; being the arms of England, borne by right
of descent from the Princess Mary, daughter of Henry VII.

_Coronet._--That of a Duke.

[JEWEL. _Defense of the Apologie, etc._ London, 1576.]

George Granville Leveson-Gower (born 9th January 1758, died
19th July 1833) was the son of Granville, Marquis of Stafford.
Lord George was summoned to the House of Lords as Baron Gower
during his father's lifetime, and succeeded to the Marquisate
in 1803.

The Marquis was a Member of the Privy Council and a Knight of
the Garter, and in 1833 he was created Duke of Sutherland. The
Earldom of Sutherland came into the Gower family by right of
Elizabeth, Countess of Sutherland in her own right, who married
the Duke in 1785. It is said to be the most ancient Earldom
in North Britain, and to date back as far as 1057. The Duke's
successors all used a quartering on their coat-of-arms for this
ancient Earldom, namely, gu., 3 mullets or, within a bordure of
the last, charged with a double tressure, flory counterflory of
the field.

[Illustration]

GREEN, JOSEPH HENRY

_Arms._--Az., 3 bucks statant or. A crescent for difference. _Green._

_Motto._--NEC SPERO NEC DESPERO.

[BACON. _Of the Advancement and Proficience of Learning._
Oxford, 1640.]

Joseph Henry Green of Barnet (born 1st November 1791, died 13th
December 1863) was the second son of Joseph Green of London.
He was an eminent surgeon, and commenced his medical studies
in Germany. Returning to London, Green worked at St. Thomas's
Hospital, where he eventually held important office, becoming
chief surgeon in 1820. In 1824, Green was appointed Professor
of Anatomy at the College of Surgeons. He was Professor of
Surgery at King's College, a Fellow of the Royal Society, and
twice President of the College of Surgeons. Professor Green was
a friend and literary executor to S. T. Coleridge.

[Illustration]

GRENVILLE, RT. HON. THOMAS

_Arms._--Vert., on a cross arg., 5 torteaux. A crescent for difference.
_Grenville._

[_Tristan, Chlr. de la Table Ronde._ Paris.]

Thomas Grenville (born 31st December 1755, died 17th December
1846) was the second son of George Grenville of Wotton Hall,
Bucks, and was educated at Oxford. He served for a short time
in the army. In 1780 Grenville was Member of Parliament for
Buckinghamshire, and interested himself much in political
matters. In 1790 he was Member for Aldborough, and in 1794
he was Minister Extraordinary at Vienna. His younger brother
William, Baron Grenville, was Premier in 1806.

Grenville was a Member of the Privy Council, and in 1799
Ambassador to Berlin, and was the last person to hold the
office of Chief-Justice in Eyre south of Trent. He was for
a time First Lord of the Admiralty. In 1818 Grenville left
public life. He was always an eager collector of fine books,
and bequeathed his magnificent library to the nation. It is
now kept at the British Museum, of which Mr. Grenville was a
Trustee, in a room especially kept for it, and known as the
Grenville Room.

Among the Grenville books are still a few fine old bindings,
but the majority have been rebound by George Lewis, one of the
most eminent of the later English trade binders.

[Illustration]

GREY, HENRY, EARL OF STAMFORD

_Arms._--Quartered.

1. Barry of 6, arg. and az. A label for difference. _Grey._

2. Sa., 6 mullets or, 3, 2, and 1. _Bonvile._

3. Arg., a fret sa. _Tollemache._

4. A cross engrailed between 4 water bougets sa. _Bourchier._

_Coronet._--That of an Earl.

[_L'Histoire de France._ Paris, 1581.]

Henry Grey (born c. 1599, died 23rd August 1673) was the son
of Sir John Grey, and grandson of Henry, first Baron Grey of
Groby, to whom he succeeded in the barony in 1614. In 1628 Lord
Grey was created Earl of Stamford. He was a soldier, and held a
command in the Parliamentary Army, but proved a bad General. He
was Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire, and served for a time as
Member of Parliament for that county. In 1645 he was impeached
in the House of Commons for an assault on Sir Arthur Haselrig.

Many of the books which had belonged to Lord Stamford
subsequently came into the possession of Robert Harley, Earl of
Oxford, and now form part of the Harleian Library.

