Illustrations of Exotic Entomology, Volume 2
by Dru Drury · English · Gutenberg #47600 · 324,618 chars · public domain (US)
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Title: Illustrations of Exotic Entomology, Volume 2
Author: Dru Drury
Editor: J. O. Westwood
Release date: December 23, 2014 [eBook #47600]
Most recently updated: October 24, 2024
Language: English
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ILLUSTRATIONS OF EXOTIC ENTOMOLOGY, VOLUME 2 ***
Transcriber's note:
The copy on which this edition is based was bound with the 3 volumes of
text in one physical volume and the plates in another. They have been
reordered into 3 separate projects with the plates inserted adjacent to the
related text - other copies are known to have been bound in this fashion.
Page numbers enclosed by curly braces (example: {25}) have been
incorporated to facilitate the use of the Index (in Volume III.).
Images of the original plates are available through Internet Archive. See
https://archive.org/details/illustrationsofe12drur
Project Gutenberg has the other two volumes of this work.
Volume I: see https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/47599.
Volume III: see https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/47601.
* * * * *
ILLUSTRATIONS
OF
EXOTIC ENTOMOLOGY,
CONTAINING
UPWARDS OF SIX HUNDRED AND FIFTY
FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS
OF
FOREIGN INSECTS,
INTERSPERSED WITH
REMARKS AND REFLECTIONS ON THEIR NATURE AND PROPERTIES.
BY DRU DRURY.
----
A NEW EDITION,
BROUGHT DOWN TO THE PRESENT STATE OF THE SCIENCE,
WITH THE SYSTEMATIC CHARACTERS OF EACH SPECIES, SYNONYMS, INDEXES,
AND OTHER ADDITIONAL MATTER.
BY J. O. WESTWOOD, F.L.S.
SOC. CÆS. NAT. CUR. MOSQ. SOC.
ETC. ETC.
----
VOL. II.
----
LONDON:
HENRY G. BOHN, 4, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
MDCCCXXXVII.
{iii}MR. DRURY'S PREFACE
TO THE FIRST EDITION.
----
VOL. II.
To gratify a laudable curiosity, and lead the mind to the exercise of one
of its noblest faculties, was the motive that first encouraged me to
publish a work of this kind. How far it has answered these ends, what
pleasure it has produced, of what benefit or advantage it has been to
mankind, by inducing them to contemplate the admirable works of Providence,
and trace its wisdom and goodness through the medium of this branch of the
history of nature, are circumstances, the confined sphere of life in which
I have hitherto moved, has not given me those opportunities of knowing that
I could wish. But the kind reception the first volume of this work has met
with, seems to justify the opinion that it has not been written in vain.
In the Preface to my former volume, I told my readers, that my design of
giving an addition to that work, would entirely depend on the reception the
public should be pleased to give it. I was willing to have some proof of
the public approbation, before I ventured rashly to engage further in so
considerable an expense as the engraving and colouring the plates, &c.
which was too great for me to incur without a prospect of a reimbursement.
It is now with the utmost pleasure I can declare, that I have the greatest
reason to be satisfied on that head; the world has generously encouraged my
first attempt, and it is to that cause the present volume owes its
appearance. The quick sale of a great number of copies, on the first
publication, was a proof of the great progress natural history had made;
and gave me the utmost hopes a continuation might be equally as acceptable,
if conducted on the same plan, and rendered as agreeable by the exertion of
the artist's abilities. I have now the satisfaction of offering a volume to
the public not inferior to the first.
It is a pleasing reflection to consider the great strides natural history
is making in this kingdom, as well as in other parts of the world; and the
many publications on the various subjects of nature, that have made their
appearance within these last three or four years, is a circumstance that
must give every man of a liberal mind the greatest satisfaction. We {iv}see
persons, skilled in natural history, receiving encouragements and reward
from men of rank and property, according to their respective abilities.
Some are encouraged to pursue their studies in foreign parts, and
investigate the secrets of nature among the trees and plants; others are
employed in discovering countries, and searching the shores of coasts,
hitherto unknown, for subjects that will afford either profit or
speculative pleasure; while the artist at home is not neglected and
abandoned, but meets the reward his merit entitles him to.
Natural history has, certainly, less reason to court the favour of mankind
than many other branches of knowlege; as the pursuit of it, either as a
science or amusement, is so replete with pleasure, that it is hardly
possible to refuse it our approbation and encouragement, so soon as we give
ourselves the least time to enquire into its merits; and we are often
stimulated to pursue it from the appearance of that inexhaustible store of
entertainment it is sure to afford. It is therefore less to be wondered at
that publications on these subjects are more numerous than formerly; as the
desire of communicating knowledge and happiness is irresistible, and men,
for their own sakes, will be induced to follow the tracks, where the
enjoyment of unallayed pleasure lies within their grasp.
I shall not dwell any longer on this part of the subject, but inform the
reader, that the same plan, of giving _just_ and accurate figures, that was
followed in the first volume, is continued in this. The utmost care and
nicety has been observed, both in the outlines and engraving. Nothing is
strained or carried beyond the bounds nature has set; and whoever will
compare the engravings with the originals, I flatter myself will allow,
that nothing is borrowed from fancy, or any colour given to an insect that
does not really exist in the subject intended to be represented.
It is true, the want of those remarks and observations on their natural
history, similar to those inserted in my first volume, is a circumstance I
have great reason to lament. I mentioned my opinion of the cause in my
former address, in which I have since been confirmed by repeated proofs;
and notwithstanding the great labour and trouble I have been at, not only
in procuring the subjects of the present volume, but in endeavouring also
to get the natural history of some of the most extraordinary of them, I
have not been able to obtain one single piece of information proper to be
laid before the public.
It is to little or no purpose to make further enquiry into the reasons of
this want of curiosity, among all ranks of people, situated in distant
climates, more than I have already done. I find it is so; and whether it
proceeds from an ill-judged pride, in thinking such minute animals below
their notice, or whether it arises from that languor of mind, as well as of
body, that generally prevails in warm climates, is a matter of no
consequence to mankind: the world is not benefited by their situations, and
we must be content to remain in our present ignorance, till Providence
shall think proper to give us a second Swammerdam, or Reaumur, &c. and
place him in a distant part of the globe, for the advantage of the human
race.
{v}It is necessary to mention, that both the descriptions, and engravings,
were finished about the beginning of the year 1771, and as some of the
insects are mentioned as non-descripts, that since that time have appeared
in other works, I hope I shall not be considered as guilty of an imposition
on that account.
The present age has made great improvements in _entomology_, as well as
other parts of natural history. The many publications that have appeared on
that subject within these two years, are proofs how well works of this kind
are received; and as all iconographers aim at giving representations of
unfigured subjects, it is no wonder if some contained in this volume should
be presented to the world by those who happened to have got the start of
me. The plates were actually engraved, and great part of the prints
coloured, before I discovered that any of the subjects had been figured by
other authors; and to have suppressed them on account of the very few that
are found in other works, would have incurred an expense greater than the
nature of the case would allow.
The objection made of the want of _names_ to the insects contained in my
first volume, the reader will here find removed; and _trivial_ as well as
_generical_ ones, given to every insect in the whole work: and likewise a
few errors of the press corrected, that have almost imperceptibly got in. I
was, indeed, truly sensible of the defect and incompleteness of that
volume, occasioned by the above circumstance, and would gladly have named
every insect then delineated; but the different opinions subsisting at that
time among entomologists, some preferring one author and some another, made
me exceeding cautious of entering on that business: and I rather chose to
defer it to the present opportunity, than give occasion for any reflections
against me, for my attachment to an author, whose method I should certainly
have pursued, and whose works have deservedly entitled him to the
appellation of _father_ of natural history. I mean the excellent Linneus,
whose system seems now to be generally approved and followed; and I must
here mention, the opportunity that the present work affords of giving an
explanation of the terms, &c. in his work, I should certainly have availed
myself of, for the benefit of the young beginner; but as my friend, Mr.
Curtis, has published a good translation of the "Fundamenta Entomologiæ" of
that author, wherein the young student, as well as the adept, who are not
versed in the Latin tongue, may receive great improvement; I must refer
them to that work for the properly understanding the plan and design of
that great author.
The reader will observe, that in giving _trivial_ names I have strictly
followed the method of Linneus. The Butterflies entitled to be ranked among
the Equites, are named after some great personage found among the Greeks
and Trojans; as in Plate iii. Fig. 1. where I have named the insect
Antenor, from a Trojan prince; and Plate ix. Fig. 1, 2. Menestheus from a
Grecian one; one belonging to the Eq. Trojanes, the other to Eq. Achivi. I
have likewise followed his rule in naming the insects belonging to other
classes; and given such as I concluded to be the most easily retained in
the memory. To this end also I have used the Latin language in preference
to the English, for the great liberty it allows {vi}of compounding and
decompounding words and names; a circumstance of the greatest consequence
in a business of this sort.
I should think myself totally unpardonable, if I finished this address
without acknowledging the obligation I am under to several friends, whose
assistance in this work claim the utmost return of gratitude; among these,
in a most particular manner I must mention Dr. Fothergill, whose readiness
to encourage and promote every part of natural history, must endear him to
every man who wishes well to so useful and beneficial a branch of
knowledge; and it is to the kindness of that gentleman the reader will
perceive I am indebted for a great number of figures that form a
considerable part of this work; many of which are so very rare, as not to
be met with in any other cabinet.
{1}ILLUSTRATIONS
OF
EXOTIC ENTOMOLOGY.
----
PLATE I.
[Illustration]
HÆTERA PHILOCTETES.
Plate I. fig. 1, 2.
ORDER. Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurua. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swainson_.
GENUS. HÆTERA, _Fabr._ (_Syst. Gloss. in Illig. Mag._) Satyrus, _Latr. &
God._ Papilio p. _Linn._
HÆTERA PHILOCTETES. Alis suprà violaceo-fuscis; posticis ad angulum ani
maculis tribus coeruleis, externis duabus puncto nigro, punctisque tribus
albis, subtus fasciâ latâ communi purpureo-fuscâ utrinque albomarginatâ.
(Expans. Alar. 4 unc. fere.)
SYN. Papilio (Equ. Achiv. Philoctetes), _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. 750. _No._
29. _Cramer, tab._ 20. _fig._ A. B. C. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._
83. _p._ 259. (Nymphalis Ph.) _Herbst. tab._ 55. _fig._ 2. 3. _Enc.
Méth._ ix. _p._ 481. (Satyrus Ph.)
HABITAT: Surinam (_Drury_). "In Indiis." (_Linn._)
_Upper Side._ Head, thorax, and abdomen dusky brown. Anterior wings fine
mellow dark brown or snuff colour towards the tips; but near the body,
glowing with a fine dark glossy purple. Near the tip of each wing are two
small white specks, one scarcely visible; on the lower part of each wing
is a rather large oval spot, of the same snuff colour with that near the
tips. Posterior edges circularly dilated, and gradually widening from the
shoulders to the external edges. Posterior wings dark brown, but glowing
all over in some directions with a dark glossy blueish purple. Near the
abdominal corners are two black eyes on each wing, surrounded by
beautiful dazzling blue.
_Under Side._ Breast and sides yellowish sandy-coloured. Anterior wings
divided into three parts by two lines or bars; one being brown and
narrow, the other white and rather broad. The first division, next the
body, is of a russet or light hair colour, tinctured with pearl, having a
short black streak near the middle; the next, or middle division, is
light brown; the third is dark clay-coloured. A considerable number of
long hairs arising from a single point or stalk, spreading like the
leaves of a fan, and occupying the space corresponding with the oval spot
mentioned before; those on the outside bending downwards, and curling.
(See Fig. 3. This circumstance is peculiar to one sex only.) Posterior
wings next the body russet, with a single black spot near the middle of
each. Abdominal groove russet. {2}Middle of the wing with a rather broad
bar of a fine deep chocolate colour, beginning at the anterior edge and
ending at the abdominal groove; the upper side of the bar next the body
being russet. Lower part of the wing, next the external edge, of a colour
between russet and chocolate, with three small white spots near the upper
corner. The two black eyes are distinct on this side, with narrow blue
irides. The wings are a little dentated.
Drury's figure represents an individual in which the posterior wings have
no appearance of the short tail, which the species ordinarily exhibits. It
may, perhaps, originate in the figure being taken from a mutilated
specimen. The Papilio Morna of Fabricius, appears nearly allied to this
insect.
THECLA FAUNUS [female].
Plate I. fig. 4, 5.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Lycænidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. THECLA, _Fabr._ Polyommatus p. _Latr._ Hesperia p. _Fabr. olim._
Papilio (Pleb. ruric.) _Drury._
THECLA FAUNUS. Alis supra fuscescenti-violaceis apice atro, subtus albis
strigâ communi mediâ fulvâ; posticis tricaudatis, lineâ marginali
nigricante maculisque duabus nigro viridique mixtis. (Expans. Alar. 1
unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. [female] Papilio (Pleb. ruric.) Faunus, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
_Cramer_, _pl._ 39. B. C. [male]. 96. F. G. [female]. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._
III. 1. _p._ 161. _No._ 11. (Hesperia F.) _Encycl. Méth._ ix. _p._ 618.
1. (Polyommatus F.)
[male] Hesperia R. Hesiodus, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 260. 8.
_Pal. Bauv. Ins. d'Afr. et d'Amer. Lep._ _Pl._ 7. _f._ 5. 6. 7. [male].
[female].
HABITAT: Sierra Leone (_Fabr._). Gold Coast (_Drury_).
_Upper Side._ Antennæ ringed with white and black. Anterior wings greyish
brown, without markings. Posterior wings of the same greyish brown. Cilia
white. A little above the abdominal corners are four white spots, placed
close together; the two inner ones being smallest. Each of these wings is
furnished with three tails, the upper parts of which are black, the other
parts white; the middle one being almost as long as the wing, the other
two are about half that length.
_Under Side._ Palpi, head, and breast white. Legs white and brown. Wings
fine silvery white. A small, narrow, orange-coloured line begins at the
middle of the anterior edge of the fore wings: which, crossing them and
the hind ones, runs almost to the abdominal corner, where it suddenly
turns back and ends at the abdominal groove. Near this part are two small
black spots, one placed between the two outer tails, and the other on the
abdominal edge.
Fabricius gives the sexes of this insect as distinct species, under the
names cited above, stating India to be the habitat of Hesiodus (or the
male). Palisot de Bauvois has, however, satisfactorily cleared up the
error, by figuring both sexes from Africa. The male has the disc of the
wings, on the upper side, of a rich blue colour.
{3}PLATE II.
[Illustration]
EREBUS HIEROGLYPHICUS.
Plate II. fig. 1.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Noctuidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. EREBUS, _Latr._ Thysania, _Dalm._ Noctua, _Fabr._
EREBUS HIEROGLYPHICUS. Alis dentatis atris; anticis fasciâ abbreviatâ
albidâ maculâque subocellari, posticarum margine bisinuato. (Expans.
Alar. 3 unc. 7 lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) hieroglyphica, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Donovan
Ins. India_, _pl._ 54. _fig._ 3. _Oliv. Enc. Méth._ 8. 253. 11.
Noctua hieroglyphica, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 2. _p._ 11. _No._ 10.
Phalæna Magdonia, _Cram. Ins._ 2. _t._ 174. _f._ F.
HABITAT: Madras.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ setaceous. Tongue spiral. Thorax and abdomen dark
brown. Wings beautiful mellow dark brown, or deep chocolate, appearing
like velvet. Anterior wings with two long, square, yellow spots on each,
joined together at their corners, placed near the tips, and joining to
the anterior edges of each wing; and also a rather large central eye,
almost joining to the anterior edge; iris black and narrow, the pupil
large, and the same colour with the wing. Posterior wings immaculate.
_Under Side._ Palpi filiform at their extremities, and standing erect
over the head. Breast, sides, and abdomen dark brown. Wings dark brown,
rather lighter than on the upper side. Anterior with three yellow spots
on each. Posterior wings immaculate. All the wings dentated; the scollops
of the anterior wings being small, and those of the posterior very large.
DEIOPEIA? PUELLA.
Plate II. fig. 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Lithosiidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. DEIOPEIA? _Steph._ Phalæna (Noctua), _Drury_.
DEIOPEIA? PUELLA. Alis anticis albis, maculâ parvâ discoidali nigrâ,
fasciisque 4 transversis rubris, posticis abdomineque carneis. (Expans.
Alar. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Puella, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: Madras.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ setaceous. Head white. Tongue spiral. Neck red.
Thorax red and white. Abdomen grey. Anterior wings white, having a small
black central spot in the middle of each, with four narrow red lines
crossing them. Posterior wings yellowish flesh-coloured, immaculate.
_Under Side._ Breast, sides, and abdomen light grey. Anterior wings
having the anterior edges tinged with red at the base, the four narrow
red lines being faintly seen on this side. Posterior wings coloured as on
the upper side.
NOCTUA MYRTÆA.
Plate II. fig. 3.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Noctuidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. NOCTUA, _Auct._
NOCTUA MYRTÆA. Testacea, alis strigis nonnullis undatis fuscis. (Expans.
Alar. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Myrtæa, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: Madras.
{4}_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown and setaceous. Palpi, head, neck, thorax,
abdomen, and wings reddish flesh-coloured; the latter having some very
faint waved lines crossing them. Cilia dark brown.
_Under Side._ Breast, sides, legs, and abdomen coloured as on the upper
side. Wings yellowish, with many small narrow streaks. On the external
edges of the anterior wings is a dark brown patch, near the tips. Cilia
dark brown.
I do not know to which of the modern genera of Noctuidæ this insect
belongs.
HELEONA PAPILIONARIS.
Plate II. fig. 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Arctiidæ? _Steph._
GENUS. HELEONA, _Swains._ (_Zool. Illust. N. Ser._ 116.) Gymnautocera?
_Guérin._ (_Mag. d'Entomol. t._ 12)
HELEONA PAPILIONARIS. Alis albido-flavis; margine venisque dilatatis,
ramosis, nigris et versus medium coalitis, maculas albas efformantibus.
(Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Papilionaris, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Cramer_,
_t._ 29. _fig._ A.
Phalæna venaria, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 2. _p._ 156. _No._ 96. _Gmel.
Linn. S. N._ 2470. _No._ 701.
HABITAT: China (_Drury_). "In Indis" (_Fabr._).
_Upper Side._ Antennæ dark blue and pectinated. Tongue spiral. Head,
neck, and thorax dark mazarine blue, spotted with white. Abdomen deep
blue, with six white rings. Wings black, covered with a number of streaks
and spots of a dusky brimstone; those nearest the body being much longer
than those next the external edges; where eight of them form a kind of
border on each wing, and are all placed on the membranous parts between
the nerves. Margins of the wings entire.
_Under Side._ Breast and sides blue. Legs blue and white. Anterior wings
with the anterior edges fine mazarine blue. The remaining parts of all
the wings are exactly the same as on the upper side.
PLATE III.
[Illustration]
PAPILIO ANTENOR.
Plate III. fig. 1.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Papilionidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. PAPILIO, _Auct._ Papilio (Eq. Troj.) _Drury_.
PAPILIO ANTENOR. Alis dentatis concoloribus albo maculatis; posticis
caudatis; disco atomis viridibus lunulisque marginalibus rubris. (Expans.
Alar. 6 unc. 6 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Eq. Troj.) Antenor, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Donovan Ins.
of India_, _pl._ 15. _f._ 1. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 40. _No._ 9.
_Boisd. Hist. Nat. Lep._ 1. _p._ 189. _No._ 2.
HABITAT: Central Africa.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ red brown, but thickening gradually to the tips.
Head fine scarlet. Thorax velvety black. Abdomen white with scarlet
rings. Anterior wings black, with three rows of cream-coloured spots on
each; the two upper ones next the anterior edge being a little confused
by running into each other; the lower one, running parallel with the
external margin, is more regular. These spots, being nineteen in number,
are of different sizes and shapes; some being round, some oval,
triangular, &c. Posterior wings black, with two tails; having four rather
broad scarlet crescents placed above {5}each of them, the ends of which
are verged with cream. On the middle of each wing is placed a great
number of small powder-like spots of a golden green colour; and on the
abdominal edges, just below the body, are two scarlet and cream crescents
placed opposite each other. The upper part of each wing exhibits ten
cream-coloured spots of different shapes and sizes, whereof three are
larger than all the rest.
_Under Side._ Breast scarlet. Sides black. Abdomen scarlet, with white
rings. Wings coloured nearly as on the other side; the spots being rather
more distinct, the crescents broader, and the cream edges stronger than
on the upper side. All the wings are dentated; the superior very faintly,
the inferior very deeply.
Drury states that he was ignorant from what part of the world his specimen
(which was given to him by Mr. Leman) came from. No other individual of
this species is recorded to exist in the modern collections, and it is from
the figure and description of Drury that all subsequent writers have
derived their knowledge of this splendid and unique insect.
Donovan, however, figured this butterfly, or rather copied Drury's figure
in his beautiful work upon the Insects of India, observing merely that it
might be "mentioned with much propriety amongst the rarest of the Papilio
tribe found in India," without giving any account of the source from whence
his figure and information had been obtained.
At the sale of Mr. Drury's collection, this butterfly composed lot 4 of the
first day's sale, May 23, 1805, and was purchased by Mr. Latham at the
price of £2. 12_s._ 6_d._
The Rev. F. W. Hope, however, possesses a specimen, which he has informed
me, that he obtained in a small collection of rare insects from tropical
Africa, collected by the late Mr. Ritchie.
THECLA SYLVANUS.
Plate III. fig. 2, 3.
ORDER Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Lycænidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. THECLA, _Fabr._ Polyommatus p. _Latr. & God._ Hesperia p. _Fabr.
olim._ Papilio (Pleb. ruric.) _Linn. Drury._
THECLA SYLVANUS. Alis suprà maris obscurè violaceis, feminæ albido
coerulescentibus; subtus fuscis, annulis numerosis albis seu albidis;
posticis ocellis duobus anguli ani argenteis rufo cinctis. (Expans. Alar.
1 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Pleb. rur.) Sylvanus, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
Pap. Larydas, _Cramer_, _pl._ 282. _fig._ H. _Herbst. tab._ 290. _f._ 1.
_Latr. & God. Enc. Méth._ ix. 619. (Polyommatus Larydas.)
HABITAT: Sierra Leone.
_Upper Side._ Head, thorax, and abdomen black. Wings of a dark mazarine
blue, tinged with brown; immaculate. Posterior wings with three small
narrow tails to each, which appear to be clusters of small hairs,
extending from the wing below the cilia.
_Under Side._ Palpi, breast, and thighs grey. Wings russet or
hair-coloured. Anterior near the tips with a few faint markings.
Posterior wings irregularly spotted with black, dark brown, and whitish
{6}spots and marks; two black ones being situated next the abdominal
corners, and sparkling with small sapphire-coloured specks placed
thereon, being scarcely discernible. All the wings are entire.
POLYOMMATUS ISIS.
