British Pomology
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Title: British Pomology
Author: Robert Hogg
Release date: November 16, 2014 [eBook #47367]
Most recently updated: October 24, 2024
Language: English
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BRITISH POMOLOGY ***
Transcriber’s Note
In this plain text version of British Pomology:
Words in italics are marked with _underscores_.
Small capital letters are shown in UPPER CASE.
Variant spellings and inconsistent hyphenation are retained.
Spellings of French, German and Latin words and names are kept as
originally printed.
Punctuation and formatting are inconsistent in the list of references
and in headings. These have not been standardized.
As well as many abbreviations not being marked with a full stop,
some words are followed by a full stop, as though they were
abbreviations. These have not been standardized.
Illustrations are moved to the beginning of the description of
the variety of apple which they illustrate.
Footnotes are moved to the end of the paragraph, or the
description of the variety of apple, in which they occur.
Other changes that have been made are listed at the end of the book.
BRITISH POMOLOGY;
OR, THE
HISTORY, DESCRIPTION, CLASSIFICATION,
AND SYNONYMES,
OF THE
FRUITS AND FRUIT TREES
OF
GREAT BRITAIN;
ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS,
BY
ROBERT HOGG.
----------------“Fruit of all kinds, in coat
Rough or smooth rind, or bearded husk or shell.”--MILTON.
THE APPLE.
“Arboris est suavis Fructus, sunt dulcia Poma,
Dulcior est inquam Nectare, et Ambrosia.”
LONDON: GROOMBRIDGE AND SONS, PATERNOSTER ROW;
EDINBURGH: JAMES HOGG;
GLASGOW: DAVID BRYCE.
MDCCCLI.
PRINTED BY WILLIAM FORD,
28, RUSSELL COURT, BRYDGES STREET, COVENT GARDEN,
LONDON.
TO
MR. ROBERT THOMPSON,
FOR
THE IMPORTANT SERVICES HE HAS RENDERED TO THE
STUDY OF POMOLOGY
AND FOR
HIS UNWEARIED LABORS IN DETERMINING AND ARRANGING
POMOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE.
THIS WORK
IS DEDICATED BY HIS SINCERE FRIEND,
THE AUTHOR.
PREFACE.
It is much to be regretted, that of late years, so little attention has
been given in this country, to the study of pomology, and that so few
efforts have been made to encourge a taste for this most important,
most instructive, and intellectual branch of horticultural science.
Towards the end of the last, and beginning of the present century, when
the late Mr. Knight was in the full vigor of his scientific pursuits,
this was the subject which engaged so much of his powerful intellect,
and from which he succeeded in producing such great and beneficial
results. With Mr. Knight as president, and Mr. Sabine as secretary,
the Horticultural Society of London did much for the advancement of
this subject, and in extending a knowledge not only of the fruits of
this country, but of the most valuable varieties of the continent of
Europe, and America. Through the exertions of these gentlemen, and in
conjunction with the illustrious pomologists, Dr. Diel and Professor
Van Mons, and other eminent continental correspondents, was obtained
that vast collection of fruits which once existed in the Society’s
garden; and by means of which that great undertaking of determining and
arranging the nomenclature was accomplished. During this period the
Society’s Transactions teemed with rich, and interesting pomological
papers, and several works of a high character were ushered into
existence. Of these the most important were the Pomonas of Brookshaw
and Hooker, the Pomological Magazine, and Ronalds’s Pyrus Malus
Brentfordiensis; but these are all of such a class, as from their great
cost to be regarded more as works of art, than of general utility. The
only one which was at all calculated to be of general benefit was,
Lindley’s “Guide to the Orchard;” a work which furnished descriptions
of, and embraced a greater number of varieties than had hitherto been
attempted. This then may be regarded as the most complete work for
general reference, with which pomologists in this country had ever been
furnished.
Upwards of twenty years have now elapsed since the “Guide to the
Orchard” issued from the press, and during that period, Knight, Sabine,
and many great patrons of pomology have entered into their rest,
leaving none behind them to prosecute, with the same vigour, that
study which they so much loved and adorned. But although there has
been no corporate effort to promote and stimulate this study, private
enterprize has not altogether been awanting to keep pace with the rapid
progression of the Continent and America; but for this, we might yet
have been in total ignorance of many of the most desirable fruits of
modern times, and particularly of those valuable varieties, the result
of the later labors of Van Mons, Esperen, and others; together with
several of considerable merit, furnished by the fertile pomology of the
New World.
Since the publication of Lindley’s “Guide,” therefore, there has
not only been such additions to our varieties of fruits, but such a
complete reformation and arrangement of pomological nomenclature as
to have rendered that book, as a work of reference of considerably
less value; and it was on account of the necessity for a new work,
adapted to the wants of the present day, and embracing the most
recent information on the subject, that I entered upon the present
undertaking. The facilities I have possessed for carrying it out,
are perhaps greater than fall to the lot of most men. My earliest
associations were with fruits and fruit trees; the greater part of my
active life has been engaged in their cultivation and devoted to their
study; and for nearly ten years, I had the advantage of making an
annual tour throughout the length and breadth of England and Scotland,
during which, I allowed no opportunity to escape of making myself
acquainted with the fruits of the various districts, and securing
correspondents to whom I could apply, in cases of necessity. With these
advantages, I some years ago established an orchard, for the purpose of
examining the distinctive characters and determining the nomenclature
of fruits; and there I have succeeded, in securing all the varieties it
is possible to procure, either in this country or abroad, and thereby
to obtain from personal observation all the information attainable on
the subject.
In the execution of this work, my object has been, not to give a mere
selection of the best varieties of fruits cultivated in this country,
but to describe minutely, and at length, all the varieties with their
essential characters, distinguishing those which are, and those which
are not worthy of cultivation. I have endeavoured to embrace all the
fruits which are recorded as existing in Great Britain, and although it
cannot be supposed I have been able to obtain the whole of them, still,
I have secured such a number as will leave but a very small portion
un-noticed. The plan which I have adopted in the general arrangement
will be found to embrace all matters both descriptive, historical,
and critical, touching the several varieties. The nomenclature I have
followed is, except in some instances for reasons given, that of the
London Horticultural Society’s Catalogue, a valuable work prepared by
that patient and indefatigable pomologist, Mr. Robert Thompson. The
advantage of this identity of nomenclature is evident, as it sets at
rest that mass of confusion, which so long existed as to the correct
names of fruits. In describing each variety, the approved name, that
is the name which shall serve as a standard by which that variety
shall in future be distinguished, is printed in Roman Capitals; and
either abbreviated, or in full length, is annexed the name of the
author who first records or describes it. When the variety is of such
antiquity as not to be identified with any particular author, the
name of the one who first distinctly describes it is given. Following
the standard name, is the identification or list of works in which the
variety is identified as being described; the synonymes or names by
which it is mentioned in all works on pomology, or known in various
districts; and then a list of works in which it is most correctly and
faithfully figured. Then follow the description, history, and critical
observations, when such are necessary. I have furnished diagrams, of
the newest, rarest, and most esteemed varieties; and this mode of
illustration conveys a better idea of the general character of the
fruit, than a fore-shortened drawing, and answers the same purpose as
a highly finished engraving, without swelling the price of the work to
such an extent, as to render it unavailable for ordinary use. At the
end, I have given lists of the most excellent varieties adapted for
various districts of the country, as also such as are suited for being
grown as Standards, Dwarfs, and for Cyder. The whole work is terminated
by a copious index, which includes all the synonymes, and which of
itself, will afford much valuable assistance, in all matters relating
to pomological nomenclature.
It now remains for me to acknowledge the favors I have received from
many kind friends, who have, by furnishing materials and information,
rendered me much valuable assistance. To Mr. Robert Thompson, already
mentioned, I am particularly indebted for the liberal way in which
he has always supplied me with any information I required. To the
late Mr. John Ronalds, of Brentford, for the free use of his valuable
collection; as also to his excellent and much respected foreman,
Mr. William Waring. To Mr. James Lake, nurseryman, of Bridgewater,
for specimens of, and communications respecting the fruits of the
Somerset, Devon, and West of England orchards. To Mr. William
Fairbread, of Green-street, near Sittingbourne, for those of the
great orchard districts of Kent. To Mr. Mannington, of Uckfield, and
Mr. Henry Barton, of Heathfield, Sussex, for the fruits of these
neighbourhoods. To Mr. J. C. Wheeler, of Gloucester, and the late
Mr. Hignell, orchardist, of Tewkesbury. To George Jefferies, Esq.,
of Marlborough Terrace, Kensington, for some of the valuable fruits
of Norfolk; and to the Rev. Henry Manton, of Sleaford. To Mr. Roger
Hargreave, of Lancaster, for a complete collection from the Lancashire
orchards. To Archibald Turnbull, Esq., of Belwood, near Perth, whose
choice and extensive collection, was freely placed at my disposal.
To Mr. A. Gorrie, of Annat, and Robert Mathew, Esq., of Gourdiehill,
in the Carse of Gowrie, for much valuable information, and specimens
of the fruits of that great orchard district of the North. To Mr.
Evans, superintendent of the Caledonian Horticultural Society’s
Garden, Edinburgh, for much valuable assistance derived from a free
inspection of the collection of the Society. To my brother, Mr. Thomas
Hogg, of Coldstream, for the fruits of the Tweedside orchards, and to
numerous nurserymen and private individuals, who have aided me in the
prosecution of this work, I now tender my warmest and heartfelt thanks.
R. H.
_13, Gilston Road, Brompton,
Dec., 1851._
ABBREVIATIONS, AND LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO IN THE FOLLOWING WORK.
_Aber. Dict._ }
_Aber. Gard. Dict._ }
The Universal Gardener and Botanist; or a General Dictionary of
Gardening and Botany, by John Abercrombie, 1 vol. 4to.,
_London,_ 1778.
_Acc, or acc._--When this abbreviation is prefixed to a citation, it
signifies _according to_, or _on the authority of_, as _acc Hort
Soc. Cat_, according to, or on the authority of the Horticultural
Society’s Catalogue.
_Aldro. Dend._--Ulyssis Aldrovandi, Dendrologiæ naturalis scilicet
Arborum Historiæ libri duo. Sylva Glandaria, Acinosumque Pomarium.
1 vol. fol. _Bononiæ_, 1668.
_Ang. Obs._--Observations sur L’Agriculture, et Le Jardinage, pour
servir d’instruction à ceux qui desireront s’y rendre habiles, par
Angran de Rueneuve. 2 vols. 12mo., _Paris_, 1712.
_Aust. Orch._ }
_Aust. Treat._ }
A Treatise of Fruit Trees, shewing the manner of Grafting,
Planting, Pruning, and Ordering of them, in all respects,
according to new and easy rules of Experience, &c. &c., by
Ralph Austen. 1 vol. 4to.,_Oxford_, 1657.
_Bauh. Hist._--Historia Plantarum universalis, Johanno Bauhino.
3 vols. fol. _Ebroduni._ i and ii. 1650, iii. 1651.
_Baum. Cat._--Catalogue général des Végétaux de pleine terre,
disponsibles dans l’etablishment horticole d’Aug. Nap. Baumann à
Bolwyller, 1850-51.
_Bon. Jard._--Le Bon Jardinier almanach pour l’année, 1843. _Paris._
_Booth Cat._--A Catalogue of Fruit Trees cultivated by G. Booth,
Hamburg.
_Brad. Fam. Dict._--Dictionaire Oeconomique; or Family Dictionary, &c.
&c., by Richard Bradley. 2 vols. fol. _London_, 1725.
_Brad. Treat._--A General Treatise of Husbandry and Gardening, by
Richard Bradley. 3 vols. 8vo., _London_, 1721-1722.
_Bret. Ecole._--L’Ecole du Jardin Fruitier, par M. de la Bretonnerie.
2 vols. 12mo. _Paris_, 1784.
_Brook. Pom. Brit._--Pomona Britannica; or a collection of the most
established fruits at present cultivated in Great Britain, &c., by
George Brookshaw. 1 vol. fol. _London_, 1812.
_Caled. Hort. Soc. Mem._--Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural
Society, 8vo. _Edinburgh_, vol. I. 1819, _et seq._
_Cal. Traité._--Traité complet sur les Pépiniers &c., par Etienne
Calvel. ed. 2, 3 vols. 12mo., _Paris._ _N. D._
_Chart. Cat._--Catalogue des Arbres à Fruits les plus excellent, les
plus rares, et les plus estimés, qui se cultivent dans les pépiniers
des Révérendes Peres Chartreux de Paris. 1 vol. 12mo., _Paris_, 1775.
_Christ Gartenb._--Allgemein-practisches Gartenbuch für Bürger und
Landmann über den Küchen-und Obstgarten, von Dr. Joh. Ludw. Christ.
1 vol. 8vo. _Heilbronn_, 1814.
_Christ Handb._--Handbuch uber die Obstbaumzucht und Obstlehre, &c.,
von Joh. Ludw. Christ. 1 vol. 8vo., _Frankfurt a M._, ed. 1, 1794;
ed. 2, 1797; ed. 3, 1804; ed 4, 1817.
_Christ Handworter._--Pomologisches Theoretisch-practisches
Handworterbuch, &c. von Joh. Ludw. Christ. 1 vol 4to. _Leipzig_, 1802.
_Christ Vollst. Pom._--Vollständige Pomologie &c. &c. von Joh. Ludw.
Christ. 2 vols. 8vo., _Frankfurt_, 1809.
_Coles Adam in Eden._--Adam in Eden, or Nature’s Paradise. The History
of Plants, Fruits, and Flowers, by William Coles. 1 vol. fol.,
_London_, 1657.
_Cord. Hist._--Valerii Cordi Historiæ Stirpium Libri iv. 1 vol. fol.,
_Argentorati_, 1561.
_Cours Comp. d.Agric._--Nouveau Cours complet d’Agriculture, par M. M.
Thouin, Parmentier, Bosc, Chaptal, &c. &c., 16 vols. 8vo., _Paris_,
1823.
_Coxe View._ }
_Coxe Cult._ }
A View of the cultivation of Fruit Trees in the United States, and
of the management of Orchards and Cyder, by William Coxe, 1 vol.
8vo., _Philadelphia_, 1817.
_Curtius Hort._--Hortorum Libri xxx, auctore Benedicto Curtio. 1 vol.
fol., _Lugduni_ 1560.
_Dahuron Traité._--Traité de la taille des Arbres Fruitiers, et de la
maniere de les bien elever, par Renè Dahuron. 1 vol. 12mo., _Cell_,
1699.
_Dec. Prod._--Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetablis. Aug.
Pyr. Decandolle, 8vo., _Paris_, vol. 1, 1824, _et seq._
_Diel Kernobst._--Versuch einer systematischen Beschreibung in
Deutschland vorhandener Kernobstsorten, von Dr. Aug. Fried.
Adr. Diel. 21 Hfte 8vo., _Frankfurt a M._, 1799-1819. 6 Bdchn,
_Stuttgart_, 1821.-1832.
_Ditt. Handb._--Systematisches Handbuch der Obstkunde, von J. G.
Dittrich. 3 vols. 8vo., _Jena_, 1839-1841.
_Doch. Centralobst._--Die Allgemeine Centralobstbaumschule, irhe
Zwecke und Einrichtung von F. J. Dochnahl. 1 vol. 8vo., _Jena_, 1848.
_Down. Fr. Amer._--The Fruit and Fruit Trees of America; or the
culture and management in the garden and orchard of Fruit Trees
generally, by A. J. Downing. 1 vol. 8vo., _New York_, 1845.
_Duh. Arb. Fruit._--Traité des Arbres Fruitiers; contenant leur
figure, leur description, leur culture &c., par Henri Louis Duhamel
du Monceau. 2 vols. 4to _Paris_, 1768.
_Ellis Mod. Husb._--The Modern Husbandman, or the Practice of Farming,
by William Ellis. 8 vols. 8vo., _London_, 1744-1747.
_Evelyn Fr. Gard._--The French Gardiner; instructing how to cultivate
all sorts of Fruit Trees and Herbs for the garden, &c., by John
Evelyn, Esq. Ed. 3, 1 vol. 12mo., _London_, 1672.
_Evelyn Pom._--Pomona: or an appendix concerning Fruit Trees, in
relation to Cyder; the making, and several ways of ordering it, by
John Evelyn. Published with the Sylva. 1 vol. fol., _London_, 1829.
_Filass. Tab._--Tableau générale des principeaux objects qui composent
la Pépiniere, dirigée par M. Filassier. 1 vol. _Paris_, 1785.
_Fors. Treat._--A Treatise on the culture and management of Fruit
Trees, by William Forsyth. Ed. 7, 1 vol. 8vo. _London_, 1824.
_Gallesio Pom. Ital._--Pomona Italiana ossia trattato degli Alberi
Fruttiferi di Georgeo Gallesio. fol. _Pisa_, 1817. _et seq._
_Gard. Chron._--The Gardener’s Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette,
edited by Professor Lindley. fol. _London_, 1841, _et seq._
_Ger. Herb._--The Herbal, or General History of Plants, by John
Gerard. 1 vol. fol., _London_, 1597.
_Gibs. Fr. Gard._--The Fruit Gardener, containing the manner of
raising stocks, for multiplying of Fruit Trees by budding, grafting,
&c. &c. 1 vol. 8vo., _London_, 1768.
⁂ The authorship of this work is ascribed to John Gibson, Esq., M.D.,
at one time a surgeon in the Royal Navy.
_Googe Husb._--The whole Art and Trade of Husbandry contained in foure
books, by Barnaby Googe, Esq. 1 vol. 4to., _London_, 1614.
_H._--When this initial of the author’s name is placed after the
standard name of any variety, it signifies, that that variety has not
been recorded or described in any previous work.
_Henne Anweis._--Anweisung wie man eine Baumschule von Obstbäumen in
grossen anlegen und gehörig unterhalten solle, von Sam. Dav. Lud.
Henne. Ed. 3, 1 vol. 8vo., _Halle_, 1776.
_Hitt Treat._--A Treatise of Fruit Trees, by Thomas Hitt, ed. 3, 1 vol
8vo. _London_, 1768.
_Hook. Pom. Lond._--Pomona Londonensis, &c., by William Hooker. 1 vol.
4to., _London_, 1813.
_Hort. Soc. Cat._-- }
_H. S. C._ }
A Catalogue of the Fruits cultivated in the garden of the
Horticultural Society of London. 1 vol. 8vo., _London_. Ed. 1,
1826. Ed. 2, 1842. Ed. 3, 1843.
⁂ The second and third Editions of this work, were prepared by Mr.
Robert Thompson, the superintendent of the Fruit department in the
Society’s Garden.
_Hort. Trans._--Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London,
4to., _London_, vol. 1, 1813, _et seq._
_Husb. Fr. Orch._--The Husbandman’s Fruitfull Orchard, &c. &c. 1 vol.
4to, _London_, 1597.
_Ibid._--When this abbreviation is made use of among the synonymes, it
refers to the same work as is quoted immediately preceding it.
_Inst. Arb. Fruict._--Instructions pour les Arbres Fructiers, par M.
R. T. P. D. S. M. Ed. 3, 1 vol. 12mo., _Roven_, 1659.
_Jard. Franç._--Le Jardinier François, qui enseigne à cultiver les
Arbres, Herbes, Potageres, &c. &c. Ed. 4, 1 vol. 12mo., _Paris_, 1653.
_Jard. Fruit._--See _Nois. Jard. Fruit._
_Ken. Amer. Or._--The New American Orchardist, by William Kenrick.
1 vol. 8vo., _Boston_, 1833.
_Knoop Pom._--Pomologie; ou description des meilleurs sortes des
Pommes et des Poires, &c. &c. 1 vol. fol. _Amsterdam_, 1771.
_Lang. Pom._--Pomona; or the Fruit Garden illustrated, by Batty
Langley. 1 vol. fol., _London_, 1729.
_Laws. Cat._--Catalogue of Fruit Trees, et cætera. Peter Lawson and
Son, _Edinburgh_, 1851.
_Laws. New. Or._-- }
_Laws. Orch._ }
A New Orchard and Garden; or the best way for planting, grafting,
and to make any ground good for a rich orchard, &c., by William
Lawson. 1 vol. 4to., _London_ 1597.
_Leslie & Anders. Cat._--Catalogue of Hardy Shrubs, Greenhouse and
Hothouse Plants, Fruit and Forest Trees, &c., &c., sold by Leslie,
Anderson, and Co., _Edinburgh_, 1780.
_Lind. Guide._--A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden; or an
account of the most valuable Fruit and Vegetables cultivated in Great
Britain, by George Lindley. 1 vol. 8vo., _London_, 1831.
_Lind. Plan. Or._--A Plan of an Orchard, by George Lindley, 1796.
_M. C. H. S._--See _Caled. Hort. Soc. Mem._
_McInt. Orch._--The Orchard, including the management of Wall and
Standard Fruit Trees, by Charles McIntosh. 1 vol. 8vo, _London_, 1839.
_Maund Fruit._--The Fruitist, by Benjamin Maund, 4to., _London_,
published along with Maund’s British Flower Garden.
_Mayer Pom. Franc._--Pomona Franconica; oder natürliche Abbildung und
Beschreibung der besten und vorzüglichsten Europaischen Gattungen
der Obstbäumen und Fruchte, von J. Mayer. 3 vols. 4to., _Nürenberg_,
1776-1801.
_Meager Eng. Gard._--The English Gardener; or a sure Guide to young
planters and gardeners, in three parts, by Leonard Meager. 1 vol.
4to., _London_, 1670.
_Merlet Abrégé._--Abrégé des bons fruits, avec la maniere de les
connoitre et de cultiver les arbres, par Jean Merlet. ed. 2, 1 vol.
12mo., _Paris_, 1675.
_Meyen Bäumsch._--Physicalisch-oeconomische Bäumschule, &c., von J. J.
Meyer. _Stettin_, 1795.
_Mid. Flor._--The Midland Florist, by William Wood. 12mo.,
_Nottingham_, V. Y.
_Mill. Dict._--The Gardener’s Dictionary, by Philip Miller, ed. 8, 1
vol. fol. _London_, 1768.
_Miller & Sweet Cat._--A Catalogue of Fruit and Forest Trees, &c. Sold
by Miller and Sweet, nurserymen, _Bristol_, 1790.
_Nicol Gard. Kal._--The Gardener’s Kalendar; or Monthly Directory of
operations in every branch of Horticulture, by Walter Nicol. 1 vol.
8vo., _Edinburgh_, 1810.
_Nicol Villa Gard._--The Villa Garden Directory; or Monthly Index of
work to be done in the town and villa gardens, by Walter Nicol. 1
vol. 8vo., _Edinburgh_, 1809.
_Nois. Jard. Fruit._--Le Jardin Fruitier, par Louis Noisette. ed. 1, 3
vols. 4to., _Paris_, 1821. ed. 2, 2 vols. 8vo., _Paris_, 1839.
_Nourse Camp. Fel._--Campania Felix; or a Discourse of the benefits,
and improvements of Husbandry, by Tim. Nourse. 1 vol. 8vo., _London_,
1700.
_Park. Par._--Paradisi in sole Paradisius Terrestris, &c., by John
Parkinson. 1. vol. fol. _London_, 1629.
_Philips Cyder._--Cyder, a Poem in two books, by John Philips. 1 vol.
8vo., _London_, 1708.
_Plin. Hist. Nat._--C. Plinii Secundi, Historiæ Mundi Libri xxxvii,
annotat. Jacobi Dalechampi. 1 vol. fol., _Frankfurt ad Moenum_, 1599.
_Poit. et. Turp._--Traité des Arbres Fruitiers de Duhamel, nouvelle
edition augmentée, par Poiteau et Turpin. 5 vols. fol. _Paris_, 1808,
_et seq._
_Poit. Pom. Franç_--Pomologie Française; Receuil des plus beaux fruits
cultivés en France, par Poiteau., 4to., _Paris_, 1838, _et seq_
_Pom. Heref._--Pomona Herefordienses; or a descriptive account of the
old Cyder and Perry fruits of Herefordshire, by Thomas Andrew Knight.
1 vol. 4to., _London_, 1809.
_Pom. Lond._--See _Hook. Pom. Lond._
_Pom. Mag._--The Pomological Magazine; or Figures and Descriptions of
the most important varieties of Fruits cultivated in Great Britain. 3
vols. 8vo. _London_, 1827-1830.
