Manual of the Trees of North America (Exclusive of Mexico) 2nd ed.
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Title: Manual of the Trees of North America (Exclusive of Mexico) 2nd ed.
Author: Charles Sprague Sargent
Illustrator: Charles Edward Faxon
Mary W. Gill
Release date: July 30, 2014 [eBook #46450]
Most recently updated: October 24, 2024
Language: English
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA (EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO) 2ND ED. ***
PRINCIPAL TREE REGIONS OF NORTH AMERICA
[Illustration: PRINCIPAL TREE REGIONS OF NORTH AMERICA]
A North Eastern
B North Western
AB North Eastern & North Western
C South Eastern
D Tropical Florida
E Texas-Mexican Boundary
F Rocky Mountains
G Oregon & California
H New Mexico & Arizona Mexican Boundary
MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
(EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO)
BY
CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT
_Director of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University_
_Author of The Silva of North America_
_WITH SEVEN HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-THREE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM DRAWINGS BY_
CHARLES EDWARD FAXON
_AND_
MARY W. GILL
_Second Edition_
[Illustration: The Riverside Press]
BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
_The Riverside Press Cambridge_
1922
COPYRIGHT, 1905 AND 1927, BY CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
TO
M. R. S.
THE WISE AND KIND FRIEND OF THIRTY YEARS
THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED
WITH GRATITUDE AND AFFECTION
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
The studies of the trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico) which
have been carried on by the agents and correspondents of the Arboretum
in the sixteen years since the publication of the _Manual of the Trees
of North America_ have increased the knowledge of the subject and made
necessary a new edition of this _Manual_. The explorations of these
sixteen years have added eighty-nine species of trees and many recently
distinguished varieties of formerly imperfectly understood species to
the silva of the United States, and made available much additional
information in regard to the geographical distribution of American
trees. Further studies have made the reduction of seven species of the
first edition to varieties of other species seem desirable; and two
species, _Amelanchier obovalis_ and _Cercocarpus parvifolius_, which
were formerly considered trees, but are more properly shrubs, are
omitted. The genus Anamomis is now united with Eugenia; and the Arizona
_Pinus strobiformis_ Sarg. (not Engelm.) is now referred to _Pinus
flexilis_ James.
Representatives of four Families and sixteen Genera which did not appear
in the first edition are described in the new edition in which will be
found an account of seven hundred and seventeen species of trees in one
hundred and eighty-five genera, illustrated by seven hundred and
eighty-three figures, or one hundred and forty-one figures in addition
to those which appeared in the first edition.
An International Congress of Botanists which assembled in Vienna in
1905, and again in Brussels in 1910, adopted rules of nomenclature which
the world, with a few American exceptions, has now generally adopted.
The names used in this new _Manual_ are based on the rules of this
International Congress. These are the names used by the largest number
of the students of plants, and it is unfortunate that the confusion in
the names of American trees must continue as long as the Department of
Agriculture, including the Forest Service of the United States, uses
another and now generally unrecognized system.
The new illustrations in this edition are partly from drawings made by
Charles Edward Faxon, who died before his work was finished; it was
continued by the skillful pencil of Mary W. Gill, of Washington, to whom
I am grateful for her intelligent coöperation.
It is impossible to name here all the men and women who have in the last
sixteen years contributed to this account of American trees, and I will
now only mention Mr. T. G. Harbison and Mr. E. J. Palmer, who as agents
of the Arboretum have studied for years the trees of the Southeastern
States and of the Missouri-Texas region, Professor R. S. Cocks, of
Tulane University, who has explored carefully and critically the forests
of Louisiana, and Miss Alice Eastwood, head of the Botanical Department
of the California Academy of Sciences, who has made special journeys in
Alaska and New Mexico in the interest of this _Manual_. Mr. Alfred
Rehder, Curator of the Herbarium of the Arboretum, has added to the
knowledge of our trees in several Southern journeys; and to him I am
specially indebted for assistance and advice in the preparation of the
keys to the different groups of plants found in this volume.
This new edition of the _Manual_ contains the results of forty-four
years of my continuous study of the trees of North America carried on in
every part of the United States and in many foreign countries. If these
studies in any way serve to increase the knowledge and the love of trees
I shall feel that these years have not been misspent.
C. S. Sargent.
Arnold Arboretum
September, 1921
PREFACE
In this volume I have tried to bring into convenient form for the use of
students the information concerning the trees of North America which has
been gathered at the Arnold Arboretum during the last thirty years and
has been largely elaborated in my _Silva of North America_.
The indigenous trees of no other region of equal extent are, perhaps, so
well known as those that grow naturally in North America. There is,
however, still much to be learned about them. In the southern states,
one of the most remarkable extratropical regions in the world in the
richness of its arborescent flora, several species are still imperfectly
known, while it is not improbable that a few may have escaped entirely
the notice of botanists; and in the northern states are several forms of
Cratægus which, in the absence of sufficient information, it has been
found impracticable to include in this volume. Little is known as yet of
the silvicultural value and requirements of North American trees, or of
the diseases that affect them; and one of the objects of this volume is
to stimulate further investigation of their characters and needs.
The arrangement of families and genera adopted in this volume is that of
Engler & Prantl’s _Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien_, in which the
procession is from a simpler to a more complex structure. The
nomenclature is that of _The Silva of North America_. Descriptions of a
few species of Cratægus are now first published, and investigations made
since the publication of the last volume of _The Silva of North
America_, in December, 1902, have necessitated the introduction of a few
additional trees described by other authors, and occasional changes of
names.
An analytical key to the families, based on the arrangement and
character of the leaves, will lead the reader first to the family to
which any tree belongs; a conspectus of the genera, embodying the
important and easily discovered contrasting characters of each genus and
following the description of each family represented by more than one
genus, will lead him to the genus he is trying to determine; and a
similar conspectus of the species, following the description of the
genus, will finally bring him to the species for which he is looking.
Further to facilitate the determination, one or more letters, attached
to the name of the species in the conspectus following the description
of the genus, indicate in which of the eight regions into which the
country is divided according to the prevailing character of the
arborescent vegetation that species grows (see map forming frontispiece
of the volume). For example, the northeastern part of the country,
including the high Appalachian Mountains in the southern states which
have chiefly a northern flora, is represented by (A), and a person
wishing to learn the name of a Pine-tree or of an Oak in that region
need occupy himself only with those species which in the conspectus of
the genus Quercus or Pinus are followed by the letter (A), while a
person wishing to determine an Oak or a Pine-tree in Oregon or
California may pass over all species which are not followed by (G), the
letter which represents the Pacific coast region south of the state of
Washington.
The sign of degrees (°) is used in this work to represent feet, and the
sign of minutes (′) inches.
The illustrations which accompany each species and important variety are
one half the size of nature, except in the case of a few of the large
Pine cones, the flowers of some of the Magnolias, and the leaves and
flower-clusters of the Palms. These are represented as less than half
the size of nature in order to make the illustrations of uniform size.
These illustrations are from drawings by Mr. Faxon, in which he has
shown his usual skill and experience as a botanical draftsman in
bringing out the most important characters of each species, and in them
will be found the chief value of this Manual. For aid in its preparation
I am indebted to him and to my other associates, Mr. Alfred Rehder and
Mr. George R. Shaw, who have helped me in compiling the most difficult
of the keys.
C. S. Sargent.
Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass.