Plate III. fig. 4, 5.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Lycænidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. POLYOMMATUS, _Latr. & God._ Hesperia (rur.), _Fabr._ Argus p.
_Scop._
POLYOMMATUS ISIS. Alis supra violaceo-coerulescentibus, disco anticarum
maculâ, posticarum fasciâ albis; subtus albis; posticis fasciis duabus
repandis, et macularum serie nigris, harum duabus internis argentatis
[male]. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Dan. Festiv.) Isis, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 1.
Hesperia Isarchus, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 316. 198. _Herbst.
Pap._ 320. _f._ 8, 9. _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 679. _No._ 194. (Pol.
Isarchus.)
Papilio Camillus, _Cramer_, _pl._ 300. _fig._ A. B.
HABITAT: Sierra Leone (_Drury_). "America, Dom. Drury" (_Fabricius_).
Timor (_Enc. Méth._).
_Upper Side._ Head, black. Thorax and abdomen dark blue. Anterior wings
fine violet, a little inclining to purple; round the external edge runs a
small narrow black line. Cilia white and black. On the middle of these
wings is a white patch, with two small faint dark spots on its upper
side. Posterior wings violet-coloured, with the same narrow black line
running along the external edges as on the anterior. An irregular white
bar crosses these wings from the anterior to the abdominal edges,
beginning near the upper corner and ending near the extremity of the
body.
_Under Side._ Palpi, breast, and sides white. Legs black. Abdomen white.
Anterior wings white, with some dark brown markings running along the
anterior and external edges, whereon are some white streaks and patches.
Posterior wings white, whereof one-third next the external edges is dark
brown, but next the cilia is whitish; whereon are six small round brown
spots, two of which, next the abdominal corners, sparkle with blue like a
sapphire; the upper parts of these wings, next the shoulders, have a
brown double streak on each. All the wings are entire.
PLATE IV.
[Illustration]
PAPILIO NIREUS.
Plate IV. fig. 1, 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Papilionidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. PAPILIO, _Linn. &c._ (Section Equit. Achiv.)
PAPILIO NIREUS. Alis dentatis, nigris, fasciâ communi maculisque
viridibus; posticis breviter caudatis; his subtus fasciâ subargenteâ,
marginali, nervis divisâ. (Expans. Alar. unc. 4. lin. 8.)
SYN. Papilio Nireus, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. _p._ 750. _No._ 28. _Fabr.
Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 36. _No._ 106. _God. Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 48.
_No._ 67. _Cram._ 187. A. B. & 378. F. G. _Herbst. Pap. tab._ 37. _f._ 1.
2. _Boisduval. Hist. Nat. Lepid._ 1. 224.
HABITAT: Sierra Leone (_Drury_). Coast of Guinea, Caffraria, Madagascar
(_Bdv._). India (_Linn. & Fabr._).
_Upper Side._ Head, thorax, and abdomen velvety black. Wings fine deep
black; with two narrow bars of a beautiful Saxon or blueish green colour,
which begin about the middle of the anterior edges of the anterior wings,
and crossing both them and the posterior, meet at the abdominal edges
near the {7}abdominal corners, running parallel with the external edges.
Anterior wings with two small blue spots placed on each near the tips,
and another, larger, divided into three by the nerves, near the middle of
the anterior edge; being placed at the top and even with the bar, but
divided from it by a small separation of black. The edges of these wings
are entire. Posterior wings with six blue spots on each, placed along the
external edges; the four lower ones being in pairs, and another small one
at the abdominal corners; margins deeply angulated.
_Under Side._ Breast and sides dark brown, spotted with white. Abdomen
brown. Wings dark brown hair-coloured, immaculate, except the posterior
ones, which have a row of eleven cream-coloured spots running along the
external edges.
The female differs from the male in being somewhat larger in size, with the
spots on the upper side of a brighter green colour, and with the marginal
row of spots on the under side of the posterior wings of a pearly greyish
hue, and with a tinge of this colour upon the disk of the wings. Cramer has
figured the male as the female, and vice versa. Mr. Smeathman informed Mr.
Drury that this insect feeds upon the orange and lime trees, about which
the butterfly is always seen flying, considering it as remarkable that most
of the insects which feed upon the orange or citron tribes, have some tinge
of green upon them; in like manner the beautiful green snake, so common
about Sierra Leone, is always to be found about these kind of trees. These
circumstances led our author into a series of observations which, though
upwards of half a century old, may still be read not only with pleasure,
but with the hope of beneficial results.
"The particular qualities, dispositions, and uses of by far the greater
part of insects, as well as of plants, are at present totally unknown to
us, nor are the methods by which we are to acquire that knowledge at
present ascertained.
"Their colours have hitherto been of no further use to us than merely to
discriminate one genus or species from another; and yet it is possible
that, by a combination of observations even on the colours of insects, we
may form some ideas of their natures and properties.
"The observation of Mr. Smeathman, if well founded, supposing it did not
lead to a discovery of the nature and properties of an insect itself, might
at least indicate those of the plant on which it feeds. The various species
of the _Danai Candidi_, among which are included the different white
butterflies of Europe, feed chiefly on such plants as are reckoned not only
nourishing, but salutary to the human body, such as the various species of
cabbages, coleworts, turnips, &c. Every foreign country produces
butterflies of that family; some of them so very like those of Europe, that
it is a fair inference they feed on plants of a similar property. This is
countenanced by many corroborating circumstances. The _Papilio Iris_, and
the various _Fritillary_ butterflies fly exceedingly swift; and it appears
from Mr. Smeathman's observations, that foreign butterflies that bear a
resemblance to them, also fly exceedingly swift. The green and golden
_Scarabei_ of this country are found to delight in flowers; those of the
hot climates are also found on flowers; while the black, {8}purple, and
darker coloured _Scarabei_, are generally found frequenting the excrements
of animals, and are, in every quarter of the globe, called Tumble
dung-beetles, from their making balls of those substances, and rolling them
to their holes. The locust tribes feed here chiefly on grasses and roots;
so it appears they do in the torrid zone. Those of the torrid zone are
found to be wholesome food. The inference is plain, that those of this
climate, in case of necessity, or perhaps even as an article of luxury,
might be found the same.
"The caterpillars of certain beetles, from his account, are the greatest
delicacies of the hot regions. They might, in some degree, be found to be
so here. The palm-worm of the West Indies, which is sought at a monstrous
expense, is the caterpillar or maggot of a beetle, of the same genus with
that small beetle, which is produced from the maggot or caterpillar in a
hazel-nut or filberd. This is often eaten here, and esteemed by those who
do so as more delicate than the nut itself.
"The Cantharides is a _green_ beetle. A green beetle of our own, _Cerambyx
Moschatus_, is found capable of raising blisters; and other _green_ beetles
may probably have the same effect.
"The butterflies that are found in the cultivated spots of Africa, have in
shape and appearance a strong resemblance to many of ours, particularly the
white ones. These seldom visit the thick woods; but, when seen in any
number, are certain indications of neighbouring plantations. This
observation might save the lives of bewildered travellers: as in some
instances it might be dangerous to enter into a very large wood, or a thick
part of it; in others again, immediate safety might be the consequence of
leaving a forest, by following the indications of an open or cultivated
spot. The analogy between the colours, the dispositions, and the qualities
of insects, may yet be greater, and between insects, and the plants on
which they feed, still more useful; for if an insect is found in one part
of the world to feed on a plant useful in food, medicine, or manufactures,
an insect of a similar appearance, in another part of the world, will in
all probability be found to feed on a plant of similar virtues. We do not
know but insects may affect, when perfect, to frequent different soils; or
to visit the recesses, where valuable drugs remain hid from human search,
and useless to mankind.
"As, however, observation and experience have demonstrated, through length
of time, that useful hints may be drawn from very trivial properties in the
smallest insects, it seems that none are unworthy of being noted. Future
travellers may draw useful inferences from those now given, and may add to
the number, for the benefit of those who follow after them. There can be no
doubt that every species of insect has its use in the creation, and
probably there are few from which mankind might not derive some advantage,
if their nature and properties were ascertained. We know of a few direct
methods, and must therefore in general wait with patience, till a variety
of observations, such as Mr. Smeathman has given us, by being frequently
compared, strike out new lights upon this part of {9}science, and elucidate
matters at this time buried in obscurity. The uses of many insects in the
creation are obvious at the first sight: such, for instance, are those
which feed on putrid animal or vegetable substances; while others promote
the general good by such remote means, that we cannot immediately see to
what end their operations verge. We are not therefore, however, to suppose
them mere expletives in the great system of beings; neither are we rashly
to attribute an importance to them which they do not deserve, or
ridiculously affect to admire circumstances in them of little moment, and
praise the Creator for dispositions of a secondary nature.
"When I recommend observations to be made on the most trivial
circumstances, it will readily be conceived I do not wish to derogate from
experiment, from which alone solid hopes are to be formed, and those which
have been hitherto made give great encouragement. Mr. Reaumur has found
that the moth, which feeds on clothes, refines the colour with which they
are dyed in a wonderful manner; for the excrement of the animal is the
colour of the cloth on which it is fed; and therefore, for miniature
paintings, infinitely surpasses all others. How far this kind of experiment
can be refined on, must be left to the curiosity and diligence of
travellers and experimental philosophers, who may perhaps, in some part of
the world, realize and improve this reasoning upon a large and useful
scale."
MELITÆA CYTHERIS.
Plate IV. fig. 3, 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._
GENUS. MELITÆA, _Fabr._ Argynnis p. _Ochs. Latr. & God._ Papilio (Nymph.
Phal.) _Drury_.
MELITÆA CYTHERIS. Alis supra fulvis nigro maculatis, subtus anticis
fulvis apice fusco, strigâ albâ, posticis fuscis strigâ discoidali
maculâque marginali albis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Ph.) Cytheris, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: Falkland Islands.
_Upper Side._ Head, eyes, thorax, and abdomen dark brown. Anterior wings
brown orange, with a number of small black spots thereon (not less than
twenty) of various shapes and sizes. Next the body these wings are darker
and pilose. Posterior wings are the same colour as the superior, and
spotted with many small black spots of different shapes dispersed all
over the wings; they are also darker next the body and hairy.
_Under Side._ Palpi reddish. Anterior wings sandy orange-coloured, rather
paler than the upper side. Near the tips is a white streak placed next
the anterior margin, and close thereto is a cloud of a dark red colour.
Most of the small black spots are seen on this side, but less distinctly.
Posterior wings dark red, with several faint clouds. A narrow white
streak, about a quarter of an inch in length, is placed near the middle
of each of these wings; and another much shorter is placed on the
anterior edge, near the upper corner. All the wings are entire.
{10}PLATE V.
[Illustration]
SATURNIA MYLITTA.
Plate V. fig. 1.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Bombycidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. SATURNIA, _Schrank._ Attacus, _Germar._ Phalæna (Attacus), _Linn._
SATURNIA MYLITTA. Alis cervino-fulvis, strigâ ferrugineâ submarginali
ocelloque fenestrato, in medio lineâ diviso. (Expans. Alar. 6 unc. 3
lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Attacus) Mylitta, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Oliv. Enc.
Méth._ 5. 26. 9. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. 411. _No._ 11. _Gmel. Linn.
S. N._ 2403. 463.
Phalæna Paphia, _Cramer_, _t._ 146. _f._ A.
HABITAT: Bengal.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ pectinated, reddish fox-coloured. Neck grey. Thorax
and abdomen greyish yellow. Wings reddish fox-coloured, having a round
transparent eye in the middle of each; those in the superior being
largest. These eyes are encircled with a narrow yellow edging, then with
a greyish band, and lastly with a narrow black line; the transparent
pupil appearing as if a fine hair crossed it. The anterior edges of the
superior wings have a grey margin from the shoulders almost to the tips,
where the reddish colour is paler than on the rest of the wing. A narrow
dark line begins near the tips, and runs along the external edges to the
lower corners, which is continued along the external edges of the
posterior wings to the abdominal corners. On these wings a faint arched
line of a dark colour is observable over each eye.
_Under Side._ Breast, feet, and abdomen grey. The wings greyish brown;
eyes appearing as on the upper side. A faint dark-coloured bar, beginning
at the anterior edges of the anterior wings, and running across the lower
parts of the eyes, is continued along the posterior ones; where it
crosses the middle of the eyes, and ends at the abdominal edges below the
body. All the wings are entire; the superior ones being arched, or hooked
at the tips.
NOCTUA? SPECIOSA.
Plate V. fig. 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Noctuidæ? _Steph._
GENUS. NOCTUA? _Auct._
NOCTUA? SPECIOSA. Fulva, alis anticis medio, posticisque albidis, illarum
basi fulvo, maculis 6 parvis nigris, dimidio apicali obscuriori. (Expans.
Alar. 2 unc. 9 lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Speciosa, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: Sierra Leone.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black, setaceous. Tongue long and spiral. Head,
neck, thorax, and abdomen yellow. Anterior wings pale clay-coloured; but
next the shoulders yellow, gradually changing to a white towards the
middle of the wings, and occupying almost half of them; each wing having
six small black spots on the yellow part, three being placed on the
anterior edge, and the other three near the shoulder, where likewise is
another small spot. Posterior wings white, immaculate.
_Under Side._ Palpi long and yellow at the base, but the ends are black
and filiform. Legs white, striped with brown. Breast and abdomen white.
Anterior wings with the tips pale clay-coloured, as on the upper side;
all the remaining part being white. A small black bar begins about the
middle of {11}the anterior margin, and crossing the wing ends at the
lower corner. Next the shoulders is a small tuft of hairs of a silver
colour placed on each wing. Posterior wings white and immaculate. The
margin of the wings entire.
This and several nearly allied species of tropical moths constitute a very
distinct subgenus characterized by the prevailing colour, the spots at the
base of the wings, the elongated palpi, and the peculiar neuration of the
anterior wings. I have not, however, ventured to propose the establishment
of a subgenus for them. They appear in some respects to be allied to the
genus Leucania.
CALLIMORPHA? PYLOTIS.
Plate V. fig. 3.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Lithosiidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. CALLIMORPHA? _Latr._ Setina p. _Schr._ Phalæna (Bombyx), _Drury._
CALLIMORPHA? PYLOTIS. Alis atro-coeruleis, anticis fasciâ latâ mediâ
albâ. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Bombyx) Pylotis, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Oliv. Enc. Méth._
5. 99. _No._ 255. _Fabr. Sp. Ins. No._ 263. _Syst. Ent._ 585.
Phalæna cribraria, _Clerck. Ins._ 54. _f._ 4.
HABITAT: Bay of Honduras.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black and pectinated. Tongue orange-coloured, and
spiral. Head, thorax, and abdomen fine mazarine blue. Anterior wings dark
mazarine, having a single white bar running from the middle of the
anterior edge to the lower corner. A small part of the cilia at the tips
is white, the rest being of the same colour as the wings. Posterior wings
of the same colour as the superior, and immaculate, except the cilia,
which is entirely white.
_Under Side._ Palpi black. Neck white. Breast and sides mazarine. The
legs black and white. Abdomen orange, ringed with mazarine. Wings
coloured as on the upper side; but next the body of a finer and stronger
blue. The white part of the tips is also stronger and more distinct. The
margins of all the wings are entire.
PLATE VI.
[Illustration]
BOTYS (DESMIA?) SERICEA.
Plate VI. fig. 1.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Pyralidæ.
GENUS. BOTYS, _Latr._ SUBGENUS: Desmia? _Westw. in Guer. Mag. d'Ent._
BOTYS (DESMIA?) SERICEA. Alis sericeis viridi-margaritaceis, anticarum
margine antico luteo. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Pyralis) Sericea, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: Gold Coast of Africa.
_Upper Side._ Head light green. Eyes black. Antennæ thread-like, and very
long; appearing at the middle as if they had been broken, and had
branched out again to their proper length. Thorax and abdomen light
green. Tail dark brown. Wings fine light green, almost transparent, and
resembling mother of pearl. Anterior edges of the anterior wings pale
orange-coloured.
{12}_Under Side._ Palpi, neck, breast, abdomen, and legs light green;
except the anterior tibiæ, which are pale orange. Tail dark brown. Wings
of the same colour as on the upper side, immaculate. Wings entire.
The curious structure of the antennæ of this insect (which is, doubtless,
peculiar to the males alone) is very similar to that of Desmia maculalis,
(Westw. in Mag. Zool.) but the larger size, pearly wings, and different
quarters of the globe in which these two species are found, make it
doubtful whether the two insects belong strictly to the same subgenus. It
is evidently nearly allied to the British genus Margaritia. Mr. Smeathman
informed Drury that this is one of the Phalænæ which fly during the day. A
little noise or rustling disturbs it, when it takes rapid flights of twenty
or thirty yards, hiding itself with great ingenuity, which makes it
difficult to catch.
SATURNIA CYNTHIA.
Plate VI. fig. 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Bombycidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. SATURNIA, _Schrank._ Attacus, _Germar._ Bombyx p. _Fabr._
SATURNIA CYNTHIA. Alis falcatis luteo-fuscis, fasciâ communi albidâ
strigâ basali lunulâque discoidali; anticis ocello parvo apicali.
(Expans. Alar. 5 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Attacus) Cynthia, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Oliv. Enc.
Méth._ 5. 30. 26.
HABITAT: China.
_Upper Side._ Head greyish brown. Antennæ strongly pectinated. Thorax and
abdomen greyish. Anterior wings with a bar rising near the middle of the
anterior margin, continued along the posterior wings parallel with the
external edges, and ending near the abdominal corners; the inner part
forming an equilateral triangle. The outer part of this triangle is ash
colour, the inner part pale brownish grey, but darker than the rest of
the wings. The tips of the superior wings are adorned with a small eye,
the lower part of which is black, and the upper part white; from whence a
faint white serpentine line runs to the very extremity of the wing. The
spaces between the ash colour mentioned above, and the external edges of
all the wings, are filled up with light brownish grey, appearing as if
powdered thinly with black dust. A small narrow black line runs along the
external edges of all the wings, which, beginning at the abdominal
corners and ending at the tips, appears as if broken or interrupted just
below the eyes. A narrow ash-coloured bar begins on the posterior edges
next the shoulders of the superior wings, which, running towards the
tips, suddenly turns off, and ends on the anterior edges about half an
inch from the shoulders. On the middle of the posterior wings is an
ash-coloured crescent, verged at top with black; and about a quarter of
an inch above this is another crescent, larger and much fainter, running
from the anterior to the abdominal edge, and ending at the extremity of
the body.
_Under Side._ All the parts on this side are nearly of the same colour as
on the upper, but not quite so distinct and bright. The angular bar on
the anterior wings next the shoulders, and the faint crescent on the
posterior, not being discernible. The margins of all the wings are
entire; the superior ones being hooked at their tips.
{13}From Dr. Roxburgh's interesting memoir upon the silk-producing moths of
the East Indies,[1] it appears that this species is named the Arundi or
Arrindy silk-worm, the caterpillars feeding upon the Arrindi, Ricinus, or
Palma Christi. It is capable of being reared in the same way as the common
silk-worm, the eggs are hatched in about ten or fifteen days; in about a
month the caterpillars attain their full size, during which period they
cast their skins three or four times. The caterpillar is from two and a
half to three inches in length, each segment being furnished with several
small soft conical tubercles, the prevailing colour being pale green. In
this state they are very voracious, devouring daily many times their own
weight of food. The cocoons are white or yellowish, of a very soft and
delicate texture; in general about two or three inches in length, and three
in circumference, and pointed at both ends. In this cocoon the chrysalis
remains from ten to twenty days, the moth appearing at one end, the period
of its final state not extending beyond from four to eight days. The moths
are quiet, seldom attempting to fly from the apartment in which they are
reared. The silk is so exceedingly delicate and flossy, that it is
impracticable to wind it off; it is, therefore, spun like cotton, and the
thread thus manufactured is woven into a coarse kind of white cloth, of a
loose texture, but of surprising durability, the life of one person seldom
being sufficient to wear out a garment made from it, the same piece
descending from mother to daughter. It is used not only for clothing, but
also for packing light clothes, &c. Some manufacturers in England to whom
it was shewn seemed to think that it could be made here into shawls equal
to any received from India.
DEIOPEIA ASTREA.
Plate VI. fig. 3.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Lithosiidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. DEIOPEIA, _Steph._ Phalæna (Noctua), _Drury_.
DEIOPEIA ASTREA. Alis fulvis; anticis fasciis septem albidis
nigro-punctatis, posticis fulvis nigro-punctatis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 7
lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Astrea, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Oliv. Enc. Méth._
8. 261. (Noctua A.)
Phalæna (Bomb.) Pylotis? _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. 479. _Gmel. Linn. S.
N._ 2440. 575.
Phal. Geometra cribrata, _Gmel. Linn. S. N._ 2482. 751.
HABITAT: The Gold Coast, Africa.
_Upper Side._ Head deep yellow. Antennæ filiform, dark brown. Neck and
thorax yellow, with two small black spots on the former, and four on the
latter. Abdomen yellow. Wings deep yellow; the anterior being nearly
orange-coloured, and having several rows of small black spots crossing
them from the anterior to the posterior edges, most of which are very
irregular and uneven; the two last next the external edges being the
least so. The number of spots on each of these wings is forty. Posterior
wings with black spots, but much larger than those on the anterior,
except three, which run along the external edges; the whole number being
eleven.
{14}_Under Side._ Palpi yellow, tipped with black. Tongue spiral. Legs,
breast, and abdomen yellow, the last spotted with black. Wings deep
yellow. The anterior spotted with forty black spots, larger and stronger
than on the upper side. Posterior wings also spotted as on the upper
side. Edges of all the wings entire.
CALLIMORPHA? GLAUCOPIS.
Plate VI. fig. 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Arctiidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. CALLIMORPHA? _Latr._ Zygæna p. _Fabr._ Phalæna (Bombyx), _Drury_.
CALLIMORPHA? GLAUCOPIS. Collari sanguineo, alis nigricantibus, anticis
fasciâ obliquâ niveâ. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Bombyx Spiriling.) Glaucopis, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
_Cramer_, _tab._ 322. _f._ D. Zygæna Glaucopis, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III.
1. _p._ 400. _No._ 47. _Gmel. Linn. S. N._ 2397. 140. (Sphinx.)
HABITAT: Bengal (_Drury_). Carolina (_Fabr._).
_Upper Side._ Head black. Antennæ black, and very large and deeply
pectinated. Neck fine scarlet. Thorax and abdomen black, tinged with
mazarine. Wings black, immaculate; except the anterior, whereon is a
white bar, beginning near the middle of the anterior edge, crossing the
wing, and ending at the lower corners.
_Under Side._ Palpi small and black. Tongue spiral. Breast mazarine,
intermingled with black. Legs long and black. Thighs mazarine. Abdomen
black, tinged with mazarine. Wings coloured as on the upper side. Edges
entire.
PLATE VII.
[Illustration]
IDÆA LYNCEA.