_Portæ Villæ_--Villæ Jo. Baptistæ Portæ, Neopolitani Libri xii. 1 vol.
4to, _Frankfurti_, 1592.
_Quint. Inst._--Instructions pour les Arbres Fruitiers et Potageres,
par M. de la Quintinye. 2 vols. 4to., _Paris_, 1695.
_Quint. Traité._--See _Quint. Inst._
_Raii. Hist._--Historia Plantarum, Joannis Raii. 3 vols. fol.,
_Londini_, 1686, 1693, and 1704.
_Rea Pom._--Flora, Ceres, et Pomona, by John Rea. 1 vol. fol.
_London_, 1665.
_Riv. Cat._--Catalogue of Fruit Trees cultivated by Thomas Rivers,
nurseryman, Sawbridgeworth, Herts, V. Y.
_Riv. et Moul. Meth._--Methode pour bien cultiver les Arbres Fruits
et pour élever des Treilles. par De La Riviere & Du Moulin. 1 vol.
12mo., _Utrecht_, 1738.
_Rog. Fr. Cult._--The Fruit Cultivator, being a practical and accurate
description of all the most esteemed species and varieties of Fruit,
cultivated in the Gardens and Orchards of Britain, by John Rogers. 1
vol. 8vo., _London_, 1837.
_Ron. Cat._--Catalogue of Fruit Trees cultivated by Hugh Ronalds and
Sons, Brentford, Middlesex.
_Ron. Pyr Mal._--Pyrus Malus Brentfordiensis; or a concise description
of selected apples, with a figure of each sort, by Hugh Ronalds. 1
vol. 4to., _London_, 1831.
_Salisb. Orch._--Hints addressed to proprietors of Orchards and to
growers of fruit in general, &c. &c., by William Salisbury. 1 vol.
8vo., _London_, 1816.
_Saltz. Pom._--Pomologie oder Fruchtlehre enthaltend eine Anweisung
alles in freier Luft unseres klimas Wachsende Obst, &c., zu erkennen,
von F. Z. Saltzmann. 1 vol. 8vo., _Berlin_, 1793.
_Schab. Prat._--La Pratique du Jardinage, par. L’Abbé Roger Schabol. 2
vols. 8vo., _Paris_, 1774.
_Sickler Obstgärt._--Der Teutsche Obstgärtner, von J. B. Sickler. 22
vols. 8vo., _Weimar_, 1794-1804.
_Switz. Fr. Gard._--The Practical Fruit Gardener, by Stephen Switzer.
1 vol. 8vo., _London_, 1724.
_Thomp._--Where this abbreviation is made use of, it refers to the
authority of Mr. Robert Thompson, author of the Horticultural
Society’s Catalogue of Fruits, and many valuable pomological and
other scientific papers.
_Toll. Traité._--Traité des Végétaux qui composent l’Agriculture de
l’empire Française par Tollard. 1 vol. 8vo., _Paris_, 1805.
_Tragus. Hist._--Hieronymi Tragi De Stirpium, &c. interprete Davide
Kybro. 1 vol. 4to., _Argentorati_, 1552.
_Walter Gartenb._--Allgemeine Deutsches Gartenbuch, von J. J. Walter.
1 vol. 8vo, _Stuttgart_, 1799.
_West. Bot._--The Universal Botanist and Nurseryman, containing
descriptions of the species and varieties of all the Trees, Shrubs,
Herbs, Flowers, and Fruits, native and exotics, &c., by Richard
Weston. 4 vols. 8vo., _London_, 1770, 1774.
_Willich Dom. Encyc._--The Domestic Encyclopedia, by A. F. M. Willich.
5 vols. 8vo., _London_.
_Worl. Vin._--Vinetum Britannicum, or a Treatise of Cyder, and such
other Wines and Drinks, that are extracted from all manner of fruits
growing in this Kingdom, by J. Worlidge. 1 vol. 8vo., _London_, 1676.
_Zink. Pom._--Dieser Pomologie, von J. C. Zink. 1 vol. fol.,
_Nürnberg_, 1766.
BRITISH POMOLOGY.
ETC. ETC. ETC.
THE APPLE.
There is no fruit, in temperate climates, so universally esteemed,
and so extensively cultivated, nor is there any which is so closely
identified with the social habits of the human species as the apple.
Apart from the many domestic purposes to which it is applicable,
the facility of its cultivation, and its adaptation to almost every
latitude, have rendered it, in all ages, an object of special attention
and regard. There is no part of our island where one or other of its
numerous varieties is not cultivated, and few localities where the
finest cannot be brought to perfection.
The apple is a native of this, as well as almost every other country
in Europe. Its normal form is the Common Wild Crab, the _Pyrus Malus_
of Linnæus, and the numerous varieties with which our gardens and
orchards abound, are the result either of the natural tendency of
that tree to variation, or by its varieties being hybridized with
the original species, or with each other. It belongs to the natural
order _Rosaceæ_, section _Pomeæ_, and is, by botanists, included in
the same genus as the pear. The principal difference between apples
and pears, when considered botanically, consists in their stamens and
styles; the stamens of the apple have their filaments straight, united
together at the base, and forming a bundle round the styles, of which
they conceal the inferior part. All the filaments of the pear on the
contrary are divergent, disposed almost like the radii of a wheel, and
leave the bases of the styles entirely naked and exposed. The styles
in the apple are united at their base into one body, and are generally
villous in that part where they adhere to each other: in the pear,
however, they are separate at their base. But although the apple and
pear very much resemble each other in their botanical characters, they
differ very materially in their form, cellular tissue, and specific
gravity. Apples have always the base umbellicate, or hollowed with
a deep cavity, in which the stalk is inserted, and are generally
spherical. The pear, on the other hand, is elongated towards the stalk,
and is generally of a pyramidal shape, or nearly so. The cellular
tissue of the apple, according to the microscopical observations
of Turpin, is composed of a great number of agglomerated, distinct
vesicles, each existing independent of the other, varying in size in
the same fruit, and, in general, larger, as the apple is large and
light. These vesicles are colorless and transparent, and vary in their
form according to the want of space requisite for their individual
development. They contain in greater or less abundance, a sugary, acid,
or bitter juice, which is perceivable in the different varieties. The
cellular tissue of the apple possesses no stony concretions, and its
specific gravity is greater than that of the pear; so much so, that by
taking a cube of each, of equal size, and throwing them into a vessel
of water, that of the apple will float, while that of the pear will
sink. In its natural or wild state the apple tree is of a small size,
attaining generally about twenty feet in height, of a crooked habit of
growth, with small, harsh, and austere fruit, and small thin leaves.
But when improved by cultivation, it loses much of its original form,
assumes a more free and luxuriant growth, with larger, thicker, and
more downy leaves, and produces fruit distinguished for its size,
color, and richness of flavor.
Some authors have ascribed the introduction of the apple into this
country to the Romans, and others to the Normans; in both cases,
however, without any evidence or well grounded authority. Mr. Loudon
says, “The apple was, in all probability, introduced into Britain
by the Romans, as well as the pear; and like that fruit, perhaps,
re-introduced by the heads of religious houses on their establishment,
after the introduction of christianity.”[A] It is more probable that
it has existed as an indigenous tree throughout all ages, and that
the most ancient varieties were accidental variations of the original
species, with which the forests abounded. These being cultivated, and
subjected to the art and industry of man, would give rise to other
varieties, and thus a gradual amelioration of the fruit would be
obtained. The earliest records make mention of the apple in the most
familiar terms. That it was known to the ancient Britons, before the
arrival of the Romans is evident from their language. In Celtic, it is
called _Abhall_, or _Abhal_; in Welch, _Avall_; in Armoric, _Afall_
and _Avall_; in Cornish, _Aval_ and _Avel_. The word is derived from
the pure Celtic, _ball_, signifying any round body.[B] The ancient
Glastonbury was called by the Britons Ynys Avallaç, and Ynys Avallon,
which signify an apple orchard,[C] and from this its Roman name
_Avallonia_ was derived. The apple must therefore have been known in
Britain before the arrival of the Romans; and that it continued to
exist after they left the island, and before the Norman conquest, is
certified by William of Malmesbury, who says, that King Edgar in 973,
while hunting in a wood was left alone by his associates; in this
situation he was overcome by an irresistable desire to sleep, and
alighting from his horse he lay down under the shade of a _wild apple
tree_.[D] Shortly after the Norman conquest, the same author writes
with reference to Gloucestershire. “Cernas tramites publicos vestitos
pomiferis arboribus, non insitiva manus industria, sed ipsius solius
humi natura.” Some writers[E] entertain the popular error that the
cultivation of apples was not a branch of rural economy in England
before Richard Harris planted orchards in several parts of Kent, in the
reign of Henry the Eighth; but there is evidence to the contrary. In
a bull of Pope Alexander the Third, in the year 1175, confirming the
property belonging to the monastery of Winchcombe, in Gloucestershire,
is mentioned, “The town of Twining with all the lands, _orchards_,
meadows, &c.;”[F] and in a charter of King John, granting property to
the priory of Lanthony, near Gloucester, is mentioned “the church
of Herdesley, with twelve acres of land, _and an orchard_.”[G] But
its cultivation was not confined to the southern counties, for we
find there was an extensive manufacture of cider as far north as
Richmond, in Yorkshire, in the early part of the thirteenth century.
It would be too much to say that all the varieties cultivated at an
early period, were indigenous to this country; many no doubt, were
introduced at the Norman conquest, and it is probable that in the
middle ages some varieties were introduced from the continent, by
members of the different religious houses which then existed, who not
unfrequently had personal intercourse with France, and who devoted
considerable attention to horticulture; but there is every reason to
believe that the earliest varieties were native productions. The oldest
works which treat on the cultivation of fruits, afford little or no
information as to these early varieties. In some ancient documents of
the twelfth century, we find the Pearmain[H] and Costard mentioned,
but the horticultural works of the period are too much occupied with
the fallacies and nonsense which distinguish those of the Roman
agricultural writers, to convey to us any knowledge of the early
pomology of this country. Turner in his Herbal, has no record of any of
the varieties, and simply states, in reference to the apple, “I nede
not to descrybe thys tre, because it is knowen well inoughe in all
countres.” Barnaby Googe mentions as, “Chiefe in price, the Pippin, the
Romet, the Pomeroyall, the Marigold, with a great number of others that
were too long to speake of.” Leonarde Mascal gives instruction how “to
graffe the Quyne Apple;” but that is the only variety he mentions. In
a note book in the possession of Sir John Trevelyan, of Nettlecombe,
near Taunton, which was kept by one of his ancestors, from the year
1580 to 1584, is an entry of “The names of Apelles, which I had their
graffes from Brentmarch, from one Mr. Pace--_Item_, the Appell out
of Essex; Lethercott, or Russet Apell; Lounden Peppen; Kew Goneling,
or the Croke; Glass Appell or Pearmeane; Red Stear; Nemes Appell, or
Grenlinge; Bellabone; Appell out of Dorsettsher; Domine quo Vadis.” In
“The Husbandman’s Fruitfull Orchard,” we have Pippins, Pearemains,
John Apples, Winter Russetings, and Leather Coats. Gerard enumerates
and figures “The Pome Water, the Baker’s Ditch, the King of Apples, the
Quining or Queene of Apples, the Sommer Pearemaine,” and “the Winter
Pearemaine;” and he says, “I have seene in the pastures and hedgerowes
about the grounds of a worshippfull gentleman, dwelling two miles from
Hereford, called _M. Roger Bednome_, so many trees of all sortes, that
the seruants drinke for the most part no other drinke, but that which
is made of Apples. The quantitie is such, that by the report of the
gentleman himselfe, the parson hath for tithe many hogsheads of Syder.”
[A] Arb. Brit. vol. ii, p. 895.
[B] Armstrong’s Gaelic Dictionary.
[C] Owen’s Dictionary of the Welch Language.
[D] Lib. ii. cap. 8.
[E] Duncumb’s History of Herefordshire, vol. 1, p. 187.
[F] Rudder’s History of Gloucestershire, App. liii., No. xxxv.
[G] Rudder’s History of Gloucestershire, App. xxvii., No. xix.
[H] Blomefield’s History of Norfolk, vol. xi., p. 242.
But it is to Parkinson we are indebted for the best account of
the early English varieties, of which he enumerates no less than
fifty-nine, with “tweenty sorts of sweetings and none good;” and from
him may be dated the dawn of British Pomology. Hartlib mentions one who
had 200 sorts of apples, and was of opinion that 500 sorts existed.
Rea, in his Pomona, enumerates twenty varieties, sixteen of which are
not mentioned by Parkinson; and Meager gives a list of eighty-three,
which were cultivated in the Brompton Park, and some other nurseries
round London, of which fifty-one are not found in the lists of either
Parkinson or Rea. Worlidge mentions ninety-two, which are chiefly
cider fruits. The seventy-seven varieties of Ray are much the same as
those enumerated by Worlidge. During the last century, the writings
of Switzer, Langley, Hitt, Miller, and Abercrombie, added little to
what have already been noticed, except that Switzer first mentions
the Nonpareil; and it is to Forsyth that we are indebted for a more
extended knowledge of the different varieties, then known to exist in
this country. With Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., the first President of
the London Horticultural Society, a new era in the history of pomology
commenced, and during his lifetime there was more attention devoted to
this study, than had been since the days of Evelyn and De Quintinye.
It was with this zealous horticulturist, that a practical application
of the discovery of the sexes of plants, was first systematically
carried into operation; and the success which attended his labors in
hybridization, is evinced by the many valuable varieties of fruits
which he was the means of producing. Through the exertions of this
gentleman, and his illustrious cotemporaries, Sabine, Williams, and
Braddick, the gardens of the Horticultural Society, became a depository
for all the varieties which could be gathered together from all parts
of Europe and America, and the result has been, that in the last
edition of the Society’s Catalogue, Mr. Thompson has enumerated upwards
of 1400 varieties of the apple alone, the greater portion of which,
however, are proved to be unworthy of cultivation for any purpose
whatever.
The apple is a very wholesome fruit. In its raw state it is highly
esteemed in the dessert, and when either roasted, boiled, or in pies,
it forms an excellent and nutritious food. Dr. Johnson says he knew a
clergyman, of small income, who brought up a family very reputably,
which he chiefly fed on apple dumplings! Administered to invalids it
is cooling, refreshing, and laxative. It is well known as furnishing
an excellent sauce; and apple jelly forms one of the finest preserves.
Norfolk Beefings are that variety of apple baked in ovens, after the
bread is drawn, and flattened to the form in which they are sold in the
shops of the confectioners and fruiterers. In Normandy and America,
apples are to a considerable extent dried in the sun, in which state
they may be preserved for a long period and used at pleasure, when
they form an excellent dish stewed with sugar, cloves, and other
spices. Those dried in America are cut into quarters, while those of
Normandy are preserved whole. There is a drink with which our ancestors
were wont to regale themselves called _Lambs-wool_, or more properly
_Lamasool_, a word derived from _La maes Abhal_, which signifies the
day of apple fruit. This drink was composed of ale and the pulp of
roasted apples, with sugar and spice. It is mentioned by Gerard, and in
an old song, called “The King and the Miller,” we find it referred to
“A cup of _Lambs-wool_ they drank to him there.”
Besides these, and many other uses to which the apple is applied, its
juice produces cider, which forms, in many parts of this country, in
Normandy, and the United States, an indispensable beverage. The juice
of the wild species, called crab vinegar, or verjuice, when applied
externally is good for strains, spasms, and cramps.
The chemical composition of the apple is, chlorophylle, sugar, gum,
vegetable fibre, albumen, malic acid, tannin and gallic acid, lime, and
a great quantity of water.
The apple may be grown on almost any description of soil, provided
it is not absolutely wet. That on which it succeeds best is a humid
sandy loam, or a well-drained strong clay, which if it possesses a
calcareous, or gravelly subsoil, will be still more advantageous. It
is not requisite that it should be of so great depth as for pears, as
the apple, having no tap-root, does not penetrate so far into the soil.
From eighteen inches to two feet will be found a good depth; but where
the soil is good, and the subsoil sufficiently humid without being
literally wet, even a foot to eighteen inches will answer every purpose.
CLASSIFICATION OF APPLES.
A great desideratum in pomological science is, a system of
classification for the apple, founded on characters which are at once
permanent and well defined. The Germans have been most assiduous
in endeavoring to attain this object, and many systems have been
suggested, of which those of Manger, Sickler, Christ, and Diel, are
most generally known. But it is to Diel that the greatest merit is
due, for having produced a system, which, though far from perfect, is
greatly in advance of any which had hitherto been produced; and which
has been universally adopted by all the German pomologists. In 1847,
my friend Dochnahl, an eminent and assiduous pomologist, published a
system, based upon that of Diel, of which it is a modification, and
which possesses such advantages over its type, as to be more easily
reduced to practise.
As the systems of Diel and Dochnahl, are certainly the best which have
yet appeared, I have introduced them here, for the benefit of those who
may want a groundwork on which to form an arrangement.
DIEL’S CLASSIFICATION.
CLASS I. RIBBED APPLES.
1. They are furnished with very prominent, but regular ribs round the
eye, extending also over the fruit, but which do not render the shape
irregular.--2. Having wide, open, and very irregular cells.
ORDER I. TRUE CALVILLES.
1. They taper from about the middle of the fruit towards the eye.--2.
They are covered with bloom when on the tree.--3. They have, or acquire
by keeping, an unctuous skin.--4. They are not distinctly and purely
striped.--5. They have light, spongy, delicate flesh.--6. They have a
strawberry or raspberry flavor.
ORDER II. SCHLOTTERÄPFEL.
1. The skin does not feel unctuous.--2. They are not covered with
bloom.--3. They are either of a flat, conical, cylindrical, or tapering
form.--4. They have not a balsamic, but mostly a sweetish or sourish
flavor.--5. They have a granulous, loose, and coarse-grained flesh.
ORDER III. GULDERLINGE.
1. They are not balsamic like Order I., but of an aromatic flavor.--2.
They have a fine flesh, almost like that of the Reinettes.--3. They are
either of a conical or flat shape.--4. They are most prominently ribbed
round the eye.
CLASS II. ROSENÄPFEL.--ROSE APPLES.
1. They are covered with blue bloom when on the tree.--2. They have
not unproportionally large, but often only regular cells.--3. They
emit a pleasant odor when briskly rubbed.--4. The skin does not feel
unctuous.--5. They are handsomely and regularly ribbed round the eye,
and often also over the fruit.--6. They have a tender, loose, spongy,
and mostly fine-grained flesh.--7. They have a fine rose, fennel, or
anise flavor.--8. They are mostly of short duration, and are often only
summer, or autumn apples.--9. They are mostly striped like a tulip.
ORDER I. FRUIT TAPERING OR OBLONG.
ORDER II. FRUIT ROUND OR FLAT.
CLASS III. RAMBOURS.
1. They are all large apples, and comprise the largest sorts.--2. They
have mostly, or almost always, two unequal halves, namely one side
lower than the other.--3. They are constantly furnished with ribs
round the eye, which are broad, rising irregularly the one above the
other, and extending over the fruit, so as to render it irregular in
its shape; they are also compressed and have one side higher than the
other.--4. They are constantly broader than high, and only sometimes
elongated.--5. They have all a loose, coarse-grained, and often very
pleasant flesh.
ORDER I. WITH WIDE CELLS.
ORDER II. WITH NARROW CELLS.
CLASS IV. REINETTES.
1. They have a fine-grained, delicate, crisp, firm, or tender
flesh.--2. They are mostly the ideal of a handsome shaped apple; in
them the convexity or bulge of the middle of the apple, towards the
eye, is the same as that towards the stalk, or not much different.--3.
They are all grey dotted, or have russety patches, or completely
covered with russet.--4. They have only rarely an unctuous skin.--5.
They have all the rich, aromatic, sugary, and brisk flavor, which is
called the Reinette flavor--6. They decay very readily, and must, of
all apples, hang longest on the tree.--7. The really sweet, and at the
same time aromatic apples, belong to the Reinettes, only as regards
their shape, their russety character, and their fine or firm flesh.--8.
Apples with fine, firm, crisp flesh, which cannot of themselves form a
separate class,--for instance, the Pippins also belong to this class.
ORDER I. SELF COLORED REINETTES.
1. Having an uniform green ground color, which changes to the most
beautiful golden yellow.--2. Having no lively colors or marks of russet
on the side next the sun; except those that are very much exposed, and
which assume a slight tinge of red.--3. Having no covering of russet,
but only slight traces of russety stripes.
ORDER II. RED REINETTES.
Having all the properties of the self colored Reinettes, but of a pure
red on the side next the sun, without any mixture of russet.
ORDER III. GREY REINETTES.
1. Their ground color is green, changing to dingy dull yellow.--2. The
coating of russet, or the russety patches spread over the greater part
of the fruit are very conspicious.--3. The side next the sun is often
dull brownish, or ochreous red.
ORDER IV. GOLDEN REINETTES.
1. On the side next the sun they are washed, or striped with beautiful
crimson.--2. The ground color changes by keeping to beautiful deep
yellow.--3. Over the ground color, and the crimson of the exposed side,
are spread light thin patches, or a complete coat of russet.
CLASS V. STREIFLINGE.--STRIPED APPLES.
1. They are all, and almost always, marked with broken stripes of
red.--2. These stripes are found either over the whole fruit, or only
very indistinctly on the side exposed to the sun.--3. The stripes may
be distinct, that is to say, truly striped; or between these stripes on
the side next the sun, the fruit is dotted, shaded, or washed with red;
but on the shaded side the stripes are well defined.--4. The cells are
regular.--5. They are of a purely sweet, vinous, or acid flavor.--6.
They have not the same flavor as the Rosenäpfel.--7. They do not decay
except when gathered before maturity, or after the period when properly
ripened.--8. They form a large and somewhat considerable class among
the culinary fruits.
ORDER I. FLAT STREIFLINGE.
1. They have the bulge at the same distance from the eye, as from the
stalk, and are broadly flattened.--2. They are constantly half an inch
broader than high.
ORDER II. TAPERING STREIFLINGE.
1. They are broader than high.--2. They diminish from the middle of
the apple towards the eye, so that the superior half is conical, or
pyramidal, and is not at all similiar to the inferior half.
ORDER III. OBLONG OR CYLINDRICAL STREIFLINGE.
1. The height and breath are almost equal.--2. They diminish gradually
from the base to the apex.--3. Or from the middle of the fruit, they
gradually diminish towards the base and apex equally.
ORDER IV. ROUND STREIFLINGE.
1. The convexity of the fruit next the base and the apex is the
same.--2. The breadth does not differ from the height, except only
about a quarter of an inch.--3. Laid in the hand with the eye and stalk
sideways, they have the appearance of a roundish shape.
CLASS VI. TAPERING APPLES.
1. They have the cells regular.--2. They are not covered with
bloom.--3. They are not striped, and are either of an uniform color, or
washed with red on the side next the sun.--4. Constantly diminishing to
a point towards the eye.--5. They are sweet, or vinous, approaching a
pure acid.--6. They do not decay readily.
ORDER I. OBLONG, CYLINDRICAL, OR CONICAL.
Characters the same as Order III. of the Streiflinge.
ORDER II. TAPERING TO A POINT.
Characters the same as Order II. of the Streiflinge.
CLASS VII. FLAT APPLES.
1. They are constantly broader than high.--2. They are never
striped.--3. They are either of an uniform color, or on the side
exposed to the sun more or less washed or shaded with red.--4. They
have regular cells.--5. They are not unctuous when handled.--6. They do
not decay readily.--7. Flavor purely sweet or purely sour.
ORDER I. PURELY FLAT APPLES.
1. The difference is obvious to the eye.--2. The breadth is constantly
half an inch more than the height.
ORDER II. ROUND-SHAPED FLAT APPLES.
1. The eye cannot easily detect a distinction between the breadth and
height.--2. The breadth rarely exceeds the height by a quarter of an
inch.--3. The fruit cut transversely, exhibits almost or quite two
equal halves.
* * * * *
DOCHNAHL’S CLASSIFICATION.
SECTION I.