January, 1905.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Map of North America (exclusive of Mexico) showing the eight
regions into which the country is divided according to the
prevailing character of the trees _Frontispiece_
Synopsis of the Families of Plants described in this work xi
Analytical Key to the Genera of Plants described in this work,
based chiefly on the character of their leaves xvi
Manual of Trees 1
Gymnospermæ 1
Angiospermæ 96
Monocotyledons 96
Dicotyledons 118
Apetalæ 118
Petalatæ 342
Polypetalæ 342
Gamopetalæ 790
Glossary of Technical Terms 893
Index 899
SYNOPSIS
OF THE FAMILIES OF PLANTS DESCRIBED IN THIS BOOK
Class I. GYMNOSPERMÆ.
Resinous trees; stems formed of bark, wood, or pith, and increasing in
diameter by the annual addition of a layer of wood inside the bark;
flowers unisexual; stamens numerous; ovules and seeds 2 or many, borne
on the face of a scale, not inclosed in an ovary; embryo with 2 or more
cotyledons; leaves straight-veined, without stipules.
I. Pinaceæ (p. 1). Flowers usually monœcious; ovules 2 or several;
fruit a woody cone (_in Juniperus berry-like_); cotyledons 2
or many; leaves needle-shaped, linear or scale-like,
persistent (_deciduous in Larix and Taxodium_).
II. Taxaceæ (p. 90). Flowers diœcious, axillary, solitary; ovules 1;
fruit surrounded by or inclosed in the enlarged fleshy
aril-like disk of the flower; cotyledons 2; leaves linear,
alternate, persistent.
Class II. ANGIOSPERMÆ.
Carpels or pistils consisting of a closed cavity containing the ovules
and becoming the fruit.
Division I. MONOCOTYLEDONS.
Stems with woody fibres distributed irregularly through them, but
without pith or annual layers of growth; parts of the flower in 3’s;
ovary superior, 3-celled; embryo with a single cotyledon; leaves
parallel-veined, persistent, without stipules.
III. Palmæ (p. 96). Ovule solitary; fruit baccate or drupaceous, 1 or
rarely 2 or 3-seeded; leaves alternate, pinnate, flabellate or
orbicular, persistent.
IV. Liliaceæ (p. 110). Ovules numerous in each cell; fruit 3-celled,
capsular or baccate; leaves linear-lanceolate.
Division II. DICOTYLEDONS.
Stems formed of bark, wood, or pith, and increasing by the addition of
an annual layer of wood inside the bark; parts of the flower mostly in
4’s or 5’s; embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons; leaves
netted-veined.
Subdivision 1. Apetalæ. Flowers without a corolla and sometimes without
a calyx.
Section 1. Flowers in unisexual aments (_female flowers of Juglans and
Quercus solitary or in spikes_); ovary inferior (_superior in
Leitneriaceæ_) when a calyx is present.
V. Salicaceæ (p. 119). Flowers diœcious, without a calyx. Fruit a
2—4-valved capsule. Leaves simple, alternate, with stipules,
deciduous.
VI. Myricaceæ (p. 163). Flowers monœcious or diœcious; fruit a dry
drupe, covered with waxy exudations; leaves simple, alternate,
resinous-punctate, persistent.
VII. Leitneriaceæ (p. 167). Flowers diœcious, the staminate without a
calyx; ovary superior; fruit a compressed oblong drupe; leaves
alternate, simple, without stipules, deciduous.
VIII. Juglandaceæ (p. 168). Flowers monœcious; fruit a nut inclosed in
an indehiscent (Juglans) or 4-valved (Carya) fleshy or woody
shell; leaves alternate, unequally pinnate without stipules,
deciduous.
IX. Betulaceæ (p. 200). Flowers monœcious; fruit a nut at the base of
an open leaf-like involucre (Carpinus), in a sack-like
involucre (Ostrya), in the axil of a scale of an ament
(Betula), or of a woody strobile (Alnus); leaves alternate,
simple, with stipules, deciduous.
X. Fagaceæ (p. 227). Flowers monœcious; fruit a nut more or less
inclosed in a woody often spiny involucre; leaves alternate,
simple, with stipules, deciduous (_in some species of Quercus
and in Castanopsis and Lithocarpus persistent_).
Section 2. Flowers unisexual (_perfect in Ulmus_); calyx regular, the
stamens as many as its lobes and opposite them; ovary superior,
1-celled; seed 1.
XI. Ulmaceæ (p. 308). Fruit a compressed winged samara (Ulmus), a
drupe (Celtis and Trema), or nut-like (Planera), leaves
simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous (_persistent in
Trema_).
XII. Moraceæ (p. 328). Flowers in ament-like spikes or heads; fruit
drupaceous, inclosed in the thickened calyx and united into a
compound fruit, oblong and succulent (Morus), large, dry and
globose (Toxylon), or immersed in the fleshy receptacle of the
flower (Ficus); leaves simple, alternate, with stipules,
deciduous (_persistent in Ficus_).
Section 3. Flowers usually perfect; ovary superior or partly inferior,
1—4-celled; leaves simple, persistent in the North American species.
XIII. Olacaceæ (p. 336). Calyx and corolla 4—6-lobed; ovary
1—4-celled; fruit a drupe more or less inclosed in the
enlarged disk of the flower; leaves alternate or fascicled,
without stipules.
XIV. Polygonaceæ (p. 338). Calyx 5-lobed; ovary 1-celled; fruit a
nutlet inclosed in the thickened calyx; leaves alternate,
their stipules sheathing the stems.
XV. Nyctaginaceæ (p. 340). Calyx 5-lobed; ovary 1-celled; fruit a
nutlet inclosed in the thickened calyx; leaves alternate or
opposite, without stipules.
Subdivision 2. Petalatæ. Flowers with both calyx and corolla (_without a
corolla in Lauraceæ, in Liquidambar in Hamamelidaceæ, in Cercocarpus in
Rosaceæ, in Euphorbiaceæ, in some species of Acer, in Reynosia,
Condalia, and Krugiodendron in Rhamnaceæ, in Fremontia in Sterculiaceæ,
in Chytraculia in Myrtaceæ, in Conocarpus in Combretaceæ and in some
species of Fraxinus in Oleaceæ_).
Section 1. Polypetalæ. Corolla of separate petals.
A. Ovary superior (_partly inferior in Hamamelidaceæ; inferior in Malus,
Sorbus, Heteromeles, Cratægus, and Amelanchier in Rosaceæ_).
XVI. Magnoliaceæ (p. 342). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals in 3 or
4 rows of 3 each; fruit cone-like, composed of numerous
cohering carpels; leaves simple, alternate, their stipules
inclosing the leaf-buds, deciduous or rarely persistent.
XVII. Anonaceæ (p. 353). Flowers perfect; sepals 3; petals 6 in 2
series; fruit a pulpy berry developed from 1 or from the union
of several carpels; leaves simple, alternate, without
stipules, deciduous or persistent.
XVIII. Lauraceæ (p. 356). Flowers perfect or unisexual; corolla 0;
fruit a 1-seeded drupe or berry; leaves simple, alternate,
punctate, without stipules, persistent (_deciduous in
Sassafras_).
XIX. Capparidaceæ (p. 365). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 4;
fruit baccate, elongated, dehiscent; leaves alternate, simple,
without stipules, persistent.
XX. Hamamelidaceæ (p. 366). Flowers perfect or unisexual; sepals and
petals 5 (_corolla 0 in Liquidambar_); ovary partly inferior;
fruit a 2-celled woody capsule opening at the summit; leaves
simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous.
XXI. Platanaceæ (p. 371). Flowers monœcious, in dense unisexual
capitate heads; fruit an akene; leaves simple, alternate, with
stipules, deciduous.