Plate VII. fig. 1.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._
GENUS. IDÆA, _Fabr. God._ Papilio (Dan. Fest. or Eq. Hel.), _Drury_.
IDÆA LYNCEA. Alis elongatis integerrimis cinerascentibus, venis
maculisque permultis nigris; anticis subfalcatis. (Expans. Alar. 6 unc. 9
lin.)
SYN. Papilio Lynceus, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
Papilio Idea, _Stoll. Suppl. Cramer_, _pl._ 42. _f._ 1.
Idea Lyncea, _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 195.
HABITAT: The Island of Johanna, near Madagascar.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black and subfiliform. Head, neck, and thorax
black, spotted, and streaked with white. Abdomen black. Wings almost
transparent, and of a glassy hue, much resembling common glass; having a
great number of black spots like velvet on them of different shapes and
sizes, some being round, some oblong, and others like streaks; there
being on each of the anterior wings twenty-eight distinct ones, besides
those placed next the anterior edges, which are not easily ascertained,
from their running into one another. Posterior wings with thirty-three
distinct spots like those on the anterior, whereof some appear double.
_Under Side._ Palpi white. Tongue black, and spiral. Breast, sides, and
legs streaked with black and white. Abdomen white. Wings coloured as on
the upper side. Margins of the wings entire.
{15}The Linnæan specific name of the type of the present genus was Papilio
Idea, a name admirably expressive of the delicate transparent structure of
these butterflies. As several closely-allied species were discovered in
addition to the original type, all partaking of the same appearance,
Fabricius transposed the original specific name into that of the genus; a
new specific name, Agelia, being given to the original species, which is
beautifully figured by Donovan, in his Insects of India, Pl. 24, and is by
him considered identical with the insect figured by Drury. I have adopted
the opinion of the authors of the Encyclopédie Méthodique, who consider the
two insects as distinct.
ACRÆA CAMOENA.
Plate VII. fig. 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Sw._
GENUS. ACRÆA, _Fabr. Latr. God._ Papilio (Helicon.), _Fabr. &c._
ACRÆA CAMOENA. Alis oblongis fuscis, posticis basi nigro-punctatis ad
extimum fasciâ flavescente transversâ extus nigro-marginatâ. (Expans.
Alar. 2 unc. 9 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Eq. Helic.) Camoena, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Herbst. Pap.
t._ 81. _f._ 3. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 173. _No._ 539. _Enc.
Méth._ ix. _p._ 234. (Acræa C.)
HABITAT: Cape Coast, Africa.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Neck, thorax, and abdomen black, spotted
with white. Anterior wings dark snuff colour, immaculate. About
two-thirds of the posterior wings (upwards) also snuff-coloured, having
some faint black spots thereon, seen more distinctly on the other side;
beneath this is a yellow clay-coloured bar, running from the abdominal
corner and ending near the external edge by the upper corner; below this
bar is a black indented margin running along the external edge, with some
small faint spots thereon, which are much stronger on the other side.
Abdominal groove clay-coloured; and on each wing next the shoulders is a
small triangular clay spot.
UNDER SIDE. Palpi clay-coloured. Breast and sides black, with white
spots. Anterior wings coloured as on the upper side. Posterior wings
clay-coloured, with twelve black distinct spots, two near the upper
corners being small and round. These wings next the breast are black,
with some white spots thereon; and along the external edges is a black
indented margin, with eight small white spots on it, two of which next
the abdominal corners are joined together. Margins of the wings entire.
HELICONIA DIAPHANA.
Plate VII. fig. 3.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Sw._
GENUS. HELICONIA, _Fabr. Latr. God._ Papilio (Eq. Helicon.), _Drury, &c._
HELICONIA DIAPHANA. Alis oblongis integerrimis hyalinis, margine omni
fasciâque transversâ abbreviatâ anticarum fusco-nigris, posticis subtus
costâ baseos sulphureâ. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Eq. Helic.) Diaphanus, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Cramer_,
_pl._ 231. C. _and pl._ 315. D. E. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 184.
_No._ 570.
HABITAT: Jamaica, Brazil to Virginia (_Enc. Méth._).
{16}_Upper Side._ Antennæ black, and very long. Thorax and abdomen dark
brown. Wings transparent, vitreous. Anterior ones with the posterior
edges bending as it were inwards. A small narrow border of dark brown
runs entirely round the edges of these wings; and on the anterior edges,
about a third from the tips, runs a dark brown streak towards the middle
of the wing, close to which is a small white spot joining to the anterior
edge. Posterior wings having also a very narrow border running about
two-thirds round them, and stopping at the abdominal edges; some long
yellowish hairs are placed on the anterior edges near the body.
_Under Side._ Palpi, breast, sides, ash-coloured. The dark brown borders
surrounding the wings appear on this side of an orange brown colour; the
rest as on the upper side. Margins of the wings entire.
PLATE VIII.
[Illustration]
NYMPHALIS SALMACIS.
Plate VIII. fig. 1, 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Sw._
GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr. God._ Papilio (Nymphalis Phal.), _Drury, &c._
NYMPHALIS SALMACIS. Alis dentatis, supra nigris disco coeruleo-radiatis,
subtus fuscis; fasciâ strigâque maculari albidis ([female]). (Expans.
Alar. 4 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Ph.) Salmacis, _Drury, App. vol._ 2. _Herbst. tab._
166. _f._ 5. 6. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 132. _No._ 408.
Papilio Omphale, _Stoll. Suppl. Cram. pl._ 26. _f._ 1. 1. A.
HABITAT: Sierra Leone (_Drury_). Amboina (_Stoll._).
_Upper Side._ Antennae black. Neck spotted with grey. Thorax and abdomen
black. Anterior wings next the body black brown, but at the tips russet,
or dark hair-coloured; about a quarter of an inch from thence are two
small white spots placed on each wing, near the anterior margin; near the
middle is a short white bar, crossed by the black nerves of the wing,
whose under part joins to a patch of blue which runs to the posterior
margin. Posterior wings next the body black brown, but along the external
edges a little lighter. A white bar on each rises at the abdominal
groove, and runs to the middle of the wing towards the anterior edge,
being margined with blue which seems to shoot in rays; a row of twelve
small white spots runs along the external edge in pairs.
_Under Side._ Palpi, neck, and breast black brown, spotted with white.
Anterior wings russet, darkest next the body; the white spots and bar
being very plain on this side, with the addition of a row of white spots
running half way along the external edges. Posterior wings russet, with
the same marks and spots as on the other side, but rather of a pearl
colour. Margins of the wings dentated, the indentings being white.
PIERIS PASITHOE.
Plate VIII. fig. 3, 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Papilionidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. PIERIS, _Schrank. Latr. God. Boisduval. Pontia p. Ochs._ Papilio
(Dan. Cand. or Heliconii), _Linn. Drury, &c._
PIERIS PASITHOE. Alis suboblongis nigris, suprà
coerulescenti-albo-maculatis, posticis subtùs disco flavo, nigro venoso,
fasciâque baseos ferrugineâ incurvâ. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 6 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Helicon.) Pasithoe, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. 755. _No._ 53.
_Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 179.
Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Dione, _Drury, App. vol._ 2.
Papilio Porsenna, _Cramer, pl._ 43. _fig._ D. E. _& pl._ 352. _fig._ A.
B.
Pieris Pasithoe, _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 148. _Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lep._
1. _p._ 451.
HABITAT: India (_Drury_). China, Bengal (_Boisduval_).
{17}_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Head, thorax, and abdomen dirty black.
Wings soot-coloured, or dirty black, having a small white spot in the
middle of the anterior; a row of oblong white spots runs from the
anterior edge to the lower corner, some being pointed and placed a little
distance from the tips; base of the wings powdered with white dust,
increasing to a clear white as it recedes from the body. The posterior
wings powdered in the same manner; and having four pointed white spots on
each, crossing them from the upper to the abdominal corners. Abdominal
groove yellow, extending towards the middle of the wing.
_Under Side._ Palpi, sides, and breast sooty. Neck and abdomen grey.
Anterior wings as on the upper side, but the white more distinct.
Posterior wings next the body black, and surrounded by a red circle. The
remainder of the wings principally yellow, having the nerves and also a
margin running along the external edges soot-coloured. Margins of the
wings entire.
PLATE IX.
[Illustration]
PAPILIO MENESTHEUS.
Plate IX. fig. 1, 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Papilionidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. PAPILIO, _Auct._ Papilio (Eq. Ach.) _Drury_.
PAPILIO MENESTHEUS. Alis dentatis, caudatis, nigris, fasciâ maculari
maculisque marginalibus flavis, omnibus subtus basi albido striatis,
posticis lunulis rufis coerulescentibusque. (Expans. Alar. 5 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Eq. Ach.) Menestheus, _Drury, App. vol._ 2. _Cram. pl._
142. _fig._ A. B. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 31. _Enc. Méth._ ix.
_p._ 59. _Boisd. Hist. Nat. Lep._ 1. _p._ 236.
HABITAT: Sierra Leone (_Drury_). India (erroneously, _Fabr._).
_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown. The head, thorax, and abdomen greenish
black. Anterior wings black, covered with minute green spots, the tips
like black velvet. Some long russet-coloured hairs, occupying a space the
size of a sixpence, are situated close to the posterior margin, near the
lower corner; there are also twenty lemon-coloured spots on each, eight
of which are very small and marginal; eight other oblong spots form a
bar, rising on the anterior margin and running obliquely across the
wings, meeting near the extremity of the body. Posterior wings velvety
black, covered at the base with small green spots, and having five lemon
spots running along the external edges. Each of these wings is furnished
with a tail, having a lemon spot on each side; and on the abdominal edge
is an eye, whose under part is red, and the upper blue. Near the upper
corner is a red spot, hidden in the figure by the superior wings.
_Under Side._ Head and breast ash-coloured. All the spots and marks which
on the upper side are lemon colour, on this are pale cream-coloured.
Anterior wings soot-coloured, the spots very distinct; those next the
external edges being larger, with many cream-coloured stripes at the base
running longitudinally parallel with the tendons both of the anterior and
posterior wings. These are adorned with several eyes of velvety black;
the upper sides being blue, and the under orange verged with cream. The
marginal spots are considerably larger than on the upper side.
{18}THECLA THETIS [female].
Plate IX. fig. 3, 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Lycænidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. THECLA, Fabr. Polyommatus p. _Latr. God._ Hesperia p. _Fabr.
Linn._ Papilio (Dan. Cand.), _Drury_.
THECLA THETIS. Alis integris; maris supra fulvis margine exteriori nigro;
foeminæ fuscis disco albo: subtus albis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)
SYN. Papilio Thetis, _Drury, App. vol._ 2. _Cramer, pl._ 238. _fig._ D.
[female].
Hesperia Phædrus, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 307. [male].
Hesperia Æsopus, _Fabr. op. cit. p._ 307. [female].
Papilio Cinyra, _Cram. pl._ 238. C. [male].
Polyommatus Phædrus, _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 675. _No._ 181.
HABITAT: Bombay (_Drury_). Bengal, Coromandel (_Enc. Méth._).
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown. Wings
russet, or dark hair-coloured, with a white spot in the middle of each,
of an oblong shape in the anterior wings, and much smaller and placed
transversely in the posterior. Cilia and abdominal groove white.
_Under Side._ Palpi, breast, and legs white. Wings on this side fine
silvery white, immaculate. Margins of the wings entire.
I have reverted to the original name first proposed by Drury.
PLATE X.
[Illustration]
BIBLIS UNDULARIS.
Plate X. fig. 1, 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Sw._
GENUS. BIBLIS, _Fabr. Latr. God._ Papilio (Nymphalis), _Fab. olim._
Papilio (Nymph. Phal.), _Drury_.
BIBLIS UNDULARIS. Alis dentatis nigris aut fuscis; anticis suprà fasciâ
apicali cyaneâ, posticis externe ferrugineis, omnibus subtus ferrugineo
undulatis, punctoque costali posticarum albo. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 7
lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Undularis, _Drury, App. vol._ 2. _Cramer,
pl._ 256. _fig._ A. B. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 127. _No._ 389.
_Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 326. (Biblis Und.)
HABITAT: East Indies (_Drury_). Coromandel, Java (_Enc. Méth._).
_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown. Head, thorax, and abdomen brown. Superior
wings dark brown, somewhat lighter along the external edges, with an
oblong subapical blue streak, beneath which are four oval blue spots
placed along the external edges, discernible only when the light falls in
a particular direction. Posterior wings reddish clay-coloured,
surrounding a dark brown patch placed on the upper part.
_Under Side._ Breast, abdomen, and legs brown. Wings dark reddish clay,
with short red streaks all over the wings, and a white spot placed at the
middle of the anterior edges of the posterior wings. Margins of the wings
dentated.
{19}NYMPHALIS (LIMENITIS) ARTHEMIS.
Plate X. fig. 3, 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Sw._
GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr._ Papilio (Nymphal. Phal.), _Linn. Drury, &c._
SUBGENUS: Limenitis, _Fabr. Steph._
NYMPHALIS (LIMENITIS) ARTHEMIS. Alis dentatis fuscis; utrinque fasciâ
communi albâ strigisque duabus lunularum coerulescentium, subtus
rufo-maculatis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.--3 unc.)
SYN. Papilio (Nymphal. Phal.) Arthemis, _Drury, Append. vol._. 2 _Say.
Amer. Entomol._ 2. _pl._ 23.
Papilio Lamina, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 118. 361. _Enc. Méth._
ix. _p._ 380. (Nymphalis L.)
HABITAT: New York.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ, head, thorax, and abdomen black. Wings black, at
the base surrounded by a white band, separating it from the external
part, which is black likewise. On the anterior wings, near the tips, are
four small white spots, the two uppermost being largest; along the
external edges is a narrow marginal row of small blue crescents,
continued along the posterior wings, where it is double, having above it
a row of brown orange spots, verged at top with blue. A white bar begins
on the middle of the anterior edges of the anterior wings, which,
crossing them and the posterior, ends at the extremity of the body.
_Under Side._ Palpi, head, breast, and legs brown. The parts that on the
upper side are black, are of a fine red brown. The basal parts having
some brown orange spots on both wings, verged with black. Margins blue;
scollopings edged with white. Margins of the wings dentated; the inferior
ones most.
Mr. Say observes of this beautiful species that it occurred sparingly in
the Northwestern territory, during the advance of Major Long's expedition
toward Lake Winnepec. He also found it at that lake as well as at the Lake
of the Woods, and in other parts of Upper Canada. He procured specimens
likewise from Arkansaw, in the expedition to the Rocky Mountains, and
received it from Cambridge (Massachusetts).
PIERIS EUCHARIS.
Plate X. fig. 5, 6.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Papilionidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. PIERIS, _Schrank. Latr. God. Boisduval_. Pontia p. _Ochs._ Papilio
(Dan. Cand. or Heliconii), _Linn._ _Drury, &c._
PIERIS EUCHARIS. Alis suboblongis integerrimis, supra albis, omnibus
utrinque venis limboque nigris: posticis subtùs flavis, maculis
marginalibus coccineis alboque cinctis. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 2 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Eucharis, _Drury, App. vol._ 2. _Cramer, pl._
201. B. C. [male]. 202. C. [female].
Papilio (D.C.) Hyparete, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 176. (Exclus.
Syn. _Linn._)
Pieris Epicharis, _God. Enc. Méth_. ix. _p._ 153. _No._ 122. _Boisd.
Hist. N. Lepid._ 1. _p._ 456.
HABITAT: Bombay.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Head grey. Thorax and abdomen grey. Anterior
wings white: nerves black, with seven white oblong spots placed along the
external edges and tips on a black ground. Posterior wings
cream-coloured, with six oval flesh-coloured spots placed along the
posterior margin on a black ground, separated by the black nerves.
{20}_Under Side._ Palpi, breast, and abdomen grey. Anterior wings white,
with very broad and black nerves, forming white oblong spots on the upper
side. Posterior wings yellow, with a broad black margin along the
external edges, whereon are placed six oval scarlet spots, edged or
surrounded with white. Nerves black and broad. Margins of the wings
entire.
Drury correctly considered this species as distinct from the Linnæan
Hyparete, and accordingly named it Eucharis. Fabricius, notwithstanding,
united the two species, and applied the name Eucharis to another Indian
species (Anthocaris Eucharis of Boisduval, but which it would be more
correct to name Aurora after Cramer). Godart, in order to obviate the
confusion arising from two distinct species having the same specific name,
altered the oldest name (Eucharis, Drury), instead of the incorrectly
imposed name of Fabricius. I have therefore reverted to the name proposed
by Drury, the other species being now removed to the genus Anthocaris.
PLATE XI.
[Illustration]
SATURNIA PROMETHEA.
Plate XI. fig. 1, 2. [male].--Plate XII. fig. 1, 2. [female].
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Bombycidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. SATURNIA, _Schrank._ Attacus, _Germar._ Phalæna (Attacus), _Linn._
SATURNIA PROMETHEA. Alis subfalcatis, maris fuscis, foeminæ ferrugineis,
fasciâ tenui undatâ communi pallidâ margine griseo, anticis utrinque
ocello atro. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc. [male]. 4 unc. 3 lin. [female].)
SYN. Phalæna (Attacus) Promethea, _Drury, App. vol._ 2. _Fabr. Ent.
Syst._ III. 1. 411. _No._ 12. _Gmel. Linn. S. N._ 2403. 464. _Cram. Ins.
tab._ 75. A. B. [male]. 76. A. B. [female]. _Abbot & Smith Ins. Georgia_,
1. _tab._ 46. _Oliv. Enc. Méth._ 5. 27. 12. _Pal. Bauv. Ins. d'Afr. et
d'Amer. Lep. pl._ 21.
HABITAT: New York, Virginia, Georgia.
MALE.--_Upper Side._ Antennæ strongly pectinated, dark brown. Head,
thorax, and abdomen the same. Anterior wings very dark chocolate, hooked
at the tips; having a margin of light hair colour running along the
external edges from the tips to the lower corners, through the middle of
which runs a narrow black serpentine line like a hair, dividing the
margin into two shades, the external one being darkest; near the tips is
a black spot like an eye, partly surrounded by a blue iris; a narrow
waved line of a light hair colour begins at the anterior edge, about
one-third from the tips, and, crossing both the anterior and posterior
wings, ends about half an inch below the body. Posterior wings of the
same colour as the anterior, having a hair-coloured margin running round
them; being also divided in the middle by a waved narrow line, above
which are several dark-coloured spots and marks.
_Under Side._ Breast, legs, and abdomen of a beautiful dark chocolate
colour. Anterior wings at the base dark chocolate, with a small single
spot in the middle of each; about a third part of these wings, next the
external edges, is hair-coloured, appearing next the chocolate part to be
thickly powdered with grey, so as to form a margin along the chocolate
part of that colour. The black eye, and hair-coloured margin, as on the
upper side. The middle of the posterior wings fine chocolate, surrounded,
except at the abdominal edges, with hair colour, and like the superior
finely powdered and verged with grey; about the middle of the chocolate
field is a small transverse white streak; the hair-coloured margin less
distinct. Margins of all the wings entire.
{21}FEMALE.--_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown and pectinated. Thorax and
abdomen red brown. Anterior wings dark red next the body, from whence a
narrow light-coloured bar begins at the anterior edge, and running
towards the posterior suddenly turns off and ends at the body, forming an
obtuse angle; another light-coloured waved bar crosses the wings, ending
on the abdominal edges a little below the body; the inner side of this
bar is a dark chocolate, and between it and the angle of the first bar is
placed a light-coloured triangular mark; near the tips is placed a small
black eye, partly surrounded by a blue iris; along the external margins
of all the wings runs a dark buff edge, through the middle of which runs
a small narrow line; the space between this margin and the waved bar is
of a dark red, finely powdered next the bar with grey. Posterior wings,
within the waved bar, dark brown chocolate; the hairs along the abdominal
edges greyish; and on the middle of the chocolate ground is a
light-coloured triangular mark; several submarginal red spots of
different sizes, with a small narrow irregular line running between them
and the cilia; the space between this margin and the waved bar is dark
red, that next the bar is powdered as it were very thickly with small
grey spots like dust.
_Under Side._ Breast, legs, and abdomen dark red, the sides streaked with
white. Anterior wings having only two divisions, separated by the waved
bar mentioned above: the inner division of a fine bright chocolate,
whereon the small triangular marks are faintly seen; the external
division as on the upper side, but with the markings more distinct.
Posterior wings with the part answering to the dark brown chocolate being
of a fine dark red, verged with black and white, and surrounded entirely,
except the abdominal edges, by the grey powdered field. Margins entire.
The transformations to which Lepidopterous insects are subject are amongst
the most remarkable phenomena of insect life. In the different states to
which each is liable, a series of changes is exhibited which has been
compared, by an admired writer, to what might be supposed to be undergone
by an animal which for the first five years of its life, exhibited the form
of a serpent, which then penetrated into the earth, spun for itself a
silken coffin, contracting itself into a limbless form resembling, more
than any thing else, an Egyptian mummy; and which, lastly, after remaining
in this state for a length of time, burst into the air a winged bird. Of
these states, it may well be conceived, that the second requires, from its
inactivity and helplessness, a secure retreat, where, removed and secure
from the attack of its enemies, it can rest its appointed period during
which the organs of flight acquire their full development. We accordingly
find that the varied manner in which the caterpillars of the different
species prepare their retreats, affords one of the most interesting
branches of investigation in the natural history of the Lepidoptera. And in
this respect, the species now under consideration certainly exhibits one of
the most interesting manoeuvres hitherto recorded amongst the insect
tribes, and which is described by Mr. Peale in his beautiful "Lepidoptera
Americana."[2] This moth is very abundant in the vicinity of Philadelphia,
at least, judging from the number of cocoons seen hanging from the branches
of the Sassafras (Laurus Sassafras), and Spice-wood (L. Benzoin); and
which, by an ordinary observer, would be readily mistaken for withered
leaves which had withstood the blasts of winter. After the caterpillar has
attained its full size, and lost the voracious {22}appetite which had
hitherto been its predominant character, it begins its preparation for the
great transformation it has to undergo, by selecting a perfect leaf, the
upper surface of which it covers with a fine light yellowish brown silk,
extending this coating with great skill and foresight, _over the footstalk
of the leaf_, and attaching it firmly to the branch, so as to secure the
leaf from being separated by any accident. This preliminary operation
having been accomplished, the caterpillar next draws the edges of the leaf
together, thus forming a perfect external covering or mantle, in which it
spins a fine strong and durable cocoon of fine silk. In this habitation the
little architect passes the winter secure from birds and other enemies. As
soon as the cocoon has been completed, the caterpillar sheds its skin, and
is transformed into a chrysalis. At first the leaf enveloping the cocoon
remains green, but soon changes to a red or brown, when it becomes brittle,
and is gradually carried away by the winds and storms of winter, until,
finally, nothing remains except the cocoon itself, which is firmly
suspended by the silk which once covered the footstalk of the leaf.