PLEUROIDEA.--_ANGULAR OR RIBBED APPLES._
Having sharp or flat ribs, which extend over the length of the fruit,
and are most prominent round the eye, where they are most generally
situated.
CLASS I. MALA CYDONARIA.--QUINCE-SHAPED APPLES.
ORDER I. CALVILLA,--_CALVILLES._
1. They have large heart-shaped cells, open towards the axis, or often
entirely torn; the cells extend very often from the stalk, even to
the tube of the calyx.--2. They diminish from about the middle of the
fruit, or a little above it towards the eye.--3. They are regular,
and provided generally with fine ribs, which do not disfigure the
fruit.--4. On the tree the fruit is covered with bloom.--5. They
are never distinctly striped.--6. Their flesh is soft, loose, fine,
and light, of a balsamic flavor, similar to that of strawberries or
raspberries.--7. The eye is frequently closed.--8. Many of them acquire
by keeping, an oily or unctuous skin.
GROUP I. FRUCTUS RUBRI--_FRUIT RED._
The fruit almost entirely covered with red.
GROUP 2. FRUCTUS BICOLORES.--_FRUIT TWO-COLORED._
Yellow, very much striped or washed with red.
GROUP 3. FRUCTUS LUTEI.--_FRUIT YELLOW._
Of a whitish, greenish, or golden yellow.
ORDER II. PSEUDO-CALVILLA.--_BASTARD CALVILLES._
1. The cells are the same as the true Calvilles, very large and
open.--2. The calycinal tube is wide and generally very short.--3.
They are slightly narrowed towards the eye, and flattened towards the
stalk.--4. Their ribs are very prominent, especially round the eye.--5.
They are aromatic, and have not the balsamic flavor of the true
Calvilles.--6. Their flesh is fine, opaque, a little succulent, and
almost equal to the Reinettes.
_The Groups are the same as in the First Order._
CLASS II. MALA PYRARIA.--_PEAR-SHAPED APPLES._
Their flavor is neither balsamic nor aromatic; they are purely sweet or
acid, their flesh is granulous and loose.
ORDER I. TREMARIA.--_SEEDS LOOSE._
1. These are almost always large apples, the skin of which is neither
unctuous nor covered with bloom.--2. They are also furnished with ribs,
but they are not so regular as in the Calvilles.--3. The cells are very
large, irregular, widened, and generally open.--4. The calycinal tube
is most generally widely conical, and does not extend to the cells.--5.
They are of a flattened, conical, cylindrical, or pointed shape.--6.
Their flesh is loose, more often a little coarse, and of a slight
balsamic flavor.--7. The leaves of these trees are very large, rather
deeply dentated, and less downy than those of the Calvilles and Bastard
Calvilles.
GROUP 1. FRUCTUS UNICOLORES.--_FRUIT SELF-COLORED._
Green, greenish-yellow, or golden yellow, and lightly tinged with red.
GROUP 2. FRUCTUS BICOLORES.--_TWO COLORED._
Yellow or green, and distinctly striped or washed with red.
ORDER II. RAMBURA.--_RAMBURES._
1. They are all very large.--2. They have almost always the two
halves unequal.--3. They are constantly broader than high, and appear
sometimes higher than they are.--4. They are not furnished with ribs
except round the eye; these ribs are often irregular in numbers, and
frequently form broad projections on the fruit.--5. They do not decay,
but shrivel when they are past maturity.--6. The flesh is coarsely
granulous, rarely aromatic, often, nevertheless, very agreeable.
GROUP 1. CAPSULIS AMPLIS.--_CELLS WIDE._
GROUP 2. CAPSULIS ANGUSTIS.--_CELLS NARROW._
SECTION II.
SPHÆROIDEA.--_SPHERICAL APPLES._
They have sometimes prominences on the fruit and round the eye, but
never true ribs.
CLASS III. MALA MESPILARIA.--_MEDLAR-SHAPED APPLES._
Their flavor is sweet, aromatic, similar to that of the rose, fennel,
or anise.
ORDER I. APIANA.--_APIS OR ROSE APPLES._
1. Their flesh is soft, loose, marrowy, very fine-grained and of
a snow-white color.--2. The cells are almost always regular and
closed.--3. They are regularly ribbed round the eye, and often also
over the fruit, but sometimes not at all ribbed.--4. They have a
balsamic flavor, accompanied with a very agreeable odor.--5. They emit
a pleasant odor, especially when briskly rubbed.--6. When they are on
the tree, they are frequently covered with blue bloom, and striped like
a tulip.--7. The fruit is mostly small or middle sized.--8. They are
mostly of short duration, and lose their good flavor the same year.
GROUP 1. FRUCTUS OBLONGI.--_OBLONG FRUIT._
GROUP 2. FRUCTUS SPHÆRICI.--_ROUND OR FLATTENED FRUIT._
ORDER II. REINETTA.--_REINETTES._
1. These are apples which have generally the most regular and handsome
shape; having the bulge in the middle, at the same distance from the
eye as from the stalk.--2. All are dotted, clouded, or entirely covered
with russet.--3. They are very rarely inclined to be unctuous, but
generally rough when handled.--4. They all decay very readily, (they
must therefore be left as long as possible on the tree.)--5. Their
flesh is fine-grained, crisp, firm, or fine and delicate.--6. They are
all charged with only a balsamic, sugary acid, which is called Reinette
flavored.
GROUP 1. FRUCTUS UNICOLORES.--_SELF COLORED._
1. Having an uniform green ground color, which changes to the most
beautiful golden yellow.--2. Having no lively colors nor marks of
russet, on the side next the sun; except those that are very much
exposed, and are slightly tinged with red.--3. Having no covering of
russet, but only slight traces of russety stripes.
GROUP 2. FRUCTUS RUBRI.--_FRUIT RED._
Having all the properties of the self colored Reinettes; but on the
side next the sun, they are of a red color, with a mixture of russet.
GROUP 3. FRUCTUS RAVI.--_FRUIT RUSSETED._
1. Their ground color is green, changing to dingy dull yellow.--2. The
coatings of russet are very conspicious.--3. The side next the sun is
often dingy, brownish, or ochreous-red.--4. They all decay very readily.
GROUP 4. FRUCTUS AUREI.--_YELLOW OR GOLDEN FRUIT._
GOLDEN REINETTES.
1. On the side next the sun they are washed or striped with beautiful
crimson.--2. The ground color changes by keeping, to beautiful deep
yellow.--3. Over the crimson there is a light, thin trace, or complete
covering of russet.
CLASS IV. MALA MALARIA.--_PERFECT OR PURE APPLE SHAPED._
They are of a perfectly sweet or vinous flavor, approaching to pure
acid.
ORDER I. STRIOLA.--_STRIPED APPLES._
1. They are all, and almost always, marked with broken stripes of
red.--2. These are either over the whole fruit, or only indistinctly
on the side exposed to the sun.--3. The stripes may all be distinct,
that is, clearly and finely striped; or between these stripes on the
side next the sun, the fruit is dotted, shaded, or washed with red;
but on the shaded side, the stripes are well defined.--4. The cells
are regular.--5. The fruit does not decay, except when gathered before
maturity, or after the period when it has been properly ripened.
GROUP 1. FRUCTUS DEPRESSI.--_FRUIT FLAT._
1. They have the bulge at the same distance from the eye, as from the
stalk, and are broadly flattened.--2. They are always half an inch
broader than high.
GROUP 2. FRUCTUS ACUMINATI.--_POINTED FRUIT._
1. They are broader than high.--2. They diminish from the middle of
the apple towards the eye, so that the superior half is conical or
pyramidal, and is not at all similiar to the inferior half.
GROUP 3. FRUCTUS OBLONGI.--_FRUIT OBLONG OR CYLINDRICAL._
1. The height and breadth are almost equal.--2. They diminish gradually
from the base to the apex.--3. Or from the middle of the fruit, they
gradually diminish towards the base and apex equally.
GROUP 4. FRUCTUS SPHÆRICI.--_FRUIT ROUND._
1. The convexity of the fruit next the base and the apex is the
same.--2. The breadth does not differ from the height, except only
about a quarter of an inch.--3. When laid on their sides they present a
spherical shape.
ORDER II. CONTUBERNALIA.--_STORING OR HOUSEHOLD APPLES._
1. Having the cells regular.--2. They are not striped, and are either
of an uniform color, or washed with red on the side next the sun.--3.
They do not decay readily.--4. They are not unctuous when handled.--5.
They are never covered with bloom.
GROUP 1. FRUCTUS ACUMINATI.--_FRUIT TAPERING._
Diminishing towards the eye.
GROUP 2. FRUCTUS DEPRESSI.--_FRUIT FLAT._
They are constantly broader than high.
* * * * *
Such is the classification of Dochnahl, and although it is not all
that could be desired, it is certainly the best which has yet been
published, and will serve as a good foundation on which to raise a more
perfect work.
I have not had an opportunity of applying either of these arrangements
to the classification of our British apples, but for the purpose of
affording a little assistance in identifying the different varieties
described in this work, I have prepared the following, which, although
I am aware is not what could be desired, will at least be sufficient
for all general purposes. The period of duration, and the coloring of
fruits, vary to a considerable extent according to circumstances of
soil, situation, and season; but in the following arrangement, I have
endeavored to embrace those characters which they are most generally
found to possess.
I. SUMMER APPLES.
Consisting of such as either ripen on the tree, or shortly after being
gathered, and which generally do not last longer than the beginning of
October.
§--ROUND, ROUNDISH, OR OBLATE.
A. PALE COLORED.
_Being either of an uniform pale color, or occasionally tinged with
faint red._
Calville Blanche d’Eté
Dutch Codlin
Early Harvest
Early Julien
Early Spice
Joanneting
Large Yellow Bough
Madeleine
Oslin
Sack and Sugar
Stirzaker’s Early Square
B. STRIPED.
_Being wholly or partially marked with stripes, either on a pale or
colored ground._
Borovitsky
Duchess of Oldenburgh
Nonesuch
Ravelstone Pippin
Whorle
C. RED.
_Having either a cloud of red on the side next the sun, or entirely
covered with red._
Calville Rouge d’Eté
Calville Rouge de Micoud
Cole
Devonshire Quarrenden
Irish Peach
Maiden’s Blush
Passe Pomme d’Automne
Passe Pomme Rouge
Red Astrachan
§§--OBLONG, CONICAL, OVAL, OR OVATE.
A. PALE COLORED.
_Being either of an uniform pale color, or occasionally tinged with
faint red._
Carlisle Codlin
Early Wax
English Codlin
Keswick Codlin
Manks Codlin
Springrove Codlin
Sugar Loaf Pippin
Summer Golden Pippin
Teuchat’s Egg
White Astrachan
B. STRIPED.
_Being wholly or partially marked with stripes, either on a pale or
colored ground._
American Summer Pearmain
Creeper
Kerry Pippin
Longville’s Kernel
Margaret
Pigeonnet
C. RED.
_Having either a cloud of red on the side next the sun, or entirely
covered with red._
Dr. Helsham’s Pippin
Hollow Core
King of the Pippins
Sugar and Brandy
II. AUTUMN APPLES.
Including such as are in use from the time of gathering to Christmas.
§--ROUND, ROUNDISH, OR OBLATE.
A. PALE COLORED.
_Being either of an uniform pale color, or occasionally tinged with
faint red._
American Fall
Bland’s Jubilee
Breedon Pippin
Bridgewater Pippin
Broadend
Broad Eyed Pippin
Cobham
Dowell’s Pippin
Downton Pippin
Drap d’Or
Early Nonpareil
Flanders Pippin
Forest Stire
Franklin’s Golden Pippin
Gloria Mundi
Golden Monday
Golden Noble
Gooseberry Apple
Grange
Harvey Apple
Pawsan
Small Stalk
Stead’s Kernel
Waltham Abbey Seedling
White Westling
Winter Lading
Yellow Elliot
B. STRIPED.
_Being wholly or partially marked with stripes, either on a pale or
colored ground._
Bachelor’s Glory
Biggs’s Nonesuch
Cellini
Chester Pearmain
Creed’s Marigold
Elford Pippin
Flushing Spitzenburgh
Gravenstein
Green Woodcock
Hermann’s Pippin
Hoary Morning
Hollandbury
Kentish Fill Basket
Kingston Black
Longstart
Monkton
Nanny
Rabine
Rambour Franc
Red-Streak
Red Streaked Rawling
Siberian Harvey
Summer Strawberry
Trumpington
C. RED.
_Having either a cloud of red on the side next the sun, or entirely
covered with red._
Api Etoillé
Bere Court Pippin
Borsdorffer
Burn’s Seedling
Calville Rouge d’Automne
Cherry Apple
Contin Reinette
Flower of Kent
Forge
Foxley
Glory of the West
Greenup’s Pippin
Hawthornden
Isle of Wight Pippin
Lady’s Delight
De Neige
Red-Must
Rymer
Scarlet Crofton
Scarlet Tiffing
Scotch Bridget
Siberian Bitter Sweet
Summer Broadend
D. RUSSET.
_Being entirely or to a great extent covered with russet._
Brown Kenting
Cornish Aromatic
Ten Shillings
§§--OBLONG, CONICAL, OVAL, OR OVATE.
A. PALE COLORED.
_Being either of an uniform pale color, or occasionally tinged with
faint red._
Brookes’s
Catshead
Coccagee
Costard
Cray Pippin
Green Tiffing
Hargreave’s Green Sweet
Harvey’s Wiltshire Defiance
Isleworth Crab
Kilkenny Pearmain
Lucombe’s Pine
Marmalade
Melrose
Monkland Pippin
Nelson Codlin
Pitmaston Golden Wreath
Proliferous Reinette
Sheep’s Nose
Tarvey Codlin
Toker’s Incomparable
Transparent Codlin
White Wine
Wormsley Pippin
Yellow Ingestrie
B. STRIPED.
_Being wholly or partially marked, with stripes, either on a pale or
colored ground._
Augustus Pearmain
Belle Bonne
Colonel Vaughan’s
Bennet Apple
Best Bache
Broughton
Cowarne Red
Duke of Beaufort’s Pippin
Duncan
Emperor Alexander
Fill Basket
Garter
Glory of England
Golden Streak
Golden Winter Pearmain
Hagloe Crab
Mère de Ménage
Moore’s Seedling
Queen of Sauce
Summer Pearmain
White Paradise
C. RED.
_Having either a cloud of red on the side next the sun, or entirely
covered with red._
Fox Whelp
Friar
Ganges
Grey Leadington
Kentish Pippin
Long Nose
Pigeon
Red Ingestrie
Wickham’s Pearmain
Woodcock
D. RUSSET.
_Being entirely, or to a great extent covered with russet._
Bowyer’s Russet
Patch’s Russet
Pine Apple Russet
III.--WINTER APPLES.
Including such as are in use during the whole of the Winter and Spring.
§--ROUND, ROUNDISH, OR OBLATE.
A. PALE COLORED.
_Being either of an uniform pale color, or occasionally tinged with
faint red._
Alfriston
Bedfordshire Foundling
Belledge Pippin
Birmingham Pippin
Blenheim Pippin
Bringewood Pippin
Calville Blanche d’Hiver
Cluster Golden Pippin
Court of Wick
Devonshire Buckland
Dredge’s Fair Maid of Wishford
Dredge’s Fame
Essex Pippin
Fair’s Nonpareil
Famagusta
Fenouillet Jaune
Gogar Pippin
Golden Pippin
Holland Pippin
Hollow Crowned Pippin
Hughes’s Golden Pippin
Minchall Crab
Morris’s Court of Wick
Rambo
Reinette Diel
Reinette Franche
Reinette Jaune Sucrée
Reinette Vert
Rhode Island Greening
Saint Julien
Screveton Golden Pippin
Siely’s Mignonne
Sleeping Beauty
Spitzenberg
Veiny Pippin
Wyken Pippin
Yellow Newtown Pippin
B. STRIPED.
_Being wholly or partially marked with stripes, either on a pale or
colored ground._
Brabant Bellefleur
Calville Rouge d’Hiver
Caroline
Christie’s Pippin
Dutch Mignonne
Fulwood
Golden Reinette
Gros Faros
Hall Door
Hambledon Deux Ans
Hoskreiger
Keeping Red Streak
Kirke’s Lord Nelson
Lincolnshire Holland Pippin
Lucombe’s Seedling
Newtown Spitzenberg
Ribston Pippin
Round Winter Nonesuch
Royal Reinette
Scarlet Nonpareil
Selwood’s Reinette
Shakespere
Shepherd’s Fame
Somerset Lasting
Spice Apple
Striped Beefing
Striped Monstrous Reinette
Taunton Golden Pippin
Watson’s Dumpling
West Grinstead Pippin
Yorkshire Greening
C. RED.
_Having either a cloud of red on the side next the sun, or entirely
covered with red._
Api
Api Gros
Api Noir
Baddow Pippin
Bank
Belle Grisdeline
Braddick’s Nonpareil
Brickley Seedling
Calville Malingre
Clara Pippin
Coul Blush
Court-pendu Plat
Dumelow’s Seedling
Fair Maid of Taunton
Fearn’s Pippin
Harvey’s Pippin
Haute Bonté
London Pippin
Mela Carla
Minier’s Dumpling
Newtown Pippin
Nonpareil
Norfolk Beefing
Norfolk Paradise
Northern Greening
Osterley Pippin
Padley’s Pippin
Pearson’s Plate
Petworth Nonpareil
Pomewater
Reinette de Breda
Reinette Blanche d’Espagne
Reinette de Canada
Reinette Van Mons
Rose de China
Royal Shepherd
Sir William Gibbons’s
Sops in Wine
Squire’s Greening
Sturmer Pippin
Surry Flat Cap
Turk’s Cap
Wanstall
Wheeler’s Extreme
White Virgin
Winter Colman
Winter Greening
Winter Majetin
D. RUSSET.
_Being entirely, or to a great extent, covered with russet._
Acklam’s Russet
Aromatic Russet
Ashmead’s Kernel
Boston Russet
Byson Wood Russet
Fenouillet Gris
Fenouillet Rouge
Golden Harvey
Horsham Russet
Keeping Russet
Knobbed Russet
Morris’s Russet
New Rock Pippin
Pennington’s Seedling
Pile’s Russet
Pitmaston Nonpareil
Pomme Grise
Powell’s Russet
Reinette Carpentin
Reinette Grise
Robinson’s Pippin
Ross Nonpareil
Royal Russet
Sam Young
Sweeney Nonpareil
Sykehouse Russet
Wheeler’s Russet
§§--OBLONG, CONICAL, OVAL, OR OVATE.
A. PALE COLORED.
_Being either of an uniform pale color or occasionally tinged with
faint red._
Barton’s Incomparable
Beachamwell
Bossom
Cockle Pippin
Coe’s Golden Drop
Colonel Harbord’s Pippin
Darling Pippin
Hanwell Souring
Hormead Pearmain
Hunthouse
Lemon Pippin
Mitchelson’s Seedling
Norfolk Stone Pippin
Nottingham Pippin
Oxnead Pearmain
Pitmaston Golden Pippin
Pope’s Apple
Tower of Glammis
Trumpeter
Warner’s King
Winter Codlin
B. STRIPED.
_Being wholly or partially marked with stripes, either on a pale or
colored ground._
Adams’s Pearmain
Baldwin
Baxter’s Pearmain
Beauty of Kent
Benwell’s Pearmain
Bess Pool
Bristol Pearmain
Claygate Pearmain
Cornish Gilliflower
Esopus Spitzenburgh
Federal Pearmain
Grange’s Pearmain
Lamb Abbey Pearmain
Lewis’s Incomparable
Loan’s Pearmain
Margil
Parry’s Pearmain
Royal Pearmain
Scarlet Leadington
Scarlet Pearmain
Seek-no-Farther
Winter Pearmain
Winter Quoining
C. RED.
_Having either a cloud of red on the side next the sun, or entirely
covered with red._
Barcelona Pearmain
Farleigh Pippin
Foulden Pearmain
Hunt’s Deux Ans
Hutton Square
Irish Reinette
Lady’s Finger
Mannington’s Pearmain
New York Pippin
Ord’s Apple
Petit Jean
Pomeroy
Ponto Pippin
Russet Table Pearmain
Tulip
Vale Mascal Pearmain
Violette
Wadhurst Pippin
Whitmore Pippin
Woolman’s Long
D. RUSSET.
_Being entirely, or to a great extent, covered with russet._
Betsey
Forman’s Crew
Golden Knob
Golden Pearmain
Golden Russet
Hubbard’s Pearmain
Hunt’s Duke of Gloucester
Martin Nonpareil
Morris’s Nonpareil Russet
Pinner Seedling
Rosemary Russet
Rushock Pearmain
Uellner’s Gold Reinette
THE APPLE.--ITS VARIETIES.
1. ACKLAM’S RUSSET.--Fors.
IDENTIFICATION.--Fors. Treat. 92. Lind. Guide, 85. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed.
3, n. 733.
SYNONYME.--Aclemy Russet, _Gibs. Fr. Gard._ 359.
Fruit, below the medium size, two inches and a quarter wide, and two
inches high; round and somewhat flattened. Skin, pale yellow tinged
with green, and covered with thin grey russet, particularly on the side
exposed to the sun. Eye, small and closed, set in a smooth, round, and
shallow basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a moderately deep cavity.
Flesh, white with a greenish tinge, firm, crisp, juicy, and highly
flavoured.
An excellent dessert apple of first-rate quality; ripe in November, and
will keep under favourable circumstances till March.
The tree is very hardy, and an excellent bearer. It succeeds best in a
dry soil, and is well adapted for espalier training.
This variety is supposed to have originated at the village of Acklam,
in Yorkshire.
2. ADAMS’S PEARMAIN.--Lind.
IDENTIFICATION.--Lind. Guide, 60. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 529.
SYNONYME.--Norfolk Pippin, _Hort. Soc. Cat._ ed. 1, 685.
FIGURE.--Pom. Mag. t. 133.
[Illustration]
Fruit, large, varying from two inches and a half to three inches high
and about the same in breadth at the widest part; pearmain-shaped,
very even, and regularly formed. Skin, pale yellow tinged with green,
and covered with delicate russet on the shaded side; but deep yellow
tinged with red, and delicately streaked with livelier red on the side
next the sun. Eye, small and open, with acute erect segments, set in
a narrow, round, and plaited basin. Stalk, varying from half an inch
to an inch long, obliquely inserted in a shallow cavity, and generally
with a fleshy protuberance on one side of it. Flesh, yellowish, crisp,
juicy, rich, and sugary, with an agreeable and pleasantly perfumed
flavor.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality; in use from December to
February. It is a large and very handsome variety, and worthy of
general cultivation.
The tree is a free and healthy grower, producing long slender shoots,
by which, and its cucullated ovate leaves, it is easily distinguished.
It is an excellent bearer even in a young state, particularly on the
paradise or doucin stock, and succeeds well as an espalier.
3. ALFRISTON.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 8. Lind. Guide,
26. Down. Fr. Amer. 97.
SYNONYMES.--Lord Gwydyr’s Newtown Pippin, _Acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._ ed.
3. Oldaker’s New, _Ibid._ Shepherd’s Pippin, _in Sussex_. Shepherd’s
Seedling, _Ibid._
FIGURE.--Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xxxv. f. 1.
[Illustration]
Fruit, of the largest size, generally about three inches and a half
wide, and from two and three quarters to three inches high; roundish,
and angular on the sides. Skin, greenish yellow on the shaded side,
and tinged with orange next the sun, covered all over with veins, or
reticulations of russet. Eye, open, set in a deep and uneven basin.
Stalk, short, inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, crisp,
juicy, sugary, and briskly flavoured.
This is one of the largest and best culinary apples. It comes into use
in the beginning of November and continues till April.
The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, very hardy, and an abundant
bearer.
This variety is supposed to have been raised by a person of the name
of Shepherd, at Uckfield, in Sussex, and has for many years been
extensively cultivated in that county, under the names of _Shepherd’s
Seedling_, and _Shepherd’s Pippin_, two names by which it is there
most generally known. Some years ago a Mr. Brooker, of Alfriston,
near Hailsham, in Sussex, sent specimens of the fruit to the London
Horticultural Society, by whom, being unknown, it was called the
_Alfriston_, a name by which it is now generally known, except in its
native county. By some it is erroneously called the _Baltimore_ and
_Newtown Pippin_.