XXII. Rosaceæ (p. 376). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 5 (_petals
0 in Cercocarpus_); ovary inferior in Malus, Sorbus,
Heteromeles, Cratægus, and Amelanchier; fruit a drupe (Prunus
and Chrysobalanus), a capsule (Vauquelinia and Lyonothamnus),
an akene (Cowania and Cercocarpus), or a pome (Malus, Sorbus,
Heteromeles, Cratægus, and Amelanchier); leaves simple or
pinnately compound, alternate (_opposite in Lyonothamnus_),
with stipules, deciduous or persistent.
XXIII. Leguminosæ (p. 585). Flowers perfect, regular or irregular;
fruit a legume; leaves compound, or simple (Dalea), alternate,
with stipules, deciduous or persistent.
XXIV. Zygophyllaceæ (p. 630). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; petals
5; fruit capsular, becoming fleshy; leaves opposite, pinnate,
with stipules, persistent.
XXV. Malpigiaceæ (p. 631). Flowers usually perfect rarely dimorphous;
calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, unguiculate; fruit a drupe or samara;
leaves opposite, simple, entire, persistent; often with
stipules.
XXVI. Rutaceæ (p. 633). Flowers unisexual or perfect; fruit a capsule
(Xanthoxylum), a samara (Ptelea), of indehiscent winged
1-seeded carpels (Helietta), or a drupe (Amyris); leaves
alternate or opposite, compound, glandular-punctate, without
stipules, persistent or rarely deciduous (_0 in Canotia_).
XXVII. Simaroubaceæ (p. 641). Flowers diœcious, calyx 5-lobed; petals
5; fruit drupaceous (Simarouba), baccate (Picramnia), a samara
(Alvaradoa); leaves alternate, equally pinnate, without
stipules, persistent.
XXVIII. Burseraceæ (p. 645). Flowers perfect; calyx 4 or 5-parted;
petals 5; fruit a drupe; leaves alternate, compound, without
stipules, deciduous.
XXIX. Meliaceæ (p. 648). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5;
fruit a 5-celled dehiscent capsule; leaves alternate, equally
pinnate, without stipules, persistent.
XXX. Euphorbiaceæ (p. 649). Flowers perfect; calyx 4—6-parted
(Drypetes), 3-lobed (Hippomane), or 0 (Gymnanthes); petals 0;
fruit a drupe (Drypetes and Hippomane), or a 3-lobed capsule
(Gymnanthes).
XXXI. Anacardiaceæ (p. 655). Flowers usually unisexual, diœcious or
polygamo-diœcious (_Pistacia without a calyx, and without a
corolla in the North American species_); fruit a dry drupe;
leaves simple or compound, alternate, without stipules,
deciduous (_persistent in Pistacia and in one species of
Rhus_).
XXXII. Cyrillaceæ (p. 665). Flowers perfect; calyx 5—8-lobed; petals
5—8; fruit an indehiscent capsule; leaves alternate, without
stipules, persistent (_more or less deciduous in Cyrilla_).
XXXIII. Aquifoliaceæ (p. 668). Flowers polygamo-diœcious; calyx 4 or
5-lobed; petals 5; fruit a drupe, with 4—8 1-seeded nutlets;
leaves alternate, simple, with stipules, persistent or
deciduous.
XXXIV. Celastraceæ (p. 674). Flowers perfect, polygamous or diœcious;
calyx 4 or 5-lobed; petals 4 or 5; fruit a drupe, or a capsule
(Evonymus); leaves simple, opposite or alternate, with or
without stipules, persistent (_deciduous in Evonymus_).
XXXV. Aceraceæ (p. 681). Flowers diœcious or monœciously polygamous;
calyx usually 5-parted; petals usually 5, or 0; fruit of 2
long-winged samara joined at the base; leaves opposite, simple
or rarely pinnate, without or rarely with stipules, deciduous.
XXXVI. Hippocastanaceæ (p. 702). Flowers perfect, irregular; calyx
5-lobed; petals 4 or 5, unequal; fruit a 3-celled 3-valved
capsule; leaves opposite, digitately compound, long-petiolate,
without stipules, deciduous.
XXXVII. Sapindaceæ (p. 711). Flowers polygamous; calyx 4 or 5-lobed;
corolla of 4 or 5 petals; fruit a berry (Sapindus and
Exothea), a drupe (Hypelate), or a 3-valved capsule
(Ungnadia); leaves alternate, compound, without stipules,
persistent, or deciduous (Ungnadia).
XXXVIII. Rhamnaceæ (p. 718). Flowers usually perfect; calyx 4 or
5-lobed; petals 4 or 5 (_0 in Reynosia, Condalia, and
Krugiodendron_); fruit drupaceous; leaves simple, alternate
(_mostly opposite in Reynosia and Krugiodendron_), with
stipules, persistent (_deciduous in some species of Rhamnus_).
XXXIX. Tiliaceæ (p. 732). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 5; fruit
a nut-like berry; leaves simple, alternate, mostly oblique at
base, with stipules, deciduous.
XL. Sterculiaceæ (p. 749). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; petals 0;
fruit a 4 or 5-valved dehiscent capsule; leaves simple,
alternate, with stipules, persistent.
XLI. Theaceæ (p. 750). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 5; fruit a
5-celled woody dehiscent capsule, loculicidally dehiscent;
leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, persistent or
deciduous.
XLII. Canellaceæ (p. 753). Flowers perfect; sepals 3; petals 5;
filaments united into a tube; fruit a berry; leaves simple,
alternate, without stipules, persistent.
XLIII. Kœberliniaceæ (p. 754). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 4,
minute; leaves bract-like, alternate, without stipules,
caducous.
XLIV. Caricaceæ (p. 755). Flowers unisexual or perfect; calyx 5-lobed;
petals 5; fruit baccate; leaves palmately lobed or digitate,
alternate, without stipules, persistent.
B. Ovary inferior (_partly inferior in Rhizophora_).
XLV. Cactaceæ (p. 757). Flowers perfect; petals and sepals numerous;
fruit a berry; leaves usually wanting.
XLVI. Rhizophoraceæ (p. 763). Flowers perfect; calyx 4-parted; petals
4; ovary partly inferior; fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded berry
perforated at apex by the germinating embryo; leaves simple,
opposite, entire, with stipules, persistent.
XLVII. Combretaceæ (p. 764). Flowers perfect or polygamous; calyx
5-lobed; petals 5 (_0 in Conocarpus_); fruit drupaceous;
leaves simple, alternate or opposite, without stipules,
persistent.
XLVIII. Myrtaceæ (p. 768). Flowers perfect; calyx usually 4-lobed, or
reduced to a single body forming a deciduous lid to the flower
(Chytraculia); petals usually 4 (_0 in Chytraculia_); fruit a
berry; leaves simple, opposite, pellucid-punctate, without
stipules, persistent.
XLIX. Melastomaceæ (p. 776). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 4 or
5-lobed; stamens as many or twice as many as the lobes of the
corolla; fruit capsular or baccate, inclosed in the tube of
the calyx; leaves opposite, rarely verticillate, 3—9-nerved,
without stipules.
L. Araliaceæ (p. 777). Flowers perfect or polygamous; sepals and
petals usually 5; fruit a drupe; leaves twice pinnate,
alternate, with stipules, deciduous.
LI. Nyssaceæ (p. 779). Flowers diœcious, polygamous, diœcious or
perfect; calyx 5-toothed or lobed; petals 5 or more, imbricate
in the bud, or 0; stamens as many or twice as many as the
petals; fruit drupaceous (Nyssa), usually 1-celled and
1-seeded; leaves alternate, deciduous, without stipules.
LII. Cornaceæ (p. 784). Flowers perfect or polygamo-diœcious; calyx 4
or 5-toothed; petals 4 or 5; fruit a fleshy drupe; leaves
simple, opposite (_alternate in one species of Cornus_),
without stipules, deciduous.