[Illustration]

GULSTON, WILLIAM, BISHOP OF BRISTOL

_Crest._--An ostrich wing, the feathers alternately arg. and gu.,
charged with a bend sa., charged with 3 plates. _Gulston._

[BOCCACCIO. _Decamerone._ Firenze, 1516.]

[Illustration]

_Arms._--Arg., 3 bars nebuly gu., over all a bend sa., charged with 3
plates. _Gulston._

_Note._--Used by a lady of the Gulston family.

[COQVILLE. _Histoire du Pays et Duché de Nivernois._
Paris, 1612.]

[Illustration]

Variety of crest in smaller size.

[_Tirante il Bianco valorissimo Cavaliere._ Vinegia, 1538.]

William Gulston was Rector of Symondsbury in Dorsetshire. In
1679 he was consecrated Bishop of Bristol, a preferment he held
until his death in 1684.

The Gulston coat-of-arms is shown on the screen in Bristol
Cathedral. The coat shown on a lozenge is that of a lady of the
Gulston family, possibly a daughter of the Bishop. In most of
the books on which this coat occurs there is a book-plate of
"Elize Gulston," so the book-stamp was in all probability hers
also. Both the small coat and the small crest are usually added
on the backs of finely bound books, but the large crest occurs
on the side in the usual manner.

[Illustration]

HAMILTON, JOHN, ARCHBISHOP OF ST. ANDREWS

_Arms._--On an archiepiscopal cross. Quarterly.

1 and 4. Gu., 3 cinquefoils erm. _Hamilton._

2 and 3. Arg., a lymphad sa. _Arran._

[CELSUS. _De arte Medicina._ Basileae.]

John Hamilton (born c. 1510, died 1st April 1570) at an early
age became a Benedictine monk at Kilwinning, and in time went
to study at Paris. The Regent Arran was his half-brother, and
the priest had considerable influence with him. Hamilton's
preferment in the Church was rapid. In 1545 he was made Bishop
of Dunkeld, and in 1546 succeeded David Beaton as Archbishop of
St. Andrews and Primate of Scotland. He was also Keeper of the
Privy Seal and Lord Treasurer of Scotland.

The Archbishop was a strong adherent of Mary, Queen of
Scotland, and was a Member of her Privy Council; he actively
helped her escape from Loch Leven, as well as taking the field
on her behalf. He was accused of complicity in the murders of
Darnley and of the Regent Moray. Archbishop Hamilton wrote
several theological works. He was hanged at Stirling in 1570.

[Illustration]

HARBORNE, WILLIAM

_Arms._--Gu., a lion passant or, between 3 bezants. _Harborne._

_Motto._--DEVS INDVSTRIAM BEAT.

[PASSE. _Hortus Floridus._ Utrecht, 1615.]

William Harborne (born circ. 1550, died 9th September 1617)
was the son of William Harborne of Great Yarmouth. He was a
great traveller. In 1582 Harborne was appointed the Queen's
Ambassador to Turkey, and remained at Constantinople until
1588. His tenure of this office was beneficial to trade, and he
also procured several privileges from the Sultan as to English
travellers in the East. Mr. Harborne wrote an account of his
voyage to Constantinople, and other books about his stay there.
His manuscripts are mostly at the British Museum or at the
Bodleian Library at Oxford.

[Illustration]

HARLEY, ROBERT, EARL OF OXFORD AND EARL OF MORTIMER

_Arms._--Or, a bend cotised sa. _Harley._

_Coronet._--That of an Earl.

_Supporters._--Two angels ppr.

_Motto._--VIRTUTE ET FIDE.

[_Survey of Manors in various Counties._ Harl. MS. 2192.]

[Illustration]

_Arms._--Or, a bend cotised sa. _Harley._

_Motto._--VIRTVTE ET FIDE.

_Legend._--ROBERT HARLEY.

[_The Annals of King James and King Charles the First._
London, 1681.]

Robert Harley (born 5th December 1661, died 21st May 1724) was
the son of Sir Edward Harley of Brampton Bryan, Herefordshire.
Robert Harley was Member of Parliament for Tregony, and
afterwards for New Radnor, and was distinguished for his
knowledge of finance. In 1701 he became Speaker of the House of
Commons, and had a considerable share in the passing of the Act
for the Protestant succession to the Throne of England.