4. AMERICAN FALL PIPPIN.--H.
SYNONYME.--Fall Pippin, _Coxe. View_, 109, _Down. Fr. Amer._ 84.
[Illustration]
Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide, and two inches and three
quarters high; roundish, ribbed on the sides, and almost the same width
at the apex as the base. Skin, yellow tinged with green, and strewed
with brown dots on the shaded side; but with a tinge of brown, and
numerous embedded pearly specks on the side next the sun. Eye, large
and open, with broad, flat segments, set in a wide, deep, and rather
angular basin. Stalk, three quarters of an inch long, inserted in a
rather shallow cavity, which is slightly marked with russet. Flesh,
yellowish, slightly tinged with green at the margin, tender, juicy,
sugary, slightly perfumed, and pleasantly flavoured.
Unlike the majority of American Apples, this comes to great perfection
in this country, and is a valuable and first-rate culinary apple. It is
ripe in October and will last till Christmas.
This is the true Fall Pippin of the American orchards, and a very
different variety from the Fall Pippin of this country, which is known
by the names of Cobbett’s Fall Pippin, and Reinette Blanche d’Espagne.
5. AMERICAN SUMMER PEARMAIN.--Ken.
IDENTIFICATION.--Ken. Amer. Or. 1. Hort Soc. Cat. ed. 3. Down. Fr.
Amer. 70.
SYNONYME.--Early Summer Pearmain, _Coxe. View_, 104.
Fruit, medium sized; oblong, regularly and handsomely shaped. Skin,
yellow, covered with patches and streaks of light red, on the shaded
side; and streaked with fine bright red, interspersed with markings of
yellow on the side next the sun. Eye, set in a wide and deep basin.
Stalk, slender, inserted in a round and deep cavity. Flesh, yellow,
very tender, rich, and pleasantly flavored.
An excellent early apple, either for dessert or kitchen use. It is ripe
in the end of August, and will keep till the end of September.
The tree is a healthy grower, a prolific bearer, and succeeds well on
light soils.
6. API.--Duh.
IDENTIFICATION.--Duh. Arb. Fr. I. 309. Quint. Traité, 1, 202.
SYNONYMES.--Lady Apple, _Coxe. View_, 117. _Down. Fr. Amer._ 115.
Pomme d’Apict, _Inst. Arb. Fr._ 154. Pomme Appease, _Worl. Vin._ 165.
L’Api, _Bret. Ecole._ II. 478. Pomme d’Apis, _Knoop. Pom._ 68, t. xii.
Api Rouge, _Poit. Pom. Franç._ t. 113. Pomme d’Api, _Fors. Treat._
121. Petit Api Rouge, _Nois. Jard. Fr. ed._ 2, pl. 105. Api Petit,
_Hort. Soc. Cat._ ed. 3, n. 11. Pomme Rose, _Acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._
erroneously. Pomme Dieu and Long Bois, _in some provinces of France_.
Kleine Api Apfel, _Christ. Handb. ed._ 2, n. 145. Der Jungfernapfel,
_Christ Handworter_, 17. Der Einfache, der Welsche Api, _Ibid._ Bollen
oder Traubenapfel, _Ibid._ Api Roesje, _Ibid._ Appius Claudius,
_Evelyn. Fr. Gard._ 124. Malus Apiosa, _Hort. Par._
FIGURES.--Duh. Arb. Fr. I. pl. ix. Brook. Pom. Brit. pl. lxxxvii. f.
1. Jard. fruit, ed. 2, pl. 105. Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xxxii. f. 1.
[Illustration]
Fruit, small; oblate. Skin, thick, smooth, and shining, yellowish green
in the shade, changing to pale yellow as it attains maturity; and deep
glossy red, approaching to crimson, on the side next the sun. Eye,
small, set in a rather deep and plaited basin. Stalk, short, and deeply
inserted. Flesh, white, crisp, tender, sweet, very juicy, and slightly
perfumed.
A beautiful little dessert apple in use from October to April.
It should be eaten with the skin on, as it is there that the perfume is
contained. The skin is very sensitive of shade, and any device may be
formed upon it, by causing pieces of paper, in the form of the design
required, to adhere on the side exposed to the sun, before it has
attained its deep red color.
The tree is of a pyramidal habit of growth, healthy, and an abundant
bearer. It succeeds well in almost any situation, provided the soil
is rich, loamy, and not too light or dry; and may be grown with equal
success either on the doucin, or crab stock. When worked on the French
paradise it is well adapted for pot culture. The fruit is firmly
attached to the spurs and forcibly resists the effects of high winds.
It has been asserted, that this apple was brought from Peloponessus to
Rome, by Appius Claudius. Whether this be true or not, there can be no
doubt it is of great antiquity, as all the oldest authors regard it
as the production of an age prior to their own. Dalechamp and Harduin
are of opinion that it is the Petisia of Pliny; but J. Baptista Porta
considers it to be the Appiana of that author, who thus describes it,
“Odor est his cotoneorum magnitudo quæ Claudianis, color rubens.”[I]
From this description it is evident that two varieties are referred
to, the Appiana and Claudiana. Such being the case, J. Baptista Porta
says, “duo sunt apud nos mala, magnitudine, et colore paria, et
preciosa, quorum unum odorem servat cotoneorum, alterum minimè. Quod
odore caret, vulgo dictum _Melo rosa_. Id roseo colore perfusum est,
mira teneritudine et sapore, minimè fugax, pomum magnitudine media,
ut facile cum ceteris de principatu certet, nec indignum Claudii
nomine. Hoc Claudianum dicerem.”[J] This Melo Rosa may possibly be the
Pomme Rose or Gros Api; and if so, we may infer that the Api is the
_Appiana_, and the Gros Api the _Claudiana_ of Pliny. This, however,
may be mere conjecture, but as the authority referred to, was a native
of Naples, and may be supposed to know something of the traditionary
associations of the Roman fruits, I have deemed it advisable to record
his opinion on the subject. According to Merlet, the Api was first
discovered as a wilding in the Forest of Api, in Brittany.
Although mentioned by most of the early continental writers, the Api
does not appear to have been known in this country, till towards the
end of the 17th century. It is first mentioned by Worlidge, who calls
it “Pomme Appease, a curious apple, lately propagated; the fruit is
small and pleasant, which the Madams of France carry in their pockets,
by reason they yield no unpleasant scent.” Lister, in his “Journey to
Paris, 1698,” speaking of this as being one of the apples served up in
the dessert, says, “Also the Pome d’Apis, which is served here more
for show than for use; being a small flat apple, very beautiful, and
very red on one side, and pale or white on the other, and may serve the
ladies at their toilets as a pattern to paint by.” De Quintinye calls
it “Une Pomme des Damoiselles et de bonne compagnie.”
Under the name of _Lady Apple_, large quantities of the Api are
annually imported to this country from the United States, where it is
grown to a great extent, and produces a considerable return to the
growers, as it always commands the highest price of any other fancy
apple in the market. In the winter months, they may be seen encircled
with various coloured tissue papers, adorning the windows of the
fruiterers in Covent Garden Market.
There are other varieties mentioned by J. B. Porta as belonging to the
Api family; one which ripened in August, in size like the Claudiana
already mentioned, and commonly called _Melo Appio Rosso_, because it
retained the scent of the Api; this is probably the Rother Sommer-api
of Diel. There is another, of which he says, “Assererem tuto esse
Melapium Plinii,” and which was held in such estimation as to give rise
to the proverb--
“Omme malum malum præter appium malum.”
[I] Plinii Hist. Nat. Lib. xv., cap. 14.
[J] Villæ, p. 278.
7. API GROS.--Duh.
IDENTIFICATION.--Duh. Arb. Fr. 1, 312. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3.
SYNONYMES.--Pomme Rose, _Quint. Traité_, I. 203, but not of Knoop.
Pomme d’Api Gros. _Ron. Pyr. Mal._ 39. Passe-rose, _Chart. Cat._ 55.
Grosser Api, Rosenapi, _Diel Kernobst._ iv., 228. Api Rose. Doppelter
Api, _Acc. Christ Handworter_. Rubenapfel, _Ibid._ Api Grand, _Ibid._
FIGURE.--Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xx. f. 1.
Fruit, below medium size, two inches and three quarters wide, and
two inches high; oblate. Skin, pale green, changing as it ripens to
pale yellow on the shaded side, and pale red, mottled with green,
where exposed to the sun. Eye, small and closed, set in a shallow and
plaited basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a wide, rather deep, and
russety cavity. Flesh, greenish, tender, crisp, very juicy, and briskly
flavored.
Suitable either for the dessert, or for culinary purposes; it is
inferior to the Api and not a first-rate apple. In use from December to
March. The tree has much similarity to the Api in its growth, and is a
good bearer.
This is a variety of the preceding, and closely resembles it in all
its parts, except that it is much larger. “La Pomme Rose resemble
extremement partout son exterieur a la Pomme d’Apis, mais à mon goût
elle ne la vaut pas quoy que puissent dire les curieux du Rhône, qui
la veulent autant élever aussi au dessus des autres, qu’ils élevent la
Poire Chat au dessus des autres Poires.”--_De Quintinye._
8. API ETOILLE.--Diel.
IDENTIFICATION.--Diel. Kernobst. B. iv. 31.
SYNONYMES.--Pomme Etoillée, _Duh. Arb. Fr._ I. 312. Pomme d’Etoille,
_Ibid._ Gelber Sternförmiger Api, _Diel Kernobst._ B. iv. 31.
Sternapfel, _Christ Handworter_, 106. _Hort. Soc. Cat._ ed. 3, n. 797.
This is a variety of the Api, from which it is distinguished by being
very much flattened, and furnished with five very prominent angles on
the sides, which give it the appearance of a star, hence its name. It
is of a deep yellow on the shaded side, and redish orange next the sun.
It is a well-flavored apple, but only of second-rate quality. It ripens
about the middle or end of September.
The variety received under this name by the London Horticultural
Society must have been incorrect, as in the last edition of their
catalogue it is made synonymous with Api Petit.
9. API NOIR.--Duh.
IDENTIFICATION.--Duh. Arb. Fr. I. 311. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3.
SYNONYME.--Schwarzer Api, _Diel Kernobst._ ix. 214.
FIGURE.--Poit et. Turp. pl. 137.
Fruit, small, but a little larger and somewhat flatter than the Api, to
which it bears a close resemblance. Skin, tender, smooth, and shining
as if varnished, and almost entirely covered, where exposed to the sun,
with very dark crimson, almost approaching to black, like the Pomme
Violette, but becoming paler towards the shaded side, where there is
generally a patch of light yellow; it is strewed with fawn-colored
dots, and some markings of russet. Eye, very small, set in a pretty
deep and plaited basin. Stalk, slender, about three quarters of an
inch long, inserted in a rather deep, wide, and funnel-shaped cavity,
which is slightly marked with russet. Flesh, pure white, firm and
juicy, tinged with red under the skin, and with a pleasant, vinous, and
slightly perfumed flavor.
A dessert apple, inferior to the Api, and cultivated merely for
curiosity. It is in use from November to April, but is very apt to
become meally.
The habit of the tree is similar to that of the Api, but it is rather a
larger grower.
10. AROMATIC RUSSET.--Lind.
IDENTIFICATION.--Lind. Guide, 86. Rog. Fr. Cult. 105.
FIGURE.--Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. viii.
Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and about two inches
and a quarter high; roundish-ovate, and flattened at both ends. Skin,
greenish yellow, almost entirely covered with brownish grey russet,
strewed with brownish scales on the shaded side, and slightly tinged
with brownish red, strewed with silvery scales on the side exposed to
the sun. Eye, small and open, with broad recurved segments, and set
in a rather shallow basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a deep and round
cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, firm, crisp, brisk, sugary, and richly
aromatic.
A dessert apple of the first quality, in use from December to February.
The tree is very hardy and an abundant bearer.
11. ASHMEAD’S KERNEL.--Lind.
IDENTIFICATION.--Lind. Guide, 86. Ron. Pyr. Mal. 63, but not of Hort.
Soc. Cat. ed. 2.
SYNONYME.--Dr. Ashmead’s Kernel, _in Gloucestershire_.
FIGURE.--Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xxxii. f. 5.
[Illustration]
Fruit, below medium size; round and flattened, but sometimes
considerably elongated; the general character, however, is shown in
the accompanying figure. Skin, light greenish yellow, covered with
yellowish brown russet, and a tinge of brown next the sun. Eye, small
and partially open, placed in a moderately deep basin. Stalk, short,
inserted in a round and deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp,
juicy, sugary, rich, and highly aromatic.
A dessert apple of the very first quality, possessing all the richness
of the Nonpareil, but with a more sugary juice. It comes into use in
November, but is in greatest perfection from Christmas till May.
The tree is very hardy, an excellent bearer, and will succeed in
situations unfavorable to the Nonpareil, to which its leaves and shoots
bear such a similarity, as to justify Mr. Lindley in believing it to be
a seedling from that variety.
This delightful apple was raised at Gloucester, about the beginning of
last century, by Dr. Ashmead, an eminent physician of that city. The
original tree existed within the last few years, in what had originally
been Dr. Ashmead’s garden, but was destroyed in consequence of the
ground being required for building. It stood on the spot now occupied
by Clarence Street. It is difficult to ascertain the exact period
when it was raised; but the late Mr. Hignell, an eminent orchardist
at Tewkesbury, in Gloucestershire, informed me, that the first time
he ever saw the fruit of Ashmead’s Kernel, was from a tree in the
nursery of Mr. Wheeler, of Gloucester, in the year 1796, and that the
tree in question had been worked from the original, and was at that
time upwards of thirty years old. From this it may be inferred that
the original tree had attained some celebrity by the middle of last
century. The Ashmead’s Kernel has long been a favorite apple in all
the gardens of West Gloucestershire, but it does not seem to have
been known in other parts of the country. Like the Ribston Pippin
it seems to have remained long in obscurity, before its value was
generally appreciated; it is not even enumerated in the catalogue of
the extensive collection which was cultivated by Miller and Sweet,
of Bristol, in 1790. I find it was cultivated in the Brompton Park
Nursery, in 1780, at which time it was received from Mr. Wheeler,
nurseryman, of Gloucester, who was author of “The Botanist’s and
Gardener’s Dictionary,” published in 1763, and grandfather of Mr. J.
Cheslin Wheeler, the present proprietor of the nursery, to whom I am
indebted for specimens of the fruit, and much valuable information
connected with the varieties cultivated in that district.
12. AUGUSTUS PEARMAIN--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3. p. 30.
[Illustration]
Fruit, below medium size; pearmain-shaped, regular and handsome. Skin,
thick and membranous, yellow in the shade, and marked with a few
broken stripes of red; but red, streaked all over with deeper red on
the side next the sun; it is dotted with grey dots, and sometimes
marked with patches of grey-colored russet, which is strewed with
scales of a darker color. Eye, small and closed, with long segments,
set in a narrow and even basin. Stalk, very short, not protruding
beyond the base, and having the appearance of a knob obliquely
attached. Flesh, tender, juicy, brisk, and vinous, with a pleasant
aromatic flavor.
A dessert apple, generally of only second-rate quality; but in some
seasons it is of a rich flavor and of first-rate quality.
It is in use from November to Christmas.
13. BACHELOR’S GLORY.--H.
Fruit, large, three inches wide, and two and three quarters high;
roundish and irregularly ribbed, generally higher on one side of the
eye than the other. Skin, smooth and shining, striped with deep golden
yellow, and crimson stripes. Eye, closed, with broad flat segments, and
set in a plaited, irregular, and angular basin. Stalk, about half an
inch long, deeply inserted in a funnel-shaped cavity, which is lined
with rough scaly russet. Flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, and pleasantly
flavored.
A second-rate fruit, suitable either for the dessert or culinary
purposes; in use from October to November.
This is a variety grown in the neighbourhood of Lancaster, where
it is much esteemed, but in the southern districts, where the more
choice varieties can be brought to perfection, it can only rank as a
second-rate fruit.
14. BADDOW PIPPIN.--H.
SYNONYME.--Spring Ribston, _Riv. Cat._ 1848.
[Illustration]
Fruit, medium sized; roundish or rather oblate, with prominent ribs on
the sides, which terminate in four, and sometimes five considerable
ridges at the crown, very much in the character of the London Pippin.
It is sometimes of an ovate shape, caused by the stalk being prominent
instead of depressed, in which case the ribs on the sides, and ridges
round the eye, are less apparent. Skin, deep lively green, changing
as it ripens to yellowish green, on the shaded side; but covered on
the side next the sun with dull red, which changes to orange where it
blends with the yellow ground; the whole considerably marked with thin
brown russet, and russety dots. Eye, rather large and open, with short
segments, and set in an angular basin. Stalk, very short, not more than
a quarter of an inch long, and inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh,
greenish white, firm, crisp, juicy, sugary, and with a particularly
rich and vinous flavor, partaking somewhat of the Nonpareil and
Ribston, but particularly the latter.
This is a first-rate dessert apple, in use in November, and possessing
the desirable property of keeping till April or May.
This variety originated in the garden of Mr. John Harris, of
Broomfield, near Chelmsford, and was first introduced to public notice
in the autumn of 1848.
15. BALDWIN.--Ken.
IDENTIFICATION.--Ken. Amer. Or. 41. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 22.
Down. Fr. Amer. 98.
SYNONYMES.--Red Baldwin, _Acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._ ed. 2. Butter’s,
_Ibid._ Woodpecker, _Ibid._
Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and about three inches
high; ovato-conical. Skin, smooth, yellow on the shaded side; and on
the side next the sun, deep orange, covered with stripes of bright red,
which sometimes extend over the whole surface to the shaded side, and
marked with large russety dots. Eye, closed, set in a deep, narrow,
and plaited basin. Stalk, about an inch long, slender, and inserted in
a deep cavity, from which issue ramifying patches of russet. Flesh,
yellowish, crisp, juicy, and pleasantly acid, with a rich and agreeable
flavor.
A culinary apple, in season from November to March. The tree is
vigorous, and an abundant bearer; but like the generality of the
American sorts, it does not attain the size, or flavor in this country,
which it does in its native soil.
This is considered one of the finest apples in the Northern States of
America, and is extensively grown in Massachussets, for the supply of
the Boston Market.
16. BANK APPLE.--H.
Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three quarters wide, and about
two inches and a half high; roundish-ovate, regularly and handsomely
formed. Skin, greenish yellow, with a blush and faint streaks of
red next the sun, dotted all over with minute dots, and marked with
several large spots of rough russet; the base is covered with a
coating of russet, strewed with silvery scales. Eye, large and open,
set in a shallow and plaited basin. Stalk, half an inch long, obliquely
inserted by the side of a fleshy prominence. Flesh, firm, crisp, brisk,
juicy, and pleasantly acid, resembling the Winter Greening in flavor.
It is an excellent culinary apple, in use from November to February;
but as it has nothing to recommend it, in preference to other varieties
already in cultivation, it need only be grown in large collections.
The original tree was produced from a pip, accidentally sown in the
home nursery of Messrs. Ronalds, of Brentford, and from growing on a
bank by the side of a ditch, it was called the _Bank Apple_.
17. BARCELONA PEARMAIN.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 532. Lind. Guide, 62. Rog.
Fr. Cult. 74.
SYNONYMES.--Speckled Golden Reinette, _Hort. Soc. Cat._ ed. 1, n. 933.
Speckled Pearmain, _Ibid._ ed. 2. Polinia Pearmain, _Acc. Rog. Fr.
Cult._ Reinette Rousse, _Duh. Arb. Fr._ I. 302. Reinette des Carmes,
_Acc. Chart. Cat._ 51. Glace Rouge, _Hort. Soc. Cat._ ed. 1, n. 365.
Kleine Casseler Reinette, _Diel Kernobst._ I. 182. Cassel Reinette,
_Christ. Handb._ No. 58.
FIGURES.--Pom. Mag. t. 85, Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xxi., f. 4.
[Illustration]
Fruit, of medium size; oval. Skin, clear pale yellow, mottled with
red in the shade; but dark red next the sun, the whole covered with
numerous star-like russety specks, those on the shaded side being
brownish, and those next the sun yellow. Eye, small and open, with
erect acuminate segments, and set in a round, even, and pretty deep
basin. Stalk, about an inch long, slender, inserted in a rather shallow
cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish white, firm,
crisp, very juicy, and with a rich, vinous, and highly aromatic flavor.
One of the best dessert apples, and equally valuable for culinary
purposes. It comes to perfection about the end of November, and
continues in use till March.
The tree is a free grower, but does not attain the largest size. It is
very hardy, an abundant bearer, and succeeds well either as a standard
or an espalier.
In the third edition of the Horticultural Society’s Catalogue, this is
said to be the same as Reinette Rouge. I do not think that it is the
Reinette Rouge of the French, which Duhamel describes as being white,
or clear yellow in the shade, having often prominent ribs round the
eye, which extend down the sides, so as to render the shape angular; a
character at variance with that of the Barcelona Pearmain. But I have
no doubt of it being the Reinette Rousse of the same author, which is
described at page 302, vol. 1, as a variety of Reinette Franche, and
which he says is of an elongated shape, skin marked with a great number
of russety spots, the most part of which are of a longish figure, so
much so, when it is ripe, it appears as if variegated with yellow and
red; a character in every way applicable to the Barcelona Pearmain.
18. BARTON’S INCOMPARABLE.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 352?
[Illustration]
Fruit, below medium size; in shape somewhat like a Golden Knob, ovate
or conical, with prominent ribs on the sides, which terminate in five
ridges round the eye. Skin, yellowish green, covered with patches of
pale brown russet, thickly strewed with large russety freckles, like
the Barcelona Pearmain, and tinged with orange next the sun. Eye,
small, partially open, with reflexed segments, set in a narrow and
angular basin. Stalk, nearly three quarters of an inch long, inserted
in a narrow and round cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, crisp,
brittle, very juicy, and when eaten is quite a mouthful of lively,
vinous juice.
A dessert apple of the highest excellence, in use from October to
February.
The tree is a good and healthy grower, attains a considerable size, and
is an excellent bearer.
This variety seems to be but little known, and considering its
excellence rarely cultivated. I am not aware that it exists in any of
the nurseries, or that it was at any period extensively propagated. The
only place where I ever met with it was, in the private garden of the
late Mr. Lee, of Hammersmith, whence I procured grafts from a tree in
the last stage of decay.
19. BAXTER’S PEARMAIN.--Lind.
IDENTIFICATION.--G. Lind. in Hort. Trans. vol. iv., p. 67. Lind.
Guide, 62. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 533.
Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide, and three inches high;
roundish-ovate, and slightly angular. Skin, pale green, but tinged
with red, and marked with a few indistinct streaks of darker red, on
the side exposed to the sun. Eye, open, with long spreading segments,
and placed in a moderately deep basin. Stalk, short and thick, not
deeply inserted. Flesh, yellowish, firm, brisk, and sugary, and with an
abundance of pleasantly acid juice.
An excellent apple, suitable either for culinary purposes, or the
dessert; in use from November to March.
The tree is hardy, vigorous, a most abundant bearer, and even in
seasons when other varieties fail, this is almost safe to ensure a
plentiful crop. It is extensively cultivated in Norfolk, and deserves
to be more generally known in other districts of the country.
20. BEACHAMWELL.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION--Lind. Guide, 35. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 13.
SYNONYMES.--Beachamwell Seedling, _Hort. Soc. Cat._ ed. 1, 42.
Motteux’s Seedling, _Acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._
FIGURES.--Pom. Mag. t. 82. Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xxvii. f. 6.
Fruit, small, about two inches wide, and the same in height; ovate,
handsomely and regularly formed. Skin, greenish yellow, covered with
patches and dots of russet, particularly round the eye. Eye, small and
open, set in a shallow, narrow, and even basin. Stalk, about half an
inch long, almost embedded in a round cavity. Flesh, yellowish white,
tender, crisp, and very juicy, with a rich, brisk, and sugary flavor.
A rich and deliciously flavored dessert apple, of the highest
excellence; in use from December to March.
The tree is perfectly hardy, a healthy and vigorous grower, but does
not attain a large size; it is an excellent bearer.
This variety was raised by John Motteux, Esq., of Beachamwell, in
Norfolk, where, according to Mr. George Lindley, the original tree
still existed in 1831. It is not very generally cultivated, but ought
to form one even in the smallest collections.