Section 2. Gamopetalæ. Corolla of united petals (_divided in Elliottia
in Ericaceæ, 0 in some species of Fraxinus in Oleaceæ_).
A. Ovary superior (_inferior in Vaccinium in Ericaceæ, partly inferior
in Symplocaceæ and Styracaceæ_).
LIII. Ericaceæ (p. 790). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 5-lobed
(_in Elliottia corolla of 4 petals_); (_ovary inferior in
Vaccinium_); fruit capsular, drupaceous or baccate; leaves
simple, alternate, without stipules, persistent (_deciduous in
Elliottia and Oxydendrum_).
LIV. Theophrastaceæ (p. 804). Flowers perfect, with staminodia; sepals
and petals 5; stamens 5; fruit a berry; leaves simple,
opposite or alternate, entire, without stipules.
LV. Myrsinaceæ (p. 805). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 5-lobed;
stamens 5; fruit a drupe; leaves simple, alternate, entire,
without stipules, persistent.
LVI. Sapotaceæ (p. 808). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; corolla
5-lobed (_6-lobed in Mimusops_), often with as many or twice
as many internal appendages borne on its throat; fruit a
berry; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, persistent
(_deciduous in some species of Bumelia_).
LVII. Ebenaceæ (p. 820). Flowers perfect, diœcious, or polygamous;
calyx and corolla 4-lobed; fruit a 1 or several-seeded berry;
leaves simple, alternate, entire, without stipules, deciduous.
LVIII. Styraceæ (p. 824). Flowers perfect; calyx 4 or 5-toothed;
corolla 4 or 5-lobed or divided nearly to the base, or rarely
6 or 7-lobed; ovary superior or partly superior; fruit a
drupe; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, deciduous;
pubescence mostly scurfy or stellate.
LIX. Symplocaceæ (p. 830). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 5-lobed;
ovary inferior or partly inferior; fruit a drupe; leaves
simple, alternate, without stipules, deciduous; pubescence
simple.
LX. Oleaceæ (p. 832). Flowers perfect or polygamo-diœcious; calyx
4-lobed (_0 in some species of Fraxinus_); corolla 2—6-parted
(_0 in some species of Fraxinus_); fruit a winged samara
(Fraxinus) or a fleshy drupe (Forestiera, Chionanthus and
Osmanthus); leaves pinnate (Fraxinus) or simple, opposite,
without stipules, deciduous (_persistent in Osmanthus_).
LXI. Borraginaceæ (p. 858). Flowers perfect or polygamous; calyx and
corolla 5-lobed; fruit a drupe; leaves simple, alternate,
scabrous-pubescent, without stipules, persistent or tardily
deciduous.
LXII. Verbenaceæ (p. 864). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; corolla 4
or 5-lobed; fruit a drupe or a 1-seeded capsule; leaves
simple, opposite, without stipules, persistent.
LXIII. Solanaceæ (p. 867). Flowers perfect; calyx campanulate, usually
5-lobed; corolla usually 5-lobed; fruit baccate, surrounded at
base by the enlarged calyx; leaves alternate, rarely opposite,
without stipules.
LXIV. Bignoniaceæ (p. 868). Flowers perfect; calyx bilabiate; corolla
bilabiate, 5-lobed; fruit a woody capsule (Catalpa and
Chilopsis) or a berry (Enallagma); leaves simple, opposite
(_sometimes alternate in Chilopsis_), without stipules,
deciduous (_persistent in Enallagma_).
B. Ovary inferior (_partly superior in Sambucus in Caprifoliaceæ_).
LXV. Rubiaceæ (p. 875). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 4 or
5-lobed; fruit a capsule (Exostema and Pinckneya), a drupe
(Guettarda), or nut-like (Cephalanthus); leaves simple
opposite, or in verticils of 3 (Cephalanthus), with stipules,
persistent (_deciduous in Pinckneya and Cephalanthus_).
LXVI. Caprifoliaceæ (p. 882). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla
5-lobed; fruit a drupe; leaves unequally pinnate (Sambucus) or
simple (Viburnum), opposite, without stipules, deciduous in
North American species.
ANALYTICAL KEY
TO THE GENERA OF PLANTS INCLUDED IN THIS BOOK, BASED CHIEFLY ON THE
CHARACTER OF THE LEAVES
I. Leaves parallel-veined, alternate, persistent, clustered at the end
of the stem or branches. Monocotyledons.
Stem simple; leaves stalked.
Leaves fan-shaped.
Leaf stalks unarmed.
Rachis short; leaves usually silvery white below.
Leaves 2°—4° in diameter (_green below in No. 2_), their
segments undivided at apex.
Thrinax (p. 96).
Leaves 18′—24′ in diameter, their segments divided at apex.
Coccothrinax (p. 100).
Rachis elongated; leaves green below, their segments divided at
apex.
Sabal (p. 101).
Leaf stalks armed with marginal teeth or spines.
Leaf stalks furnished irregularly with broad thin large and
small, straight or hooked spines confluent into a thin
bright orange-colored cartilaginous margin; leaves longer
than wide, divided nearly to the middle into segments
parted at apex and separating on the margins into thin
fibres.
Washingtonia (p. 104).
Leaf stalks furnished with stout or slender flattened teeth;
leaves suborbicular, divided to the middle or nearly to
the base into segments parted at apex; segments of the
blade not separating on the margin into thin fibres.
Acœlorraphe (p. 105).
Leaves pinnate.
Leaves 10°—12° in length, their pinnæ 2½°—3° long and often 1½°
wide, deep green.
Roystonea (p. 107).
Leaves 5°—6° long, their pinnæ 18′ long and 1′ wide, dark
yellow-green above, pale and glaucous below.
Pseudophœnix (p. 109).
Stem simple or branched; leaves sessile, lanceolate, long- and usually
sharp-pointed at apex.
Yucca (p. 110).
II. Leaves 1-nerved, needle-shaped, linear or scale-like, persistent
(deciduous in Larix and Taxodium). Gymnospermæ.
1. Leaves Persistent.
_a_ Leaves fascicled, needle-shaped, in 1—5-leafed clusters enclosed
at base in a membranaceous sheath.
Pinus (p. 2).
_aa_ Leaves scattered, usually linear.
_b_ Leaves linear, often obtuse or emarginate.
Base of the leaves persistent on the branches.
Leaves sessile, 4-sided, or flattened and stomatiferous above.
Picea (p. 34).
Leaves stalked, flattened and stomatiferous below, or angular,
often appearing 2-ranked.
Tsuga (p. 42).
Base of the leaves not persistent on the branches; leaves often
appearing 2-ranked.
Leaves stalked, flattened, stomatiferous below; winter-buds
pointed, not resinous.
Pseudotsuga (p. 47).
Leaves sessile, flattened and often grooved on the upper side,
or quadrangular, rarely stomatiferous above, on upper
fertile branches often crowded; winter-buds obtuse,
resinous (_except in No. 9_).
Abies (p. 50).
_bb_ Leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, acuminate, spirally disposed,
appearing 2-ranked by a twist in the petiole.
Leaves abruptly contracted at base, long-pointed, with pale bands
of stomata on the lower surface on each side of the
midveins; fruit drupe-like.
Torreya (p. 91).
Leaves gradually narrowed at base, short-pointed, paler, and
without distinct bands of stomata on the lower surface;
fruit berry-like.
Taxus (p. 93).
_bbb_ Leaves ovate-lanceolate and scale-like, spreading in 2 ranks
or linear on the same tree, acute, compressed, keeled on the
back and closely appressed or spreading at apex.
Sequoia (p. 61).
_aaa_ Leaves opposite or whorled, usually scale-like.