In 1704, Mr. Speaker Harley became a Member of the Privy
Council, and also was made one of the Principal Secretaries
of State. Owing to various jealousies and plots against him,
Harley resigned office in 1707. In 1710 he was made Chancellor
of the Exchequer; in 1711 he was nearly assassinated by Antoine
de Guiscard, a French adventurer, and his escape increased his
popularity, and he was created Earl of Oxford, and Lord High
Treasurer, an office he held until 1714.

In 1715 Lord Oxford was impeached for betrayal of duty and
other matters, twenty-two articles in all, and in 1717 he was
acquitted after a long trial.

Through all his many political troubles, Harley continued the
collection of manuscripts, which was his dearest hobby. He
brought together many of the most famous collections, among
them those of Sir Thomas Smith, Sir Symonds D'Ewes, and the
Earl of Stamford. In the Harleian Library were about six
thousand volumes of manuscripts, as well as about fifteen
thousand separate rolls and charters, and this collection was
largely added to by the second Earl. The entire collection was
purchased by Parliament in 1753, and is now in the British
Museum. The printed books were dispersed.

Many of the Harleian books were bound, generally in red
morocco, by Thomas Eliot and Christopher Chapman, with broad,
gold-tooled borderings, and this style is known as the
"Harleian." Several of Lord Oxford's favourite books have a
facsimile signature "Robert Harley," impressed inside on the
paper in gold. A member of the Harley family always holds one
of the six family trusteeships of the British Museum.

[Illustration]

HASTINGS, FERDINANDO, SIXTH EARL OF HUNTINGDON

_Crest._--A bull's head erased sa., armed and ducally gorged or.
_Hastings._

_Coronet._--That of an Earl.

_Motto._--HONORANTES ME HONORABO.

[CAMDEN. _Tomus alter Annalium Rerum Anglicarum ...
regnante Elizabetha._ Londini, 1627.]

[Illustration]

_Crest._--A bull's head erased sa., armed and ducally gorged or.
_Hastings._

_Coronet._--That of an Earl.

[REUSNER. ΒΑΣΙΛΙΚΩΝ _operis Genealogici Catholici Auctarium,
illustres Stirpes Comitum continens, etc._ Francofurti, 1592.]

Ferdinando Hastings (born 18th January 1608, died 13th February
1655) was the son of Henry, fifth Earl of Huntingdon, and his
wife Elizabeth, daughter of Ferdinando, Earl of Derby. He
succeeded his father in the Earldom in 1643. Lord Huntingdon
married Lucy, daughter of Sir John Davis of Englefield, Berks.

[Illustration]

HATTON, SIR CHRISTOPHER, KNIGHT

_Arms._--Quartered.

1. Az., a chevron between 3 garbs or. _Hatton._

2. Arg., a cross flory between 4 cornish choughs, ppr.
_Offley._

3. Arg., an eagle displayed sa. _Browne._

4. Arg., a bend lozengy gu. _Bradeston._

5. Az., a cross engrailed erm. _Stanton._

6. Gu., a saltire arg. _Nevill_ of Raby.

7. Az., a chevron between 3 garbs or; a crescent for
difference. _Hatton._

8. Arg., a fess sa., in chief a crescent of the last. _York._

9. Az., 5 cinquefoils in cross arg., 1, 3, and 1. _Holdenby._

10. Bendy, arg. and sa., on a canton of the second a castle of
the first. _Carrell._

11. Gu., on a chief or, 3 quatrefoils vert. _Wedson._

_Crest._--A hind passant or.

_Helmet._--That of an Esquire.

[_Bible._ London, 1588.]

Christopher Hatton (born c. 1540, died 20th November
1591) was the youngest son of William Hatton of Holdenby,
Northamptonshire. He was educated at Oxford and entered the
Middle Temple.

Queen Elizabeth noticed Hatton at a masque, and was struck by
his good looks and graceful dancing. He was shortly afterwards
attached to the Court, and became a Gentleman of the Privy
Chamber, Captain of the Guard, Vice-Chamberlain, and a Member
of the Privy Council. In 1587 he was made Lord Chancellor, and
also a Knight of the Garter. From 1588 until he died, Hatton
was Chancellor of the University of Oxford. He wrote a few
books on law or the drama, and had a considerable library.