21. BEAUTY OF KENT.--Fors.
IDENTIFICATION.--Fors. Treat. 93. Lind. Guide, 27. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed.
3, n. 37. Down. Fr. Amer. 81.
SYNONYME.--Kentish Pippin, of some, _Acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._
FIGURES.--Brook. Pom. Brit. pl. xc. f. 6. Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xv. f. 1.
[Illustration]
Fruit, large; roundish-ovate, broad and flattened at the base, and
narrowing towards the apex, where it is terminated by several prominent
angles. Skin, deep yellow slightly tinged with green, and marked with
faint patches of red, on the shaded side; but entirely covered with
deep red, except where there are a few patches of deep yellow, on the
side next the sun. Eye, small and closed, with short segments, and set
in a narrow and angular basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a wide and
deep cavity, which, with the base, is entirely covered with rough brown
russet. Flesh, yellowish, tender, and juicy, with a pleasant sub-acid
flavor.
A valuable and now well-known culinary apple, in use from October
to February. When well grown the Beauty of Kent is perhaps the most
magnificent apple in cultivation. Its great size, the beauty of its
coloring, the tenderness of the flesh, and profusion of delicate
sub-acid juice, constitute it one of our most popular winter apples,
for culinary purposes, and one of the most desirable and useful, either
for a small garden, or for more extended cultivation.
The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, attains a large size, and is
a good bearer; but I have always found it subject to canker when grown
on the paradise stock, and in soils which are moist and heavy.
I have not been able to ascertain the time when, or the place where
this variety originated. It is first noticed by Forsyth in his Treatise
on Fruit Trees, but is not enumerated in any of the nurserymen’s
catalogues, either of the last, or the early part of the present,
century. It was introduced to the Brompton Park Nursery, about the
year 1820, and is now as extensively cultivated as most other leading
varieties. In America, Downing says, “the fruit in this climate is one
of the most magnificent of all apples, frequently measuring sixteen or
eighteen inches in circumference.”
22. BEDFORDSHIRE FOUNDLING.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 42. Lind. Guide, 63. Down.
Fr. Amer. 107.
SYNONYME.--Cambridge Pippin, _Acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._
FIGURE.--Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xxviii. f. 2.
Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide, and three inches and
a half high; roundish-ovate, inclining to oblong, with irregular and
prominent angles on the sides, which extend to the apex, and form
ridges round the eye. Skin, dark green at first, and changing, as it
attains maturity, to pale greenish yellow on the shaded side; but
tinged with orange on the side next the sun, and strewed with a few
fawn-colored dots. Eye, open, set in a deep, narrow, and angular basin.
Stalk, short, inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender,
pleasantly sub-acid, and with a somewhat sugary flavor.
An excellent culinary apple of first-rate quality, in use from November
to March.
23. BELLE BONNE.--Lind.
IDENTIFICATION.--Lind. Guide, 63. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 43.
SYNONYMES.--Winter Belle boon, _Park. Par._ 587. Winter Belle and
Bonne, _Raii Hist._ II. 1448. Winter Belle and Bon, _Worl. Vin._ 156.
Rolland, _Acc. Lind. Guide_.
Fruit, above medium size, three inches wide, and three and a quarter
high; ovato-conical. Skin, thick, pale greenish yellow, and marked with
a few redish streaks on the side next the sun. Eye, small and closed.
Stalk, half-an-inch long, obliquely inserted under a fleshy lip. Flesh,
firm, juicy, and well-flavored.
A valuable culinary apple, in use from October to January. The tree is
very hardy, a strong, vigorous, and healthy grower, and a good bearer.
This is a very old English variety. It was known to Parkinson so early
as 1629, and also to Worlidge and Ray. But it is not noticed by any
subsequent author, or enumerated in any of the nursery catalogues
of the last century, until discovered by George Lindley, growing
in a garden at Gatton, near Norwich, and published by him in the
Transactions of the London Horticultural Society, vol. iv., p. 58. He
seems to be uncertain whether it is the Summer, or Winter Belle Bonne
of these early authors, but Worlidge’s description leaves no doubt as
to its identity. He says “The Summer Belle et Bonne is a good bearer,
but the fruit is not long lasting. The Winter Belle and Bon is much
to be preferred to the Summer in every respect.” I have no doubt,
therefore, that the latter is the Belle Bonne of Lindley. Parkinson
says “they are both fair fruit to look on, being yellow, and of a meane
(medium) bignesse.”
24. BELLEDGE PIPPIN.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 49.
SYNONYMES.--Belledge, _Lind. Guide_, 36. Belledge Pippin, _Hort. Soc.
Cat._ ed. 1, 65.
FIGURE.--Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xvi., f. 4.
Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a half wide, and two inches
high; roundish, narrowing a little towards the apex, regularly and
handsomely formed. Skin, pale green, changing to yellow as it ripens,
with a tinge of brown where exposed to the sun, and strewed with
grey, russety dots. Eye, small, partially closed with short segments,
and placed in a round, narrow, and rather shallow basin. Stalk,
half-an-inch long, inserted in a round and deep cavity. Flesh, greenish
yellow, tender, soft, brisk, sugary, and aromatic.
An excellent, but not first-rate apple, suitable either for the dessert
or culinary purposes. It is in use from November to March.
25. BELLE GRIDELINE.--Lind.
IDENTIFICATION.--Lind. Plan Or. 1796. Lind. Guide, 36.
SYNONYME.--Belle Grisdeline, _Fors. Treat._ 93.
Fruit, medium sized; round, and regularly formed. Skin, clear yellow,
marbled and washed with clear red, and intermixed with thin grey russet
next the sun. Eye, set in a deep, round basin. Stalk, slender, deeply
inserted in a round cavity. Flesh, white, firm, crisp, and briskly
flavored.
An excellent dessert apple, in season from December to March. The tree
is healthy and vigorous, of the middle size, and an excellent bearer.
This beautiful variety was first brought into notice by Mr. George
Lindley, who found it growing in a small garden near Surrey Street
Gates, Norwich, where it had originated about the year 1770. Mr.
Lindley first propagated it in 1793, and the original tree died about
seven years afterwards.
26. BENNET APPLE.--Knight.
IDENTIFICATION AND FIGURE.--Pom. Heref. t. 21. Lind Guide, 101.
Fruit, somewhat long, irregularly shaped, broad at the base, and narrow
at the apex, but sometimes broader at the middle than either of the
extremities. A few obtuse angles terminate at the eye, which is small
and nearly closed, with very short segments. Stalk, half-an-inch long,
and very slender. Skin, dingy colored russety grey in the shade; and
shaded on the sunny side with numerous streaks and patches of orange
color and muddy red.
The specific gravity of the juice is 1073.
This is a good cider apple, and produces liquor of great excellence
when mixed with other varieties. It is chiefly grown in the deep
strong soils of the south-west part of Herefordshire, and is common in
the district known as the Golden Vale. Knight says it was a very old
variety, and was known previous to the 17th century, but I have not
been able to find any record of it in the early works on Pomology.
27. BENWELL’S PEARMAIN.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 534. Lind. Guide, 64.
Fruit, medium sized; pearmain-shaped. Skin, dull green with broken
stripes of dull red, on the side next the sun. Eye, small, set in a
shallow and slightly plaited basin. Stalk, deeply inserted in a round
cavity, scarcely protruding beyond the base. Flesh, yellowish white,
crisp, juicy, brisk, and aromatic.
A dessert apple, in use from December to January.
It received its name from a gentleman of the name of Benwell, of
Henley-on-Thames, from whom it was received, and brought into
cultivation by Kirke, a nurseryman at Brompton.
28. BERE COURT PIPPIN.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Trans. vol. v. p. 400. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3,
n. 55. Lind. Guide, 10.
Fruit, medium sized; round, and slightly flattened. Skin, pale green,
and changing to yellow as it ripens, with stripes of red next the sun.
Eye, open, placed in a wide and shallow basin. Stalk, inserted in a
deep cavity. Flesh, crisp, juicy, and briskly acid.
An excellent culinary apple, in use during September and October.
This variety was raised by the Rev. S. Breedon, D.D., of Bere Court,
near Pangbourne, in Berkshire.
29. BESS POOL.--Ron.
IDENTIFICATION.--Ron. Pyr. Mal. 46.
SYNONYME.--Best Pool, _Fors. Treat._ 94.
FIGURE.--Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xxiii. f. 8.
Fruit, above medium size, two inches and three quarters wide, and
nearly three inches high; conical, and handsomely shaped. Skin, yellow,
with a few markings of red on the shaded side; but where exposed to
the sun it is almost entirely washed and striped with fine clear red.
Eye, small, and partially open, set in a rather deep and plaited basin,
which is surrounded with five prominent knobs or ridges. Stalk, short
and thick, inserted in a rather shallow cavity, with generally a fleshy
protuberance on one side of it, and surrounded with yellowish brown
russet, which extends over a considerable portion of the base. Flesh,
white, tender, and juicy, with a fine, sugary, and vinous flavor.
An excellent apple either for culinary or dessert use. It is in season
from November to March.
The tree is hardy, a vigorous grower, and an abundant bearer. The
flowers are very late in expanding, and are, therefore, not liable to
be injured by spring frosts.
30. BEST BACHE.--Knight.
IDENTIFICATION.--Pom. Heref. t. 16. Lind. Guide, 194.
SYNONYME.--Bache’s Kernel, _Acc. Pom. Heref._
Fruit, medium sized; oblong, with obtuse angles on the sides, which
extend to the apex. Skin, yellow, shaded with pale red, and streaked
with darker red, interspersed with a few black specks. Eye, small,
segments short and flat. Stalk, short and stout.
Specific gravity of the juice 1073.
A cider apple, grown in the south-east part of Herefordshire.
31. BETSEY.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 57.
Fruit, small, about two inches wide, and an inch and three quarters
high; roundish, inclining to conical and flattened. Skin, dark green
at first, and considerably covered with ashy grey russet; but changing
to pale yellow, and with a brownish tinge on the side next the sun.
Eye, open, with short reflexed segments, and set in a very shallow
depression. Stalk, short, about a quarter of an inch long, with a
fleshy protuberance on one side of it, and inserted in a shallow and
narrow cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, tender, juicy, rich, and sugary.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality, in use from November to January.
32. BIGGS’S NONESUCH.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Trans. vol. I. p. 70. Lind. Guide, 88. Rog. Fr.
Cult. 40.
SYNONYME.--Bigg’s Nonsuch, _Fors. Treat._ 116.
FIGURE.--Brook. Pom. Brit. pl. lxxxviii., f. 3.
Fruit, medium sized; round, and broadest at the base. Skin, yellow,
striped with bright crimson next the sun. Eye, open, with long reflexed
segments, set in a wide and deep basin. Stalk, short, and deeply
inserted. Flesh, yellowish, tender, and juicy.
An excellent culinary apple, in use from October to December. It is
fit for use immediately it is gathered off the tree, and has a strong
resemblance to the old Nonesuch, but keeps much longer.
The tree is hardy and an excellent bearer; attains to the medium size,
and is less liable to the attacks of the Woolly Aphis than the old
Nonesuch.
This variety was raised by Mr. Arthur Biggs, the intelligent and
scientific gardener to Isaac Swainson, Esq., of Twickenham, Middlesex.
33. BIRMINGHAM PIPPIN.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Lind. Guide, 38. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 59.
SYNONYMES.--Grumas’s Pippin, _Fors. Treat._ 105. Brummage Pippin, and
Grummage Pippin, _Acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._ Stone Pippin _of the Nursery
Catalogues_.
Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and an inch and three
quarters high; round, and slightly flattened. Skin, pale dingy yellow,
mottled and veined with very thin grey russet, and russety round the
base. Eye, small, quite open, frequently without any segments, and
placed in a very slight depression. Stalk, short, scarcely at all
depressed. Flesh, greenish, very firm, crisp, and juicy, briskly and
pleasantly flavored.
A very good dessert apple; in use from January to June.
It is remarkable for the firmness and density of its flesh, and Mr.
Lindley says, its specific gravity is greater than that of any other
apple with which he was acquainted.
The tree is of diminutive size, with short but very stout shoots. It is
a good bearer.
This variety is supposed to be a native of Warwickshire. It is what is
generally known in the nurseries, under the name of Stone Pippin, but
the Gogar Pippin is also known by that name.
34. BLAND’S JUBILEE.--H.
SYNONYMES.--Jubilee Pippin, _Hort. Trans._ vol. v., 400. Bland’s
Jubilee Rose Pip, _Nursery Catalogues_.
Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide, and two inches and
three quarters high; round, narrowing a little towards the eye, and
obscurely ribbed. Skin, dull yellow tinged with green, but changing
to clear yellow as it ripens; marked with russet in the basin of the
eye, and strewed over its surface with large russety dots. Eye, small
and closed, with long acuminate segments, set in a narrow, deep, and
even basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a moderately deep cavity. Flesh,
yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy, sugary, and perfumed.
An excellent apple, either for culinary purposes, or the dessert. It is
in use from October to January.
This was raised by Michael Bland, Esq., of Norwich. The seed was sown,
on the day of the jubilee which celebrated the 50th year of the reign
of George III., in 1809, and the tree first produced fruit in 1818. It
is not a variety which is met with in general cultivation, but deserves
to be more extensively known.
35. BLENHEIM PIPPIN.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 70. Lind. Guide, 38. Down
Fr. Amer. 81.
SYNONYMES.--Blenheim, _Acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._ Blenheim Orange, _Ibid._
Woodstock Pippin, _Ibid._ Northwick Pippin, _Ibid._ Kempster’s Pippin.
FIGURE.--Pom. Mag. t. 28. Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xxxi. f. 2.
[Illustration]
Fruit, large, the average size smaller than represented in the
accompanying figure, being generally three inches wide, and two and a
half high; globular, and somewhat flattened, broader at the base than
the apex, regularly and handsomely shaped. Skin, yellow, with a tinge
of dull red next the sun, and streaked with deeper red. Eye, large and
open, with short stunted segments, placed in a round and rather deep
basin. Stalk, short and stout, rather deeply inserted, and scarcely
extending beyond the base. Flesh, yellow, crisp, juicy, sweet, and
pleasantly acid.
A very valuable and highly esteemed apple, either for the dessert
or culinary purposes, but, strictly speaking, more suitable for the
latter. It is in use from November to February.
The common complaint against the Blenheim Pippin is, that the tree is
a bad bearer. This is undoubtedly the case when it is young, being
of a strong and vigorous habit of growth, and forming a large and
very beautiful standard; but when it becomes a little aged, it bears
regular and abundant crops. It may be made to produce much earlier, if
grafted on the paradise stock, and grown either as an open dwarf, or an
espalier.
This valuable apple was first discovered at Woodstock, in Oxfordshire,
and received its name from Blenheim, the seat of the Duke of
Marlborough, which is in the immediate neighbourhood. It is not noticed
in any of the nursery catalogues of the last century, nor was it
cultivated in the London nurseries till about the year 1818.
The following interesting account of this favorite variety was recently
communicated to the Gardener’s Chronicle. “In a somewhat delapidated
corner of the decaying borough of ancient Woodstock, within ten yards
of the wall of Blenheim Park, stands all that remains of the original
stump of that beautiful and justly celebrated apple, the Blenheim
Orange. It is now entirely dead, and rapidly falling to decay, being a
mere shell about ten feet high, loose in the ground, and having a large
hole in the centre; till within the last three years, it occasionally
sent up long, thin, wiry twigs, but this last sign of vitality has
ceased, and what remains will soon be the portion of the woodlouse and
the worm. Old Grimmett, the basket-maker, against the corner of whose
garden-wall the venerable relict is supported, has sat looking on it
from his workshop window, and while he wove the pliant osier, has
meditated, for more than fifty successive summers, on the mutability of
all sublunary substances, on juice, and core, and vegetable, as well
as animal, and flesh, and blood. He can remember the time when, fifty
years ago, he was a boy, and the tree a fine, full-bearing stem, full
of bud, and blossom, and fruit, and thousands thronged from all parts
to gaze on its ruddy, ripening, orange burden; then gardeners came in
the spring-tide to select the much coveted scions, and to hear the tale
of his horticultural child and sapling, from the lips of the son of the
white-haired Kempster. But nearly a century has elapsed since Kempster
fell, like a ripened fruit, and was gathered to his fathers. He lived
in a narrow cottage garden in Old Woodstock, a plain, practical,
laboring man; and in the midst of his bees and flowers around him, and
in his “glorious pride,” in the midst of his little garden, he realized
Virgil’s dream of the old Corycian:--“Et regum equabat opes animis.”
The provincial name for this apple is still “_Kempster’s Pippin_,” a
lasting monumental tribute, and inscription, to him who first planted
the kernel from whence it sprang.”
36. BOROVITSKY.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 74. Lind Guide, 3. Down. Fr.
Amer. 70.
FIGURE.--Pom. Mag. t. 10.
Fruit, medium sized, two inches high, and about the same in width;
roundish and slightly angular. Skin, pale green strewed with silvery
russet scales on the shaded side; and colored with bright red, which is
striped with deeper red on the side next the sun. Eye, set in a wide
and plaited basin. Stalk, an inch long, deeply inserted in a rather
wide cavity. Flesh, white, firm, brisk, juicy, and sugary.
An excellent early dessert apple, ripe in the middle of August.
This was sent from the Taurida Gardens, near St. Petersburg, to the
London Horticultural Society in 1824.
37. BORSDORFFER.--Knoop.
IDENTIFICATION--Knoop. Pom. t. x. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 73. Down.
Fr Amer. 99.
SYNONYMES.--Porstorffer, _Cord. Hist._ Reinette Batarde, _Riv. et
Moul. Meth._ 192. Borstorf, _Knoop. Pom._ 56. Borstorff Hative,
_Ibid._ 129. Borstorff à long queue, _Ibid._ 129. Bursdoff, or
Queen’s Apple, _Fors. Treat._ ed. 3, 15, Red Borsdorffer, _Willich
Dom. Encyc._ Borsdorff, _Lind. Guide_, 39. Postophe d’Hiver, _Bon
Jard._ 1843. p. 512. Pomme de prochain, _Acc. Diel. Kernobst._
Reinette d’Allemagne, _Ibid._ Blanche de Leipsic, _Acc. Knoop. Pom._
Reinette de Misnie, _Acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._ Grand Bohemian Borsdorffer,
_Ibid._ Edler Winterborstorffer, _Diel. Kernobst._ II. 80. Edel
Winterborsdorfer, _Ditt. Handb._ I. 372. Witte Leipziger, _Acc. Knoop.
Pom._ Maschanzker, _Acc. Diel Kernobst._ Weiner Maschanzkerl, _Baum.
Cat._ 1850. Winter Borsdorffer, _Acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._ Garret Pippin,
_Ibid._ King, _Ibid._ King George, _Ibid._ King George the Third,
_Ron. Pyr. Mal._ 26.
FIGURES.--Knoop. Pom. t. x. Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xiii. f. 8.
[Illustration]
Fruit, below medium size; roundish oblate, rather narrower at the apex
than the base, handsomely and regularly formed, without ribs or other
inequalities. Skin, shining, pale waxen yellow in the shade, and bright
deep red next the sun; it is strewed with dots, which are yellowish on
the sunny side, and brownish in the shade, and marked with veins and
slight traces of delicate, yellowish-grey russet. Eye, large and open,
with long reflexed segments, placed in a rather deep, round, and pretty
even basin. Stalk, short and slender, inserted in a narrow, even, and
shallow cavity, which is lined with thin russet. Flesh, white with a
yellowish tinge, crisp and delicate, brisk, juicy, and sugary, and with
a rich, vinous, and aromatic flavor.
A dessert apple of the first quality, in use from November to January.
The tree is a free grower and very hardy, not subject to canker, and
attains the largest size. It is very prolific when it has acquired
its full growth, which, in good soil, it will do in fifteen or twenty
years; and even in a young state it is a good bearer. If grafted on the
paradise stock it may be grown as an open dwarf, or an espalier. The
bloom is very hardy, and withstands the night frosts of spring better
than most other varieties.
This, above all other apples, is the most highly esteemed in Germany.
Diel calls it the Pride of the Germans. It is believed to have
originated either at a village of Misnia, called Borsdorf, or at a
place of the same name near Leipsic. According to Forsyth, it was such
a favorite with Queen Charlotte, that she had a considerable quantity
of them annually imported from Germany, for her own private use. It
is one of the earliest recorded varieties of the continental authors,
but does not seem to have been known in this country before the close
of the last century. It was first grown in the Brompton Park Nursery
in 1785. It is mentioned by Cordus, in 1561, as being cultivated in
Misnia; which circumstance has no doubt given rise to the synonyme
“Reinette de Misnie;” he also informs us it is highly esteemed for its
sweet and generous flavor, and the pleasant perfume which it exhales.
Wittichius, in his “Methodus Simplicium,” attributes to it the power of
dispelling epidemic fevers and madness!
38. BOSSOM.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Trans. vol. iv., 528. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n.
75. Lind. Guide, 64.
Fruit, large and conical; handsomely and regularly formed. Skin, pale
greenish yellow, considerably covered with russet, and occasionally
marked with bright red next the sun. Eye, set in a shallow and plaited
basin. Stalk, an inch long, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Flesh,
yellowish white, tender, crisp, juicy, and sugary, and with a pleasant
sub-acid flavor.
An excellent culinary apple, though not of the first quality, in use
during December and January. The flesh is said to assume a fine color
when baked.
39. BOSTON RUSSET.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 736. Down. Fr. Amer. 133.
SYNONYMES.--Roxbury Russeting, _Ken. Amer. Or._ 53. Shippen’s Russet,
_Acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._ Putman’s Russet.
Fruit, medium sized, three inches and a quarter wide, and two inches
and a half high; roundish, somewhat flattened, narrowing towards the
apex, and slightly angular. Skin, covered entirely with brownish
yellow russet intermixed with green, and sometimes with a faint tinge
of redish brown next the sun. Eye, closed, set in a round and rather
shallow basin. Stalk, long, slender, and inserted in a moderately deep
cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, juicy, sugary, briskly, and richly
flavored.
A very valuable dessert apple, of the first quality, in season from
January to April, and will even keep till June. It partakes much of the
flavor of the Ribston Pippin, and, as a late winter dessert apple, is
not to be surpassed.
The tree is not large, but healthy, very hardy, and an immense bearer,
and, when grafted on the paradise stock, is well suited for being grown
either as a dwarf, or an espalier.
This is an old American variety, and one of the few introduced to this
country which attains perfection in our climate. It is extensively
grown in the neighbourhood of Boston, U.S., both for home consumption
and exportation, and realizes a considerable, and profitable return to
the growers.
40. BOWYER’S RUSSET.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, p. 38. Lind. Guide, 87.
SYNONYME.--Bowyer’s Golden Pippin, _Acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._
FIGURE.--Pom. Mag. t. 121.
Fruit, small, two inches high, and about two and a half broad at the
base; roundish-ovate. Skin, entirely covered with fine yellow colored
russet. Eye, small and closed, set in a small and slightly plaited
basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a round cavity. Flesh, greenish white
tinged with yellow, crisp, brisk, and aromatic.
A dessert apple of the first quality, in use during September and
October.
The tree attains a good size, is an abundant bearer, very healthy, and
not subject to canker.
41. BRABANT BELLEFLEUR.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 45. Down. Fr. Amer. 102.
SYNONYMES.--Brabansche Bellefleur, _Hort. Soc. Cat._ ed. 1, 55.
Brabant, or Glory of Flanders, _Rog. Fr. Cult._ 46. Iron Apple, _Acc.
Ron. Pyr. Mal._ Kleine Brabänter Bellefleur, _Diel Kernobst._ viii.
133.
FIGURE.--Ron. Pyr. Mal. tab. xxxi. f. 3.
Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and three and a quarter
high; roundish-ovate, inclining to oblong, or conical, ribbed on the
sides, and narrowing towards the eye. Skin, greenish yellow, changing
to lemon yellow as it attains maturity, and striped with red next the
sun. Eye, large and open, with long broad segments, set in a wide and
angular basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a deep and wide cavity, which
is lined with brown russet. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, crisp, and
juicy, with a sugary, aromatic, and pleasantly sub-acid flavor.