Mr. Abbot states that the caterpillar also feeds upon the Snowdrop-tree
(Halesia tetraptera, Linn.) Poplar, Bay, &c. Some individuals spin up in
May, and the moth appears in June; others, as above described, pass the
winter in the chrysalis state.
CALLIMORPHA? FAMULA.
Plate XI. fig. 3.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Arctiidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. CALLIMORPHA? _Latr._ Zygæna p. _Fabr._ Phalæna (Bombyx), _Drury_.
CALLIMORPHA FAMULA. Alis albis, dimidio apicali margineque externo
nigris, anticarum maculâ ovali obliquâ albâ, collo fulvo. (Expans. Alar.
2 unc.)
SYN. Phalæna (Bombyx spiriling.) Famula, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: Calabar, in the Bight of Benin, Africa.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ long and pectinated. Thorax spiral. Neck
orange-coloured. Thorax and abdomen dusky grey. Anterior wings about half
way from the tips black, but at the base are of a pellucid white; being
surrounded along the anterior edge and part of the posterior with black;
an oblong white spot is placed near the tips on the black part. Posterior
wings black and white; the white entirely surrounded by the black, which
on the anterior and abdominal edges is very narrow.
_Under Side._ Palpi orange-coloured, black at the tips. Neck, breast, and
sides orange. Feet black. Thighs white. Abdomen white, annulated with
dusky grey. Anterior wings as on the upper side, the black parts being of
a russet hue. Posterior wings differ a little, the white part running
down to the middle of the external edges, with a white spot at the upper
corners. Margins of the wings entire.
{23}ODONESTIS? SERVULA.
Plate XI. fig. 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Bombycidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. ODONESTIS? _Germar._ Phalæna (Noctua), _Drury._
ODONESTIS? SERVULA. Alis luteis, maculâ parva discoidali marginibusque
externis tenuè fuscis. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc.)
SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Servula. _Drury_, _Append. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: Madras.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ slightly pectinated. Tongue short. Head, thorax,
and abdomen light yellowish sand-coloured. Wings yellow buff-coloured;
the anterior having a small brown spot in the middle of each, and the
external edges margined with brown. Posterior wings having a brown patch
in the middle of each, with the external edges of the same colour.
_Under Side._ Breast, legs, abdomen, and wings buff-coloured, immaculate.
Margins of the wings entire.
PLATE XII.
[Illustration]
NOCTUA ANILIS.
Plate XII. fig. 3.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Noctuidæ.
GENUS. NOCTUA, _Auct._ SUBGENUS. ----?
NOCTUA ANILIS. Alis badio-fuscis; strigis duabus obliquis, externâ
abbreviatâ, albis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 6 lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Anilis, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: Virginia.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ small, filiform. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark
hair-coloured. Wings dark hair-coloured. Anterior having a narrow white
line crossing them, about the middle, from the anterior to the posterior
edges; between this and the tips is another short white streak placed on
the anterior edge. Posterior wings immaculate. Cilia ash-coloured.
_Under Side._ Palpi, breast, legs, and abdomen russet-coloured. Wings
also russet-coloured, with some faint marks, occasioned by the white
lines on the upper side appearing through. Margins of the wings entire.
NEMEOPHILA FIGURATA.
Plate XII. fig. 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Arctiidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. NEMEOPHILA, _Stephens_. Eyprepia p. _Ochs_. Chelonia p. _God._
NEMEOPHILA FIGURATA. Alis anticis nigris, fasciâ longitudinali duabus
alteris convergentibus connexâ, albis, posticis sanguineis margine
maculâque externâ nigris. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 6 lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Bombyx) figurata, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Pal. Bauv. Ins.
d'Afr. et d'Amer. Lep. pl._ 24. _f._ 4. [female]. (Alis posticis nigris
puncto rufo.)
HABITAT: Virginia.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ dark brown and pectinated. Thorax cream-coloured
and black. Abdomen black, the sides red. Anterior wings black; having a
cream-coloured line running from the shoulders, {24}parallel to and at a
small distance from the posterior edge, towards the lower corner;
stopping at about one-third from the external edge, from whence near the
end of this line arises two others, which run almost to the anterior
edges. Posterior wings red in the middle; surrounded, except on the
abdominal edges, by a broad black margin.
_Under Side._ Palpi hairy and black. Breast, legs, and abdomen black.
Wings as on the other side; but the colours are not so bright and
distinct. Margins of the wings entire.
PLATE XIII.
[Illustration]
SATURNIA EPIMETHEA.
Plate XIII. fig. 1.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Bombycidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. SATURNIA, _Schrank._ Attacus, _Germar._ Phalæna (Attacus), _Linn._
SATURNIA EPIMETHEA. Alis subfuscis strigâ communi subapicali albâ,
posticis acutè angulatis, ocello disci fulvo margine nigro.
SYN. Phalæna (Attacus) Epimethea, _Drury_, _Append. vol._ 2. _Fab. Ent.
Syst._ III. 1. 414. _No._ 23. _Gmel. Linn. S. N._ 2404. 472. _Cramer_,
_Ins._ 15. _tab._ 176. _f._ A. _Oliv. Enc. Méth._ 5. 29. 21.
HABITAT: New Calabar, Coast of Guinea.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ strongly pectinated; the extremities appearing like
threads. Thorax light brown, tinged with red. Abdomen grey brown.
Anterior wings light grey brown, tinged with red at the base; having a
narrow dark-coloured bar verged with grey running from the anterior to
the posterior edges, parallel and at a little distance from the external
margin. Posterior wings grey brown, terminating behind in points like
acute angles; a dark narrow bar, edged with white, crosses these wings
from the upper corners to the abdominal edges, dividing them into two
compartments; in the uppermost of which are placed two eyes, whose
centres are yellow, surrounded with black irides edged with red, and
which also are encircled with ash-coloured rings. Above these eyes the
wings are dark-coloured, almost black; but next the body are of a reddish
hue.
_Under Side._ Legs black. Thorax and abdomen same colour as on the upper
side. Wings nearly the same colour as on the upper side; the bars being
plain and distinct, but the eyes are not observable here.
DRYOCAMPA VIRGINIENSIS.
Plate XIII. fig. 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Bombycidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. DRYOCAMPA, _Harris in Hitchcock's Report on the Geology, &c. of
Massachusets_ (_Amherst Mass._ 1834. roy. 8vo.)
DRYOCAMPA VIRGINIENSIS. Alis cervinis, anticis puncto parvo discoidali
albo, fasciâque obliquâ pallidiori. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 7 lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Bombyx) Virginiensis, _Drury_, _Append. vol._ 2.
Phalæna pellucida, _Abbot & Smith Ins. Georg. t._ 58?
Phalæna Astynome? _Oliv. Enc. Méth._ 5. 43. 73.
HABITAT: Virginia.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ setaceous. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark orange.
Wings faint fox-coloured; immaculate, except the anterior ones, which
have a faint light spot on each, about a third of {25}an inch from the
shoulders, and a faint line which runs from the tips to the middle of the
posterior edges.
_Under Side._ Legs, sides, thorax, and abdomen dark orange. Wings with a
faint narrow bar crossing them near their external edges, dividing the
wings into two partitions; the lower ones being of the same colour as on
the upper side, but those above the bar are of a yellowish fox-colour.
Margins of the wings entire.
It is questionable whether this figure represents the Phalæna senatoria or
pellucida of Abbot and Smith, by whom the transformations of both species
have been illustrated; Smith citing Drury's figure with doubt, as belonging
to pellucida. I have much pleasure in adopting the present well-marked
genus proposed by Dr. Thaddeus W. Harris, one of the most distinguished
American entomologists, in the appendix to the work above referred to; and
respecting which I am indebted to that gentleman for the following
communications:--"The male of Dryocampa senatoria, of Abbot and Smith, has
the basal half of the antennæ pectinated on both sides, and the apex
simple, as in Bombyx (Cerocampa, Kirby; Ceratocampa, Harris's Cat.) regalis
and imperialis; and as they are described to be in the genus Zeuzera. The
larvæ are naked, striped, rigid, with acute tubercles, and two thread-like
horns on the second segment. They devour the leaves of forest trees,
particularly oaks, and enter the earth to become pupæ. The edges of the
segments of the pupæ are denticulated. On account of these peculiar
characters, I have ventured to assign to this a new generical name; under
which will be included also Bombyces pellucida, and Stigma, Fabr., figured
in Abbot and Smith's Lepidopterous insects of Georgia; together with B.
rubicunda, F. all of which are now found to inhabit Massachusets."
In addition to the characters mentioned by Dr. Harris, the peculiar form of
the posterior wings of the males of these moths may also be noticed, and
which are of a triangular form, somewhat like those of Erycina menetas (see
vol. 3. pl. 8. fig. 3.), but extending to the extremity of the abdomen.
This genus is not far removed, in its natural affinities, from that of
Ceratocampa, (see vol. 1. pl. 9.)
ÆGOCERA AMABILIS.
Plate XIII. fig. 3.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia? FAMILY: Sesiidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. ÆGOCERA, _Latr. Boisduval._
ÆGOCERA AMABILIS. Alis anticis rufis, maculis (nigro marginatis)
margineque interno, albidis; posticis fulvis maculâ discoidali margineque
postico nigris. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 6 lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Amabilis, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
Ægocera Amabilis, _Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lepid. pl._ 10. B. _f._ 6.
HABITAT: Coast of Guinea.
_Upper Side._ Head brown. Antennæ filiform. Thorax and abdomen yellow
brown. Superior wings fine darkish red, with several yellow spots thereon
of different shapes, each encircled with black; the posterior and
external edges having yellow margins. Posterior wings deep yellow,
inclining to {26}orange, with a black oval spot near the middle of each.
Along the external edges is a black margin, reaching from the upper to
the abdominal corners; the upper edge being scolloped.
_Under Side._ Legs, sides, thorax, and abdomen pale orange. Anterior
wings entirely pale orange and dusky black, without any mixture of red,
&c. Posterior wings as on the upper side; the colours being less
distinct. Margins of the wings entire.
TRIPHÆNA MATERNA.
Plate XIII. fig. 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Noctuidæ, _Stephens_.
GENUS. TRIPHÆNA, _Ochs. Treit. Steph._ Phalæna (Noctua), _Linn. Drury_.
TRIPHÆNA MATERNA. Alis anticis grisescentibus aut luteis, fusco irroratis
et undulatis, posticis fulvis, maculâ margineque (albo punctato) atris.
SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Materna, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ II. 840. 117. _Drury_,
_App. vol._ 2.
Noctua Materna, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 2. _p._ 16. _No._ 27. _Gmel.
Linn. S. N._ 2533. 117. _Oliv. Enc. Méth._ 8. 259. 39.
Noctua hybrida, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ 593. 11.
HABITAT: Bengal.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ setaceous. Tongue spiral. Palpi yellow, blue at the
tips. Head tinged with blue. Thorax olive. Abdomen yellow. Anterior wings
light brown and shining; appearing of several colours according to the
position they are held in. Posterior wings yellow, with a round black
central spot. Margins black, beginning at the middle of the anterior
edges, and ending at the abdominal corners where the margin is narrowest;
having eight small white spots thereon, placed on the external edges.
_Under Side._ Thorax, abdomen, and sides yellowish ash-coloured. Anterior
wings yellow; tips brown, and separated from the yellow by a black streak
running from the lower corner to the anterior edge. Posterior wings
coloured as on the upper side; the black margin being rather fainter.
Margins of the wings dentated.
PLATE XIV.
[Illustration]
EREBUS FLUCTUOSUS.
Plate XIV. fig. 1.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Noctuidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. EREBUS, _Latr._ Thysania, _Dalm._ Noctua, _Fabr._
EREBUS FLUCTUOSUS. Alis fuscis, fasciâ communi pallidâ, marginibus latè
nigris internè dentatis, anticis ocello magno auriformi. (Expans. Alar. 3
unc. 1½ lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) fluctuosa, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: Sierra Leone.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ setaceous. Head and thorax brown. Tongue spiral.
Wings dark hair-coloured, or russet brown; divided into two compartments
by a clay-coloured line, which beginning at the anterior edges of the
anterior near the middle, and crossing them and the posterior, meets at
the extremity of the body: the inner compartment being brown, the outward
one clay; which is again separated by an irregular waved line, beginning
at the tips and ending at the abdominal corners. All the outward part is
brown. Two black spots are placed on the anterior wings next the anterior
edges, and near the middle.
{27}_Under Side._ Palpi distinct, and like bristles at their extremities.
Breast, legs, and wings light brown. A row of cream spots, angularly
shaped, are placed along the wings; the outward part being furnished with
about twenty-eight small cream spots irregularly placed. Margins of the
posterior wings dentated, of the anterior entire.
According to Mr. Smeathman this species is easily disturbed during the day.
It flies exceedingly rapid, and has a method of striking a leaf or bough at
two or three feet distance from the place where it really settles. Whether
this be done to break the violence of its motion, and enable it to settle
without injury to its body; or for the purpose of deceiving its pursuers,
is not easily ascertained; it has, however, the latter, and probably both
effects; most of the locusts do this, for they certainly strike some branch
with a good deal of violence just before they alight, the motion of which
deceives the eyes and baffles the pursuer.
GEOMETRA ARGENTATA.
Plate XIV. fig. 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Geometridæ, _Steph._
GENUS. GEOMETRA, _Auct._ Subgenus. ----?
GEOMETRA ARGENTATA. Alis pallidè griseis, anticis fasciis duabus,
posticis unicâ flavis, utrinque argenteo-marginatis his ocello marginali
obscuro. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Geometra) Argentata, _Drury, App. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: Jamaica.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ filiform. Body grey. Wings pale yellowish grey. A
narrow yellow bar rises near the middle of the anterior wings, which,
crossing them and the posterior, ends a little below the body on the
abdominal edges; another small bar crosses the anterior wings near the
shoulders, both of them being verged with silver. A small dark spot,
surrounded with silver, is also placed close to the external edges of the
posterior wings; and above it is a yellowish patch reaching to the upper
corners.
_Under Side._ Wings pale light-coloured, almost white, immaculate.
Margins of the wings entire.
PETASIA? MINISTRA.
Plate XIV. fig. 3.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Notodontidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. PETASIA? _Stephens._ Phalæna (Noctua), _Drury_.
PETASIA? MINISTRA. Alis anticis rufescenti-fulvis, strigis quinque
transversis, posticis pallidioribus [female]. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc.)
SYN. Phalæna Noctua Ministra, _Drury, App. vol._ 2.
Phalæna Ministra, _Abbot & Smith Ins. Georg. t._ 81. _Oliv. Enc. Méth._
5. 69. 155.
HABITAT: New York.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ filiform. Head and thorax reddish brown. Abdomen
clay-coloured. Anterior wings brown orange, with five small dark lines
crossing from the anterior to the posterior edges. Posterior wings
clay-coloured, fringed with orange brown.
{28}_Under Side._ Tongue indistinct. Breast and legs red brown. Abdomen
and posterior wings clay-coloured. Anterior ones brown orange, without
any marks or lines thereon. Wings a little dentated; especially in the
anterior wings.
The larva of this insect is long, smooth, and shining, of a black colour,
with eight longitudinal continuous yellow lines, with the base of the legs
and a spot on the neck red. When alarmed it throws up its head and tail
into the air. From the structure of the larva it is therefore nearly allied
to Ptilophora and Petasia, Steph., and not to the buff tip-moth (Pygæra
bucephala). Its food, according to Abbot, consists of the Andromeda
mariana, vulgarly called the male hackleberry, which grows round ponds and
on the margins of running streams; it eats also several species of walnut
and oak. One went into the ground on the 31st of July, and the moth came
out the 23rd of August; another went in the 8th of June, and came forth the
3rd of July. They likewise sometimes go into the ground in autumn, and come
out in the spring. The whole brood of caterpillars feed together in
society. Abbot also states, that when they eat walnut leaves they are
always black, with white hairs;[3] when their food is the oak, they are
more yellow.
HYDROCAMPA? NIVALIS.
Plate XIV. fig. 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Pyralidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. HYDROCAMPA? _Latr._ Cataclysta, _Hübn. Steph._ Phalæna (Pyralis),
_Drury_.
HYDROCAMPA? NIVALIS. Alis margaritaceo-albis, ciliâ anticarum fuscâ.
SYN. Phalæna (Pyralis) Nivalis, _Drury, App. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: New England.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ filiform and brown. Head, thorax, abdomen, and
wings white. The latter of a fine glossy hue, and immaculate. Cilia of
the anterior wings brown.
_Under Side._ Tongue spiral. All the parts on this side are of the same
white glossy colour as on the upper.
LIPARIS? RIVULOSA.
Plate XIV. fig. 5.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Arctiidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. LIPARIS? _Ochs._ Phalæna (bombyx), _Drury_.
LIPARIS? RIVULOSA. Alis fuscis, strigis transversis undulatis
pallidioribus et obscurioribus, anticis fasciâ latâ centrali alterâque
basali badiis. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc.)
SYN. Phalæna (Bombyx) rivulosa, _Drury, App. vol._ 2. _Oliv. Enc. Méth._
5. 38. 54. (Bombyx r.)
HABITAT: Surinam.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ pectinated. Head, thorax, abdomen, and wings pale
reddish brown, or {29}fawn-coloured. The latter with several indented and
waved lines, some being darker and some lighter than the general colour
of the wings. On the anterior is a large chocolate patch, situated on the
middle of the wings, and joining to the anterior edge; between which and
the shoulders is another that is much smaller.
_Under Side._ Tongue obsolete. Palpi, breast, abdomen, and wings brown,
as on the upper side; the latter immaculate, except a dark patch on each
wing near the shoulders. Margins of the wings slightly dentated.
PLATE XV.
[Illustration]
NYMPHALIS ERITHONIUS.
Plate XV. fig. 1, 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains_.
GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr. God._ Papilio (Dan. Festivi), _Linn. Drury_.
NYMPHALIS MEDON. Alis dentatis, supra fuscis; anticis utrinque fasciâ
obliquâ luteâ, apice albo; posticis fasciâ violaceo-coerulescenti,
singulis subtùs punctis tribus. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 7 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Nymph.) Erithonius, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 82.
_No._ 255. _Latr. & God. Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 390. _No._ 142. (Nymphalis
Er.)
Papilio (Dan. Festivi) Eupalus, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 48. _No._
148.
Papilio Harpalyce, _Cram. pl._ 145. _fig._ D. E.
Papilio (Equ. Achiv.) Medon, _Drury, App. vol._ 2. (Exclus. Syn. _Linn. &
Fabr._)
HABITAT: Sierra Leone.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black, lighter at the tips. Head black. Thorax and
abdomen dark brown. Anterior wings dark red brown, tipped with white; but
next the shoulders of a purplish hue, with a dark yellow streak near the
tips, extending obliquely from the anterior towards the external edge.
Posterior wings also red brown; but towards the middle and shoulders of a
purplish blue, which they reflect more or less according to the position
they are held in.
_Under Side._ Palpi and breast yellow. Anterior wings olive brown, tipped
with white; but along the external edges of a hazel colour, and near the
shoulders having three round black spots on each. Posterior wings similar
to the anterior, being of a brown olive, variegated, and clouded, with
three small spots placed near the shoulders, as in the superior ones. All
the wings are a little dentated.
There are several African species closely allied to the present insect,
which was regarded by Drury as the Medon of Linnæus. I have followed the
Encyclopédie Méthodique in rejecting this reference; although it will be
seen that the Linnæan description of that insect, "alis supra nigris
primoribus fascia lutea apiceque albo; posticis disco coerulescentibus,"
does not disagree with the character of this insect.
According to Mr. Smeathman this species was taken at some distance inland
upon the continent of Africa; adding, "there are several Papiliones nearly
of this colour, that is to say, with the upper sides of the wings having a
changeable purple, and the under sides being inclinable to green, sometimes
with marks of the most beautiful crimson. The differences between them
arise so gradually, that he thinks them varieties of the same species,
some, apparently very different, being found coupled together. They are all
found congregating in the paths, and in the thick shade of a forest, ten or
a dozen in a circle round a little puddle or moist spot, and seem to like
the most gloomy places."
{30}HESPERIA IPHIS.
Plate XV. fig. 3, 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Hesperiidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. HESPERIA, _Latr. God._ Papilio (Pleb. Urbic.) _Linn. &c._
HESPERIA IPHIS. Alis supra viridi-atris; infra aureo-virescentibus venis
margineque postico nigris, capite sanguineo. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc.)
SYN. Papilio (Pleb. Urb.) Iphis, _Drury, App. vol._ 2.
Hesperia (Urb.) Jupiter, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 336. _No._ 279.
_Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 733. (Hesperia J.)
Papilio Phidias, _Cram. pl._ 244. A. B.
HABITAT: Senegal, Gambia, Sierra Leone, Anamaboe, and the Bight of Benin,
on the Coast of Africa.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ thickest in the middle. Head scarlet. Thorax and
abdomen black. All the wings green brassy-coloured, the nerves black,
those parts that surround the body being of a raven black. The tips of
the anterior wings orange-coloured.
_Under Side._ Palpi scarlet and hairy, the extremities being small and
black. Breast, legs, sides, and abdomen black. Anus scarlet. Wings of a
yellower brassy hue than on the upper side. Superior wings tipped with
orange, but next the body greenish black; the same colour occupying the
external edges of the posterior wings.
The male differs in having the upper side entirely of a fine raven black
without the orange tips; the under side is also darker, and less brassy
than the female.
Drury states, that when this insect is at rest it sits with its wings
erect; and Mr. Smeathman considers it "very remarkable that this insect,
which seems an intermediate species between Papilio and Phalæna, associates
with the little assemblages of Nymphalis Erithonius, and is frequently seen
sipping water with them."
PLATE XVI.
[Illustration]
NYMPHALIS (LIMENITIS) SIBILLA.
Plate XVI. fig. 1, 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._
GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr. God._ Papilio (Nymph. Phal.), _Linn. Drury._
Subgenus: Limenitis, _Fabr. Steph._ Naiades, _Hübn._
NYMPHALIS (LIMENITIS) SIBILLA. Alis subdentatis supra atro-coeruleis;
fasciâ maculari albâ; posticis subtus basi cinereo-coerulescente
immaculatis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)
SYN. Papilio Sibilla, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ ii. 781.
N. Camilla, _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 408. _and of the German
Lepidopterists_.
Papilio (Nymph.) Sibilla var. _Drury_.
HABITAT: Smyrna (_Drury_).
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Head, thorax, and abdomen black. Between the
eyes are four small white spots. Wings raven black, tinged with green.
Anterior with ten white spots, of different sizes, placed in various
parts; four being next the anterior edge, near the middle of the wings,
and divided only by the nerves. Posterior with a row of long white spots,
placed together, running from the middle of the anterior edges, and
ending a little above the abdominal corners, divided by the nerves. A
range of small black spots, edged with grey, runs parallel with the
external edges of the wings, from the tips to the abdominal corners,
where the last spot is encircled with orange.