[Illustration]

HEATH, BENJAMIN

_Arms._--Sa., 3 heathcocks arg., membered gu. _Heath._

[COLLE. _Medicina Practica._ Pisauri, 1617.]

Benjamin Heath (born 20th April 1704, died 13th September 1766)
was a son of Benjamin Heath, a merchant of Exeter. He inherited
a considerable fortune from his father, and as a young man
travelled much on the Continent.

Mr. Heath spent all his life in the pursuit of literature and
the collection of books. Among his writings is one of some
importance, "Notæ sive Lectiones ad Æschyli, quæ supersunt
dramata," published at Oxford in 1762. He was a D.C.L. of
Oxford. He also wrote some political pamphlets, and others
concerning Shakespeare. Dr. Heath left a large family, and one
of his sons became headmaster of Eton. His library was very
extensive, and he gave a large portion of it to his sons during
his lifetime, and the remainder was sold in 1810.

[Illustration]

HENRY VII., KING OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE, AND LORD OF IRELAND

_Arms._--Quarterly.

1st and 4th; az., 3 fleurs-de-lys or. _France._

2nd and 3rd; gu., 3 lions passant or, langued and unguled az.
_England._

_Crown._--Royal, but of a type used before the time of Henry VI. and
supported by two angels.

_Supporters._--Two lions sejant arg. _Mortimer, Earls of March._

_Note._--This stamp is sometimes said to have belonged to Edward IV.
The crown as shown here is that which appears on groats of Henry VII.;
but the crown which appears on his great seal, a higher authority,
has the crosses pattée and fleurs-de-lys alternately as now used. The
crosses pattée were first used as the seal for foreign affairs of Henry
VI.

[_Impressed in blind, upon a loose cover in the Library
of Westminster Abbey._ C., 1490.]

Henry Tudor (born 26th June 1456, died 1509) was the son of
Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond, and Margaret Beaufort. In
1486 the Earl of Richmond married Elizabeth of York, daughter
of Edward IV., the first King of the Yorkist line, and as
the Earl himself represented the Lancastrian line, by way of
Catherine Swinford, this marriage united the two houses of York
and Lancaster, and gave rise to the beautiful Tudor badge of
the Red and White Rose. The two colours are shown sometimes
per pale, sometimes quartered, or there may be simple rows
of alternate petals, or, as is most usual, the inner petals
are all white and the outer petals all red; the centre is
always gold, and the little leaves between the outer petals,
if showing at all, are green. The portcullis and gateway,
also commonly used as badges by our Sovereigns until the time
of Charles I., are both used as emblems of the De Beaufort
alliance. The portcullis is or, nailed az., chained and ringed
of the first.

The Earl of Richmond defeated Richard III. at the battle of
Bosworth Field in 1485, and the king was killed. Henry VII. was
crowned king on the battlefield. He possessed a considerable
number of manuscripts, and also a small library of printed
books, which, as far as is known, were bound in velvet. Judging
from the leather binding in Westminster Abbey Library, Henry
also had some commoner books stamped with his coat-of-arms.

Several bindings that were made for Henry VII. still exist;
they are either at the Record Office, the Library of
Westminster Abbey, or the British Museum, and are all bound in
the same way. The binding is of red velvet, beautifully bossed
with silver or other metal; the bosses are ornamented with
the Royal coat-of-arms, with the red dragon of Cadwallader as
a dexter supporter, and the white greyhound of the Nevills,
or, when used by Henry VII., of the De Beauforts, as sinister
supporter.

But before using the dragon and greyhound Henry VII. had used
two white lions. A white lion was the badge of the Earls of
March, who were distantly connected with the King.

The coat-of-arms used by Henry VII., _i.e._ France and England
quarterly, was the same as had been used by all the English
kings since Henry IV. in 1408, when the fleurs-de-lys semées,
which had been hitherto used, were reduced to three, in
accordance with the change made in the French coat by Charles
VI., King of France.

[Illustration]

HENRY VIII., KING OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE, AND LORD OF
IRELAND--AFTERWARDS KING OF ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND IRELAND.

_Arms._--Quarterly.

1st and 4th; az., 3 fleurs-de-lys, 2 and 1, or. _France._

2nd and 3rd; gu., 3 lions passant guardant, in pale or, langued
and unguled az. _England._

_Crown._--Royal.