An excellent culinary apple of the finest quality, in use from November
to April.
The tree is hardy, and though not strong, is a healthy grower,
attaining the middle size, and an excellent bearer.
This variety was forwarded to the gardens of the London Horticultural
Society by Messrs. Booth, of Hamburgh.
42. BRADDICK’S NONPAREIL.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Trans. vol. iii. 268. Lind. Guide, 87. Fors.
Treat. 118. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 465.
SYNONYME.--Ditton Nonpareil, _Acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._ ed. 3.
FIGURE.--Ron. Pyr. Mal. t. xxiv. f. 3. Hort. Trans. vol. iii. t. 10,
f. 3.
[Illustration]
Fruit, medium sized; roundish and flattened, inclining to oblate. Skin,
smooth, greenish yellow in the shade, and brownish red next the sun,
russety round the eye, and partially covered, on the other portions of
the surface, with patches of brown russet. Eye, set in a deep, round,
and even basin. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a round and
rather shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, rich, sugary, and aromatic.
One of the best winter dessert apples, in use from November to April,
and by many considered more sweet, and tender, than the old Nonpareil.
The tree is quite hardy, a slender grower, and never attains to a
large size, but is a very excellent bearer. It succeeds well on the
paradise stock, and is well adapted for dwarfs, or for being grown as
an espalier.
This excellent variety was raised by John Braddick, Esq., of Thames
Ditton.
43. BREEDON PIPPIN.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Trans. vol. iii. p. 268. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3,
n. 85. Lind. Guide, 64. Rog. Fr. Cult. 82.
FIGURE.--Hort. Trans. vol. iii. pl. 10, f. 1.
Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, and two inches and a quarter
high; roundish, and somewhat oblate, broader at the base than the apex,
where it assumes somewhat of a four-sided shape. Skin, deep dull yellow
tinged with redish orange; inclining to red on the side exposed to
the sun, and marked with a few traces of delicate brown russet. Eye,
open, with short ovate reflexed segments, which are frequently four in
number, set in a broad, shallow, and plaited basin. Stalk, half an inch
to three quarters long, inserted in a round and shallow cavity. Flesh,
yellowish, firm, and with a rich, vinous, and brisk flavor, resembling
that of a pine-apple.
This is one of the best dessert apples; it is in use during October
and November. It bears some resemblance to the Court of Wick, but is
considerably richer in flavor than that variety.
The tree is hardy; a slender grower, and does not attain a large size;
it is, however, an excellent bearer. It is well adapted for dwarf
training, and succeeds well on the paradise stock.
This esteemed variety was raised by the Rev. Dr. Symonds Breedon, at
Bere Court, near Pangbourne, Berkshire.
44. BRICKLEY SEEDLING.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 86. Lind. Guide, 39. Rog.
Fr. Cult. 62.
FIGURE.--Pom. Mag. t. 124.
Fruit, small, two inches and a half broad, and two inches high;
roundish, and narrowing towards the apex. Skin, greenish yellow in the
shade, and red where exposed to the sun, with a few streaks of red
where the two colors blend. Eye, small and open, set in a smooth, and
rather shallow basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a wide cavity. Flesh,
yellowish, firm, rich, sugary, and highly flavored.
A very desirable winter dessert apple, of first-rate quality; it is in
use from January to April.
The tree is hardy and an abundant bearer.
45. BRIDGEWATER PIPPIN.--Rea.
IDENTIFICATION.--Rea. Pom. 210. Worl. Vin. 158. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3,
n. 87.
Fruit, large; roundish, and somewhat flattened, with prominent ribs on
the sides, which extend to the basin of the eye. Skin, deep yellow,
strewed with russety dots, and with a blush of red which sometimes
assumes a lilac hue near the stalk. Eye, large and open, set in a
deep and angular basin. Stalk, rather short, inserted in a deep,
wide, irregular, and angular cavity. Flesh, yellowish, briskly, and
pleasantly flavored.
A good culinary apple of second-rate quality, in use from October to
December.
This is a very old English variety, being mentioned by Rea, in 1665,
and of which, he says, “it is beautiful to the eye, and pleasant to the
palat.”
46. BRINGEWOOD PIPPIN.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 88. Lind. Guide, 40. Rog.
Fr. Cult. 88.
Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, and an inch and three
quarters high; almost round, a good deal like a flattened Golden
Pippin. Skin, of a fine rich yellow color, covered with greyish dots,
russety round the eye, and marked with a few russety dots on the side
next the sun. Eye, small and open, with reflexed segments, and placed
in a shallow basin. Stalk, short and slender, inserted in a moderately
deep cavity, which is lined with greenish grey russet. Flesh,
yellowish, firm, crisp, and sugary, with a rich and perfumed flavor.
An excellent, though not a first-rate dessert apple, in use from
January to March. Its only fault is the flesh being too dry.
The tree is hardy, but a weak and slender grower, and never attains a
great size. It succeeds well on the paradise stock.
This is one of the varieties raised by Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., of
Downton Castle, Herefordshire, and which he obtained by impregnating
the Golden Pippin, with the pollen of the Golden Harvey.
47. BRISTOL PEARMAIN.--H.
Fruit, small, about two inches and a quarter wide, and the same in
height; oblong, slightly angular on the side, and ridged round the eye.
Skin, dull yellowish green, with a few pale stripes of crimson, and
considerably covered with patches and dots of thin grey russet on the
shaded side; but marked with thin dull red, striped with deeper and
brighter red, on the side exposed to the sun, and covered with numerous
dark russety dots. Eye, small and closed, with erect, acute segments,
set in a deep, round, and plaited basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a
shallow cavity, which is lined with thin brown russet, strewed with
silvery scales. Flesh, yellow, firm, not very juicy, but briskly
flavored.
An apple of little merit, in use from October to February.
The only place where I have ever met with this variety, is in the
neighbourhood of Odiham, in Hampshire.
48. BROAD-END.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 89.
SYNONYMES.--Winter Broading, _Hort. Trans._ vol. iv., p. 66. _Lind.
Guide_, 57. Kentish Broading, _Ron. Pyr. Mal._ 47. Broading, _Acc.
Hort. Soc. Cat._
FIGURE.--Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xxiv. f. 1.
Fruit, large, three inches and three quarters broad, and three inches
high; roundish, broadest at the base, and considerably flattened at
the ends, somewhat oblate. Skin, yellowish green in the shade, but
tinged with red next the sun, interspersed with a few streaks of red,
and covered in some places with patches of fine russet. Eye, large and
open, set in a rather deep and angular basin. Stalk, short, inserted in
a deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, crisp, rich, juicy, and
with a pleasant sub-acid flavor. An excellent culinary apple of the
first quality, in use from November to Christmas.
The tree is a strong, healthy, and vigorous grower, and an excellent
bearer.
49. BROAD-EYED PIPPIN.--Fors.
IDENTIFICATION.--Fors. Treat. 95. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 90.
Fruit, large and oblate. Skin, greenish yellow in the shade, and
slightly tinged with red on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, large and
open, set in a wide and shallow basin. Flesh, yellowish white, firm,
crisp, brisk, and juicy.
An excellent culinary apple, of the first size and quality, in use from
September to January, but said by Forsyth to keep till May.
This is a very old English variety; it is mentioned by Ray, who makes
it synonymous with Kirton or Holland Pippin.
50. BROOKES’S.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 91. Ron. Pyr. Mal. 45.
FIGURE.--Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xxiii. f. 2.
Fruit, small, two inches wide, and the same in height; conical. Skin,
yellow in the shade, but orange, thinly mottled with red next the
sun, and considerably covered with thin, brown russet. Eye, open and
prominent, with reflexed segments, and placed in a very shallow basin.
Stalk, short, inserted in a small, round, and shallow cavity, which is
lined with rough russet. Flesh, yellowish, firm, not very juicy, but
with a rich, sweet, and highly aromatic flavor.
A dessert apple of the first quality, in use from September to
February. The tree is a slender grower, and never attains a great size,
but is a good bearer.
51. BROUGHTON.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 92.
[Illustration]
Fruit, small, conical, and regularly formed. Skin, pale greenish yellow
in the shade, but covered with fine, delicate, lively red, which is
marked with a few streaks of deeper red on the side next the sun, and
strewed with minute russety dots. Eye, small and closed, set in a
shallow, and plaited basin. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a
round, and shallow cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, tender, delicate,
brisk, sugary, and richly flavored.
A valuable dessert apple of first-rate quality, in use from October to
December.
52. BROWN KENTING.--Hort.
Fruit, above medium size, two inches and three quarters wide, and two
inches and a half high; roundish, and slightly ribbed on the sides.
Skin, greenish yellow, marked with distinct and well defined figures,
and reticulations of russet, like the Fenouillet Jaune, on the shaded
side, and over the base; but green, which is almost entirely covered
with a coating of smooth, thin, pale brown russet, on the side next the
sun. Eye, small and closed, set in a narrow, and shallow basin. Stalk,
an inch long, slender and woody, inserted in a funnel-shaped cavity,
which is of a green color, and very slightly marked with russet. Flesh,
yellowish, crisp, and tender, with a brisk, somewhat sugary, and
pleasant aromatic flavor.
An excellent dessert apple, of first-rate quality, in use from October
to Christmas, after which it becomes meally.
53. BURN’S SEEDLING.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 102.
Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three quarters wide, and two inches
and a quarter high; roundish, flattened at the base, and narrowing
towards the apex, sometimes inclining to conical. Skin, yellow, but
with a blush and a few streaks of red next the sun, marked with a few
patches of russet, and sprinkled with russety dots, which are thickest
round the eye. Eye, large and open, set in a shallow and irregular
basin. Stalk, short, thick and fleshy, generally obliquely inserted by
the side of a fleshy swelling, and surrounded with a patch of rough
russet. Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, and sub-acid.
An excellent culinary apple of the first quality, in use from October
to Christmas.
This variety was raised by Mr. Henry Burn, gardener to the Marquis of
Aylesbury, at Tottenham Park, near Marlborough.
54. BYSON WOOD RUSSET.
SYNONYME.--Byson Wood, _Hort. Soc. Cat._ ed. 3, n. 104.
[Illustration]
Fruit, below medium size; oblato-ovate, regularly and handsomely
shaped. Skin, green, entirely covered with ashy grey russet, and
strewed with greyish white freckles. Eye, small, and slightly closed,
set in a round and even basin. Stalk, an inch long, slender, inserted
in a rather shallow and angular cavity. Flesh, greenish, firm, crisp,
and juicy, with a brisk, sugary, and aromatic flavor.
A dessert apple of the first quality, in use from December to February.
55. CALVILLE BLANCHE D’ÉTÉ.--Knoop.
IDENTIFICATION.--Knoop Pom. 13. Chart. Cat. 56. Diel Kernobst. B. II.
7. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 109.
SYNONYMES.--White Calville, _Acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._ Calville Blanc,
_Jard. Franç._ 106. Wahrer Weiszer Sommer Calville, _Diel Kernobst._
B. II. 7. Weisser Sommerkalwil, _Baum. Cat._ 1850.
FIGURE.--Knoop Pom. t. 1.
Fruit, medium sized, about three inches broad, and two inches high;
roundish and flattened at the ends, with prominent ribs on the sides,
which extend to the eye and form ridges round the apex--the true
character of the Calvilles. Skin, tender and delicate; when ripe, of a
very pale straw color, and without the least tinge of red on the side
exposed to the sun, but sometimes marked with a few traces of delicate
russet, but no dots. Eye, large, and closed with long, broad, acuminate
segments, and set in a pretty deep and very angular basin. Stalk, three
quarters of an inch long, stout, inserted in a wide and rather shallow
cavity, which is lined with thin russet. Flesh, white, tender, and
delicate, with a sweet and pleasant flavor.
A very good early culinary apple, but not of the finest quality, being
too soft and tender; it is ripe during August, and lasts till the
middle of September.
The tree is a very strong and vigorous grower, with a large round head,
and is an excellent bearer. It is distinguished by its very large
foliage, the leaves being 4½ inches long by 3¼ broad.
This is an old continental variety, but has been very little noticed
by writers on Pomology. It is mentioned in the Jardinier Français, of
1653, and by De Quintinye, but the first work in which it is either
figured or described, is Knoop’s Pomologie. Duhamel does not notice
it, although it is enumerated in the catalogue of the Chartreuse, from
whose garden he received the materials for producing his work on fruits.
56. CALVILLE BLANCHE D’HIVER.--Knoop.
IDENTIFICATION.--Knoop Pom. 66. Duh. Arb. Fruit, I. 279. Hort. Soc.
Cat. ed. 3, n. 110.
SYNONYMES.--Calville Blanche à Côtes, _Merlet Abregé_, 134. Calville
Acoute, _Lang. Pom._ 134, t. lxxviii. f. 1. Calleville Blanc, _Schab.
Prat._ II. 88. Calville Blanc, _Bret. Ecole_, II. 472. Calville
Blanche, _Chart. Cat._ 51. Calville Tardive, _Acc. Christ Handb._ ed.
1, 381. Pomme de Framboise, _Ibid._ Pomme de Coin, _Ibid._ Pome de
Fraise, _Ibid._ Rambour à Côtes Gros, _Acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._ Bonnet
Carré, _Acc. Bon. Jard._ Pomme Glace, _Ibid._ 1810, but erroneously.
White Calville, _Switz. Fr. Gard._ 135. _Coxe View_. 136. White
Autumn Calville, _Aber. Dict._ Winter White Calville, _Fors. Treat._
96. _Lind. Guide_, 59. White Winter Calville, _Down. Fr. Amer._ 103.
Französischer Quittenapfel, _Zink. Pom._ n. 89. Weiszer Himbeerapfel,
_Meyen Baumsch._ 300. Weiszer Erdbeerenapfel, _Henne Anweis_, 130.
Weiszer Wintercalville, _Diel Kernobst._ II. 12. Parisapfel, _Acc.
Christ Handb._ Eckapfel, or Ekkeling, in Lower Saxony, _Acc. Christ._
Weisser Winterkalwil, _Baum. Cat._ 1850.
FIGURE.--Knoop Pom. Tab. xi. Duh. Arb. Fr. vol. i., pl. ii. Jard.
Fruit, ed. 2, pl. 103.
Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and three inches and a
quarter high; roundish and flattened, with broad uneven and unequal
ribs, extending the whole length of the fruit, and terminating at the
apex in prominent unequal ridges. Skin, delicate pale yellow tinged
with green, becoming bright golden yellow at maturity, washed with deep
red on the side next the sun, and strewed with brown dots, and a few
markings of greyish white russet. Eye, small and closed with stout and
pointed segments, set in a deep, irregular, five-ribbed basin, which is
surrounded with knobs. Stalk, three quarters of an inch long, slender,
and inserted the whole of its length in a deep and angular cavity,
which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish white, delicate, and
juicy, with a rich, lively, and agreeable aromatic flavor.
A valuable winter apple, admirably adapted for all culinary purposes,
and excellent also for the dessert. It is in use from January to April.
The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, and a good bearer, but does
not attain more than the middle size. It is rather liable to canker in
damp situations, and is better suited for a dwarf than a standard; if
grown on the paradise stock the appearance of the fruit is very much
improved.
This variety is sometimes called _Pomme Glace_, which is, however, a
distinct variety, known by the names of _Rouge des Chartreux_, and
_Pomme de Concombre_; it is a variety of Calville Blanche d’Hiver, the
fruit is about the size of an egg, but twice as long.
57. CALVILLE MALINGRE.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 114.
SYNONYMES.--Pomme de Malengre, _Chart. Cat._ 50. _Cal. Traité_, iii.
40. Calville Normande, _acc. Calvel_. Malengre d’Angleterre, _Merlet
Abregé_, 137. Calville Rouge de la Normandie, _acc. Poit et Turp._
Malus Aegra, _Ibid._ Normännische rothe Wintercalville, _Ditt. Handb._
iii. 3.
FIGURE.--Poit et Turp, pl. 41.
Fruit, very large, elongated, and prominently ribbed like the Calville
Blanche d’Hiver, but not so much flattened as that variety. Skin, a
little yellow on the shaded side, and of a beautiful deep red next the
sun, which is marked with stripes of darker red, strewed all over with
minute dots. Eye, small, set in a broad, deep, and angular basin, which
is surrounded with prominent knobs. Stalk, slender, deeply inserted in
an angular cavity. Flesh, white, delicate, very juicy, and charged with
an agreeable acid.
A culinary apple of the first quality; in use from January to April,
and “keeps well.” According to the Chartreux Catalogue, “est bonne
cuite pour les malades.”
The tree is a very vigorous grower, much more so than the generality of
the Calvilles; it is very hardy and an abundant bearer, and is better
adapted for being cultivated as a dwarf than an espalier; but it does
not succeed well on the paradise stock.
According to the French pomologists, this variety seems to have some
connection with this country, but there is no evidence that it was at
any period grown to any extent in England, or that it was ever known
to any of our early pomologists. It is said by some that the name
_malingre_ is applied to this variety from the fruit becoming meally
or unsound, but from the observation in the Chartreux Catalogue, it is
more probable that it is so called from being useful to invalids.
58. CALVILLE ROUGE D’AUTOMNE.--Knoop.
IDENTIFICATION.--Knoop Pom. 24. Bret. Ecole, ii. 471. Hort. Soc. Cat.
ed. 3, p. 9. Bon. Jard. 1843, 512.
SYNONYMES.--Calville d’Automne, _Quint. Traité_, i. 201. _Mill.
Dict._ No. 6. Calleville d’Automne, _Merlet Abregé_. Pomme Grelot,
_acc. Couver. Traité_. Pomme Sonnette, _Ibid._ Herfst-Present, _acc.
Knoop_. Gelder’s Present, _Ibid._ Rode Herfst-Calville, _Knoop Pom.
tab._ iii. Autumn Calville, _Mill. Dict._ No. 6. Autumn Red Calville,
_Fors. Treat._ 96. Red Autumn Calville, _Ken. Amer. Or._ 38. Rothe
Herbstcalville, _Diel Kernobst._ iii. 8. Rother Herbstkalwil, _Baum.
Cat._ 1850.
FIGURE.--Knoop Pom. tab. iii. Mayer. Pom. Franc. tab. xi. Sickler
Obstgärt. ix. 205. t. 8.
Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and three and a quarter
high; not so much flattened as the other Calvilles. Skin, pale red,
with a trace of yellow on the shaded side, but of a beautiful deep
crimson next the sun, and marked with yellowish dots on the shaded
side. Eye, half open, set in a rather shallow, and ribbed basin, which
is lined with fine down. Stalk, rather short, inserted in a wide and
deep cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, white, tinged with red
under the skin, and very much so on the side which is exposed to the
sun; it is tender, delicate, and juicy, with a pleasant, vinous, and
violet scented flavor.
A culinary apple of inferior quality in this country, but highly
esteemed on the Continent, both as a culinary and a dessert fruit. It
is in season during October and November.
The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, and attains the largest size.
It is also an abundant bearer. To have the fruit in perfection it ought
to be grown on the paradise stock as an open dwarf, in a fine sandy
loam, and not too closely pruned.
59. CALVILLE ROUGE D’ÉTÉ.--Quint.
IDENTIFICATION.--Quint. Traité. i. 201. Knoop Pom. 12. Hort. Soc. Cat.
ed. 3, n. 117. Henne Anweis. 101.
SYNONYMES.--Calville d’Eté, _Bret. Ecole_, ii. 470. Calleville
d’Eté, _Schab. Prat._ ii. 89. Calleville d’Esté, _Merlet Abregé_,
132. Madeleine, _acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._ but not of Calvel. Calville,
_Bon Jard._ 1810, 113. Passe-Pomme, _acc. Bon Jard._ 1810. Grosse
Pomme Magdeleine, _Ibid._ Calville Plané Rouge d’Eté, _acc. Christ
Handb._ Calville Royale d’Eté, _Ibid._ Cousinotte ou Calville
d’Eté, in Normandy, _Ibid._ Grosse Rouge de Septembre, _Ibid._
Red Calville, _Lind. Guide_, 9. Rother Sommercalville, _Diel
Kernobst._ iv. 6. Sommer Erdbeerenapfel, _Henne Anweis._ 101. Rother
Rosmarinapfel, _acc. Mayer_. Rother Stricherdbeerapfel, _Ibid._
Rothe Sommer-Erdbeer-Apfel, _Sickler Obstgärt._ ii. 20, t. 3. Rode
Zomer-Calville, _Knoop Pom._ tab. i.
FIGURE.--Knoop Pom. tab. i. Sickler. Obstgärt. ii. t. 3. Mayer Pom.
Franc, tab. iv.
Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and about the same
high; roundish, narrowing towards the apex, and with prominent ribs on
the sides like the other Calvilles. Skin, yellowish white, streaked and
veined with red on the shaded side; but covered with beautiful deep
shining crimson, on the side next the sun, and strewed with numerous
white dots. Eye, small and prominent, set in a narrow and wrinkled
basin. Stalk, from an inch to an inch and a half long, inserted in a
deep and narrow cavity, which is lined with thin russet. Flesh, white
tinged with red, crisp and tender, agreeably and pleasantly flavored.
A culinary apple of second-rate quality, ripe during July and August.
The flesh is stained with red, particularly on the side next the sun,
and partakes somewhat of the flavor of the strawberry. It is valued
only for its earliness.
The tree is of small habit of growth, but an excellent bearer. There
is great confusion subsisting between this variety and the Passe-pomme
Rouge, which Duhamel has described under the name of Calville d’Eté.
60. CALVILLE ROUGE D’HIVER.--Knoop.
IDENTIFICATION.--Knoop Pom. 62. Christ Handb. ed. 1, n. 17. Hort. Soc.
Cat. ed. 3, n. 118.
SYNONYMES.--Calville Rouge, _Duh. Arb. Fruit._ i. 280. Calleville
Rouge, _Schab. Prat._ ii. 88. Calville dit Sanguinole, _Merlet
Abregé_. Calville Rouge Longue d’Hyver, _Zink. Pom._ n. 66. Calville
Longue d’Hiver, _acc. Christ. Handb._ Calville Royale d’Hiver,
_Ibid._ Rother Ekapfel, _Ibid._ Caillot Rosat, _Ibid._ Calville Rouge
Couronnée, _acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._ Calville Sanguinole, _acc. Knoop_.
Calville Rouge Dedans et Dehors, _Ibid._ Calville Musquée, _Ibid._
Sanguinole, _Ibid._ Red Calville, _Lang. Pom._ 134, tab. lxxv. f. 3.
Winter Red Calville, _Lind. Guide_, 85. Rode Wintercalville, _Knoop.
Pom._ Tab. ix. Aechter rother Wintercalville, _Diel Kernobst._ iii.
1. Rothe Wintercalville, _Sickler Obstgärt._ viii. 95, t. 6. Rother
Winterquittenapfel, _Walter_, _acc. Diel_. Rother Winterkalwil, _Baum.
Cat._ 1850.
FIGURE.--Knoop Pom. Tab. ix. Duh. Arb. Fr. i. Tab. iii. Poit. et Turp.
pl. 87.
Fruit, large, about three inches high, and the same in width; oblong,
but not nearly so much ribbed on the sides as the other Calvilles
already described. Skin, covered with a bluish bloom, deep shining
crimson on the side next the sun, but paler red on the shaded side, and
strewed with numerous yellowish dots. Eye, large and closed, with long
segments set in a deep warted and wrinkled basin. Stalk, slender, three
quarters of an inch long, inserted in a deep cavity, which is lined
with thin brown russet. Flesh, greenish white stained with red, not
very juicy, tender, vinous, and with a pleasant perfumed flavor.
A culinary apple of second-rate quality, ripe during November and
December. The tree attains about the middle size, is vigorous and
healthy in its young state, and is a good bearer. It is well adapted
for growing as dwarfs on the paradise stock, and requires a rich and
warm soil.
61. CALVILLE ROUGE DE MICOUD.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Trans. vol. v., p. 242. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3,
n. 119.
Fruit, below medium size; oblate, and ribbed on the sides. Skin, tough,
and bitter tasted, red all over; but of a deeper and darker color on
the side next the sun, and streaked and spotted with paler red on
the shaded side. Eye open, placed in a wide and deep basin. Stalk,
long, inserted in a round cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, tender and
delicate, crisp, sweet, and perfumed.