Internodes distinctly longer than broad; branchlets flattened, of
nearly equal color on both sides; leaves eglandular.
Libocedrus (p. 65).
Internodes about as long as broad, often pale below, usually
glandular.
Branchlets flattened.
Branchlets in one plane, much flattened, 1/12′—⅙′ broad.
Thuya (p. 67).
Branchlets slightly flattened, 1/24′—1/16′ broad.
Chamæcyparis (p. 75).
Branchlets terete or 4-angled.
Branchlets more or less in one plane; fruit a cone.
Cupressus (p. 69).
Branchlets not in one plane; fruit a berry (_leaves
needle-shaped, in whorls of 3 in No. 1_).
Juniperus (p. 78).
2. Leaves Deciduous.
Leaves in many-leafed clusters on short lateral spurs.
Larix (p. 31).
Leaves spreading in 2 ranks.
Taxodium (p. 63).
III. Leaves netted-veined, rarely scale-like or wanting. Dicotyledons.
A. LEAVES OPPOSITE. (B, see p. xix).
1. Leaves Simple. (2, see p. xviii).
Leaves persistent.
_a_ Leaves with stipules.
_b_ Leaves entire or occasionally slightly crenate or serrate.
_c_ Leaves emarginate at apex, very short-stalked, 1½′—2′ long.
Leaves obovate, gradually narrowed into the petiole.
Gyminda (p. 678).
Leaves oval to oblong, rounded or broad-cuneate (_rarely
alternate_).
Branchlets densely velutinous.
Krugiodendron (p. 721).
Branchlets slightly puberulous at first, soon glabrous.
Reynosia (p. 720).
_cc_ Leaves not emarginate at apex.
Leaves obtuse, rarely acutish or abruptly short-pointed.
Leaves elliptic, 3½′—5′ long.
Rhizophora (p. 763).
Leaves obovate, usually rounded at apex, ¾′—2′ long.
Byrsonima (p. 632).
Leaves acute to acuminate.
Leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate; branchlets glabrous.
Exostema (p. 877).
Leaves broad-elliptic to oblong-elliptic; branchlets villose.
Guettarda (p. 879).
_bb_ Leaves serrate (_often pinnate_).
Lyonothamnus (p. 378).
_aa_ Leaves without stipules.
Petioles biglandular; leaves obtuse or emarginate, 1½′—2½′ long.
Laguncularia (p. 767).
Petioles without glands.
Leaves furnished below with small dark glands, slightly aromatic;
petioles short.
Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate and acuminate or elliptic and
bluntly short-pointed.
Calyptranthes (p. 769).
Leaves ovate, obovate or elliptic.
Eugenia (p. 770).
Leaves without glands.
Leaves green and glabrous below.
Leaves obtuse or emarginate at apex (_rarely alternate_),
1′—1½′ long.
Torrubia (p. 341).
Leaves acute, acuminate, or sometimes rounded or emarginate,
3′—5′ long.
Leaves distinctly veined.
Citharexylon (p. 864).
Leaves obscurely veined.
Osmanthus (p. 856).
Leaves hoary tomentulose or scurfy below.
Leaves strongly 3-nerved, acuminate, densely scurfy below.
Tetrazygia (p. 776).
Leaves penniveined, rounded or acute at apex, hoary
tomentulose below.
Avicennia (p. 865).
** Leaves deciduous.
_a_ Leaves without lobes.
_b_ Leaves serrate.
Winter-buds with several opposite outer scales.
Leaves puberulous below, closely and finely serrate; axillary
buds solitary.
Evonymus (p. 675).
Leaves glabrous below, remotely crenate-serrulate; axillary buds
several, superposed.
Forestiera (p. 853).
Winter-buds enclosed in 2 large opposite scales.
Viburnum (p. 886).
_bb_ Leaves entire.
_c_ Leaves without stipules.
Leaves suborbicular or elliptic to oblong.
Leaves rounded or acutish at apex, 1′—2′ long, occasionally
3-foliolate, glabrous; branchlets quadrangular.
Fraxinus anomala (p. 837).
Leaves acuminate or acute at apex, 3′—4′ long.
Leaf-scars connected by a transverse line, with 3
bundle-traces; branchlets slender,
appressed-pubescent.
Cornus (p. 785).
Leaf-scars not connected, with 1 bundle-trace; branchlets
stout, villose, puberulous or glabrous.
Chionanthus (p. 855).
Leaves broad-ovate, cordate, acuminate, 5′—12′ long, on long
petioles.
Catalpa (p. 870).
Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, short-stalked or sessile
(_sometimes alternate_).
Chilopsis (p. 869).
_cc_ Leaves with persistent stipules, entire.
Leaves oval or ovate; winter-buds resinous, the terminal up to
½′ in length.
Pinckneya (p. 876).
Leaves ovate to lanceolate; winter-buds minute.
Cephalanthus (p. 878).
_aa_ Leaves palmately lobed.
Acer (p. 681).
2. Leaves Compound.
_a_ Leaves persistent, with stipules.
Leaves equally pinnate; leaflets entire.
Guaiacum (p. 630).
Leaves unequally pinnately parted into 3—8 linear-lanceolate
segments (_sometimes entire_).
Lyonothamnus (p. 378).
Leaves trifoliate.
Leaflets stalked.
Amyris (p. 640).
Leaflets sessile.
Helietta (p. 637).
_aa_ Leaves deciduous.
Leaves unequally pinnate or trifoliate.
Leaflets crenate-serrate or entire, the veins arching within the
margins; stipules wanting; winter-buds with several opposite
scales.
Fraxinus (p. 833).
Leaflets sharply or incisely serrate, the primary veins extending
to the teeth.
Leaflets 3—7, incisely serrate; stipules present; winter-buds
with 1 pair of obtuse outer scales.
Acer Negundo (p. 699).
Leaflets 5—9, sharply serrate; stipules present; winter-buds
with many opposite acute scales; pith thick.
Sambucus (p. 882).
Leaves digitate, with 5—7, sharply serrate leaflets; terminal buds
large.
Æsculus (p. 702).
B. LEAVES ALTERNATE.
1. Leaves Simple. (2, see p. xxiv).
* Leaves persistent. (** see p. xxii).
_a_ Leaves deeply 3—5-lobed, ⅓′—½′ long, with linear lobes, hoary
tomentose below.
Cowania (p. 549).
_aa_ Leaves palmately lobed.
Leaves stellate-pubescent, about 1½′ in diameter, with stipules.
Fremontia (p. 749).
Leaves glabrous, 1°—2° in diameter, without stipules.
Carica (p. 755).
_aaa_ Leaves not lobed or pinnately lobed.
_b_ Branches spinescent.
Leaves clustered at the end of the branches, at least 2′—3′ long.
Bucida (p. 765).
Leaves fascicled on lateral branchlets, obtuse or emarginate, pale
and glabrous beneath.
Bumelia angustifolia (p. 816).
Leaves scattered.
Leaves generally obovate, mucronate, not more than ½′—1′ long,
glabrous and green or brownish tomentulose beneath.
Condalia (p. 719).
Leaves elliptic-ovate to oblong, obtuse or emarginate, glabrous,
1—2 cm. long.
Ximenia (p. 337).
_bb_ Branches not spinescent.
_c_ Leaves serrate, or lobed (_in some species of Quercus_).
(_cc_, see p. xxii).
_d_ Juice watery. (_dd_, see p. xxii).
_e_ Stipules present. (_ee_, see p. xxii).
_f_ Primary veins extending straight to the teeth.
Leaves and branchlets glabrous or pubescent to tomentose
with fascicled hairs.
Leaves fulvous-tomentose beneath, repand-dentate, 3′—5′
long.