{31}_Under Side._ Palpi, legs, breast, and abdomen grey. Anterior wings,
next the body, grey; the remaining parts being dusky olive, with some
dark red streaks placed on various parts; the white spots being very
distinct on this side. Posterior wings, at the base, light grey;
extending almost to the row of white spots, which are seen on this side
as well as on the upper. The remaining parts are dusky olive, with two
rows of faint dark red spots running along the external edges. A range of
small black spots runs parallel with the external edges of all the wings.
All the wings are dentated.
There is a diversity of opinion amongst the German and English
Lepidopterists, relative to the names of this species and the English White
Admiral, to which latter Haworth, Stephens, &c. give the name of Camilla,
but which Illiger, Hubner, &c. term Sibilla. I have adopted the former
nomenclature, although it will be seen that the figure of Drury, which is
the Sibilla of the English nomenclature, exhibits a red spot at the anal
angle, which Curtis considers as the most satisfactory mark of distinction
between the two species. (Brit. Ent. p. 124.)
PAMPHILA METIS.
Plate XVI. fig. 3, 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna, _Latr._ FAMILY: Hesperiidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. PAMPHILA, _Fabr._ Hesperia p. _Latr. & God._ Papilio (Pleb. rur.),
_Linn._
PAMPHILA METIS. Alis anticis utrinquè posticisque suprà nigro-fuscis,
maculis fulvis, plurisque punctiformibus; alis posticis subtùs
brunneo-fuscis immaculatis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 1 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Pleb. rur.) Metis, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. 792. 245. _Fabr.
Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 329. _No._ 249. (Hesperia Th.)
Pap. Metis, _Cramer, pl._ 162. _f._ G.
HABITAT: Cape of Good Hope.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown, yellow beneath. Head hairy. Thorax and
abdomen brown; the extremity of the latter yellow. Wings dark brown.
Anterior having four orange spots, two of which next the body are double.
Posterior with a row of six orange marginal, and two discoidal spots.
_Under Side._ Tongue black. Palpi orange. Legs, breast, and abdomen
brown. Wings coloured as on the upper side. The anterior having five
orange spots, that next the body being long and double. The posterior
immaculate. Margins of the wings entire.
NYMPHALIS OPIS, VAR. [Greek: g].
Plate XVI. fig. 5, 6.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Sw._
GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr. God._ Papilio (Nymphalis), _Linn._
NYMPHALIS OPIS. Alis supra fuscis, fasciâ communi caracteribusque
ochraceis; anticis strigâ punctorum alborum. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6
lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Crithea, _Drury, App. vol._ 2. _Fabr. Ent.
Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 132. _No._ 406. _Cramer, pl._ 16. _f._ 5. 6.
Nymphalis Opis, _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 381. _No._ 104. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._
III. 1. _p._ 131. _No._ 405.
HABITAT: Sierra Leone.
{32}_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown. Thorax and abdomen dark brown, with four
yellowish lines crossing them. Anterior wings dark purplish brown, having
many marks and spots of different shapes and sizes placed thereon of a
deeper shade; four being round, and gradually diminishing in size, and
placed along the external edges; two others also, that are small, are
situated at the shoulders. Posterior wings dark brown; the upper parts
along the anterior edges dull yellow, reaching almost to the thorax. Two
indented ash-coloured lines cross these wings; one beginning at the upper
corners running circularly, and meeting below the body; the other running
in a straight line above the first, and meeting a little above the
extremity of it.
_Under Side._ Palpi, breast, and abdomen ash-coloured. Legs yellowish.
Anterior wings dull yellow, but next the tips brown, where there are some
greyish spots and marks; in the centre are two small round spots, almost
black; and along the anterior edges, next the shoulders, are some other
brown spots variously and irregularly shaped. Posterior wings entirely
dull yellow, immaculate; the margins of these being a little dentated,
the anterior ones entire.
The authors of the Encyclopédie Méthodique consider the insect here
figured, and that represented in Pl. XVII. fig. 5, 6, as varieties of the
same species. Mr. Smeathman states, that this species is found in the same
gloomy recesses, and often congregated together in the same manner as
Nymphalis Erithonius, figured in Pl. XV.
PLATE XVII.
[Illustration]
BIBLIS ILITHYIA.
Plate XVII. fig. 1, 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._
GENUS. BIBLIS, _Fabricius, Latr. § God._ Papilio (Nymph. Phal.), _Drury_.
BIBLIS ILITHYIA. Alis rotundatis denticulatis fulvis fasciâ baseos
margineque fulvo maculato nigris; posticis subtus fasciis duabus albis
transversis nigro-punctatis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Ilithyia, _Drury, App. vol._ 2. _Fabricius
Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 131. _No._ 403. _Cramer, pl._ 213. _fig._ A. B.
[male].--214. C. D. [female].
Pap. Polinice, _Cramer, pl._ 375. _fig._ G. H. (var.)
Biblis Ilithyia, _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 327.
HABITAT: Senegal, and Coast of Africa.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown. Thorax and abdomen dark brown. Wings fine
deep or brown orange. The anterior deeply verged with black along the
external and anterior edges; the former having a row of oblong orange
spots running parallel with them, which is continued, together with the
deep black margin, along the posterior wings to the abdominal corners;
the spots being larger along these wings than on the anterior. A black,
irregular, and indented line rises near the middle of the anterior wings,
and ends at the posterior edges.
_Under Side._ Palpi and breast orange. Legs brown. Anterior wings orange;
the external edges with a small, narrow, white indented margin. Four
small white spots are placed near the tips, that next the anterior edge
being least; and along the same edge are several other long black spots,
margined with white. Posterior wings with a row of white crescents placed
along the external edges; over this is an orange bar, next is a row of
cream-coloured spots almost round, being seven in number, with a row of
very small ones above them, consisting of fourteen; above this is an
orange bar, with a cream one {33}over it, being divided by a narrow black
line. Above these are two other bars; the first orange, the next cream
colour, separated by long narrow black spots; the colour of these wings,
next the body, being orange. All the wings are dentated.
PIERIS CALYPSO.
Plate XVII. fig. 3, 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Papilionidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. PIERIS, _Schrank. Latr. God._ Papilio (Dan. Cand.), _Linn. Drury_.
PIERIS CALYPSO. Alis rotundatis subintegris albis extimo nigro; posticis
subtus flavis seu nitenti-grisescentibus, limbo punctorum nigrorum serie
duplici, maculis flavis interjectis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Calypso, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Fabr. Ent.
Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 191. _No._ 592. _Cramer_, _pl._ 154. C. D. ([male])
E. F. ([female]) _Enc. Méthod._ ix. _p._ 130. (Pieris C.) _Boisduval
Hist. Nat. Lep._ 1. 504.
HABITAT: Sierra Leone.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown. Thorax and abdomen nearly black. Wings
white; margined externally with dusky black. The anterior edges of the
anterior ones are also margined with black, from the middle of which runs
a black line to a round spot placed on the middle of the wings; the
mixture of the colours on these wings somewhat resembles the profile of a
human face. Posterior wings having a round spot placed near the middle of
each, with several fainter ones along the external edges, and two
stronger ones near the upper corners.
_Under Side._ Palpi and legs black. Breast ash-coloured. Anterior wings
as on the upper side; three oblong yellow spots being placed at the tips,
and four round white ones along the external edges. Posterior wings much
tinged with yellow, having a yellow margin running from the abdominal to
the upper corners along the external edges, appearing like crescents
placed on a row; above this is a row of seven square black spots placed
circularly with the margin, and in the centre is a conspicuous round
black spot.
Mr. Smeathman states that this insect loves chiefly to sport in the
sunshine. It is therefore very difficult to catch at that time of the day
when the sun is powerful; but towards sunset it is more easily caught, when
it congregates in great numbers, in particular spots most sheltered from
the breeze.
NYMPHALIS LAURE.
Plate XVII. fig. 5, 6.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._
GENUS. Nymphalis, _Latr. God._ Papilio (Nymph. Phal.), _Drury_.
NYMPHALIS LAURE. Alis suprà nigris; fasciâ mediâ anticarum fulvâ
interruptâ; posticarum albâ, et a latere coeruleo nitidâ. (Expans. Alar.
2 unc. 6 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Laure, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
Papilio (Nymph.) Laura, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 134. _No._ 415.
Nymphalis Laure, _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 376.
HABITAT: The Bay of Honduras, _Drury_.
{34}_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown. Thorax and abdomen brown. Anterior wings
fine ochre brown; having two faint, dark, indented lines running along
the external edges. An oblong yellow spot is placed on the anterior
margins near the tips. Three others, one being small, are situated near
the middle of the wings; beginning at the anterior edges and reaching
almost to the posterior, where it becomes white. Posterior wings ochre
brown; but when held in a certain position exhibiting a fine purplish
blue. A white bar crosses these wings obliquely from the middle of the
anterior edges, and meets a little below the body. Two indented black
lines are placed on the external edges, running from the upper to the
abdominal corners, where are placed two small crescent-like blue spots or
lines, one double, the other single.
_Under Side._ Palpi, breast, and legs white. Anterior wings having some
short black irregular lines placed cross-ways, and some brown orange
marks near the shoulders. Three small triangular black spots are placed
at a little distance from the external edges, near the lower corners;
above which is a brownish patch resembling polished metal. Posterior
wings entirely of the colour of polished metal, except the external edges
which are ash colour; and a white bar running from the middle of the
anterior edges to the abdominal corners. All the wings are deeply
angulated.
Latreille and Godart question whether this be not the female of Nymphalis
Laurentia, of which they had only seen the males.
PLATE XVIII.
[Illustration]
NYMPHALIS CADMA.
Plate XVIII. fig. 1, 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr. God._ Papilio (Nymph. Phal.), _Drury_.
NYMPHALIS CADMA. Alis denticulatis luteis, anticis utrinque areâ apicis
nigrâ, maculis duabus flavescentibus; posticis subtùs ocellis duobus
coeruleis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc.)
SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Gemm.) Cadma, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Fabricius
Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 241. _No._ 751. (Papilio Sat. C.) _Enc. Méth._
ix. _p._ 421. (Nymphalis C.)
HABITAT: Jamaica.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown. Wings
tawny yellow. The anterior having the extreme parts, near the tips,
black; with two yellowish spots thereon, joining the anterior edges; also
a round black spot situated at the lower corners on the posterior edges.
Posterior wings immaculate, except a black streak placed on the anterior
edges next the upper corners.
_Under Side._ Tongue black. Breast, legs, and abdomen ash-coloured. The
superior wings marked and coloured as on the upper side, but less
distinctly. Posterior wings tawny orange, having a broad ash-coloured bar
crossing them from the anterior to the abdominal edges. On this bar are
placed two eyes, with double pupils; the lower one being of a fine blue
with a yellow iris; the upper one, next the anterior edges, blue and
black, with a brown iris. Margins of the wings dentated.
{35}VANESSA TEREA.
Plate XVIII. fig. 3, 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._
GENUS. VANESSA, _Fabr. Latr. God. Steph. &c._ Papilio (Nymph. Gemm.),
_Drury, &c._
VANESSA TEREA. Alis dentatis supra fuscis, fasciâ communi fulvâ lineâ
nigrâ divisâ; anticis subfalcatis punctis apicalibus albis, posticis
intus subcaudatis, ocello anali gemino. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Gemm.) Terea, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 1, 2. _Fab. Ent.
Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 92. _No._ 288. _Cramer_, _pl._ 138. _fig._ E. F.
_Encyl. Méth._ ix. _p._ 314. (Vanessa T.)
HABITAT: Sierra Leone.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Thorax and abdomen greenish brown. The
shoulders of all the wings surrounded by a broad patch of a yellowish
brown; joining to this is a yellow clay-coloured bar, rising near the
anterior edges. The remaining part of the wings is occupied by a dusky
black border, situated along the external edges; having some very small
white spots thereon, whereof four are placed near the tips.
_Under Side._ Palpi, legs, breast, and sides pale clay-coloured. Anterior
wings pale clay-coloured; having three irregular indented bars crossing
them, from the anterior to the posterior edges. Along the external edges
is a dark cloud, whereon are four or five exceeding small white eyes, and
a small white spot like an arrow's point near the tips. Posterior wings
pale clay-coloured, clouded along the external edges, where there are
three exceeding small white eyes. A small reddish line crosses these
wings from the abdominal corners to the middle of the anterior edges. All
the wings are dentated; the anterior being a little angulated.
This butterfly, according to Mr. Smeathman, delights to sport in the
sunshine, and is frequently found in company with Pieris Calypso about
cultivated spots, as old rice plantations and cassava grounds.
NYMPHALIS OPIS.
Plate XVIII. fig. 5, 6.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Sw._
GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr. God._ Papilio (Nymphalis), _Linn._
NYMPHALIS OPIS. Alis supra fuscis, fasciâ communi caracteribusque
ochraceis; anticis strigâ punctorum alborum. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6
lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Opis. _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Cramer_, _pl._
138. _fig._ A. B. _Encyl. Méth._ ix. _p._ 381. _No._ 104. (Nymphalis O.)
HABITAT: Sierra Leone.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown. Head, thorax, and abdomen brown. Wings dark
brown, or chocolate colour, formed into divisions by lines of a yellowish
colour crossing and intersecting them in various directions. A yellow bar
rises on the anterior wings, near the middle, and crossing them and the
posterior, meets at the extremity of the body. Close to where the bar
rises on the anterior wings are six very small white spots, placed
between the nerves, reaching to the anterior edges.
_Under Side._ Palpi, breast, and sides greyish brown. Anterior wings
greyish, clouded with red brown, particularly at the tips; on the middle
of the external edges is a patch of yellow, and on the {36}middle of the
posterior edges is a patch of a pale clay colour, with six small white
spots. Posterior wings having a third part, next the shoulders, greyish
and dark brown; the remainder pale clay, with a reddish brown patch next
the upper corners; from whence runs an undulated brown line to the
abdominal edges at the extremity of the body, and another fainter along
the external edges. The wings are dentated.
PLATE XIX.
[Illustration]
NYMPHALIS CÆNIS [male].
Plate XIX. fig. 1, 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._
GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Schrank. Latr. God. Boisd._ Papilio (Dan. Cand.),
_Linn, &c._
NYMPHALIS CÆNIS. Alis subrotundatis albis, margine postico et ante hunc
marginem lineâ angulatâ maculisque nigris; subtus omnibus strigâ communi
brunneâ. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 9 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Cænis, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Encycl. Méth._
ix. _p._ 142. _No._ 85. (Pieris C.)
Nymphalis amphiceda, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. 113. _No._ 348. [female].
_Cramer_, _pl._ 146. D. E. _Enc. Méth._ ix. 384. 113.
HABITAT: Calabar, Africa.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Eyes red brown. Thorax greenish. Abdomen
sooty brown. Wings white, having a narrow border running along the
external edges of a soot brown; over which is an indented, angulated,
black line, appearing in some places like two points of arrows united.
Along the anterior edges of the anterior wings also runs an exceeding
narrow black line.
_Under Side._ Palpi, breast, sides, and legs white. Wings white; being
divided as it were by a brown line, which, beginning near the middle of
the anterior edges of the anterior wings, and crossing them and the
posterior, meets near the abdominal corners. The inner part of the
division having many brown lines thereon, shaped like angles, circles,
&c. A faint angulated brown line runs along the external edges of all the
wings; whereon are some short faint brown streaks placed on the upper
angles. The wings are a little dentated.
NYMPHALIS MELICERTA.
Plate XIX. fig. 3, 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._
GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr. God._ Papilio (Nymph. Phal.), _Linn. Drury_.
NYMPHALIS MELICERTA. Alis denticulatis utrinque fusco-nigris, fasciâ latâ
strigisque albis, anticarum basi maculâ cuneiformi albâ. (Expans. Alar. 2
unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Melicerta, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Herbst.
Pap. tab._ 238. _f._ 5. 6.
Nymphalis Melinoe, _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 432. _No._ 261.
Papilio Blandina, _Cramer_, _pl._ 237. _fig._ E. F.
HABITAT: Sierra Leone.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Thorax and abdomen dark brown. Anterior
wings sooty brown, with two white narrow lines running along the external
edges. From the shoulders runs a long white streak to the middle of the
wing, and a small one at the end of it; where are also six other white
streaks placed transversely, one of which is very small. Posterior wings
sooty brown, having the two narrow lines continued along the external
edges from the anterior wings. A broad straight white bar crosses these
{37}wings, being a little indented on the lower side; beginning at the
anterior edges near the upper corners, and meeting at the body on the
abdominal edges.
_Under Side._ Palpi, breast, sides, and legs ash-coloured; all the white
parts appearing broader and larger on this side than on the upper; the
lines along the external edges are broader, and the dark parts of the
wings have a few whitish marks on them that are not seen on the other
side. The wings are a little dentated.
The Melicerta of Fabricius and the Encyclopédie Méthodique appears to be a
distinct species, having the base of the anterior wings spotted with white.
I have restored Drury's name to the present insect, as it has the priority.
ANTHOCARIS ARETHUSA.
Plate XIX. fig. 5, 6.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Papilionidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. ANTHOCARIS, _Boisduval_. Pieris, _Latr. &. God._ Papilio (Dan.
Cand.) _Drury_.
ANTHOCARIS ARETHUSA. Alis rotundatis integerrimis albidis; supra anticis
apice maculâque, posticis strigâ incurvâ punctisque marginalibus fuscis;
anticarum subtus apice fulvo. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 10 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Arethusa, _Drury_, _Append. vol._ 2. _Boisduval
Hist. Nat. Lepidopt._ 1. _p._ 582. (Anthocaris A.)
Pieris Amytis, _Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 123. (Exclus. Syn. _Crameri_.)
Pieris Evippe, [female]. _Enc. Méth. Sup. p._ 805.
HABITAT: Sierra Leone.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown.
Anterior wings white, brown at the base; having a small black round spot
near the centre of each; the tips are dark brown, occupying a third of
the wings; near the middle of the posterior edges is a brown patch, and a
small round spot at the lower corners. Posterior wings white, but clouded
a little near the body. Along the external edges are placed five brown
spots, that next the upper corners being double: also a brown line, like
an obtuse angle, begins on the anterior edges, and ends just below the
body.
_Under Side._ Palpi, breast, and legs ash-coloured. Anterior wings white,
whereof the tips are orange-coloured, verged with yellow; on each wing
are two black spots, one being very small and answering to that on the
upper side; the other larger, and placed near the posterior edges.
Posterior wings pale yellow, with an exceeding small spot, surrounded
with orange colour, placed near the middle of each; the brown obtuse
angle appears faintly on this side, but of an orange colour. All the
wings are entire.
PLATE XX.
[Illustration]
CALLIMORPHA? SANGUIFLUA.
Plate XX. fig. 1, 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Arctiidæ, _Stephens_.
GENUS. CALLIMORPHA? _Latr._ SUBGENUS: ----? Phalæna (----?), _Drury_.
CALLIMORPHA? SANGUIFLUA. Alis nigris, anticis albo et flavo punctatis
nervisque posticis sanguineis; posticis nigris margine coeruleo 4
albo-punctatis. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc. 1½ lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (----) Sanguiflua, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: Surinam.
{38}_Upper Side._ The head is wanting. Thorax blueish black. Abdomen very
dark blue, with five small white spots on each side. Anterior wings
black, with a number of small spots dispersed all over them, whereof five
next the body are yellow, the rest white. The nerves, from the middle to
the extremities of the wings of a dark red, or crimson colour. Posterior
wings at the base of a blueish black, but along the external parts deep
mazarine blue; whereon are placed twelve faintish white spots.
_Under Side._ Nearly corresponds with the upper, except in the number of
spots, which are more numerous; some being surrounded with blue, those
next the external edges being double. The crimson colour on the ribs of
the superior wings is wanting on this side. All the wings are entire.
Notwithstanding the imperfect state of this insect, it is evident that it
is nearly allied to many other species figured by Drury (including those
represented in Pl. 11. fig. 4., Pl. 6. fig. 4., Pl. 11. fig. 3.), and which
appear to form the connecting links between the aberrant Sphingidæ
(Zygænidæ) and the Arctiidæ. The singular neuration of the upper wings of
this insect is nearly similar to that of a remarkable Indian species, which
I have described and figured in Mr. Royle's work on the Natural History of
the Himalaya.
SPILOSOMA EGLE.
Plate XX. fig. 3.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Arctiidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. SPILOSOMA, _Steph._ Arctia, _Latr._ Eyprepia p. _Ochs._ Phalæna
(Noctua), _Drury_.
SPILOSOMA EGLE. Alis griseis immaculatis; abdomine luteo, maculis
dorsalibus nigris. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 10 lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Bombyx) Egle, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: New York.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ grey, slightly pectinated. Head grey. Neck
cream-coloured. Thorax grey. Abdomen yellow, with seven small black spots
placed along the middle. Wings grey ash-coloured, immaculate.
_Under Side._ Palpi small. Tongue spiral. Abdomen pale yellow. Wings
grey-coloured on this side, immaculate. Margins of the wings entire.
NOCTUA CHERA.
Plate XX. fig. 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Noctuidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. NOCTUA. SUBGENUS. ----
NOCTUA CHERA. Alis griseo-badiis, anticis fasciâ irregulari longitudinali
(cum marginibus externis et posticis) parallelâ fusca. (Expans. Alar. 2
unc. 5 lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Chera, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: Surinam.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ setaceous. Head, thorax, and abdomen greyish
russet. Wings coloured nearly as the preceding insect. The anterior
having a dark brown irregular line running near the posterior and
external edges to the anterior near the tips. Posterior wings immaculate.
{39}_Under Side._ All the parts on this side are of the same colour as
the upper, without any marks whatever on them. Margins of the wings
entire.
I have placed this insect in the family Noctuidæ with doubt, as it seems to
have some resemblance with Galleria Mellonella.
PLATE XXI.
[Illustration]
NYMPHALIS JACINTHA.
Plate XXI. fig. 1, 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._
GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr. God._ Papilio (Nymphalis Phal.), _Drury_.
NYMPHALIS JACINTHA. Alis dentatis fuscis, anticis maculis albo-coeruleis
omnibusque strigâ punctorum, fasciâ intùs crenatâ, lunulisque apicalibus
albidis. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc. 6 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Jacintha, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Fabr. Ent.
Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 111. _No._ 342. [female]?
Papilio N. Liria, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 126. 385. [male]? _Enc.
Méth._ ix. _p._ 395. (Nymphalis Liria).
Papilio Perimale, _Cramer_, _pl._ 65. _fig._ C. D. _pl._ 67. _fig._ B.
HABITAT: Bombay (_Drury_).
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black; having two small white spots placed at the
base, and three others behind them. Thorax and abdomen blackish brown.