This curious apple has the extraordinary property of producing three
crops of fruit in one season. The first flowers appear at the usual
time in April, the second in June, and then for a time it ceases to
produce any more till the month of August, when it again blooms during
the whole of that month, September, October, and November, until it is
checked by the severity of the frosts. The first fruit is generally
ripe during August; the second in October, which are about the size of
a pigeon’s egg, and quite as good as the first. And so on it continues
until retarded by the frosts; but those last produced are rarely fit
for use.
This variety was first brought into notice by M. Thouin, of Paris, who
says the tree originated on the farm of the Baroness de Micoud, near La
Charité sur Loire, in the department of Nièvre.
62. CARLISLE CODLIN.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 154.
FIGURE.--Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. iii. f. 2.
Fruit, above medium size; ovate flat at the base, irregular and angular
on the sides. Skin, smooth and unctuous, pale yellow and strewed with
a few russety specks. Eye, closed, set in a narrow, rather deep, and
plaited basin. Stalk, very short, embedded in the cavity, which is
lined with russet, a few lines of which extend over the base. Flesh,
white, tender, crisp, and juicy, with a fine, brisk, and sugary flavor.
A culinary apple of the first quality, in use from August to December.
It is one of the most useful as well as one of the best culinary apples
we have, being fit for use when no larger than a walnut, and after
perfecting their growth continuing in perfection as late as Christmas.
If blanched in warm water, when used small, the outer rind slips off,
and they may be baked whole; their color is then a transparent green;
and their flavor is exquisite, resembling that of a green apricot.
When it is about the size of a large nutmeg, it may be made into apple
marmalade, or a dried sweetmeat, which rivals the finest Portugal
plum.--_M.C.H.S._
The tree is very hardy, a free grower, and an abundant bearer. As it
does not attain a great size, it may be grown more closely together
than most other sorts. It is a dwarf variety of the old English Codlin.
63. CAROLINE.--Lind.
IDENTIFICATION.--Lind. Guide, 41. Hort. Trans. vol. iv., p. 66. Hort.
Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 128.
Fruit, medium sized; roundish. Skin, fine rich deep yellow, streaked
with broad patches of red. Eye, small, set in a narrow and plaited
basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a shallow cavity, which is lined with
russet. Flesh, firm, brisk, juicy, and highly flavored.
A culinary apple of first-rate quality, in use from November to
February.
This variety was named in honor of Lady Caroline Suffield, the wife of
Lord Suffield, of Blickling and Gunton Hall, Norfolk.--_Lindley._
64. CATSHEAD.--Ray.
IDENTIFICATION.--Raii Hist. ii. 1447, n. 8. Lind. Guide, 65. Down. Fr.
Amer. 103. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 130.
SYNONYME.--Cat’s Head, _Fors. Treat._ 97.
Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter broad, and the same in height;
oblong, nearly as broad at the apex as at the base, with prominent ribs
on the sides, which extend into the basin of the eye, and terminate
in several knobs. Skin, smooth and unctuous, pale green; but with a
brownish tinge next the sun, and strewed with minute russety dots. Eye,
large and open, set in a large, angular, and rather deep basin. Stalk,
short, and slender for the size of the fruit, inserted in a shallow and
angular cavity. Flesh, tender, juicy, and sweet, with a pleasant, acid,
and slightly perfumed flavor.
One of our oldest and best culinary apples; it is in use from October
to January.
The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, and attains the largest
size, and though not an abundant bearer during the early period of its
growth, it is much more productive as it becomes aged.
In the Horticultural Society’s Catalogue of Fruits, and also in
Lindley’s “Guide to the Orchard.” This is made synonymous with the
Costard of Ray, which is undoubtedly an error, the Costard being a
distinct variety.
The Catshead is one of our oldest varieties, and was always highly
esteemed for its great size. Phillips, in his poem on Cyder, says--
“-------- Why should we sing the Thrift,
Codling or Pomroy, or of pimpled coat
The Russet, or the _Cat’s-Head’s_ weighty orb,
Enormous in its growth, for various use
Tho’ these are meet, tho’ after full repast,
Are oft requir’d, and crown the rich dessert.”
In Ellis’s “Modern Husbandman,” he says the Catshead is, “a very useful
apple to the farmer, because one of them pared and wrapped up in dough,
serves with little trouble for making an apple-dumpling, so much in
request with the Kentish farmer, for being part of a ready meal,
that in the cheapest manner satiates the keen appetite of the hungry
plowman, both at home and in the field, and, therefore, has now got
into such reputation in Hertfordshire, and some other counties, that it
is become the most common food with a piece of bacon or pickle-pork for
families.”
65. CELLINI.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 132.
[Illustration]
Fruit, rather above medium size; roundish and flattened at both ends.
Skin, rich deep yellow, with spots and patches of lively red on the
shaded side; and bright red streaked and mottled with dark crimson
next the sun, with here and there a tinge of yellow breaking through.
Eye, large and open, with short, acute, and reflexed segments, and set
in a shallow and slightly plaited basin. Stalk, very short, inserted
in a funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, brisk, and
pleasantly flavored.
A culinary apple of the first quality; in use during October and
November. It is a fine, showy, and handsome apple, bearing a strong
resemblance to the Nonesuch, from which in all probability it was
raised. It originated with Mr. Leonard Phillips, of Vauxhall.
66. CHERRY APPLE.--H.
SYNONYMES.--Siberian Crab _of some_. Kirschapfel, Pomme Cerise, _Diel
Kernobst._ ix. 238.
[Illustration]
Fruit, very small, about three quarters of an inch broad, and the same
in height; oblato-oblong. Skin, thin, and shining, of a beautiful lemon
color on the shaded side, but entirely covered with dark blood-red
on the side exposed to the sun, and which extends towards the shaded
side of a fine crimson. Stalk, very slender, an inch and a half long,
inserted in a small round cavity. Eye, small, without any segments, and
placed in a shallow basin. Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, and juicy, with
a very pleasant and lively sub-acid flavor.
A beautiful little apple, more resembling a cherry in its general
appearance than an apple. It is ripe in October.
The tree, when full grown, is from fifteen to twenty feet high,
and produces an abundance of its beautiful fruit. It is perfectly
hardy, and may be grown in almost any description of soil. It forms a
beautiful object when grown as an ornamental tree on a lawn or in a
shrubbery.
67. CHESTER PEARMAIN.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, p. 30. Lind. Guide, 65. Rog.
Fr. Cult. 73. Diel Kernobst, iv. B. 43.
Fruit, medium sized, three inches broad, and two inches and a half
high; oblate, narrowing from the base to the crown. Skin, pale yellow,
but pale red striped with crimson where exposed to the sun, and covered
with large russety spots. Eye, small, and partially closed with broad
segments, and set in a pretty deep basin. Stalk, three quarters of an
inch long, slender, inserted in a deep, funnel-shaped, and russety
cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, soft, and juicy, with a
pleasant, sugary, and perfumed flavor.
A dessert apple of second-rate quality; in use from October to
Christmas.
The tree is hardy, a free grower, a good bearer, and attains a
considerable size. It is said to be extensively cultivated in the
neighbourhood of Chester.
68. CHRISTIE’S PIPPIN.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 10. Lind. Guide, 12. Rog.
Fr. Cult. 84.
FIGURE.--Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xli. f. 3.
Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and two inches high;
oblate, without angles, and handsomely shaped. Skin, yellow, tinged
with green on the shaded side; but streaked and mottled with red next
the sun, and speckled all over with large russety dots. Eye, partially
closed, set in a round, even, and rather shallow basin. Stalk, short
and slender, not protruding beyond the margin, inserted in a deep
cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish white, tender,
brisk, juicy, sugary, and pleasantly flavored.
A dessert apple of the first quality; in use from December to February.
The tree is an abundant bearer, but constitutionally weak, a delicate
grower, and subject to canker and mildew. On the paradise stock it
forms a beautiful, compact, and handsome little pyramid.
It was raised by a Mr. Christie, at Kingston-on-Thames.
69. CLAYGATE PEARMAIN.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Trans. vol. v. p. 402. Lind. Guide, 65. Hort.
Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 538. Down. Fr. Amer. 122.
Fruit, medium sized; pearmain-shaped. Skin, dull yellow mixed with
green, and a thin coating of russet and numerous dots on the shaded
side; but marked with broken stripes of dark red, on the side exposed
to the sun. Eye, large and open, with long segments set in a deep
basin. Stalk, an inch long, inserted in a smooth and rather deep
cavity. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, rich, and sugary, partaking of
the flavor of the Ribston Pippin.
A valuable and highly esteemed dessert apple of the first quality; it
comes into use in November, and will continue till March.
The tree, though not a strong or vigorous grower, is hardy and healthy,
attains the middle size, and is an abundant bearer. It succeeds well
grafted on the paradise stock, and grown as an espalier or an open
dwarf. Its shoots are slender and drooping.
This excellent variety was discovered by John Braddick, Esq., growing
in a hedge near his residence at Claygate, a hamlet in the parish of
Thames Ditton, in Surry, and by him widely and freely distributed.
70. CLARA PIPPIN.--Thomp.
IDENTIFICATION.--Thomp. in Gard. Chron. 1848, p. 300.
Fruit, small; roundish-ovate. Skin, thick and membranous, orange in the
shade, and brownish red next the sun. Eye, small and closed, placed
almost even with the surface, or set in a slight depression. Stalk,
half an inch long, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, orange, firm,
rich, brisk, and sugary.
A very valuable dessert apple of the first quality, remarkable for the
deep orange color of its flesh. It is in use about December and will
keep till May. It was raised by F. J. Graham, Esq., of Cranford, and
first noticed in the Gardeners Chronicle, April, 1848.
71. CLUSTER GOLDEN PIPPIN.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 282. Diel Kernobst. xi. 103.
SYNONYMES.--Cluster Pippin, _acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._ Twin Cluster
Pippin, _Ibid._ Thickset, _Ibid._ Cluster Apple, _Diel Kernobst._ xi.
103. Englische Büschelreinette, _Ibid._
Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and two inches high;
round, and slightly flattened at the apex. Skin, smooth, yellowish
green at first, but changing to yellow on the shaded side; with an
orange tinge next the sun, marked all over with veins and reticulations
of pale, brownish grey russet, with large patches round the stalk and
the eye. Eye, large and open, placed in a very shallow depression.
Stalk, short, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm,
crisp, and tender, with a brisk, sugary, and perfumed flavor.
A very good dessert apple, but not of first-rate quality; in use from
November to March. The fruit is produced in clusters, and it not
unfrequently happens that two are found joined together.
The tree is hardy, a small grower, and a good bearer.
72. COBHAM.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 148. Lind. Guide, 13.
Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide, and over two inches and
three quarters high; roundish and angular. Skin, lemon yellow tinged
with green; but with a few patches and pencilings of red next the sun,
and covered with specks and patches of russet. Eye, open, with short
segments, set in a wide and angular basin. Stalk, short and slender,
inserted in a wide, deep, and russety cavity. Flesh, yellowish, crisp,
firm, delicate, and juicy, with a brisk and sugary flavor.
An excellent culinary apple, and not unworthy of the dessert; it is
in use from November to Christmas, and partakes of the Ribston Pippin
flavor.
The tree is hardy, vigorous, and an excellent bearer.
The Cobham is so like a variety which is cultivated near Faversham, in
Kent, under the name of Pope’s apple, that there is some difficulty in
distinguishing the one from the other. Further observation may prove
them to be synonymous.--_See Pope’s Apple._
73. COCCAGEE.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 150. Lind. Guide, 102.
SYNONYMES.--Cockagee, _Fors. Treat._ 97. Cocko Gee.
Fruit, medium sized; ovate, and slightly angular. Skin, smooth, pale
yellow, interspersed with green specks. Eye, small and closed, set in a
deep, uneven, and irregular basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a narrow
and shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, soft, sharply acid, and
austere.
One of the oldest and best cider apples. Although it is perhaps the
most harsh and austere apple known, and generally considered only fit
for cider, still it is one of the best for all culinary purposes,
especially for baking, as it possesses a particularly rich flavor when
cooked.
The name is said to be derived from _Cocko-Gee_ signifying
_Goose-dung_. In Langley’s “Pomona,” it is said, “This fruit is
originally from Ireland, and the cyder much valued in that country.
About sixteen or eighteen years since [1727] it was first brought over,
and promoted about Minehead, in Somersetshire. Some gentlemen of that
county have got enough of it now to make five, six, or eight hogsheads
a year of the cyder; and such as have to spare from their own tables,
sell, I am told, from four to eight pounds a hogshead. The cyder is
of the color of sherry (or rather of French white wine), and every
whit as fine and clear. I have tasted of it from several orchards in
Somersetshire. It hath a more vinous taste than any cyder I ever drank,
and as the sight might deceive a curious eye for wine, so I believe the
taste might pass an incurious palate for the same liquor.”
74. COCKLE PIPPIN.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 151. Lind. Guide, 66. Rog.
Fr. Cult. 96.
SYNONYMES.--Cockle’s Pippin, _Fors. Treat._ 98. Nutmeg Pippin, _acc.
Hort. Soc. Cat._ Nutmeg Cockle Pippin, _Ibid._ White Cockle Pippin,
_Ibid._ Brown Cockle Pippin, _acc. Gard. Chron._ 1846, 148.
FIGURE.--Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xxiii. f. 9.
[Illustration]
Fruit, medium sized; conical, and slightly angular on the sides.
Skin, greenish yellow, changing as it ripens to deeper yellow, dotted
with small grey dots, and covered all over the base with delicate pale
brown russet. Eye, small and slightly closed, set in an irregular,
and somewhat angular basin. Stalk, an inch long, rather slender, and
obliquely inserted in a round and deep cavity, which is lined with
russet. Flesh, yellowish, firm, tender, crisp, juicy, and sugary, with
a pleasant aromatic flavor.
An excellent dessert apple of the finest quality, in use from January
to April. Tree healthy, hardy, and an excellent bearer. This variety is
extensively grown in Surry and Sussex.
75. COE’S GOLDEN DROP.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 274.
[Illustration]
Fruit, small, conical, even, and regularly shaped. Skin, green at
first, but changing as it ripens to yellow, with a few large crimson
spots, on the side exposed to the sun, and marked with small patches
of thin delicate russet. Eye, small and open, even with the surface,
and surrounded with a few shallow plaits. Stalk, three quarters of an
inch long, inserted in a small, and shallow depression, which, together
with the base, is entirely covered with russet. Flesh, greenish-yellow,
firm, crisp, and very juicy, brisk, sugary, and vinous.
A delicious little dessert apple of the first quality, in use from
November to May.
The tree is hardy, a free upright grower, and a good bearer. It attains
about the middle size. If grafted on the paradise stock it is well
suited for espaliers, or growing as an open dwarf.
This excellent variety was introduced to notice by Gervase Coe, of Bury
St. Edmonds, who raised the Golden Drop Plum. It has been said that it
is a very old variety, which has existed for many years in some Essex
orchards, but was propagated by Coe as a seedling of his own.
76. COLE.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 172. Lind. Guide, 13. Down.
Fr. Amer. 71.
SYNONYME.--Scarlet Perfume, _acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._
FIGURE.--Pom. Mag. t. 104. Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xxxvii. f. 3.
Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter broad, and two and a half
high; roundish, considerably flattened, almost oblate, and angular on
the sides. Skin, yellowish, almost entirely covered with deep crimson,
and slightly marked with russet. Eye, large and closed, set in a wide
and open basin. Stalk, long, covered with down, and inserted in a close
narrow cavity, with a fleshy prominence on one side of it. Flesh,
white, firm, juicy, and sweet, with a rich, brisk, and pleasant flavor.
A first-rate early kitchen apple, and second-rate for the dessert. It
is in use during August and September, and will even keep as long as
Christmas, if well preserved.
The tree is hardy, vigorous, and a good bearer, and on account of the
size of the fruit should be grown rather as a dwarf than a standard.
77. COLONEL HARBORD’S PIPPIN.--Lind.
IDENTIFICATION.--G. Lind. in Hort. Trans. vol. iv., p. 65. Lind.
Guide, 66. Hort Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 174.
Fruit, large, about three inches and a half wide, and the same in
height; conical, and angular on the sides. Skin, pale yellowish-green,
partially russeted on one side. Eye, large, set in a rather shallow
basin, surrounded with plaits and wrinkles. Stalk, half an inch long.
Flesh, white, tinged with green, soft, and very juicy, with a brisk
tart flavor.
An excellent culinary apple of the first quality; in use from November
to March. It originated at Blickling Hall, in Norfolk.
78. COLONEL VAUGHAN’S.--H.
[Illustration]
Fruit, below medium size, one and three quarter inches high, and two
inches broad; oblato-conical, or conical. Skin, smooth and shining, the
side next the sun entirely covered with bright crimson, streaked with
very dark crimson, and thinly strewed with greyish white dots; but of a
fine waxen yellow, streaked and dotted with broken streaks of crimson
on the shaded side. Eye, small and closed, set in a wide, rather
shallow, and plaited basin. Stalk, about a quarter of an inch long,
inserted in a round, deep, and even cavity, which is lined with thin
pale brown russet. Flesh, white, slightly tinged with red under the
skin on the side next the sun, firm, crisp, and brittle, very juicy,
with a sweet, brisk, and fine strawberry flavor.
A very excellent dessert apple; ripe in the end of September and during
October, at which season it is very common in Covent Garden Market.
In some parts of Kent this excellent little apple is produced in large
quantities for the supply of the London markets, but it is one which is
not met with in general cultivation.
79. CONTIN REINETTE.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Trans. vol. vii., p. 339. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed.
3, n. 645.
Fruit, medium sized; roundish, somewhat resembling the old Nonpareil.
Skin, deep dull yellow on the shaded side, and fine red where exposed
to the sun. Flesh, yellowish, firm, highly flavored, and pleasantly
acid.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality, peculiarly adapted for
cultivation in the northern districts of Scotland. It is in use during
October and November.
The tree is very hardy, an excellent and sure bearer, but a slender
grower.
It was raised by Sir George Stuart Mackenzie, Bart., of Coul, in
Rosshire, a gentleman who for a long series of years devoted his time
and talents to the advancement of horticulture.
80. CORNISH AROMATIC.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 181. Lind. Guide, 42. Down.
Fr. Amer. 81.
SYNONYME.--Aromatic Pippin. _Rog. Fr. Cult._ 87.
FIGURES.--Pom. Mag. t. 58. Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xix, f. 3.
Fruit, above medium size, three inches wide, and two inches and three
quarters high; roundish, angular, slightly flattened, and narrowing
towards the eye. Skin, yellow on the shaded side, and covered with
large patches of pale brown russet, which extend all over the base, and
sprinkled with green and russety dots; but of a beautiful bright red,
which is streaked with deeper red, and strewed with patches and dots of
russet on the side exposed to the sun. Eye small and closed, with long
flat segments, which are reflexed at the tips and set in an irregular
basin. Stalk short, inserted in a deep and narrow cavity which is lined
with russet. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, rich, and highly
aromatic.
A valuable dessert apple of first-rate quality, in use from October to
Christmas.
The tree is a free grower and an excellent bearer.
81. CORNISH GILLIFLOWER.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 267. Lind. Guide, 67. Down.
Fr. Amer. 102.
SYNONYMES.--July-flower, _Hort. Trans._ vol. ii., p. 74. Cornish
July-flower, _Ibid._ vol. iii., p. 323. Calville d’Angleterre, _Baum.
Cat._ Pomme Regelans, _acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._
FIGURES.--Pom. Mag. t. 140. Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xix, f. 4.
Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide, and the same in height;
ovate, angular on the sides, and ribbed round the eye, somewhat like
a Quoining. Skin, dull green on the shaded side, and brownish red
streaked with brighter red on the side next the sun; some parts of the
surface marked with thin russet. Eye, large and closed, set in a narrow
and angular basin. Stalk, three quarters of an inch long, inserted in a
rather shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, rich, and aromatic.
This is one of our best dessert apples, remarkable for its rich and
aromatic flavor; it is in use from December to May.
The tree is hardy, and a free grower, attaining the middle size, but
not an abundant bearer; it produces its fruit at the extremities of
the last year’s wood, and great care should, therefore, be taken to
preserve the bearing shoots. It succeeds well, grafted on the paradise
stock, and grown as an espalier or an open dwarf.
This valuable apple was brought into notice by Sir Christopher Hawkins,
who sent it to the London Horticultural Society, in 1813. It was
discovered about the beginning of the present century, growing in a
cottager’s garden, near Truro, in Cornwall.
The name July-flower is very often applied to this and some other
varieties of apples, and also to flowers, but it is only a corruption
of the more correct name Gilliflower, which is derived from the French
_Girofle_, signifying a clove, and hence the flower which has the
scent of that spice, is called _Giroflier_, which has been transformed
to _Gilliflower_. In Chaucer’s “Romaunt of the Rose,” he writes it
_Gylofre_.
“There was eke wexyng many a spice,
As Clowe Gylofre and liquorice.”
Turner writes it _Gelower_ and _Gelyfloure_. The proper name,
therefore, is Gilliflower, and not July-flower, as if it had some
reference to the month of July.
82. COSTARD.--Ray.
IDENTIFICATION.--Raii Hist. ii. 1447. Laws. New. Orch. 32. Worl. Vin.
167.
SYNONYMES.--Coulthard, _in Lancashire_. Prussian Pippin, _Ibid._
Fruit, above medium size, two inches and three quarters, or three
inches wide, and three inches and a quarter high; oblong, but narrowing
a little towards the eye, distinctly five-sided, having five prominent
ribs on the sides, which extend into the basin of the eye, and form
ridges round the crown. Skin, smooth, dull yellowish green, strewed
all over with embedded grey specks. Eye, partially closed with long
acuminate segments, and set in a rather deep and angular basin. Stalk,
about a quarter of an inch long, inserted in a round, rather shallow,
and narrow cavity. Flesh, greenish-white, tender, juicy, and with a
brisk, and pleasant sub-acid flavor.
An excellent culinary apple of first-rate quality. It is in season from
October to Christmas.
The tree is hardy, a strong and vigorous grower, with strong downy
shoots, and an abundant bearer.
The Costard is one of our oldest English apples. It is mentioned under
the name of “Poma Costard,” in the fruiterers’ bills of Edward the
First, in 1292, at which time it was sold for a shilling a hundred.
The true Costard is now rarely to be met with, but at an early period
it must have been very extensively grown, for the retailers of it
were called Costardmongers, an appellation now transformed into
Costermongers. It is mentioned by William Lawson, in 1597, who, in his
quaint style, says, “Of your apple-trees you shall finde difference
in growth. A good Pipping will grow large, and a Costard-tree: stead
them on the north side of your other apples, thus being placed, the
least will give sunne to the rest, and the greatest will shroud their
fellowes.”
Modern authors make the Costard synonymous with the Catshead, chiefly,
I think, on the authority of Mr. George Lindley, who has it so in the
“Guide to the Orchard;” but this is evidently an error. All the early
authors who mention both varieties regard them as distinct. Parkinson
describes two varieties of Costard--the “Gray,” and the “Greene.” Of
the former, he says, “it is a good great apple, somewhat whitish on
the outside, and abideth the winter. The Green Costard is like the
other, but greener on the outside continually.” Ray describes both the
Catshead and Costard as distinct, and Leonard Meager enumerates three
varieties of Costard in his list--the white, grey, and red; but which
of these is identical with that described above, it is difficult now to
determine.
Some etymologists, and Dr. Johnson among the number, consider this name
to be derived from _Cost_, a head; but what connection there is between
either the shape or other appearance of this apple, and a head, more
than any other variety, must puzzle any one to discover. Is it not
more probable that it is derived from Costatus (_Anglice_, costate, or
ribbed), on account of the prominent ribs or angles on its sides? I
think this a much more likely derivation.
83. COUL BLUSH.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Trans. vol. vii., p. 340. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed.
3, n. 184 Mem. Cal. Hort. Soc. iv. 556.
Fruit, medium sized; roundish, and angular on the sides. A good deal
resembling the Hawthornden. Skin, pale yellow, marked with dull red
next the sun, and streaked and dotted with deeper red. Stalk, slender.
Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, brisk, and well-flavored.