_Supporters._--Dexter, a dragon gu. _Cadwallader._

Sinister, a greyhound arg., gorged or. _Nevill_ or _De
Beaufort._

_Badges._--Dependent from the shield 2 portcullises or, nailed az.,
chained of the first. _De Beaufort._

At the top, a fleur-de-lys or, _France_; and a double rose gu. and
arg., centred or, and leaved vert, _Tudor._

_Motto._--DIEV ET MON DROIT.

_Legend._--REX HENRICVS VIII.

[_Opus eximium de vera differentia regiae potestatis et
ecclesiasticae._ London, 1534.]

[Illustration]

_Variety._--Arms as before. Panel stamp with 2 angels bearing scrolls.
At the top a Tudor rose, and 2 portcullises dependent from the base of
the shield, which is ensigned with a Royal crown, and supported by a
dragon and a greyhound.

[HOLKOT. _Opus revera insignissimum in librum Sapietie
Salomonis editum._ Parisiis, 1518.]

[Illustration]

_Variety._--Arms as before. With two scrolls and a Tudor rose on the
top, and "M. D.," probably the initials of the designer, below. A
dragon and a greyhound support the shield, which is ensigned with a
Royal crown and flanked by two portcullises chained.

On the border are lions passant guardant and fleurs-de-lys alternately.

[_Dialogues in English._ London, 1532.]

[Illustration]

_Variety._--Arms as before. Within the Garter, ensigned with a Royal
crown and flanked by the Tudor emblems of a Tudor rose, a fleur-de-lys,
the gateway of the Castle of De Beaufort, and the cleft pomegranate of
Aragon.

_Legend._--On the rectangular borders. DEUS DAT NOBIS TUAM PACEM ET
POST MORTEM VITAM ETERNAM AMEN.

[England. _Le bregement des Estatuts._ London, 1521.]

[Illustration]

_Variety._--Arms and supporters as before. With the sun and moon in the
two upper corners and the shields of St. George and the City of London.
Ensigned with a Royal crown of incorrect pattern.

This design was probably used by Royal consent by members of the
Stationers' Company of London, and there are many examples of it on
which are also engraved the initials of London printers and publishers,
_e.g._ "J. R.," probably John Reynes; "J. N.," probably Jean Norins;
"G. G.," probably Garret Godfrey; "R. L.," probably Richard Lant, and
several more.

These initials are usually shown at the base of the shield. _Cf._ under
heading TUDOR.

Prince Henry (born 28th June 1491, died 28th January 1547) was
the second son of Henry VII., and in 1509 succeeded his father
on the throne of England. Henry VIII. always lived in much
luxury and loved finery and splendour, and to a certain extent
this feeling shows in the many beautiful bindings which were
made for him. The King was certainly fond of his books, and he
had several of them beautifully bound in velvet and embroidered
with pearls and inlays of coloured silks and satins, finished
with gold thread. Others are of gold, richly worked and
enamelled.

For his Queens also several fine bindings were made; these,
however, were generally armorial panel stamps, impressed
without gold. He married six times. For Catherine of Aragon
bindings were made which still exist, for Anne Bullen and
Catherine Parr, the same, but for Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves,
or Katherine Howard I know of no bindings recorded or in
existence. Katherine Parr is said to have herself embroidered
a beautiful armorial velvet-bound copy of Petrarch with her
own arms, and at the Bodleian Library at Oxford there is a
book said to have been embroidered for her by the Princess
Elizabeth, on which are the initials "K. P."

Thomas Berthelet, the first English bookbinder to use gold
tooling was made Royal Printer and Bookbinder to Henry VIII.
in 1530, and he bound the greater number of the Royal books in
leather, velvet, or satin.

Henry VIII. used the same coat-of-arms and supporters as his
father, namely, the red dragon of Cadwallader as a dexter
supporter and the white greyhound of the Nevills as a sinister
supporter, until 1528, when he adopted a golden lion rampant
royally crowned as his dexter supporter, and moved the dragon
to the sinister side, leaving out the greyhound altogether.
This change, however, does not, as far as I know, show on any
book, but it can be seen on the gold coins of the period, and
also on a sculptured compartment at Caerhays, is common at the
house of a member of the Trevanion family, and again on the
keystone of the ceiling over the organ-loft at St. George's
Chapel, Windsor, and here, moreover, the date 1528 is also
given.