Lithocarpus (p. 236).
Leaves glabrous or grayish to whitish tomentose beneath,
entire, lobed or dentate.
Quercus sp. 21—34 (p. 268).
Leaves and branchlets coated with simpled silky or woolly
hairs at least while young, not more than 2½′ long.
Cercocarpus (p. 550).
_ff_ Primary veins arching and united within the margin.
Leaves 3-nerved from the base.
Ceanothus (p. 726).
Leaves not 3-nerved.
Leaves acute.
Leaves sinuately dentate, with few spiny teeth
(_rarely entire_), glabrous.
Ilex opaca (p. 669).
Leaves serrate.
Leaves tomentose below; branchlets tomentose.
Leaves narrow-lanceolate, glabrous and smooth
above.
Vauquelinia (p. 377).
Leaves ovate, cordate, scabrate above.
Trema (p. 327).
Leaves glabrous below.
Heteromeles (p. 392).
Leaves entire, very rarely toothed.
Leaves elliptic, glabrous.
Prunus caroliniana (p. 579).
Leaves oblanceolate, pubescent beneath when young.
Ilex Cassine (p. 670).
Leaves obtuse, sometimes mucronate.
Leaves spinose-serrate, glabrous.
Leaves broad-ovate to suborbicular or elliptic;
branchlets dark red-brown, spinescent.
Rhamnus crocea (p. 723).
Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate; branchlets yellow
or orange-colored, not spinescent.
Prunus ilicifolia (p. 581).
Leaves crenate (_often entire_), oval to oblong.
Ilex vomitoria (p. 671).
_ee_ Stipules wanting.
Leaves resinous-dotted, aromatic, 1½′—4′ long.
Myrica (p. 163).
Leaves not resinous-dotted, crenately serrate, 4′—6′ long.
Leaves dark green, glabrous below.
Gordonia Lasianthus (p. 751).
Leaves yellowish green, pubescent below, sometimes nearly
entire.
Symplocos (p. 831).
_dd_ Juice milky.
Petioles 2½′—4′ long; leaves broad-ovate.
Hippomane (p. 652).
Petioles about ¼′ long; leaves elliptic to oblong-lanceolate.
Gymnanthes (p. 654).
_cc_ Leaves entire (_rarely sparingly toothed on vigorous
branchlets_).
_d_ Stipules present.
_e_ Stipules connate, at least at first.
Stipules persistent, forming a sheath surrounding the branch
above the node; leaves obtuse.
Coccolobis (p. 338).
Stipules deciduous, enveloping the unfolded leaf.
Leaves ferrugineous-tomentose beneath.
Magnolia grandiflora (p. 345).
Leaves glabrous beneath, with milky juice.
Ficus (p. 333).
_ee_ Stipules free.
_f_ Juice milky; leaves oval to oblong, 3′—5′ long.
Drypetes (p. 650).
_ff_ Juice watery.
_g_ Leaves obtuse or emarginate at apex.
Leaves with ferrugineous scales beneath, their petioles
slender.
Capparis (p. 365).
Leaves without ferrugineous scales.
Leaves soft-pubescent on both sides.
Colubrina cubensis (p. 730).
Leaves glabrous at least at maturity.
Leaves rarely 2′—3′ long, standing on the branch at
acute angles.
Chrysobalanus (p. 583).
Leaves rarely more than 1′ long, spreading
(sometimes 3-nerved).
Ceanothus spinosos (p. 728).
_gg_ Leaves acute or acutish.
Petioles with 2 glands.
Conocarpus (p. 766).
Petioles without glands.
Leaves and branchlets more or less pubescent, at least
while young.
Leaves fascicled except on vigorous branchlets.
Cercocarpus (p. 550).
Leaves not fascicled.
Winter-buds minute, with few pointed scales.
Leaves rounded or nearly rounded at base.
Colubrina sp. 1, 3 (p. 729).
Leaves broad-cuneate at base.
Ilex Cassine (p. 670).
Winter-buds conspicuous, with numerous scales.
Leaves usually lanceolate, entire, covered below
with yellow scales.
Castanopsis (p. 234).
Leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, repand-dentate,
fibrous tomentose below.
Lithocarpus (p. 236).
Leaves and branchlets glabrous.
Leaf-scar with 1 bundle-trace.
Ilex Krugiana (p. 672).
Leaf-scar with 3 bundle-traces. Cherry Laurels.
Prunus sp. 19—22 (p. 579).
_dd_ Stipules wanting.
_e_ Leaves aromatic when bruised.
Leaves resinous-dotted.
Myrica (p. 163).
Leaves not resinous-dotted.
Leaves obtuse, obovate, glabrous.
Canella (p. 753).
Leaves acute.
Leaves mostly rounded at the narrowed base, ovate to
oblong, acute, glabrous.
Anona (p. 354).
Leaves more or less cuneate at base, elliptic to
lanceolate, usually acuminate.
Leaves abruptly long-acuminate, glabrous, the margin
undulate; branchlets red-brown.
Misanteca (p. 364).
Leaves gradually acuminate or nearly acute.
Leaves strongly reticulate beneath.
Branchlets glabrous, light grayish brown; leaves
glabrous, light green beneath.
Ocotea (p. 359).
Branchlets pubescent while young, greenish or
yellowish; leaves pale beneath, pubescent
while young.
Umbellularia (p. 360).
Leaves not or slightly reticulate, glaucous,
glabrous or pubescent beneath.
Persea (p. 356).
_ee_ Leaves not aromatic.
_f_ Leaves acute or acutish.
Leaves obovate, gradually narrowed into short petioles.
Leaves 2′—2½′ long.
Schæfferia (p. 679).
Leaves at least 6′—8′ long.
Enallagma (p. 873).
Leaves elliptic to oblong or ovate.
Leaves rough or pubescent above, pubescent below,
subcordate to cuneate at base.
Leaves stellate-pubescent.
Solanum (p. 867).
Leaves scabrous above.
Petiole ⅛′—¼′ long; leaves oval or oblong, 1¼′—4′
long.
Ehretia (p. 862).
Petiole 1′—1½′ long; leaves ovate to oblong-ovate,
3′—7′ long.
Cordia (p. 858).
Leaves smooth above.
Winter-buds scaly.
Leaves covered below with ferrugineous or pale
scales, 1′—3′ long.
Lyonia (p. 797).
Leaves glabrous or nearly so below.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate,
4′—12′ long, usually clustered at end of
branchlet, veinlets below obscure.
Rhododendron (p. 792).
Leaves elliptic or oval to oblong or lanceolate.
Leaves light yellowish green below and without
distinctly visible veins or veinlets,
entire, 3′—4′ long.
Kalmia (p. 794).
Leaves pale below and more or less distinctly
reticulate, occasionally serrate or
denticulate, 1′—5′ long; bark of branches
red.
Arbutus (p. 799).
Winter-buds naked.
Leaves pubescent below when unfolding.
Mature leaves nearly glabrous below.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate to narrow-obovate.
Dipholis (p. 810).
Leaves oval.
Sideroxylum (p. 809).
Mature leaves covered below with brilliant
copper-colored pubescence.
Leaves glabrous below.
Chrysophyllum (p. 817).
Leaves marked by minute black dots, ovate to
oblong-lanceolate.
Ardisia (p. 806).
Leaves lepidote, oblong-obovate.
Rapanea (p. 807).
_ff_ Leaves obtuse or emarginate at apex.
_g_ Leaves rounded or cordate at base, emarginate, their
petioles slender.
Leaves reniform to broad-ovate, cordate; juice watery.
Cercis (p. 603).
Leaves elliptic to oblong, rounded at base; juice milky
or viscid.