Anterior wings, at the base, very dark brown, tinctured with liver
colour, but at the external edges lighter, and of an orange tinge; having
six small white spots placed parallel with the edge, but at a small
distance from it. Near the middle of these wings are four small blue
spots, when the insect is held in a particular direction. Posterior wings
darkest at the base, but the other parts are of an olive brown; the
external edges are fringed with white, having a row of cream-coloured
crescents above, and another row of cream spots above that, placed two
and two, with seven small white spots placed above the whole. All the
wings are dentated.
_Under Side._ Legs brown. Thighs white. Breast and abdomen whitish. Wings
brown olive, darkest next the body, with the same cream-coloured spots as
on the upper side, but a little fainter.
NYMPHALIS PERSEIS.
Plate XXI. fig. 3, 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains._
GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr. God._ Papilio (Nymphalis Phal.), _Drury_.
NYMPHALIS PERSEIS. Alis dentatis, utrinque nigris disco communi testaceo;
anticis maculis duabus fasciâque, posticis punctis marginalibus
ochraceis. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Nymphalis Phal.) Perseis, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Herbst.
tab._ 137. _fig._ 5. 6.
Papilio (Nymph.) Persea, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 137. _No._ 423.
_Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 391.
HABITAT: Sierra Leone.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Thorax and abdomen black, spotted with
white. Anterior wings black, the tips edged with white; two pale
lemon-coloured spots are situated in the centre of the wings, one being
long, the other round; between which and the tips is a long lemon streak,
extending from the anterior almost to the external edges; a large patch
of a dull red is also placed on the hinder part of the wings, extending
along the posterior edges from the shoulders almost to the lower corners.
Posterior {40}wings dull red-coloured, bordered with black, whereon are
seven small white spots placed along the external edges, and reaching
from the upper to the abdominal corners. All the wings are dentated.
_Under Side._ Palpi yellow. Breast white. Legs brown. Thighs white.
Anterior wings marked as on the upper side, but the colours are much
duller. Posterior wings dirty red, bordered with black, whereon are eight
white spots, larger than those on the upper side; the colours of the
whole being much duller and fainter than on that side.
PLATE XXII.
[Illustration]
ALCIS SCOLOPACEA.
Plate XXII. fig. 1.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Geometridæ, _Steph._
GENUS. ALCIS, _Curtis_. Boarmia, _Treit._ Phalæna (Noctua), _Drury_.
ALCIS SCOLOPACEA. Alis dentatis griseis, fusco atomosis, strigisque
dentatis et undulatis communibus albidis et fuscis. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc.
5 lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Scolopacea, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: Jamaica.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ filiform. Thorax, abdomen, and wings brownish grey;
the latter varied with dark indented brown streaks and lines, contrasted
with white and ash colour, crossing them from the anterior to the
posterior and abdominal edges.
_Under Side._ Legs, sides, abdomen, and wings yellow wainscot-coloured.
About half the anterior ones, from the tips towards the shoulders, are
marked with faint dark brown lines and streaks. Posterior wings having a
faintish dark brown cloud, situated near the upper corners. All the wings
are deeply dentated.
CALLIMORPHA? MARGINATA.
Plate XXII. fig. 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Arctiidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. CALLIMORPHA? _Latr._ Phalæna (Bombyx), _Drury_.
CALLIMORPHA? MARGINATA. Alis anticis fusco-nigris, margine antico baseos
luteo, posticis atris basi maculâ discoidali, punctisque marginalibus,
coerulescenti albis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 5 lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Bombyx) marginata, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: Jamaica.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ pectinated. Head black. Neck yellow. Tongue
distinct. Thorax and abdomen black; the latter having two rows of grey
spots placed along the upper side of it, and reaching towards the anus,
which is yellow. Anterior wings deep black, the anterior edges next the
shoulders being yellow. Posterior wings sooty black, with a whitish cloud
next the shoulders, and a white spot near the centre of each; a row of
whitish spots are also placed along the external edges, which become
fainter as they approach the upper corners.
_Under Side._ Breast, sides, legs, and abdomen black. All the wings are
the same; the anterior ones being edged with yellow next the shoulders,
and two faint grey spots near the middle; a small whitish streak is also
placed on the posterior ones, next the abdominal edges, about a quarter
of an inch from the shoulders, where is a small yellow spot on each wing.
Margins of the wings entire.
{41}VENILIA? SOSPETA.
Plate XXII. fig. 3.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Geometridæ, _Steph._
GENUS. VENILIA? _Duponchel, Stephens_. Macaria p., _Curtis_.
VENILIA? SOSPETA. Alis flavis; anticis punctis duobus parvis
discoidalibus maculisque tribus marginalibus; posticis maculâ unicâ
versus angulum ani, brunneis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 5 lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Sospeta, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: Jamaica.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ filiform. Head pale yellow. Eyes dark brown. Tongue
spiral. Thorax, abdomen, and wings pale yellow. On the posterior edges of
the anterior wings are placed two faint brown streaks; one, which is
smallest, being about a quarter of an inch from the shoulders, the other
the same distance from the lower corners; about the same distance from
the tips, on the anterior edges, is placed another very small one.
Posterior wings having likewise two of these faint spots, one on the
anterior, the other on the abdominal edges.
_Under Side._ Sides, breast, and abdomen pale yellow. Legs brown and
yellow. Wings pale yellow, with the same spots and marks as on the upper
side, but more distinct. The wings are a little angulated.
EREBUS? OPIGENA.
Plate XXII. fig. 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Noctuidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. EREBUS? _Latr._ Phalæna (Noctua), _Drury_.
EREBUS? OPIGENA. Alis angulatis badio-fuscis, strigis nonnullis undulatis
et dentatis communibus obscurioribus. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 6 lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Opigena, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: Jamaica.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ filiform. Head dark brown. Neck ash colour. Palpi
long and greyish, the extremities being black. Tongue spiral. Thorax,
abdomen, and wings dark russet or grey brown; the latter having some
faint dark indented lines crossing the middle of them, from the anterior
to the posterior and abdominal edges. The tips of the anterior wings
terminate in an obtuse angle.
_Under Side._ Breast, sides, abdomen, legs, and wings very dark brown. A
dark narrow line begins at the anterior edge of the superior wings, about
a quarter of an inch from the tips, and crossing them and the posterior
ones ends at the abdominal edges, just below the body; dividing each wing
into two compartments, that above the line being a degree darker than
that below it; in the centre of each of these divisions is placed a faint
black spot, and along the external edges are several of a smaller size,
and equally faint. Margins of the wings entire.
{42}PLATE XXIII.
[Illustration]
URANIA RHIPHEUS.
Plate XXIII. fig. 1, 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia? FAMILY: Uraniidæ.
GENUS. URANIA, _Fabr._ (Syst. Gloss.) _Latr._ Cydimon, _Dalm._ (Prodr.
Mon. Castniæ.) Leilus & Rhipheus, _Swainson Zool. Illustr._
URANIA RHIPHEUS. Alis nigris, anticis utrinque lineolis transversis
fasciâque mediâ bifidâ aureo viridibus, posticis areâ anali cupreâ
violaceo micanti nigroque maculatâ. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc. 9 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Eq. Troj.) Rhipheus, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Esper. Pap.
Exot. t._ 21. _f._ 1. 2.
Rhipheus dasycephalus, _Swainson Zool. Illust. N. Ser. pl._ 131.
HABITAT: China (_Drury_). Bengal (_Cramer_). Coromandel (Fabricius).
Madagascar (_Enc. Méth._).
_Upper Side._ "The antennæ are black, and knobbed at their extremities."
Eyes dark brown. Thorax and abdomen black. The ground of the anterior
wings is a lovely deep green, marked or striped all over with irregular
streaks of a deep black, almost all of which run in a direction from the
anterior to the posterior edges. Posterior wings, next the body, black;
but towards the anterior edges are of a fine light blue green, clouded
with black. The other parts, next the abdominal and external edges, are
of a curious, deep, blood-red, shining with gold, and spotted with black.
_Under Side._ Palpi grey. Breast and abdomen ash-coloured. Wings light
sea-green, clouded or marked as on the upper side with black. Posterior
wings, next the body, of a most brilliant golden green, with small spots
of black, which green softens into a fine purple, from that into a
crimson, then into a blood-red, and lastly to an orange; which colours
occupy the greater part of these wings: that part which lies next the
upper corners being of a fine blue green, clouded with black; all the
colours on this side have a rich glow of gold, and appear changeable,
according to the position in which the light strikes on them; from the
abdominal corner runs a narrow black border along the external edge, the
width of three membranes, stopping at the angle, and communicating with a
large black spot situated near the abdominal edge. "The whole exhibiting
the most beautiful colours I ever saw united in one insect."
The splendid insect, from which these figures were taken, has been
considered by most Lepidopterists to have been in a mutilated and mended
state; having the head, concealed palpi, and clavate antennæ of a true
Papilio, and the posterior wings nearly truncated at the lower part. These
authors have supposed that the insect was a specimen of the Papilio
Rhipheus of Cramer (pl. 385. fig. A. B. Leilus orientalis, Swainson Zool.
Illustr. N. Ser. pl. 130.), in which the head and antennæ are similar to
those of Nyctalemon Orontes, figured in the first volume of this work, and
the posterior wings are terminated by three tails. Mr. Swainson has however
adopted a different opinion, figuring Drury's insect under the name of
Rhipheus Dasycephalus, and Cramer's under that of Leilus Orientalis;
considering that this view of the subject "will clear up one of the most
intricate and perplexing questions that has hitherto impeded the natural
arrangement of the Linnæan Papiliones and even the entire Lepidoptera."
Drury's insect exhibiting the nervures of Urania, and the head, &c. of
Papilio, is thus considered as establishing as close an affinity as can
possibly be imagined between Papilio and Leilus (i. e. the Rhipheus of
Cramer). It is true that there are many Lepidopterous insects which, on a
{43}casual glance, appear identical, but which belong to distinct groups,
especially distinguished by the neuration of their wings, but when we
consider the almost perfect identity, in the very peculiar markings and
colours, of these two supposed distinct insects, the identity in the nerves
of their wings;[4] the slight scruple which the old collectors had in
patching up their insects, and the truncation of the hind wings in Drury's
figure, which may be exactly imitated by placing a slip of paper over the
tails of perfect tailed specimens of Rhipheus, I think we are authorised in
rejecting, without hesitation, the views of Mr. Swainson.
That this group of insects is one of the most interesting amongst the
Lepidoptera, and at the same time exceedingly difficult, with respect to
its natural relations, cannot be denied. Modern authors, Mr. Swainson
observes, have been unfortunate in their location of this group, of course
alluding to its being placed by Latreille in the family Hesperiidæ. Mr.
Swainson, however, is not less unfortunate in his introduction of it into
the family Papilionidæ, with which the structure of the fore legs is said
peculiarly to rank it. This character, nevertheless, together with its
day-flying habits and brilliant colours, are the only points in which an
affinity can be traced between the Papilionidæ and Uraniidæ. But the
structure of the hind legs (having spurs in the middle, as well as at the
tips of the tibiæ), and of the nerves of the wings, antennæ, and palpi, all
exhibit a very slight degree of relationship with Papilio. Mr. Swainson
has, indeed, endeavoured to make the affinity more evident by introducing
Papilio Curius, Fabr. as a subgenus (Leptocircus) in the genus Leilus (or
Urania), but the relationship between these is of the slightest and most
unsatisfactory kind. Mr. Newman has suggested another view of the
affinities of this group. In his sketch of the circular distribution of the
Lepidoptera,[5] he has introduced into the Butterfly circle, the genera
Coronis and Urania, the last forming the connecting link with the
Geometridæ, by Leach's genus Ourapteryx, or the Swallow-tail Moth. The
whole structure of the latter insect indicates, however, most clearly that
the relation is but an analogical one. Had, indeed, the observations of M.
Sganzin,[6] relative to the transformations of Urania Rhipheus been
confirmed, this would certainly have been its more appropriate locality,
its caterpillar being said by him to be a semi-looper, and its chrysalis to
be naked, suspended by the tail, and girt round the centre. But the
elaborate memoir of Mr. MacLeay,[7] upon the habits and changes of Urania
Fernandinæ, prove most clearly that the larva closely resembles that of
Agarista;[8] and that the pupa, as in that genus, is inclosed in a cocoon.
Now this latter character exists in some species of Hesperia. In these,
however, the chrysalis is still attached by its tail. Mr. MacLeay does not
mention whether such is the case in Urania; but since his return from Cuba
he has had the kindness to shew me the cocoon, and to inform me that the
chrysalis is loose. This character, {44}therefore, with the entire
structure of the imago, removes it from the Diurnal Lepidoptera, and
associates it most satisfactorily with the Hesperi-sphinges of Latreille,
especially Agarista and Coronis, which last is very near Urania Lunus. Thus
the situation proposed for these insects by Latreille, between Hesperia and
Agarista, &c. is found to be most fortunate; Mr. Swainson himself admitting
a relationship with the Hesperiidæ, by calling them the "Hesperian" type of
the Papilionidæ. They also appear to have some relation with Erebus. The
original specimen here figured is stated by Mr. Drury to have been in the
possession of Captain May, of Hammersmith, when the drawing was made. It is
now in all probability destroyed, and cannot be traced.
THECLA PAN.
Plate XXIII. fig. 3, 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Lycænidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. THECLA, _Fabr._ (Syst. Gloss.) Polyommatus p. _Latr._ Papilio
(Pleb. rural.), _Linn. &c._
THECLA PAN. Alis fuscis bicaudatis; subtus fuscescentibus, ocellis duobus
anguli ani, externo nigro iride rufâ. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Papilio (Pleb. rur.) Pan, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: Jamaica.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Thorax, abdomen, and wings dark brown, or
dark hair-coloured; the latter being furnished with two small tails like
hairs, the extremities being white.
_Under Side._ Palpi white. Breast greyish. Wings nearly the same colour
as on the upper side. The posterior having two eyes on each at the
abdominal corners; one being black with a red iris, the other grey and
faint; above them is a small indented white line, pointing to a spot of
the same colour placed at the middle of the anterior edge.
Fabricius, without referring to this figure of Drury, described an Indian
species of the same genus from Drury's collection, under the same specific
name, which must of course be rejected. The French encyclopedists consider
the latter as identical with the Fabrician Hesperia Isocrates.
PLATE XXIV.
[Illustration]
EREBUS HERCYNA.
Plate XXIV. fig. 1, 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Noctuidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. EREBUS, _Latr._ Thysania, _Dalm._ Phalæna (Noctua), _Drury_.
EREBUS HERCYNA. Alis dentatis fuscis obscurè undulatis, anticarum disco
(puncto nigro) posticarum strigâ mediâ undulatâ pallidè cinereis.
(Expans. Alar. 4 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Hercyna, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: Jamaica.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ filiform, brown, and thread-like. Head, thorax,
abdomen, and wings greyish brown. The anterior wings having about
two-thirds, next the shoulders, of a lighter brown, being {45}separated
from the darker part by a narrow, black, undulated line, similar to one
which runs along the external edges from the tips to the lower corners;
near the shoulders are placed two brown spots on each wing, one round,
the other squarish. Posterior wings having two narrow, black, undulated
lines crossing them, one next the external edges, the other about a
quarter of an inch above them; the latter being edged with white.
_Under Side._ Palpi, breast, and sides greyish brown. Tongue spiral.
Anterior wings rather lighter than on the upper side; having a dark
undulated line crossing them, near the middle, from the anterior to the
posterior edges; near the shoulders are two brown spots, one exactly like
a comma, the other round and smaller; a white streak, edged at the top
with brown, is placed near the lower corners; and along the external
edges is a row of faint angulated brown spots placed over each scollop.
Posterior wings greyish brown; having a small, square, brown spot near
the shoulders, and a patch of a whitish colour at the upper corners. A
dark brown undulated line, edged with white, begins near the middle of
the anterior edges, which crossing the wings ends at the extremity of the
body; and along the external edges runs a series of brown spots, placed
over each scollop. All the wings are dentated.
SATURNIA MAIA.
Plate XXIV. fig. 3.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Bombycidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. Saturnia, _Schrank._ Attacus, _Germar._ Phalæna (attacus),
_Drury_.
SATURNIA MAIA. Alis rotundatis nigris; fasciâ albâ, maculâ subocellari
nigrâ, ano rufescenti. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Bombyx) Maia, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Cramer_, _Ins._ 2.
_tab._ 98. _fig._ A.
Bombyx Proserpina, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 419. _No._ 40. _Gmel.
Linn. S. N._ 2407. 480. _Abbot & Smith Ins. Georg. pl._ 50. _Oliv. Enc.
Méth._ 5. 37. 48. _Pal. Bauv. Ins. d'Afr. et d'Amer. Lep._ _pl._ 24. _f._
2. 3.
HABITAT: New York (_Drury_). Georgia (_Abbot_).
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black, and strongly pectinated. Neck ash-coloured.
Thorax and abdomen black, the extremity being orange. Wings pellucid. The
anterior being black, with a white bar crossing them from the anterior to
the posterior edges; whereon is a semi-eye placed near the former.
Posterior wings black, with a broader white bar crossing them from the
anterior to the abdominal edges; having near the former a black
triangular spot thereon.
_Under Side._ Palpi and tongue indistinct. Legs and thorax black. Thighs
orange. Abdomen grey, having its sides spotted with white; the extremity
orange. Wings coloured as on the upper side, but rather more distinct.
The thinness of the wings occasions the colours to be less distinct and
clear than in most others of this kind. Margins of the wings entire.
The caterpillar of this very conspicuous moth feeds upon the red oak
(Quercus rubra, Linn.), and other species of the same genus. The
caterpillars represented by Abbot are considerably different in colour; one
being dark-coloured, but covered over with minute yellow spots; and the
other yellow, with a slender, dorsal, and two broader lateral black lines.
The head is red, and each segment is furnished with a transverse series of
tubercles, {46}emitting spinose setæ. It is, I presume, by the assistance
of these setæ that "the caterpillar stings very sharply," as stated by
Abbot. When small the whole brood lives together, but they disperse as they
grow larger. One of these larvæ, in Virginia, went into the ground on the
1st of July, and the moth came out on the 20th of October; whilst in
Georgia another buried itself on the 14th of June, and the fly did not
appear until the 8th of December; after which other individuals kept coming
out from time to time until the 16th of February. The male appears by day,
and flies very swiftly, mounting and descending. The moth is called in
America the Buck-fly, from an erroneous idea that its caterpillars are bred
in the heads of the buck, which blow them out of their nostrils. This
opinion originates from the fly coming out in the rutting season whilst the
bucks are pursuing the does; the hunters therefore take notice of the
insect in order to know the proper season for their sport, which is later
in Georgia than in Virginia, as is also the appearance of the moth. They
are much more plentiful in the last-mentioned country. (Abbot, loc. cit.)
The specific name of Drury having the priority, I have retained it;
although that subsequently proposed by Fabricius is far more expressive,
recalling, as Sir J. E. Smith observes, the idea of a fair flower which had
"by gloomy Dis been gathered,"
now become as grizly as the grim monarch of the infernal regions himself.
EREBUS EDUSA.
Plate XXIV. fig. 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Noctuidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. EREBUS, _Latr._ Thysania, _Dalm._ Phalæna (noctua), _Drury_.
EREBUS EDUSA. Alis castaneis fusco irroratis, anticis maculis nonnullis
baseos alterisque duabus majoribus apicalibus; apiceque posticarum (nigro
punctato) albis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 2 lin.)
SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Edusa, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: New York.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown and filiform. Thorax, abdomen, and wings of a
fine red sandy brown colour; the first ring of the abdomen with an
ash-coloured spot. Anterior wings with two whitish oblong spots on the
external edges of each; one near the tips, the other at the lower
corners. A small whitish bar crosses these wings about a quarter of an
inch from the body; and next the shoulders is a spot of the same whitish
colour. Posterior wings brown, with an oblong whitish spot placed along
the external edges, reaching from the abdominal almost to the upper
corners. Cilia brown.
_Under Side._ Palpi brown. Tongue short. Breast, sides, and legs paler
than on the upper side. Wings pale sandy-coloured, except a few small,
round, dark spots dispersed over them, but scarcely discernible. Margins
of all the wings dentated.
{47}PLATE XXV.
[Illustration]
SPHINX ANTÆUS.
Plate XXV. fig. 1.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Sphingidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. SPHINX, _Auct._
SPHINX ANTÆUS. Alis anticis cinereis nigro undatis, posticis nigris basi
rufis fasciâque fenestratâ, capite bicorni. (Expans. Alar. [male]. 6
unc.--[female]. 7 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Sphinx Antæus, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
Sphinx Hydaspes, _Cram. Ins. tab._ 118. _fig._ A.
Sphinx Jatrophæ, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. 362. _No._ 22. _Gmel. Linn.
S. N._ 2376. 63. _Merian Ins. Surinam_, _tab._ 38.
HABITAT: Jamaica (_Drury_). "In Americæ Jatropha gossypifolia." _Fabr._
_Upper Side._ Antennæ white underneath, and brown above. Head and thorax
dark rusty brown. Abdomen the same on the upper part, but on each side of
the second, third, and fourth rings are three yellow spots. Anterior
wings dark rusty brown, with several black, waved, and indented lines
placed in different parts; and in the middle, near the anterior edges,
are two small, round, white spots placed on each wing. The middle of the
posterior wings transparent like glass; with a deep brown or black border
running along the external edges from the abdominal to the upper corners;
the part next the body being yellow.
_Under Side._ Breast and abdomen cream-coloured. Legs white and brown.
Anterior wings, next the body, with two yellow longitudinal streaks; the
remaining parts being red brown (differing from the colour on the upper
side) without any other marks or clouds on them. Posterior wings coloured
as on the upper side, except in the black border, which on this side is
red brown.
SMERINTHUS JAMAICENSIS.
Plate XXV. fig. 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Sphingidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. SMERINTHUS, _Latr._ Laothoë, _Fabr._ (Syst. Gloss.) Sphinx,
_Linn._
SMERINTHUS JAMAICENSIS. Alis anticis fusco, griseo, olivaceoque variis,
posticis roseis ocello coeruleo nigro marginato. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 5
lin.)
SYN. Sphinx ocellatus Jamaicensis, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
Sphinx ocellatus, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. 355. _No._ 1. _Gmel. Linn.
Syst. N._ 2371. 1.
HABITAT: Jamaica (_Drury_). "In Europæ Americæ Spiræâ, Salice, Pomonâ."
_Fabr._
_Upper Side._ Antennæ pectinated and brown. Head and thorax soft
dun-coloured, but dark brown above. Abdomen dun. Anterior wings delicate
fine greyish, light brown next the shoulders and tips; the remaining
parts being clouded with dark olive brown colours. Posterior wings red in
the middle, but along the external edges dun-coloured; having a large
black spot placed near the abdominal corners, the middle of which is
blue, and imperfectly resembling an eye. All the wings are angulated.
_Under Side._ Breast and abdomen dun. Anterior wings red in the middle;
but along the anterior edges ash-coloured, which runs to the tips where
it forms a crescent, the inner part being dark olive brown; the external
edges are olive brown, but lighter than the crescent. Posterior wings
clouded with olive brown and ash-colour; having a double ash-coloured bar
crossing them, which rises at the anterior edges of the anterior wings,
and, running circularly, ends at the abdominal edges of the posterior.