[Illustration]

HENRY BENEDICT, CARDINAL YORK

_Arms._--Quarterly.

1st and 4th grand quarters, _France_ and _England_ quarterly.

2nd grand quarter, _Scotland._

3rd grand quarter, _Ireland._

All as used by James I. (q.v.). Over all a crescent for difference.
Ensigned with a Royal crown and the tasselled hat of a cardinal.

_Note._--This stamp was probably designed and cut after 1788, at which
date the Cardinal entitled himself King of England.

[STELLATO. _Ad frequentem in fidei controversiis
interrogationem, etc._ Viennae, 1752.]

Henry Benedict (born 5th March 1725, died 13th July 1807) was
the second son of James Francis Edward, called the Chevalier
St. George, son of James II., King of England, and Mary
of Modena, who married Mary Clementina, daughter of James
Sobieski, in 1719.

Prince Henry, who occasionally used the Royal Crown of England
over his coat-of-arms, is called sometimes Henry IX., King of
England. He entered the Romish Church as a priest at an early
age, and in 1747 he was made a Cardinal by Benedict XIV., and
held several Bishoprics and the Archbishopric of Corinth, but
was usually known as Cardinal York. He assumed certain airs of
dignity abroad in consequence of his Royal ancestry and claims,
and in 1788, on the death of his elder brother, he had a medal
made and inscribed "HENRICUS NONUS MAGNAE BRITANNIAE REX."

The Cardinal lived almost always abroad, and suffered much by
loss of revenue caused by the French Revolution; he had to
part with much of his private property, jewels, and plate. At
this juncture George III. generously assisted Cardinal York,
and made him a handsome allowance, in gratitude for which His
Eminence bequeathed to the Prince of Wales, afterwards George
IV., many of the Crown Jewels which James II. had taken with
him to France. Some of the most important of these stones now
adorn the English Imperial Crown. The Cardinal had a large
library, and several of his books are at Windsor and at the
British Museum. The majority of these are in leather, but some
are embroidered.

[Illustration]

HENRY FREDERICK, PRINCE OF WALES

_Arms._--Quarterly; 1st and 4th grand quarters, _France_ and _England_
quarterly; 2nd grand quarter, _Scotland_; 3rd grand quarter, _Ireland_.
All as used by James I. (q.v.); and over all a label arg. of three
points.

A variety of this stamp has thistles instead of roses in the border.

[APOLLONIUS GALLUS. _Exsuscitata Apollonii Pergaei_
ΠΕΡΙ ΕΠΛΦΩΝ _Geometria_. Parisiis, 1600.]

[Illustration]

_Variety._--Arms as before. Within the garter, and ensigned with a
Princely coronet.

[VITTORI. _Tesoro de las tres lenguas Francesa, Italiana,
ej Española._ Geneve, 1609.]

[Illustration]

A Prince of Wales's triple ostrich plume, commonly used as a corner
stamp, all impressed in silver.

[ALUNNO.
_Della Fabrica del
Mondo._
Venetia, 1575.]

[Illustration]

A Prince of Wales's triple ostrich plume; the coronet, ribs of
feathers, and motto generally impressed in gold, the feathers in
silver. Used mostly as a centre stamp.

[LIPSIUS. _Admiranda._
Antverpiae, 1599.]

[Illustration]

A Badge of a lion rampant guardant, with princely coronet, always
impressed entirely in gold.

[REUSNERUS.
ΒΑΣΙΛΙΚΩΝ _opus genealogicum
Catholicum
de praecipuis familiis
Imperatorum_.
Francofurti, 1592.]

[Illustration]

A Badge of a Tudor rose, with princely coronet.

[BOCCACCIO.
_I casi degl' Huomini
Illustri._
Fiorenza, 1598.]

[Illustration]

A Badge of a fleur-de-lys.

[BARETUS. _An Alvearie, or triple Dictionarie._
London, 1573.]

Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales (born 19th February 1594,
died 6th November 1612), was the eldest son of James I., and
from his childhood showed studious and literary inclinations,
as well as sporting tastes. In 1609 he purchased the library
of John, Lord Lumley, a great part of which had previously
belonged to his father-in-law, Henry Fitz-Alan, Earl of
Arundel, and another large proportion to Thomas Cranmer,
Archbishop of Canterbury. He also acquired a number of books
which had belonged to a Welshman, John Maurice or Morris.