Leaves emarginate; petioles slender,
rufous-tomentulose.
Mimusops (p. 819).
Leaves obtuse at apex; petioles stout,
grayish-tomentulose or glabrous.
Rhus integrifolia (p. 664).
_gg_ Leaves cuneate at base.
Petioles slender, ½′ long.
Beureria (p. 861).
Petioles short and stout.
Leaves coriaceous, with thick revolute margins
(_sometimes opposite_).
Jacquinia (p. 804).
Leaves subcoriaceous, slightly revolute.
Leaves reticulate-veined beneath.
Leaves oval to obovate or oblong-oval, more or
less pubescent while young.
Vaccinium (p. 802).
Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, glabrous.
Cyrilla (p. 666).
Leaves obscurely veined beneath, glabrous.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, narrowed toward the
emarginate apex, decurrent nearly to base of
petiole.
Cliftonia (p. 667).
Leaves rounded at apex, distinctly petioled.
Maytenus (p. 676).
** Leaves deciduous.
† Leaves conspicuous. (††, see p. xxiv.)
_a_ Leaves entire, sometimes 3 or 4-lobed. (_aa_, see p. xxiii).
_b_ Stipules present.
Juice milky.
Maclura (p. 331).
Juice watery.
Stipules connate, enveloping the young leaves, their scars
encircling the branchlet.
Leaves acute or acuminate, entire; winter-buds pointed, nearly
terete.
Magnolia (p. 342).
Leaves truncate, sinuately 4-lobed; winter-buds obtuse,
compressed.
Liriodendron (p. 351).
Stipules distinct.
Branches spinescent; leaves glandular, caducous (_crenately
serrate on vigorous shoots_).
Dalea (p. 621).
Branches not spinescent; leaves without glands.
Winter-buds with a single pair of connate scales.
Salix (p. 138).
Winter-buds with several pairs of imbricate scales.
Branchlets without a terminal bud; leaves 3-nerved.
Celtis (p. 318).
Branchlets with a terminal bud, leaves penniveined.
Quercus sp. 17—20 (p. 262).
_bb_ Stipules wanting.
_c_ Branchlets bright green and lustrous for the first 2 or 3
years; leaves sometimes 3-lobed, aromatic.
Sassafras (p. 362).
_cc_ Branchlets brown or gray.
_d_ Leaves acute or acuminate.
Leaves 10′—12′ long, obovate-oblong, acuminate, glabrous,
emitting a disagreeable odor.
Asimina (p. 353).
Leaves smaller.
Petioles very slender, 1′—2′ long; leaves elliptic,
acuminate.
Cornus alternifolia (p. 789).
Petioles short.
Branchlets with a terminal bud.
Leaf-scars about as long as broad; branchlets without
lenticels, light reddish brown.
Elliottia (p. 791).
Leaf-scars crescent-shaped, broader than long, with 3
distinct bundle-traces.
Leaves pubescent on both sides, rugulose above;
petioles 1′—2′ long, like the young branchlet
densely pubescent.
Leitneria (p. 167).
Leaves glabrous and smooth above, glabrous or
pubescent below; petioles and branchlets usually
glabrous or nearly so at maturity.
Nyssa (p. 779).
Branchlets without a terminal bud.
Pubescence consisting of simple hairs or wanting.
Leaves 4′—6′ long, pubescent beneath while young;
branchlet light brown or gray.
Diospyros virginiana (p. 821).
Leaves 1½′—3′ long, glabrous; branches light yellowish
gray.
Schœpfia (p. 336).
Pubescence stellate; leaves obovate or elliptic, 2½′—5′
long, pubescent below.
Styrax (p. 829).
_dd_ Leaves obtuse or acute.
Branchlets not spinescent.
Leaves glabrous at maturity, their petioles slender.
Cotinus (p. 657).
Leaves pubescent below at maturity; their petioles short and
thick.
Diospyros texana (p. 823).
Branchlets spinescent; leaves often fascicled on lateral
branchlets.
Bumelia (p. 812).
_aa_ Leaves serrate or pinnately lobed.
_b_ Stipules present. (_bb_, see p. xxvi.)
_c_ Winter-buds naked.
Leaves oblique at base, the upper side rounded or subcordate,
obovate, coarsely toothed.
Hamamelis (p. 368).
Leaves equal at base, cuneate, finely serrate or crenate.
Rhamnus sp. 2, 3 (p. 724, 725).
_cc_ Winter-buds with a single pair of connate scales.
Primary veins arching and uniting within the margins; leaves
simply serrate or crenate, sometimes entire.
Salix (p. 138).
Primary veins extending to the teeth, leaves doubly serrate,
often slightly lobed.
Alnus (p. 220).
_ccc_ Winter-buds with several pairs of imbricate scales.
_d_ Terminal buds wanting; branchlets prolonged by an upper
axillary bud.
Juice milky; leaves usually ovate, often lobed.
Morus (p. 328).
Juice watery; leaves not lobed.
Leaves distinctly oblique at base.
Leaves with numerous prominent lateral veins.
Leaves generally broad-ovate, simply serrate,
stellate-pubescent at least while young, rarely
glabrous.
Tilia (p. 732).
Leaves never broad-ovate, usually doubly serrate, more
or less pubescent with simple hairs, at least
while young.
Winter-buds ovoid, usually acute, ⅓ to nearly as long
as petioles; leaves 1′—7′ long, doubly serrate.
Ulmus (p. 309).
Winter-buds subglobose, minute; leaves 2′—2½′ long,
crenate-serrate.
Planera (p. 316).
Leaves 3 or 4-nerved from the base.
Celtis (p. 318).
Leaves slightly or not at all oblique at base.
Leaves 3-nerved from the base, glandular-crenate or
glandular-serrate.
Ceanothus (p. 726).
Leaves not or obscurely 3-nerved at base, usually doubly
serrate.
Leaves blue-green; petioles ¼′—½′ long; bark smooth,
gray-brown.
Carpinus (p. 201).
Leaves yellow-green.
Bark rough, furrowed; petioles ⅛′—¼′ long; leaves not
resinous-glandular.
Ostrya (p. 202).
Bark flaky or cherry-tree like; petioles ¼′—1′ long;
leaves often resinous-glandular while young.
Betula (p. 205).
_dd_ Terminal buds present.
Primary veins arching and uniting within the margin
(_extending to the margin in the lobed leaves of
Malus_).
Winter-buds resinous; leaves crenate, usually truncate at
base; petioles slender.
Populus (p. 119).
Winter-buds not resinous.
Leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces.
Leaves involute in bud, often lobed on vigorous shoots;
winter-buds obtuse, short, pubescent.
Malus (p. 379).
Leaves conduplicate (_or in some species of Prunus
convolute_), never lobed; winter-buds acute.
Winter-buds elongated; branches never spinescent.
Amelanchier (p. 393).
Winter-buds not elongated, ovoid; branches sometimes
spinescent.
Prunus (p. 555).
Leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; leaves simply serrate.
Ilex sp. 5—6 (p. 673).
Primary veins extending to the teeth or to the lobes.
Leaves lobed.
Quercus sp. 1—16, 35—50 (p. 241, 283).
Leaves serrate-toothed.
Winter-buds with numerous scales.
Leaves lustrous beneath, remotely serrate or
denticulate; winter-buds elongated, acuminate.
Fagus (p. 228).
Leaves pale beneath, coarsely dentate or serrate;
winter-buds acute. Chestnut Oaks.
Quercus sp. 51—54 (p. 303).
Winter-buds with 2 pairs of scales.
Castanea (p. 230).
Leaves doubly or simply serrate, or lobed, with serrate
lobes; branches often furnished with spines.