An excellent culinary apple, in use from October to February. It is
said to be of finer flavor than the Hawthornden, and to be even a good
dessert apple.
The tree is hardy, a strong, vigorous, and upright grower, and an
abundant bearer. It is well suited for all northern and exposed
situations.
This is one of the varieties raised by Sir G. S. Mackenzie, Bart., of
Coul, Rosshire.
84. COURT OF WICK.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 187. Lind. Guide, 42. Down.
Fr. Amer. 105. Rog. Fr. Cult. 87.
SYNONYMES.--Court of Wick Pippin, _Fors. Treat._ 98. Court de Wick,
_Hook. Pom. Lond._ Rival Golden Pippin, _acc. Ron. Pyr. Mal._ Fry’s
Pippin, _acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._ Golden Drop, _Ibid._ Wick’s Pippin,
_Ibid._ Wood’s Huntingdon, _Ibid._ Wood’s Transparent, _Ibid._
Kingswick Pippin, _Ibid._ Phillip’s Reinette, _Ibid._
FIGURE.--Hook. Pom. Lond. t. 32. Pom. Mag. t. 32. Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl.
xii f. 23.
[Illustration]
Fruit, below medium size; oblato-ovate, regular and handsome. Skin,
when fully ripe, of a fine clear yellow, with bright orange, which
sometimes breaks out in a faint red next the sun, and covered all over
with russety freckles. Eye, large and open, with long, acuminate, and
reflexed segments, set in a wide, shallow, and even basin. Stalk, short
and slender, inserted in a smooth and even cavity, which is lined with
thin russet. Flesh, yellow, tender, crisp, very juicy, rich, and highly
flavored.
One of the best and most valuable dessert apples, both as regards the
hardiness of the tree, and the rich and delicious flavor of the fruit,
which is not inferior to that of the Golden Pippin. It is in use from
October to March.
The tree attains the middle size, is healthy, hardy, and an abundant
bearer. There is scarcely any description of soil or exposure where
it does not succeed, nor is it subject to the attacks of blight and
canker. It grows well on the paradise stock, producing fruit much
larger than on the crab, but not of so long duration.
This variety is said to have originated at Court of Wick, in
Somersetshire, and to have been raised from a pip of the Golden Pippin.
It is first mentioned by Forsyth, but I have not been able to discover
any facts relative to its history.
85. COURT-PENDU PLAT.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 185. Down. Fr. Amer. 105.
Gard. Chron. 1846, 100.
SYNONYMES.--Courtpendû, _Lind. Guide_. 43. Court-pendû plat Rougeâtre,
_Ron. Pyr. Mal._ pl. xii. _Hort. Soc. Cat._ ed. 1, 212. Court-pendû
rond gros, _Hort. Soc. Cat._ ed. 1, n. 216. Court-pendû rond très
gros, _Ibid._ n. 218. Court-pendu rond rougeâtre. _Ibid._ n. 317.
Court-pendu rosat, _Diel Kernobst._ xii. 171. Court-pendû musqué,
_Hort. Soc. Cat._ ed. 1, n. 209. Court-pendû rouge musqué, _acc. Hort.
Soc. Cat._ Court-pendû rouge, _Rog. Fr. Cult._ 41. Courpendû vermeil,
_Inst. Arb. Fr._ 154. Corianda Rose, _Hort. Soc. Cat._ ed. 1, n. 200.
Rosenfarbiger, Kurtzstiel, _Diel Kernobst._ xii. 171. Courtpendû
Rouge, _Knoop Pom._ 60, t. x. Courtpendû Rosaar, _Ibid._ 129. Reinette
Courtpendû Rouge, _Ibid._ 129. Der Rothe Kurzstiel, _acc. Thomp._ Rode
Korpendu, _Ibid._ Pomme de Berlin, _acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._ Princesse
Noble Zoete, _Ibid._ Garnons, _Ibid._ Woolaton Pippin, _Ibid._ Wise
Apple, _acc. Thomp._
FIGURE.--Knoop Pom. t. x. Pom. Mag. t. 66. Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xii.
[Illustration]
Fruit, medium sized; oblate, regularly and handsomely shaped. Skin,
bright green at first on the shaded side, but changing as it ripens
to clear yellow, marked with traces of russet, and russety dots; but
entirely covered with deep crimson, which is also marked with traces
of russet on the side next the sun, extending even to some portion of
the shaded side. Eye, open, with short segments, which are reflexed at
the tips, and set in a wide, even, and deep basin. Stalk, very short,
inserted in a wide and deep cavity, lined with russet, which extends
over a portion of the base. Flesh, yellowish-white, firm, crisp, brisk,
rich, and sugary, with an abundance of vinous and perfumed juice.
A valuable dessert apple of the first quality; in use from December to
May.
The tree is of small habit of growth, but very hardy and an abundant
bearer. It is well adapted for espalier training when worked on the
paradise stock; and if grafted on the Pomme Paradis of the French, it
may be grown in pots, in which it forms a beautiful and interesting
object when laden with its beautiful fruit.
The bloom expands later than that of any other variety, and on that
account is less liable to be injured by spring frosts, hence, according
to Thompson, it has been called the _Wise Apple_.
This is not the Capendu of Duhamel, as quoted by Lindley and Downing;
neither is it the Court-pendu of Forsyth and De Quintinye, that variety
being the Fenouillet Rouge of Duhamel, _see No. 123_. The Courpendu of
Miller is also a different apple from any of those just mentioned,
and is distinguished by having a long and slender stalk, “so that
the fruit is always hanging downwards.” The name of this variety is
derived from _Corps pendu_ translated by some _Hanging Body_, whereas
that of the variety above described, is from _Court pendu_, signifying
_suspended short_, the stalk being so short, that the fruit, sits, as
it were, upon the branch. The name Capendu or Capendua, is mentioned
by the earliest authors, but applied to different varieties of apples.
It is met with in Ruellius, Tragus, Curtius, and Dalechamp, the latter
considering it the _Cestiana_ of Pliny. Curtius applies the name
to a yellow apple, and so also does Ruellius; but Tragus considers
it one of the varieties of Passe-pomme, he says, “Capendua magna
sunt alba et dulcia, in quorum utero semina per maturitatem sonant,
Ruellio _Passipoma_ apellantur.” They are also mentioned by J. Bauhin,
“Celeberrimum hoc pomi genus est totius Europæ, sic dicta, quòd ex
curto admodum pendeant pediculo.”
86. COWARNE RED.--Knight.
IDENTIFICATION AND FIGURE.--Knight, Pom. Heref. t. 28.
Fruit, of a pretty good size, a little more long than broad, but narrow
at the crown, in which appear a few obtuse and undefined plaits. Eye,
small, with very short converging segments of the calyx. Stalk, hardly
half an inch long, very stiff and straight. Skin, a small part of it
pale gold on the shaded side, and round the base, but of a bright red
over a great part, and where fully exposed to the sun, of an intense,
deep, purplish crimson; there are numerous short streaks, which mark
the shady part of the fruit.
Specific gravity of its juice 1069.
A cider apple, which takes its name from the parish of Cowarne, near
Broomyard, in Herefordshire, where it was raised about the beginning of
the last century.--_Lindley._
87. CRAY PIPPIN.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Trans. vol. v., p. 401. Lind. Guide, 27.
Fruit, below medium size; conical, and angular on the sides. Skin, pale
yellow with a tinge of red next the sun. Eye, small and closed, set in
an even basin. Stalk, short, and deeply inserted. Flesh, yellow, crisp,
sweet, and highly flavored.
An excellent dessert apple, ripe in October.
This variety was raised at St. Mary’s Cray, in Kent, by Richard Waring,
Esq., and was exhibited at the London Horticultural Society, on the
15th of October, 1822.
88. CREED’S MARIGOLD.--H.
Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three quarters wide, and two
inches and a quarter high; roundish. Skin, fine deep rich yellow
on the shaded side; but deep orange next the sun, and covered with
beautiful red, which is striped with darker red, the whole marked with
patches of thin and delicate brown russet, and thickly strewed with
dark russety dots. Eye, open, with broad flat segments, and set in a
narrow, shallow, and regularly plaited basin. Stalk, short, set in a
deep cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellow, tender, crisp,
juicy, sugary, and richly flavored.
An excellent dessert apple, in use during October and November, after
which it becomes dry and meally but does not shrivel.
This variety was raised from a seed of the Scarlet Nonpareil, by Mr.
Creed, gardener, at Norton Court, near Faversham, in Kent.
89. CREEPER.--H.
Fruit, rather below medium size, two inches and a quarter high, and
about the same in width; somewhat conical or roundish-ovate. Skin,
smooth and shining, at first of a fine dark green on the shaded side,
and entirely covered with red, which is thickly marked with broken
streaks of darker red on the side next the sun; but as it ripens, the
shaded side changes to yellowish-green, and the exposed to crimson.
Eye, open, set in a pretty deep basin. Stalk, very short, embedded in
a shallow cavity. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet, and pleasantly
flavored, with a slight aroma.
A very good second-rate summer dessert apple; ripe in September.
This variety is very common in the Berkshire orchards.
90. DARLING PIPPIN.--Lind.
IDENTIFICATION.--Lind. Plan. Or. 1796. Lind. Guide, 68.
SYNONYMES.--Darling, _Rea Pom._ 210. _Raii Hist._ ii. 1448.
Fruit, of medium size; oblato-conical. Skin, bright lemon yellow,
thickly set with small embedded pearly specks. Eye, small, and placed
in a shallow basin, surrounded with prominent plaits. Stalk, short and
slender, not deeply inserted. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, and
sugary, with a pleasant sub-acid flavor.
A dessert apple of good quality; in use from November to January.
This is one of our old English varieties. It is mentioned by Rea, in
1665, who calls it “a large gold yellow apple, of an excellent, quick,
something sharp taste, and bears well.” It is also noticed by Ray as
“Pomum delicatulum Cestriæ.”
91. DEVONSHIRE BUCKLAND.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 97.
SYNONYMES.--Dredge’s White Lily, _Fors. Treat._ 99. White Lily, _acc.
Hort. Soc. Cat._ ed. 3. Lily Buckland, _Ibid._
Fruit, above medium size, three inches wide, and two inches and a half
high; roundish and flattened, with irregular and prominent angles
on the sides. Skin, dull waxen yellow, strewed all over with minute
russety dots, which are larger on the side exposed to the sun. Eye,
open, set in a plaited basin. Stalk, rather deeply inserted in a round
cavity, from which issue ramifications of russet. Flesh, yellow, crisp,
very juicy, brisk, sugary, and perfumed.
A very excellent apple; of first-rate quality as a culinary fruit, and
suitable also for the dessert. It is in use from October to February.
The tree is quite hardy, and an excellent bearer.
92. DEVONSHIRE QUARRENDEN.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Fors. Treat. 122. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 603.
Down. Fr. Amer. 71.
SYNONYMES.--Quarrington, _Raii. Hist._ ii. 1448. Devonshire
Quarrington, _Mort-Art._ ii. 290. Red Quarentine, _Miller and Sweet,
Cat._ 1790. Red Quarenden, _Hook. Pom. Lond._ t. 13, _Lind. Guide_,
6. Sack Apple, _Hort. Soc. Cat._ ed. 1, n. 1012. Quarentine, _in
Devonshire_.
FIGURES.--Hook. Pom. Lond. t. 13. Pom. Mag. t. 94. Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl.
i. f. 7.
[Illustration]
Fruit, rather below medium size; oblate, and sometimes a little angular
in its outline. Skin, smooth and shining, entirely covered with deep
purplish red, except where it is shaded by a leaf or twig, and then
it is of a delicate pale green, presenting a clear and well-defined
outline of the object which shades it. Eye, quite closed, with very
long tomentose segments, and placed in an undulating and shallow basin,
which is sometimes knobbed, and generally lined with thick tomentum.
Stalk, about three quarters of an inch long, fleshy at the insertion,
deeply set in a round and funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh, white tinged
with green, crisp, brisk, and very juicy, with a rich vinous, and
refreshing flavor.
A very valuable and first-rate dessert apple. It ripens on the tree the
first week in August, and lasts till the end of September. It is one of
the earliest summer dessert apples, and at that season, is particularly
relished, for its fine, cooling, and refreshing, vinous juice.
The tree attains a considerable size, it is particularly hardy, and
a most prolific bearer. It succeeds well in almost every soil and
situation, and is admirably adapted for orchard planting. In almost
every latitude of Great Britain, from Devonshire to the Moray Frith,
I have observed it in perfect health and luxuriance, producing an
abundance of well ripened fruit, which, though not so large, nor so
early in the northern parts, still possessing the same richness of
flavor as in the south.
This is supposed to be a very old variety, but there is no record
of it previous to 1693, when it is mentioned by Ray; and except by
Mortimer, it is not noticed by any subsequent writer till within a very
recent period. It seems to have been unknown to Switzer, Langley, and
Miller; nor do I find that it was grown in any of the London nurseries
before the beginning of the present century. The only early catalogue
in which I find it is that of Miller and Sweet, of Bristol, in 1790.
93. DR. HELSHAM’S PIPPIN.--Lind.
IDENTIFICATION.--Lind. Guide, 8.
Fruit, medium sized; conical, more long than broad, eight or nine
inches in circumference, a little angular on the sides. Eye, small,
in a rather wide and oblique basin. Stalk, half an inch long, deeply
inserted. Skin, yellowish-green, with several redish spots; on the
sunny side of a fine clear red. Flesh, white. Juice sweet, with a
slight aromatic flavor.
Ripe in August and beginning of September.
The branches of this tree droop in the manner of a Jargonelle Pear. It
is an abundant bearer and deserves cultivation.
The original tree which is a large one, was raised by the late Dr.
Helsham, and is now growing in the garden of Mr. Etheredge, of Stoke
Ferry, in Norfolk.--_Lindley._
I have never met with this variety, but as Mr. Lindley recommends it
as worthy of cultivation, and as it may be better known in Norfolk
than elsewhere, I am induced to insert here with Mr. Lindley’s own
description.
94. DOWELL’S PIPPIN.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Trans. vol. v. p. 268. Lind. Guide, 27. Hort
Soc. Cat. ed. 3, p. 13.
Fruit, medium sized; roundish, narrowing towards the apex. Skin, green,
almost entirely covered with thin delicate russet, tinged with brownish
red next the sun. Eye, small and closed, set in a narrow and rather
deep basin. Stalk, short, and deeply inserted. Flesh, yellow, tender,
crisp, juicy, sugary, and finely flavored.
A dessert apple in use from October to January.
This variety was raised by Stephen Dowell, Esq., of Braygrove,
Berkshire, from a pip of the Ribston Pippin, to which it bears a close
resemblance both in shape and flavor.
95. DOWNTON PIPPIN.--Knight.
IDENTIFICATION.--Pom. Heref. Hort. Trans. vol. i., p. 145. Lind.
Guide, 28. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 217. Down. Fr. Amer. 82.
SYNONYMES.--Elton Pippin, _Fors. Treat._ 135. Elton Golden Pippin,
_Salisb. Or._ 130. Knight’s Pippin, _acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._ ed. 3.
Knight’s Golden Pippin, _Ibid._ St. Mary’s Pippin, _Ibid._ Downton’s
Pepping, _Diel Kernobst._ v. B. 37.
FIGURES.--Pom. Heref. t. 9. Pom. Mag. t. 113.
Fruit, small, two inches broad, and an inch and three quarters high;
somewhat cylindrical, and flattened at the ends, bearing a resemblance
to the Golden Pippin. Skin, smooth, of a fine lemon yellow color, and
with a slight tinge of red next the sun, marked with a few traces
of delicate russet, and strewed with numerous pale brown dots. Eye,
large and quite open, with long, flat, acuminate segments, set in a
wide, flat, and shallow basin. Stalk, slender, half-an-inch long, and
inserted in a shallow cavity which is lined with delicate russet.
Flesh, yellowish white, delicate, firm, crisp, and juicy, with a rich,
brisk, vinous and somewhat aromatic flavor.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality, resembling the Golden Pippin
both in size, shape, and color, as well as flavor. It is in use from
November to January.
The tree is a strong, healthy, and vigorous grower, a most abundant
bearer, and attains about the middle size. It may be grown as an open
dwarf, and is well suited for espaliers. The fruit is also valuable for
the cider it produces, the specific gravity of the juice being 1080.
This excellent variety was raised by Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., of
Downton Castle, from the seed of the Isle of Wight Orange Pippin,
impregnated with the pollen of the Golden Pippin, and the original tree
is still in existence at Wormsley Grange, Herefordshire.
96. DRAP D’OR.--Duh.
IDENTIFICATION.--Duh. Arb. Fruit, i. 290. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n.
219. Down. Fr. Amer. 71.
SYNONYMES.--Vrai Drap d’Or, _Duh. Arb. Fruit_, i. 290. Drap d’Or Vrai,
_Poin. Ami. Jard._ i. 192. Bay Apple, _acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._ Bonne de
Mai, _Ibid._ Goldzaugapfel, _Diel. Kernobst._ iii. p. 115.
FIGURES.--Duh. Arb. Fruit, t. i. xii. 4. Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xxvi. f. 2.
Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter broad, and two inches and
three quarters high; roundish, sometimes inclining to cylindrical,
or rather oblato-cylindrical. Skin, smooth and shining, of a fine
pale yellow color intermixed with a greenish tinge, which is disposed
in faint stripes extending from the base to the apex, on the shaded
side; but of a clearer, and deeper yellow on the side next the sun,
the whole marked with patches of delicate, dark brown russet, and
strewed with numerous russety dots; sometimes there is a faint tinge
of red on the side next the sun. Eye, small and closed, with acuminate
segments, which are covered with white tomentum, and set in a wide,
deep, irregular and plaited basin. Stalk, very short, and somewhat
fleshy, inserted in a wide, rather shallow, and smooth cavity. Flesh,
yellowish-white, tender, crisp, and juicy, with a brisk, vinous, and
sugary flavor.
A pretty good apple of second-rate quality, more suitable for culinary
purposes than the dessert. It is in use from October to Christmas.
The tree is a healthy and free grower, attaining about the middle size,
and is a free and early bearer, being generally well set with fruit
buds. It requires a rich soil and warm situation.
There is another apple totally different from this to which the name of
Drap d’Or is applied.--See _Fenouillet Jaune_.
97. DREDGE’S FAIR MAID OF WISHFORD.--Fors.
IDENTIFICATION.--Fors. Treat. 99. Rog. Fr. Cult. 55.
Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three quarters wide, and two inches
and a quarter high; oblato-cylindrical, with obtuse angles on the
sides. Skin, yellow, covered with large patches and reticulations of
thin brown russet, which is strewed with rougher russety freckles, and
tinged with orange and a few streaks of red next the sun. Eye, rather
large, with long acuminate segments, which almost close it; and set in
a wide, angular, and pretty deep basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a
narrow, angular and smooth cavity, which is tinged with green. Flesh,
yellowish, firm, brisk, juicy, sugary, and richly flavored.
An excellent apple for culinary purposes, and even worthy of the
dessert. It is in use from December to March.
This, with the following variety, was either raised or first brought
into notice, by a Mr. William Dredge, of Wishford, near Salisbury. In
a letter dated November, 1802, which is in my possession, he writes to
the late Mr. Forsyth with specimens of these varieties, and of this he
says, “not in eating till Easter, great bearer, most excellent flavor.”
The tree is a free grower, attaining about the middle size, and is an
excellent bearer.
98. DREDGE’S FAME.--Fors.
IDENTIFICATION.--Fors. Treat. 100. Rog. Fr. Cult. 51.
[Illustration]
Fruit, above medium size; roundish, inclining to ovate, and furrowed
round the eye. Skin, dull dingy yellow, with a tinge of green, covered
with patches of thin russet, and large russety dots, particularly
over the base; and mottled with pale red on the side exposed to the
sun. Eye, closed, set in a deep and angular basin. Stalk, about three
quarters of an inch long, inserted in a deep cavity which is lined with
russet. Flesh, greenish-yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, brisk, and sugary,
with a rich aromatic flavor.
This is a valuable and very excellent apple, suitable either for
dessert use, or culinary purposes. It is in use from December to March.
In his letter to Mr. Forsyth, referred to above, Mr. Dredge says, “This
is the best apple yet known; in eating from Easter till Midsummer--most
excellent.”
The tree is hardy, a vigorous grower, an early and abundant bearer, but
according to Rogers, liable to be attacked by the woolly aphis; still
I have never found it more susceptible of that disease than most other
varieties.
There are several other varieties mentioned by Forsyth as _seedlings_
of Dredge’s, which I have not met with, as Dredge’s Queen Charlotte,
Dredge’s Russet, and Dredge’s Seedling. I have also in my collection,
Dredge’s Emperor and Lord Nelson, both of which are grown in the
West of England, but I have not yet had an opportunity of seeing the
fruit. It is, however, a question whether these are really seedlings
of Dredge’s or not; there are several varieties to which he affixed
his name, which have been ascertained to be identical with others that
existed before him, such as Dredge’s White Lily, which is synonymous
with Devonshire Buckland, and Dredge’s Beauty of Wilts, which is the
same as Harvey’s Pippin. Such instances tend to weaken our faith in the
high encomium passed upon him, by Rogers, of Southampton, in the “Fruit
Cultivator,” and induce us to class him with those who not only change
the name of some varieties, and append their own to others under the
pretence of their being new, and seedlings of their own, but dispose
of them at greater prices than they could have procured, had they
been sold under their correct names. We have but to glance over the
Horticultural Society’s Catalogue, or the Index to this work, to find
numerous instances confirmatory of this statement.
99. DUCHESS OF OLDENBURGH.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n. 221. Down. Fr. Amer. 82.
Ron. Pyr. Mal. 12.
FIGURE.--Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. vi. f. 6.
Fruit, large, about three inches and a quarter wide, and two inches
and a half high; round, and sometimes prominently ribbed on the sides
and round the eye. Skin, smooth, greenish-yellow on the shaded side,
and streaked with broken patches of fine bright red, on the side next
the sun, sometimes assuming a beautiful dark crimson cheek; it is
covered all over with numerous russety dots, particularly round the
eye, where they are large, dark, and rough. Eye, large and closed, with
long broad segments, placed in a deep and angular basin. Stalk, long
and slender, deeply inserted in a narrow and angular cavity. Flesh,
yellowish-white, firm, crisp, and very juicy, with a pleasant, brisk,
and refreshing flavor.
An excellent early dessert apple of the first quality; ripe in the
middle of August, and continues in use till the end of September.
The tree is hardy, a free grower, and an excellent bearer.
This variety is of Russian origin.
100. DUKE OF BEAUFORT’S PIPPIN.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, p. 14. Lind. Guide, 28.
Fruit, medium sized; conical, and angular on the sides. Skin, green,
strewed with freckles of russet; and streaked with red on the side
exposed to the sun. Eye, set in a deep and angular basin. Stalk, short,
inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, greenish-white, crisp, and tender,
very juicy, and sub-acid.
A culinary apple of second-rate quality; in use from October to
Christmas.
101. DUMELOW’S SEEDLING.--Hort.
IDENTIFICATION.--Hort. Trans. vol. iv. 529. Hort. Soc. Cat. ed. 3, n.
224. Lind. Guide, 44.
SYNONYMES.--Dumelow’s Crab, _acc. Hort. Trans._ Duke of Wellington,
_Ron. Pyr. Mal._ 37. Normanton Wonder, _acc. Hort. Soc. Cat._ Winter
Hawthornden, _acc. Riv. Cat._ Wellington’s, _Diel Kernobst._ v. B. 55.
Wellington’s Reinette, _Ibid._
FIGURE.--Ron. Pyr. Mal. pl. xix. pl. 1.
[Illustration]
Fruit, large; roundish and flattened. Skin, pale yellow, strewed
with minute russety dots, and greenish embedded specks under the
surface and with a tinge of pale red on the side next the sun, which
is sometimes almost entirely covered with a bright red cheek. Eye,
large and open, with broad, reflexed, acuminate segments, set in an
irregular, uneven, and pretty deep basin. Stalk, half-an-inch long,
deeply inserted in a narrow, and funnel-shaped cavity, which is lined
with russet. Flesh, yellowish-white, firm, crisp, brisk, and very
juicy, with a slight aromatic flavor.
One of the most valuable cul
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