On the Prince's death his library became the property of James
I., and it was added to the existing Royal Library, then under
the care of Patrick Young.

Prince Henry had his books bound in calf, and probably
destroyed numbers of valuable old bindings which were
originally used. The new bindings were ornamented with stamps
bearing the Prince's coat-of-arms, without supporters, and
others showing a lion rampant, with princely coronet; a Tudor
rose, with princely coronet; a fleur-de-lys, and two stamps,
with slight variations, of the Prince of Wales's plume of
three ostrich feathers. These latter stamps are normally used
as corner-pieces, but they also show now and then as centres.
Smaller corner stamps are found showing coroneted Tudor roses,
coroneted thistles, coroneted fleurs-de-lys, and Prince of
Wales's feathers in gold. On the panels of the backs of Prince
Henry's books are found small stamps of a lion rampant,
with princely coronet; a unicorn rampant; a Tudor rose; a
portcullis, sometimes chained, and a Royal Crown. These are
arranged in various combinations.

The greater number of Prince Henry's bindings are simple,
having the coat-of-arms in the centre and the badges in the
corners, but several are very handsomely ornamented with
accessory gold tooling. The label shown on Prince Henry's
coat-of-arms is the cadency mark of the eldest son; it is
generally impressed in silver, as it ought always to be. The
feathers in the Prince of Wales's plume are always impressed in
silver, which has now oxidised black. Prince Henry's library
came to the British Museum with the rest of the Old Royal
Library of England in 1757.

[Illustration]

HEYDON, SIR CHRISTOPHER, KNIGHT

_Crest._--A talbot statant erm. _Heydon._

_Note._--Painted.

[CICERO. _Orationum volumen primum, etc._
Venetiis, 1540.]

Christopher Heydon (born circ. 1550, died circ. 1623) was
the son of Sir William Heydon of Bacousthorpe, Norfolk. He
was educated at Cambridge. In 1588 he represented Norfolk
in the House of Commons, and in 1596 he was knighted by the
Earl of Essex. Sir Christopher Heydon wrote some treatises on
astrology. He married first Mirabel Rivet, and secondly Anne
Dodge, and left a large family.

[Illustration]

HOARE, SIR RICHARD COLT, BARONET

_Crest._--An eagle's head erased arg. _Hoare._

[HOARE. _Catalogue of Books on Italian Topography, etc._
London, 1812.]

Richard Colt Hoare (born 9th December 1758, died 19th May
1838) was the son of Sir Richard Hoare of Barn Elms, Surrey,
a banker. Mr. Hoare worked for a time in the family bank, and
then, having a competent fortune, he travelled much on the
Continent. In 1787 he succeeded his father in the baronetcy.
Sir Richard Hoare wrote a large number of works on antiquities
and travel, the most important of which is the _Ancient History
of North and South Wiltshire_, published at London in 1810.
He was a Fellow of the Royal Society and of the Society of
Antiquaries. At his house "Stourhead" Sir Richard had a large
library, much of which he catalogued himself.

[Illustration]

FRANCIS HORTON

_Arms._--Sa., a stag's head cabossed arg., attired or. A crescent for
difference. _Horton._

_Crest._--A spear erect or, headed arg., enfiled with a dolphin of the
first.

_Helmet._--That of an Esquire.

[_Songs by Several Masters._ 1704, etc.]

Francis Horton, a member of an old family belonging to
Catton, county Derby, was a collector of musical works in the
eighteenth century.

[Illustration]

HOWARD, CHARLES, SECOND BARON HOWARD OF EFFINGHAM

_Arms._--Within the Garter. Quarterly.

1. Gu., on a bend between 3 cross crosslets fitchée arg., an
escutcheon or, charged with a demi lion rampant, pierced
through the mouth with an arrow, within a tressure flory
counterflory of the first. _Howard._

2. Gu., 3 lions passant guardant in pale or, in chief a label
of 3 points arg. _Brotherton._

3. Chequy, or and az. _Warren._

4. Gu., a lion rampant or, armed and langued az. _Fitz-Alan._

A mullet for difference.

_Crest._--On a chapeau gu., turned up erm., a lion passant, ducally
crowned or, and charged on the neck with a label and a mullet.