{48}Fabricius cites the present figure amongst his synonyms of the common
English Eyed-hawk moth (Smerinthus ocellatus), notwithstanding its very
different habitat. It is evident, however, from the diversity in the
outline of the wings of this insect and other English species, and from the
circumstance of several species very closely allied to this being found in
America (two of which are figured by Abbot and Smith in "the Insects of
Georgia," pl. 25. and 26.), that Fabricius overlooked the minute characters
which distinguish these species, and confounded them under the name of
Ocellatus. Drury's insect very nearly approaches Sphinx Myops of Smith, but
differs in the markings, especially of the posterior edge of the wings, and
the colour of the posterior pair.
Sir J. E. Smith notices the very slight difference which exists between the
caterpillars of nearly allied species of Sphingidæ, compared with the
diversity in the larvæ of the genus Papilio of Linnæus.
PLATE XXVI.
[Illustration]
SPHINX FICUS.
Plate XXVI. fig. 1.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Sphingidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. SPHINX, _Auct._
SPHINX FICUS. Alis anticis cinereo fuscoque nebulosis, maculâ apicali
albidâ; posticis nigris basi fasciâque mediâ luteis angulo ani albo.
(Expans. Alar. [male]. 5 unc.--[female]. 6 unc.)
SYN. _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. 800. 15. _Cramer_, _tab._ 246. _fig._ E.
_Merian Ins. Surin. t._ 33. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. 366. _No._ 31.
_Gmel. Linn. S. N._ 2380. 15.
HABITAT: Jamaica.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ ash-coloured. Head, thorax, abdomen, and anterior
wings dark olive; the extremities of the latter ending in a point, where
is situated a cream-coloured spot, close to the anterior edges, whose
extremity runs to the tips; a patch of a dark cream colour is also placed
on the external edges, joining to the lower corners. Posterior wings,
next the body, dark cream-coloured; below this is a black bar, and
another at the external edges, with a dark cream bar between them. The
abdominal corners terminate in a point, which is of a fine white silvery
hue.
_Under Side._ Breast, abdomen, legs, and wings pale olive brown, with
three faint indistinct lines crossing them from the anterior to the
abdominal edges. The anterior wings having a faint whitish streak placed
at the tips.
SMERINTHUS ASTYLUS.
Plate XXVI. fig. 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Sphingidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. SMERINTHUS, _Latr._ Laothoë, _Fabr._ (Syst. Gloss.) Sphinx,
_Linn._
SMERINTHUS ASTYLUS. Alis subangulatis cinnamoneo-roseis, anticarum apice
strigisque subapicalibus fuscis, posticarum ocello coerulescenti.
(Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 10 lin.)
SYN. Sphinx Astylus, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: New York.
{49}_Upper Side._ Antennæ reddish. Thorax and abdomen reddish cinnamon;
having a dark line running from the head along the back to the tail.
Anterior wings reddish cinnamon; having a dark apical margin, and a paler
streak running circularly from the tips to the lower corners; where, at
each of those places, is a yellowish indistinct mark. Posterior wings
reddish cinnamon, paler at the base; near the abdominal corners is a
round black spot, with an indistinct centre.
_Under Side._ Breast, thighs, and abdomen cinnamon. Legs black. Wings
nearly coloured as on the upper side; the pale streaks and yellow marks,
at the tips and lower corners, being more distinct and plain on this
side; the black spots on the posterior wings being wanting. Drury
considered it as a distinct species from that in the foregoing plate.
SPHINX HYLÆUS.
Plate XXVI. fig. 3.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Sphingidæ.
GENUS. SPHINX, _Auct._
SPHINX HYLÆUS. Alis anticis fuscis margine interno apiceque variegatis;
posticis nigris maculâ basali fasciâque mediâ transversâ cinereis.
(Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.)
SYN. Sphinx Hylæus, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Cramer Ins. pl._ 107. _fig._
C? _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. 373. _No._ 53. _Gmel. Linn. S. N._ 2383.
81.
Sphinx Prini, _Abbott & Smith Ins. Georg. tab._ 35.
HABITAT: New York.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ white within, brown without. Head, thorax, and
abdomen rusty grey brown; the latter having on the sides of each ring a
narrow white streak, and two small white spots on the upper part.
Anterior wings rusty grey brown; having several dappled white marks
dispersed on different parts, particularly at the shoulders and external
edges; a narrow black line rises near the lower corners, running from
thence to the anterior edges, and ending near the tips; cilia brown,
spotted with white. Posterior wings black; cilia white, having some
whitish marks thereon, particularly near the abdominal corners.
_Under Side._ Breast and abdomen white. Legs brown. Wings brown; having
two faint indented lines crossing them, near the tips and lower corners.
Posterior wings brown, with some faint undulated dark lines crossing them
from the anterior edges to the abdominal corners.
The caterpillar of this insect, observed by Abbot, feeds upon the evergreen
winter-berry, or gall-berry (Prinos glaber, Linn.), whence Sir J. E. Smith
altered the name of the species from Hylæus to Prini. It is of a pale green
colour, with six lateral oblique pink lines, the last of which extends to
the base of the nearly straight tail, which is of the same colour; the
chrysalis is chesnut, without any porrected tongue-case. One of these
caterpillars, observed by Abbot, went into the ground on the 17th of May,
and appeared as a moth on the 19th of June; whilst another buried itself on
the 25th of August, and remained in the earth until the 26th of April. The
caterpillar is subject to the attacks of a small Ichneumon, the larvæ of
which, when full grown, eat their way out of its body and spin themselves
up on the outside. The moth is occasionally seen sucking the blossoms of
gourds in the twilight, but is not common.
{50}PLATE XXVII.
[Illustration]
DEILEPHILA NESSUS.
Plate XXVII. fig. 1.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Sphingidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. DEILEPHILA, _Ochs._ Spectrum P. _Scop._ Sphinx P. _Linn._
DEILEPHILA NESSUS. Alis anticis cinerascentibus apice externo albido,
posticis nigris fasciâ fulvâ, abdominis lateribus fulvis. (Expans. Alar.
fere 5 unc.)
SYN. Sphinx Nessus, _Drury, App. vol._ 2. _Cramer Ins. tab._ 226. _fig._
D.
Sphinx equestris, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. 365. _No._ 29.
HABITAT: Madras.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ white above, and brown beneath. Head, neck, and
thorax olive brown, with an ash-coloured streak running on each side
thereof. Abdomen, next the thorax, very dark, from whence a brown list
runs along the upper part to the extremity; the sides being of a golden
yellow. Anterior wings dark green next the shoulders, softening to a nut
brown as it runs along the anterior edges; the tips cream-coloured, from
whence run two faint lines to the middle of the posterior edges; and also
a lightish bar running in the same direction. Along the external edges
they are of a delicate, soft, nut brown colour, and near the middle of
each is a small black spot, placed near the anterior edge. Posterior
wings black next the body, but nut brown along the external edges (about
half way); the abdominal corners and adjoining parts being cream colour,
as are the cilia and anterior edges.
_Under Side._ Breast, sides, and abdomen deep golden yellow; the middle
of which and the legs are ash-coloured. Wings deep yellow. The anterior,
next the body, greenish black, and cream-coloured next the tips. The
posterior having several faint, dark, and undulated lines crossing them
from the anterior to the abdominal edges.
GLAUCOPIS COARCTATA [female].
Plate XXVII. fig. 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia? FAMILY: Ægeriidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. GLAUCOPIS, _Fabricius_. (syst. Gloss.) Zygæna, _Fabr. Olim._
Sphinx P. _Drury_.
GLAUCOPIS COARCTATA. Alis flavo-hyalinis, marginibus maculâque anticarum
fuscis, abdomine basi coarctato, maculis aureo-coerulescentibus. (Expans.
Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)
SYN. Sphinx coarctata, _Drury, App. vol._ 2. _Cramer Ins. tab._ 4. _f._
F. G.
Zygæna caudata, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 403. _No._ 58. _Gmel.
Linn. S. N._ 2398. 147. _Pallas Spicel. Zool._ 1. _tab._ 2. _fig._ 8.
[male].
HABITAT: Bay of Honduras (_Drury_). "In America meridionali" (_Fabr._).
_Upper Side._ Antennæ pectinated, and thickest in the middle. Head black,
with a blue spot in front. Neck blue. Thorax black, with an orange spot
on each shoulder. Abdomen black; smallest next the thorax, with a row of
golden blue spots on each side, and another at top; at the extremity is
placed a hairy bristle, about a quarter the length of the abdomen. Wings
yellowish, and transparent. The anterior having a black narrow border
running round all their edges, except the anterior ones; and in the
middle of each is an oblong black spot, joining to the anterior edge,
which reaches almost half across the wing. Posterior wings with a black
border along the abdominal edges and the upper corners; the anterior and
external edges having none.
_Under Side._ Palpi externally white, but internally black. Tongue curled
up. Breast black, the sides being blue. Legs black. Thighs white within,
and blue without. Abdomen, next the thorax, {51}white; the remainder
being black, with four white spots on each side; that next the anus being
the smallest. Wings as on the upper side; except the anterior, which have
a yellowish border running along the posterior edges.
The extremity of the body of the male is furnished with a villose tail, as
long as the body.
AGLAOPE PLUMIPES.
Plate XXVII. fig. 3.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia? FAMILY: Ægeriidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. AGLAOPE, _Latr._ Sphinx, _Drury_.
AGLAOPE PLUMIPES. Nigricans, thorace maculis abdomineque fasciis albis,
alis immaculatis, tibiis posticis plumosis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)
SYN. Sphinx plumipes, _Drury, App. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: Bay of Honduras.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black, but whitish at the tips; being thickest in
the middle. Head black, with a white spot in front between the antennæ.
Neck black, with three white spots on it. Thorax black, with several
white spots thereon. Abdomen black, with several narrow white rings.
Wings dark brown, immaculate.
_Under Side._ Palpi white. Tongue spiral. Breast black, spotted with
white on its sides. Abdomen black, having one broad white ring on it, and
several narrow ones. Legs long and black. Thighs white. Hinder legs
furnished with tufts of hairs of a black colour, placed in such manner as
to resemble the shaft of an arrow; the legs, above and below these tufts,
being white. Wings coloured as on the upper side.
DEILEPHILA ALECTO.
Plate XXVII. fig. 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Sphingidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. DEILEPHILA, _Ochs._ Spectrum P. _Scop._ Sphinx P. _Linn._
DEILEPHILA ALECTO. Alis anticis griseis, strigis nonnullis obliquis
apicalibus obscurioribus; posticis rubris basi margineque atris. (Expans.
Alar. 3 unc. 9 lin.)
SYN. Sphinx Alecto, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. 802. _No._ 20. _Cramer, tab._
137. _fig._ D. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. 376. _No._ 59. _Gmel. Linn. S.
N._ 2384. 20.
HABITAT: Madras.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ white above, brown underneath; hooked at the
extremities. Head and thorax olive brown, with a white stripe running on
each side from the front to the shoulders. Abdomen greyish brown; having
a black spot on each side, near the thorax. Anterior wings soft olive
brown; having a dark line running from the tips to the posterior edges,
near the middle. Posterior wings, next the shoulders, black; the
remainder being red, except the abdominal edges and corners, which are
cream-coloured; and a brown margin running along the external edges.
_Under Side._ Breast, sides, legs, and abdomen yellowish clay-coloured.
Wings dark orange, margined with faint brown.
{52}PLATE XXVIII.
[Illustration]
DEILEPHILA CLOTHO.
Plate XXVIII. fig. 1.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Sphingidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. DEILEPHILA, _Ochs._ Spectrum P. _Scop._ Sphinx P. _Linn._
DEILEPHILA CLOTHO. Alis cinereo-olivaceis, lineâ rectâ e margine postico
ad apicem ductâ nigrâ; posticis nigris externè fuscis, angulo ani
pallidiori. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc.)
SYN. Sphinx Clotho. _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
Sphinx Butus, _Cram. tab._ 152. A.
Sphinx Gnoma, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. 376. _No._ 61. (nec Clotho,
_Fabr. loc. cit. No._ 60.)
HABITAT: Madras.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ cream-coloured. Head brown olive, with a
cream-coloured stripe running on each side to the abdomen. Thorax brown
olive. Abdomen paler, having a black spot on each side near the thorax.
Anterior wings light olive brown, with a line running from the tips to
the middle of the posterior edges, and a small black spot next the
shoulders. Posterior wings, next the body, black; but along the external
edges brown, and palest at the abdominal corners.
_Under Side._ Tongue curled up. Breast and sides cream-coloured. Abdomen
darker. Wings yellowish clay-coloured and freckled. The anterior having a
dark cloud in the middle of each, near the shoulders; and the posterior
having a faint indented line crossing them from the anterior to the
abdominal edges.
ÆGERIA TIBIALIS.
Plate XXVIII. fig. 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia? FAMILY: Ægeriidæ, _Steph._
GENUS. ÆGERIA, _Fabr._ Sesia, _Latr._ Sphinx, _Drury_. Zygæna, _Fabr._
ÆGERIA TIBIALIS. Alis anticis fuscis immaculatis, posticis hyalinis;
tibiis posticis plumosis testaceis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 1½ lin.)
SYN. Sphinx tibialis, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
Zygæna tibialis, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. 404. _No._ 62. _Gmel. Linn.
S. N._ 2399. 151.
HABITAT: Sierra Leone.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black, slightly pectinated; being thickest towards
the extremities, and ending in a point; where, by the assistance of a
microscope, may be observed a small tuft of hairs. Head ash-coloured.
Thorax and abdomen dark hair colour; the latter being encircled with
small white rings. Anterior wings narrow, and of a dark hair colour,
without any marks or spots. Posterior hyaline. Cilia dark brown.
_Under Side._ Palpi yellowish. Tongue curled up. Breast and abdomen
yellowish, having some grey hairs placed between them. Fore and middle
legs dark brown. Hinder legs remarkably hairy; being scarlet on the out
sides, and black on the inner and under sides, with some white tufts
intermixed. Wings as on the upper side.
{53}GLAUCOPIS PHOLUS.
Plate XXVIII. fig. 3.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Zygænidæ.
GENUS. GLAUCOPIS, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ (Zygæna, _Fabr. olim._)
GLAUCOPIS PHOLUS. Atra, alis omnibus basi fulvis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 3
lin.)
SYN. Sphinx Pholus, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
Zygæna Pholus, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. 406. _No._ 27. _Gmel. Linn. S.
N._ 2399. 155. (Sphinx).
HABITAT: New England, New York, Maryland, Virginia, Carolina.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black, and thickest in the middle. Head, eyes,
thorax, and abdomen black. Shoulders and half the superior wings deep
orange yellow; the apical half black. Posterior wings, next the body,
paler yellow; the remaining two-thirds black.
_Under Side._ Tongue curled up. Breast, sides, abdomen, and legs black.
Wings coloured as on the upper side, but not quite so brilliant.
GLAUCOPIS? ASTREAS.
Plate XXVIII. fig. 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Zygænidæ.
GENUS. GLAUCOPIS, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ (Zygæna, _Fabr. olim._)
GLAUCOPIS? ASTREAS. Alis subhyalinis albidis, maculâ mediâ apiceque
fuscis, thorace nigro maculato, abdomine roseo. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc.)
SYN. Sphinx Astreas, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
Noctua Astrea, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 2. _p._ 19. _No._ 35. _Gmel. Linn.
S. N._ 2534. 593.
HABITAT: Bengal (_Drury_). New Holland (_Fabricius_).
_Upper Side._ Antennæ filiform, light brown, being thickest in the
middle. Head cream-coloured, spotted with black. Neck the same, with a
red cleft in the middle, and a black spot on each side. Thorax
cream-coloured, spotted with black. Abdomen scarlet. Anterior wings
transparent, whereof a third next the tips is opake and of a light hair
colour, running about half way up the anterior edge of each wing; where
is a streak of the same colour running half way across the wing. Anterior
and posterior edges dark cream-coloured. Posterior wings transparent, the
anterior edges and upper corners being dark cream-coloured.
_Under Side._ Palpi white externally, but red within; the extremities
being black. Tongue curled up. Breast white, with a black spot on each
side. Legs red. Under sides of the thighs white. Abdomen cream colour;
having a narrow white streak on each side, whereon are several black
spots. Wings coloured as on the upper side.
This insect is evidently the type of a subgenus, sufficiently distinct from
any of the preceding.
{54}SYNTOMIS FENESTRATA.
Plate XXVIII. fig. 5.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia? FAMILY: Zygænidæ.
GENUS. SYNTOMIS, _Illig. Latr._ Zygæna, _Fabr._ Sphinx, _Drury_.
SYNTOMIS FENESTRATA. Alis fuscis, anticarum maculis quatuor, posticarum
unicâ hyalinis, abdomine fulvo nigroque annulato. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 2
lin.)
SYN. Sphinx fenestrata, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
Zygæna fenestrata, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 392. _No._ 21. _Gmel.
Linn. S. N._ 2394. 119. (Sphinx).
HABITAT: China.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ filiform, black, white at the tips, and thickest in
the middle. Head tawny yellow. Neck black. Thorax and abdomen tawny
yellow; the former having three black spots thereon, and the latter
encircled with six black rings. Anterior wings having four transparent
spots in each; the two next the shoulders being divided only by the
nerves, in one of which appears two dark spots, one next the shoulders,
and the other a quarter of an inch from it, crossing the transparent
part. All the edges of these wings are very dark brown, the external and
posterior ones being broadest. Posterior wings also having one large
transparent spot in each; all the edges of these wings brown, the
external and anterior ones being broadest, nerves yellow.
_Under Side._ Tongue curled up. Sides, breast, and abdomen yellow, with
black rings. Legs dark brown and yellow. Wings as on the upper side.
GLAUCOPIS? PHALÆNOIDES.
Plate XXVIII. fig. 6.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Zygænidæ.
GENUS. GLAUCOPIS, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ (zygæna, _Fabr. Olim._)
GLAUCOPIS? PHALÆNOIDES. Alis anticis cinereis apicem versus
subpellucidis, posticis parvis truncatis maculâ basali obscurâ. (Expans.
Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)
SYN. Sphinx Phalænoides, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: Bay of Honduras.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ pectinated and grey, being smallest at the
extremity, which is white. Head grey. Neck white. Thorax ash-coloured.
Abdomen pale yellow. Anterior wings ash-coloured next the shoulders, and
along the anterior and posterior edges; the remaining parts being nearly
transparent. Posterior wings singularly shaped; ash-coloured next the
body, but the anterior parts are subpellucid. On these parts is placed a
small triangular spot, of different colours when held in different
directions, in some being yellow, in others ash-coloured.
_Under Side._ Tongue curled up. Breast yellow. Sides and abdomen white.
Anterior wings appearing more pellucid than above. Anterior and external
edges white; and near the shoulders is placed a white oval spot on each.
Posterior wings ash-coloured, but round the edges are white; appearing to
be less pellucid than on the upper side. The triangular spot is scarcely
discernible on this side.
{55}PLATE XXIX.
[Illustration]
SPHINX ACHEMON.
Plate XXIX. fig. 1.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Sphingidæ.
GENUS. SPHINX, _Auct._
SPHINX ACHEMON. Alis anticis griseo-fuscis maculis tribus marginalibus et
apicalibus brunneis, posticis roseis externe fuscis, maculis nigris
submarginalibus. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Sphinx Achemon, _Drury_, _Append. vol._ 2.
Sphinx Crantor? _Cramer_, _tab._ 104. _fig._ A. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ 375.
58.
HABITAT: Jamaica.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ reddish ash-coloured. Head and thorax greyish
brown, with a large patch of a deep chocolate on each shoulder. Abdomen
grey brown, but lighter on the sides. Anterior wings, next the shoulders,
grey brown; but of a dark olive brown towards the tips and external
edges. Near the middle of the posterior edges is placed a large square
spot, of a deep chocolate colour: at the lower corners is a small
triangular one; and a third somewhat larger than the last at the tips.
Posterior wings rose-coloured next the shoulders and anterior edges, but
grey-brown along the external edges; having a short row of black spots
lying parallel thereto, and rising from the abdominal corners.
_Under Side._ Breast and abdomen grey brown, but lighter than on the
upper side. Wings rusty red, immaculate, except a dark border running
along the external edges; and also a faint narrow line crossing them,
from the anterior to the abdominal edges.
MACROGLOSSA PASSALUS.
Plate XXIX. fig. 2.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Sphingidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. MACROGLOSSA, _Ochs._ Sesia P. _Fabr._ Sphinx P. _Drury_.
MACROGLOSSA PASSALUS. Alis anticis badio fuscis, in medio fasciâ latâ
pallidiori, posticis luteis margine lato fusco. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc.)
SYN. Sphinx Passalus, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
Sphinx Pandora, _Fab. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. 380. _No._ 6.
HABITAT: China (_Drury_). India orientalis (_Fabricius_).
_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown, and thickest near their extremities. Head
and thorax greyish-brown, with a dark line running down the middle.
Abdomen red brown, with two yellow spots on each side. Tail broad and
hairy. Anterior wings, next the body, dark chocolate, occupying a third
part; next to this they are of a light red brown, growing darker as it
approaches the tips. Inferior wings yellow next the shoulders; the apical
half being of a fine dark chocolate.
_Under Side._ Head white. Tongue curled up. Breast and thighs yellow
clay-coloured. Legs, sides, and abdomen dark clay-coloured. Wings, next
the body, yellow clay-coloured; the remaining parts being red brown, with
a faint darker border along the external edges.
{56}GLAUCOPIS? PULCHRA.
Plate XXIX. fig. 3.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia? FAMILY: Zygænidæ.
GENUS. GLAUCOPIS, _Fabr. Latr._ Sphinx, _Drury_.
GLAUCOPIS PULCHRA. Alis anticis nigris, strigis sex fulvis; posticis
nigris basi fulvis; abdomine fulvo annulato. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc.)
SYN. Sphinx Pulchra, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: China.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ black, and smallest at their extremities. Head
yellow. Thorax the same, streaked longitudinally with black. Abdomen
black, having one ring near the middle; the extremity of the tail being
yellow. Anterior wings black, with six yellow spots and streaks on each;
one streak being the longest, running parallel and near to the posterior
edge; another is placed on the edge itself. The space between these
streaks and the anterior edge is occupied by the remaining four spots;
the foremost being much narrower than the others. Posterior wings yellow
next the shoulders, with a broad black margin running along the external
edges.
_Under Side._ Tongue curled up. Breast and sides yellow. Legs black.
Thighs yellow. Abdomen yellow; the extremity black, with two yellow
rings. Wings as on the upper side, but the colours less brilliant.
SPHINX BRONTES.
Plate XXIX. fig. 4.
ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Sphingidæ.