_Helmet._--That of a Peer.

_Supporters._--Two lions erm., each charged with a mullet.

_Motto._--DESIR N'A REPOS.

[CARADOC. _Historie of Cambria._ London, 1584.]

Charles Howard (born c. 1536, died 14th December 1624) was
the eldest son of William Howard, Baron Howard of Effingham,
Lord High Admiral of England. Charles Howard was a person of
importance from an early age, and was sent by Queen Elizabeth
on an Embassy to France. He was Member of Parliament for
Surrey, and a general officer in the army as well as being a
sailor. In 1574 he was made a Knight of the Garter and Lord
Chamberlain of the Household, and in 1573 he succeeded to his
father's barony.

Lord Howard of Effingham became Lord High Admiral of England in
succession to the Earl of Lincoln, and in 1588 he defeated and
dispersed the Spanish Armada. At the time of the coronation of
James I. Lord Howard became Lord High Steward of England.

[Illustration]

HOWARD, HENRY, EARL OF NORTHAMPTON

_Arms._--Within the Garter. Quarterly.

1. Gu., a bend between six crosses crosslet fitchée arg.
_Howard._

2. Gu., 3 lions passant guardant in pale or, in chief a label
of 3 points arg. _Brotherton._

3. Chequy, or and az. _Warren._

4. Gu., a lion rampant or, langued and armed az. _Fitz-Alan._

A crescent for difference.

_Coronet._--That of an Earl.

[MARSILIUS. _Interpretatione, etc._ Jenae, 1586.]

Henry Howard (born 25th February 1539, died 15th June 1614)
was the second son of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, who was
beheaded in 1547. Henry Howard the younger was restored in
blood by Queen Elizabeth, and on the accession of James I.
he quickly became a person of much importance. He was made a
Member of the Privy Council, Warden of the Cinque Ports, and
Constable of Dover Castle.

In 1604 Mr. Howard was created Earl of Northampton and a Knight
of the Garter, and in 1608, Lord Privy Seal. Lord Northampton
was a man of much learning, and wrote several treatises on
astrology and theology. He had much taste in knowledge as to
architecture, and built Northumberland House from the designs
of Moses Glover.

[Illustration]

HOWARD, THOMAS, EARL OF ARUNDEL, SURREY, AND NORFOLK

_Arms._--Gu., on a bend between six crosses crosslet fitchée arg., an
escutcheon or, thereon a demi lion rampant, pierced through the mouth
with an arrow, within a double tressure flory counterflory of the
first. _Howard._

_Coronet._--That of an Earl.

_Legend._--BIBLIOTHECA ARVNDELIANA.

_Note._--A nineteenth-century stamp.

[LYDGATE. _Siege of Troy._ Arundel MS. 99.]

Thomas Howard (born c. 1585, died 24th September 1646) was the
son of Philip, Earl of Arundel, who was attainted and died in
1595. James I. restored his father's titles to Thomas Howard,
but not the property, much of which, however, he subsequently
purchased; and in 1644 he was created Earl of Norfolk in
addition. He was a descendant of Henry Fitz-Alan, Earl of
Arundel, who had also been a great book collector, and whose
library had been largely acquired by Henry, Prince of Wales.

Lord Arundel travelled largely and made very valuable
collections of all sorts of antiquities, manuscripts
particularly; but as well as these he acquired marbles, coins,
gems, and pictures. Among the more notable of the collections
of manuscripts purchased by Lord Arundel was that made by the
Pirckheimer family of Nüremberg. The manuscripts were for some
time kept at Arundel House, where they suffered much from
neglect, and in 1666 most of them were given to the Royal
Society and others to the Heralds' College.

In 1831 the Arundelia MSS. in the Royal Society's library
were transferred, by arrangement, to the British Museum. Lord
Arundel was made a Knight of the Garter in 1611; in 1616 he
became a Member of the Privy Council; and in 1621 he was
restored to his hereditary post of Earl Marshal. He was also
High Steward of England.

[Illustration]

HUTCHINSON, THOMAS

_Arms._--Per pale gu. and az., a lion rampant between three crosses
crosslet arg. _Hutchinson._

_Crest._--A cockatrice, wings expanded az., comb, wattles, and members
or, issuing from a heraldic coronet.

_Motto._--FORTITER GERIT CRUCEM.

[D * *

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