GENUS. SPHINX, _Auct._
SPHINX BRONTES. Alis griseis puncto discoidali albido, strigisque
transversis undatis fuscis, posticis nigricantibus margine interno et ad
angulum ani pallidioribus. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc.)
SYN. Sphinx Brontes, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
HABITAT: New York.
_Upper Side._ Antennæ white within, brown outside. Head and neck dark
brown. Thorax and abdomen grey; on the hinder part of the former are two
black spots, and on each ring of the latter are two small black streaks,
placed on its sides, down to the tail. Anterior wings grey, with a white
spot in the middle of each near the anterior edges, and a small white
cloud next the tips; having several curved and indented black lines
crossing them from the anterior to the posterior edges, some being faint,
others very distinct; cilia brown, spotted with white. Posterior wings
very dark brown; but along the abdominal edges and corners grey; cilia
white and brown.
_Under Side._ Breast white. Legs mottled. Abdomen white, with four
reddish spots placed along the middle. Anterior wings dark grey brown,
without any marks on them, except at the tips, where is placed a narrow
white streak joining to the anterior edges. Posterior wings dark grey
brown; but next the abdominal edges white, without any marks on them,
except two faint lines crossing them from the anterior edges to the
abdominal corners.
{57}PLATE XXX.
[Illustration]
TRICHIUS (ARCHIMEDIUS) DELTA.
Plate XXX. fig. 1, natural size--fig. 2, magnified.
ORDER: Coleoptera. SECTION: Lamellicornes. FAMILY: Cetoniidæ, _MacLeay_.
GENUS. TRICHIUS, _Fabr._ Scarabæus P. _Drury_. SUBGENUS: Archimedius,
_Kirby in Zool. Journ. No._ 10.
TRICHIUS (ARCHIMEDIUS) DELTA. Thorace nigro, triangulo albo, elytris
testaceis puncto fusco. (Long. Corp. 5 lin.)
SYN. Scarabæus Delta, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Fabr. Syst. Ent. p._ 41.
7. _Syst. El._ II. _p._ 133. 14. (Trichius D.) _Oliv. Ent._ 1. 6. _p._
64. _t._ 11. _fig._ 107.
HABITAT: Virginia, North America.
Head rather large and quadrangular; black and cream-coloured on the upper
part, red brown near the mouth. Eyes large, black, and prominent. Antennæ
red brown. Thorax margined with cream colour, the extreme edge being
black; having a black circular patch thereon, and a cream-coloured
triangular mark within it. Scutellum cream, surrounded or edged with
black; having a black streak down its middle, and just below it the
suture is cream colour. Elytra dull orange, with a black spot near the
middle of each. Body and abdomen ash-coloured. Thighs and tibiæ tawny
orange. Tarsi 5-jointed; the hinder ones being remarkably long.
CHASMODIA? VIRENS.
Plate XXX. fig. 3.
ORDER: Coleoptera. SECTION: Lamellicornes. FAMILY: Rutelidæ, _MacLeay_.
GENUS. CHASMODIA? _MacLeay_. Cetonia P. _Fabr._ Scarabæus P. _Drury_.
CHASMODIA? VIRENS. Ferrugineo-flavescens, elytris virescentibus, sterno
cornuto. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Scarabæus virens, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Herbst. Col._ III. _p._
162. _t._ 27. _f._ 2. (Melolontha v.)
Cetonia smaragdula, _Fabr. Syst. Eleuth._ II. _p._ 143. 44. _Syst. Ent.
p._ 45. _No._ 11. _Schon. Syn. Ins._ 3. 157. (Hoplia sm.)
HABITAT: South America, _Schonherr_. "America, Mus. Dr. Hunter"
(_Fabr._).
Head and thorax brown olive, the former margined. Elytra olive, not
covering the abdomen. Anus yellowish brown. Abdomen dark brown, the sides
and middle being lighter. Legs dirty olive. Sternum long, extending
beyond the fore legs. Tarsi short.
CETONIA (GNATHOCERA) AFRICANA.
Plate XXX. fig. 4.
ORDER: Coleoptera. SECTION: Lamellicornes. FAMILY: Cetoniidæ.
GENUS. CETONIA, _Fabricius_. Scarabæus P. _Drury_. SUBGENUS: Gnathocera,
_Kirby, Gory & Percheron_, (mon. Ceton.).
CETONIA (GNATHOCERA) AFRICANA. Ænea nitens, capitis spinâ incumbente,
sterno porrecto, elytris punctis nigris, striatis. (Long. Corp. 9 lin.)
SYN. Scarabæus Africanus, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Fabr. Syst. Ent. p._
48. 25. _Syst. El._ 2. _p._ 149. 73. (Cetonia Afr.) _Oliv. Ent._ 1. 6.
_p._ 31. _t._ 8. _f._ 70.
Cetonia Smaragdina, _Herbst. Col._ III. _p._ 258. 47. _t._ 32. _f._ 5.
HABITAT: Sierra Leone.
Entirely of a fine green colour, except the tarsi, which are black. The
colour, which is very brilliant, appears not to be reflected from the
surface, but seems as if covered with a fine transparent {58}varnish.
Head quadrangular, margined and furrowed. Thorax smooth and finely
polished. Scutellum large and triangular. Elytra slightly striated, with
punctures, and margined. Sternum long and slender. Tibiæ with two spurs.
This species, according to Mr. Smeathman, frequents flowers; thus
resembling in its habits the British species of the family to which it
belongs.
DYNASTES ÆGEON.
Plate XXX. fig. 5.
ORDER: Coleoptera. SECTION: Lamellicornes. FAMILY: Dynastidæ, _MacLeay_.
GENUS. DYNASTES, _MacLeay_. Geotrupes, _Fabr._ Scarabæus P. _Linn._
Scarabæus, _Latreille_.
DYNASTES ÆGEON. Rufus, thoracis cornu brevi incurvo subtus barbato,
capitis recurvo subulato. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 6 lin.)
SYN. Scarabæus Ægeon, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Fabr. Ent. Syst. p._ 4.
_No._ 4. _Syst. Eleuth._ 1. _p._ 5. _No._ 8. (Geotrupes Æg.) _Oliv. Ent._
1. 3. _p._ 26. _No._ 26. _t._ 1. _f._ 4. _Jabl. Nat. Syst._ 1. _p._ 228.
_No._ 6. _t._ 1. _f._ 4. _Sch. Syn. Ins._ 1. _p._ 4. _No._ 13.
HABITAT: "In Indiis" (_Fabricius_). Peruvia (_Dejean._).
Head small and black, from whence springs a horn that bends towards the
body. Eyes red brown. Thorax red brown, with a black margin; having a
short thick horn issuing from it, that inclines towards the head: it has
also a faint black spot on each side. Scutellum black and triangular.
Elytra red brown; the margins and suture being black. Abdomen black,
covered with olive brown hairs. Legs black. Hinder and fore tibiæ with
three short spines, placed on the external part of each; and with two
spurs, those of the middle ones being shortest. Ungues having a single
hair issuing from between the hooks, forked at the end.
DYNASTES GERYON.
Plate XXX. fig. 6.
ORDER: Coleoptera. SECTION: Lamellicornes. FAMILY: Dynastidæ.
GENUS. DYNASTES, _MacLeay_. Geotrupes, _Fabr._ Scarabæus P. _Linn._
DYNASTES GERYON. Thorace excavato tricorni; lateralibus compressis
unidentatis; capitis recurvo sumplici. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 7½ lin.)
SYN. Scarabæus Geryon, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Fabr. Syst. Ent._ 1. _p._
9. _No._ 21. _Syst. Eleuth._ 1. _p._ 11. _No._ 31. (Geotrupes G.)
_Schonh. Syn. Ins._ 1. _p._ 10. 41. _Oliv. Ent._ 1. 3. _p._ 30. _t._ 24.
_No._ 208.
HABITAT: "In Indiis" (_Fabr._).
Head small, and margined in front; being furnished with a single horn
that bends towards the thorax. Thorax margined, and dark brown (the
general colour of the insect); being armed with three remarkable horns,
whereof two are placed in front, one on each side; being very strong and
broad one way, but thin the other, and branched at their extremities. The
other horn is placed on the hinder part of the thorax, being short and
thick at bottom, but sharp and pointed at top; springing from a
protuberance that almost covers the escutcheon, which is small and
triangular. All these horns are immoveable, and their situations occasion
a most remarkable hollowness or cavity in the thorax, which {59}is smooth
and shining; but the protuberance, next the scutellum, is full of
punctures, and the edge notched. Elytra shining, punctured, and slightly
striated. Abdomen and legs red brown, and hairy; the hinder ones being
remarkably thick and strong, with two broad tibial spurs. The middle and
fore tibiæ are strongly dentated, each being furnished with a thick spur.
Anterior tibiæ with the first joint long and slender, but in the middle
and hinder tibiæ, exceeding thick and strong.
PLATE XXXI.
[Illustration]
LAMIA (STERNOTOMIS) MIRABILIS.
Plate XXXI. fig. 1.
ORDER: Coleoptera. SECTION: Longicornes. FAMILY: Lamiidæ.
GENUS. LAMIA, _Fabr._ Cerambyx P. _Linn._ (SUBGENUS: Sternotomis,
_Perch._)
LAMIA (STERNOTOMIS) MIRABILIS. Nigra, thorace spinoso, antice fasciis,
elytris punctis viridibus, his basi mucronatis. (Long. Corp. 10½ lin.)
SYN. Cerambyx Mirabilis, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
Lamia pulchra, _Fabr. Syst. Eleuth._ 2. 285. 25. _Syst. Ent._ 171. 6.
(nec C. pulchra, _Drury_, _vol._ 1. _t._ 32. _f._ 6.) _Oliv. Ent._ 488.
115. _t._ 22. _f._ 167.
HABITAT: Sierra Leone.
Varied with beautiful green and black colours, the former exceedingly
bright. Head green, with two others running downwards from the eyes. Jaws
with the upper part green, the extremities black, with four green palpi.
Antennæ black, ten-jointed, the basal joint being thickest. Thorax green,
with black streaks running round it, the sides terminating in an obtuse
point. Scutellum very small, black, and triangular. Elytra black and
margined, beautifully streaked and spotted with green: the former running
across the anterior part, the latter placed near the extremities. Abdomen
green, with black rings. Legs green, streaked with black. Tarsi green at
top, brown beneath.
LAMIA (AGAPHANTIA) BIPUNCTATA.
Plate XXXI. fig. 2.
ORDER: Coleoptera. SECTION: Longicornes. FAMILY: Lamiidæ.
GENUS. LAMIA, _Fabr._ Cerambyx P. _Linn._ (SUBGENUS: Agaphantia, _Serv._)
LAMIA (AGAPHANTIA) BIPUNCTATA. Grisea; thorace spinoso, frontis cornu
porrecto apice emarginato incurvo, elytris puncto nigro posticé flavo.
(Long. Corp. fere 1 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Cerambyx bipunctatus. _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2.
Lamia fronticornis, _Fabr. Sp. Ins._ 1. 216. 2. _Syst. Eleuth._ 2. 281.
3. _Oliv. Ent._ 4. 67. 79. 163. _t._ 8. _f._ 54.
Cerambyx notatus, _Voet. Col. Ed. Panz._ 3. 32. 46. _t._ 11. _f._ 46.
HABITAT: Sierra Leone.
General colour brownish grey. Head deep and grey; one of the sexes having
a remarkable thick and strong tubercle issuing from the middle of the
face, terminating in two black acute angles, like horns. Mouth armed with
two strong black jaws, and four grey palpi. Antennæ grey, and longer than
the insect. Thorax grey, the sides terminating in a thick spine; having a
broad, white streak crossing it on each side, and extending along the
abdomen, beyond the middle legs, narrowing to its extremity. Scutellum
small and triangular. Elytra grey and margined, having two round black
spots on each, the {60}largest placed about the middle near the suture;
the other (a small one) is on this side joined to the margin. A
cream-coloured spot is situated just below the former, which extends from
thence to the lateral margin. Legs grey, without any spines or marks.
LAMIA (ACANTHOCINUS) SPINOSA.
Plate XXXI. fig. 3.
_Order_: Coleoptera. SECTION: Longicornes. FAMILY: Lamiidæ.
GENUS. LAMIA, _Fabr._ Cerambyx P. _Linn._ (SUBGENUS: Acanthocinus,
_Meg._)
LAMIA (ACANTHOCINUS) SPINOSA. Fusca, griseo-variegata; thorace spinis
quatuor, elytrisque seriebus quatuor longitudinalibus spinarum. (Long.
Corp. 1 unc. 1½ lin.)
SYN. Cerambyx spinosus, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Sch. Syn. Ins._ 3. 381.
(Lamia s.)
HABITAT: (----? _Drury_). South America?
Head and antennæ brown, the latter about the length of the insect. Thorax
lighter brown and rough, terminating on the sides in two very long and
sharp spines, bending upwards; on the middle are two others that are more
obtuse and thick, with a small bump or rising behind them. Scutellum
black. Elytra brown on the middle and sides, but at their extremities
grey, terminating in two long spines. A row of small but sharp spines
runs on each side the suture, from the middle almost to the scutellum;
and along the sides runs another row from the anterior corners almost to
the extremities. Six others are placed on each side the scutellum,
running towards the middle in regular order; and on the remaining parts
of the wing cases are placed a great number of small pustules, that are
to be discerned only by the help of a microscope. Legs brown. Tibiæ
marked with grey.
LAMIA PUNCTATOR.
Plate XXXI. fig. 4.
ORDER: Coleoptera. SECTION: Longicornes. FAMILY: Lamiidæ.
GENUS. LAMIA, _Fabr._ Cerambyx P. _Linn._
LAMIA PUNCTATOR. Atra; elytris albo punctatis, antennis longis, thorace
spinoso. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Lamia punctator, _Fabr. Sp. Ins._ 1. 221. 30. _Syst. Eleuth._ 2.
298. 95. _Oliv. Ent._ 4. 69. 88. _t._ 8. 50. _a. b._
Cerambyx chinensis, _Forster Cent. Ins._ 39.
Cerambyx farinosus, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. (nec _Linn. S. Nat._ 1. 2.
626.)
HABITAT: China.
General colour black. Head and antennæ black, the latter longer than the
insect; the seven last articulations being black and white. Thorax rough
and uneven at the top; the sides terminating in a thick, strong spine.
Scutellum small and grey. Elytra shining black; the anterior part being
rough with small pustules, having a number of small white spots sprinkled
all over them. Abdomen greyish. Legs black. Tarsi grey, the under-part
being brown.
{61}CERAMBYX (ROSALIA) ALPINA.
Plate XXXI. fig. 5.
ORDER: Coleoptera. SECTION: Longicornes. FAMILY: Cerambycidæ, _Leach_.
GENUS. CERAMBYX, _Linn. Drury_. (SUBGENUS: Rosalia, _Serville_.)
CERAMBYX (ROSALIA) ALPINA. Subcoerulescens, elytris fasciâ mediâ
maculisque quatuor atris. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
SYN. Cerambyx alpinus, _Linn. Fn. Su._ 654. _Syst. N._ 1. 2. _p._ 628.
35. _Fabr. Syst. Eleuth._ 2. 272. 30. _Panzer F. I. G._ 2. 22. _Serville
Ann. Soc. Ent. de France_, 2. 561. (Rosalia a.)
HABITAT: Hungary (_Drury_). The mountainous districts of Continental
Europe.
General colour beautiful blueish grey, partaking much of a lead colour.
Head grey. Eyes black. Antennæ longer than the insect, grey; the ends of
the first four joints having tufts of black hair surrounding them. Thorax
grey and cylindrical, with a small black spot at the top; the sides
having a short spine, and a little swelling beneath it. Scutellum small
and triangular. Elytra grey and margined, with three beautiful black
spots, like velvet, on each; the middle one being largest, and crossing
the wing cases entirely, the smaller one being placed near the anus. Legs
blueish grey, but at the tips of the femora and tibiæ black. Tarsi ash
grey at top, underneath brown.
PLATE XXXII.
[Illustration]
CETONIA MARGINATA.
Plate XXXII. fig. 1.
ORDER: Coleoptera. SECTION: Lamellicornes. FAMILY: Cetoniidæ, _MacLeay_.
GENUS. CETONIA, _Fabricius_. Scarabæus P. _Drury_.
CETONIA MARGINATA. Glabra, atra, thoracis elytrorumque marginibus rufis.
(Long. Corp. 1 unc. 1½ lin.)
SYN. Scarabæus marginatus, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Fabr. Syst. Ent. p._
46. 15. _Syst. El._ II. _p._ 145. 50. (Cetonia m.) _Oliv. Ent._ 1. 6.
_p._ 26. _t._ 5. _f._ 34. _Palisot de Bauvois Ins. d'Afr. & d'Amer._ 1.
11. _p._ 27. _t._ 5. _f._ 1. & 2 _var. De Geer Ins._ iv. _t._ 19. _f._
10.
HABITAT: Sierra Leone.
Head small, squarish, and margined in front and the sides; shining black.
Thorax and elytra soot-coloured and velvety, being surrounded along the
sides with an orange border. Scutellum triangular, and rather large.
Abdomen and breast black. Sternum small. Abdominal scales small, but
distinct. Anterior tibiæ with three spurs, the others with two. Tarsal
joints spined within, excepting those belonging to the fore legs, which
are unarmed.
According to Mr. Smeathman, this beetle frequently settles on the thatch of
houses, whence he is of opinion, that it is fond of dried palm leaves,
"where it deposits its eggs." Afzelius however, who subsequently studied
the Entomology and Botany of Sierra Leone with great attention, says,
"Inveni hanc speciem in Sierra Leona mensibus Aprilis et præcipue Majo
copiose in Cassia rugosa, mihi, et in foliis Ficus oblongæ, mihi. Eam in
Jatropha Curcas (non autem Gorcas, ut ait Fabricius) nunquam observare
licuit. Mas abdomine subtus medio sulcato, femina medio convexo." (Schonh.
Syn. Ins. iii. p. 128.)
{62}MELOLONTHA OCCIDENTALIS.
Plate XXXII. fig. 2.
ORDER: Coleoptera. SECTION: Lamellicornes. FAMILY: Melonthidæ, _MacLeay_.
GENUS. MELOLONTHA, _Fabricius, &c._ Scarabæus P. _Linnæus_.
MELOLONTHA OCCIDENTALIS. Testaceus, thorace pubescente, elytris lineis
quatuor parallelis, albis. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 1½ lin.)
SYN. Scarabæus occidentalis, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 1. 11. _p._ 555. 62.
_Herbst. Col._ III. _p._ 72. 19. _t._ 23. _f._ 8. _Sch. Syn. Ins._ 3.
169. 16. (Melolontha occ.) (Excl. Syn. _Fabricius_.) _De Jean Cat. Col.
Ed._ 2. _p._ 159.
HABITAT: Jamaica (_Drury_). Carolina (_Linn._).
Head red brown, squarish, and margined, covered with short grey hairs.
Thorax red brown, covered with short grey hairs, and with a white streak
crossing it in the middle. Scutellum small, white, and triangular. Elytra
red brown and margined, each being marked with three longitudinal white
lines; one placed near the lateral margin, the other two in the middle.
Suture white. Anus extending beyond the wing cases. Abdomen red brown,
with grey rings. Legs red brown. The anterior tibiæ are furnished with
three spurs, one sharp and small, the others thick and blunt. The other
tibiæ are furnished with two sharp spurs. Ungues having an immoveable
smaller one between them, and also two small spines, like hairs,
springing from its root or base.
GOLIATHUS MICANS.
Plate XXXII. fig. 3.
ORDER: Coleoptera. SECTION: Lamellicornes. FAMILY: Cetoniidæ.
GENUS. GOLIATHUS, _de Lamarck_. Cetonia P. _Fabr._ Scarabæus P. _Drury_.
GOLIATHUS MICANS. Viridis nitens, clypeo porrecto recurvo bifido, tibiis
anticis internè serratis. (Long. Corp. 1 unc. 9 lin.)
SYN. Scarabæus Micans, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Fabr. Syst. Ent. p._ 42.
_No._ 1. (Cetonia m.) _Syst. El._ II. _p._ 136. 6. _Oliv. Ent._ 1. 6.
_t._ 1. _f._ 2. _a. b. Herbst. Col._ III. _p._ 201. 3. _t._ 28. _f._ 3.
_Guérin. Icon. R. An. Ins._ _pl._ 26. _f._ 5. _Gory & Percheron Mon.
Ceton. pl._ 25. _f._ 1.
HABITAT: Calabar, on the West Coast of Africa, about 5 or 6° North Lat.
(_Drury_). Senegal (_Gory_).
Head green and nearly square; the surface irregular and uneven. The
corners are pointed, forming two black obtuse angles. From the front of
the head issues a small black and thick protuberance, like a horn, that
divides into two branches, each of which terminates in a sharp point. All
the remaining parts, except the tarsi, are of a fine lively green,
differing in shades according to the manner in which it is held to the
light; and appearing to be so highly polished, that the colour seems
reflected from a part beneath the surface. Scutellum large and
triangular. Sternum small. Abdominal scales small and close. The fore
legs are very long and slender, the tibiæ being dentated. Elytra having
two small swellings near their extremities, and furnished at the suture
with two short thick spines; the anus extending beyond them. Anterior
tarsi having a small tuft of brown hair placed on the last joints, next
the ungues.
{63}HOPLIA COERULEA.
Plate XXXII. fig. 4.
ORDER: Coleoptera. SECTION: Lamellicornes. FAMILY: Melolonthidæ,
_MacLeay_.
GENUS. HOPLIA, _Illiger_. Melolontha p. _Fabricius_. Scarabæus p.
_Drury_.
HOPLIA COERULIA. Supra coeruleo, subtus argenteo-squamosa nitens, clypeo
integro. (Long. Corp. circ. 5 lin.)
SYN. Scarabæus coeruleus, _Drury_, _App. vol._ 2. _Herbst. Col._ III.
_p._ 121. 73.
Scarabæus farinosus, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 1. 2. 555.
Melolontha farinosa, _Fabr. Ent. Syst. p._ 38. 31. _Syst. Eleuth._ II.
177. 29. _Panzer Faun. Ins. Germ._ 28. 16. _Guérin Icon. R. An. Ins. t._
25. (Hoplia far.)
Melolontha squamosa, _Olivier Ent._ 1. 5. _p._ 66. 90. _t._ 2. _f._ 14.
a. c. (nec. _Fabr._)
Hoplia formosa, _Latr. Gen. Cr. & Ins._ 2. _p._ 116. 2. _Schon. Syn.
Ins._ 3. 158. (errore typic. pro farinosa.)
HABITAT: South of Europe, France (_Drury_).
All the upper parts of this insect are of a beautiful brilliant sky blue.
The under parts are of a silvery pale green. Head somewhat quadrangular,
and margined. Thorax and upper parts covered with a short fine down or
hair. Scutellum triangular. Elytra margined, and at their ex
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