Leaves involute in the bud; branchlets often ending in
blunt spines.
Malus (p. 379).
Leaves conduplicate in the bud; branches usually armed
with sharp-pointed single or branched axillary
spines.
Cratægus (p. 397).
_bb_ Stipules wanting.
_c_ Leaves not lobed.
Leaves subcoriaceous, oblong, sometimes nearly entire, glabrous.
Symplocos (p. 831).
Leaves thin.
Leaves oblong-obovate, acute, pubescent beneath.
Gordonia alatamaha (p. 752).
Leaves oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous or puberulous
while young, turning scarlet in the autumn.
Oxydendrum (p. 796).
Leaves ovate to elliptic, stellate-pubescent or glabrous,
turning yellow in the autumn.
Halesia (p. 824).
_cc_ Leaves palmately lobed.
Stipules large, foliaceous, united; branchlets without a
terminal bud.
Platanus (p. 371).
Stipules small, free, caducous; branchlets with a terminal bud.
Liquidambar (p. 367).
†† Leaves inconspicuous or wanting; branches spiny or prickly.
Branches or stems succulent, armed with numerous prickles.
Branches and stems columnar, ribbed, continuous; leaves 0.
Cereus (p. 757).
Branches jointed, tuberculate; leaves scale-like.
Opuntia (p. 759).
Branches rigid, spinescent.
Leaves minute, narrow-obovate.
Branchlets bright green.
Kœberlinia (p. 754).
Branchlets red-brown.
Dalea (p. 621).
Leaves scale-like, caducous.
Canotia (p. 677).
2. Leaves compound.
* Leaves 3-foliolate, without stipules.
Leaves persistent; leaflets obovate, entire, sessile.
Hypelate (p. 716).
Leaves deciduous.
Leaflets deltoid to hastate, entire, rounded at apex; branches
prickly.
Erythrina (p. 627).
Leaflets ovate to oblong, acuminate, strongly scented and bitter;
branches unarmed.
Ptelea (p. 639).
** Leaves twice pinnate; stipules present.
_a_ Leaves unequally twice pinnate, 2°—4° long, deciduous; leaflets
serrate, 2′—3′ in length; branches and stem armed with scattered
prickles.
Aralia (p. 778).
_aa_ Leaves equally twice pinnate, usually smaller; branches unarmed
or armed with stipular or axillary spines (in _Parkinsonia_
often apparently simply pinnate).
_b_ Leaflets crenate; leaves simply or twice-pinnate on the same
plant, deciduous, usually armed with simple or branched
axillary spines.
Gleditsia (p. 607).
_bb_ Leaflets entire.
Leaflets 2—2½′ long; leaves deciduous; branchlets stout, unarmed.
Gymnocladus (p. 605).
Leaflets smaller; leaves usually persistent; branchlets slender.
Branches armed with prickles or spines.
Leaves with 2 or rarely 4 pinnæ.
Branches armed with axillary spines or spiny rachises.
Pinnæ with 4—8 leaflets; branches with short axillary
spines.
Cercidium (p. 613).
Pinnæ with 8—60 leaflets; branches armed with spiny
rachises or rigid branchlets terminating in stout
spines.
Parkinsonia (p. 611).
Branches armed with stipular prickles; leaves persistent.
Pinnæ with many oblong to linear leaflets.
Prosopis (p. 599).
Pinnæ with 1 pair of orbicular to broad-oblong leaflets.
Pithecolobium unguis-cati (p. 586).
Leaves with 6, or more, rarely 4, pinnæ.
Prickles usually spreading, often recurved.
Acacia (p. 591).
Prickles usually more or less ascending, straight.
Pithecolobium (p. 586).
Branches unarmed.
Branchlets and petioles glabrous; leaves with 2—5 pair of
pinnæ, each with 40—80 leaflets.
Lysiloma (p. 589).
Branchlets and petioles pubescent while young; leaves with
5—17 pair of many-foliolate pinnæ, or pinnæ 2—4 and each
with 8—16 leaflets.
Leucæna (p. 596).
*** Leaves simply pinnate.
_a_ Leaves equally pinnate.
Stipules wanting.
Leaflets 2—4, generally oblong-obovate.
Exothea (p. 714).
Leaflets 6—12.
Leaflets obtuse, usually oblong-obovate.
Leaflets 8—12, 2′—3′ long, pale below; leaves occasionally
opposite.
Simarouba (p. 642).
Leaflets 6—8, 1′—1½′ long, green below.
Xanthoxylum coriaceum (p. 637).
Leaflets 6—8, acuminate.
Swietenia (p. 648).
Stipules present.
Branches armed with infra-stipular spines in pairs; leaflets
10—15, usually oblong-obovate, ½′—¾′ long, persistent.
Olneya (p. 626).
Branches unarmed; leaflets 20—46, ovals ½′—⅔′ long.
Eysenhardtia (p. 620).
_aa_ Leaves unequally pinnate.
_b_ Stipules present.
Leaflets sharply serrate; leaves deciduous; winter-buds resinous.
Sorbus (p. 390).
Leaflets entire or crenately serrate.
Leaves deciduous.
Leaflets 7—11, 3′—4½′ long; branches unarmed.
Leaflets usually alternate, thin and glabrous at maturity.
Cladrastis (p. 618).
Leaflets opposite, coriaceous, pubescent beneath at least
along the veins.
Ichthyomethia (p. 628).
Leaflets 9—21, 1—2 cm. long.
Branches usually with stipular prickles, sometimes viscid.
Robinia (p. 622).
Branches unarmed, not viscid; leaflets 13—19, elliptic.
Sophora affinis (p. 617).
Leaves persistent.
Leaflets 7—9, oblong-elliptic, 1′—2½′ long; branches unarmed.
Sophora secundiflora (p. 616).
Leaflets 10—15; branches prickly.
Olneya (p. 626).
_bb_ Stipules wanting.
_d_ Leaves persistent.
Leaflets long-stalked (_sometimes nearly sessile in Xanthoxylum
flavum_).
Leaflets oblong-ovate, cuneate at base.
Leaflets acuminate, glabrous.
Picramnia (p. 643).
Leaflets obtuse, tomentose when unfolding.
Xanthoxylum flavum (p. 636).
Leaflets broad-ovate, usually rounded or subcordate at base.
Metopium (p. 658).
Leaflets sessile or nearly so.
Petiole and rachis winged.
Leaflets crenate, obovate, about ½′ long; branches prickly.
Xanthoxylum Fagara (p. 634).
Leaflets entire.
Leaflets oblong, usually acute, 3′—4′ long.
Sapindus saponaria (p. 712).
Leaflets spathulate, rounded at apex, not more than ¾′
long.
Pistacia (p. 656).
Petiole and rachis not winged.
Leaflets 7—19, acuminate, 2′—5′ long.
Sapindus marginatus (p. 713).
Leaflets 21—41, obtuse, ½′—¾′ long.
Alvaradoa (p. 644).
_dd_ Leaves deciduous.
Leaflets long-stalked, 3—7, entire, acute.
Bursera (p. 645).
Leaflets sessile or nearly so.
Branches prickly; leaflets crenate.
Xanthoxylum clava-Herculis (p. 635).
Branches unarmed.
Juice milky or viscid; leaflets serrate or entire; rachis
sometimes winged.
Rhus species 1—3 (p. 660).
Juice watery.
Rachis without wings.
Leaflets entire, acuminate, 7—9.
Sapindus Drummondii (p. 714).
Leaflets serrate or crenate.
Winter-buds large; leaflets 5—23, aromatic.
Winter-buds naked.
Juglans (p. 169).
Winter-buds covered with scales.
Carya (p. 176).
Winter-buds minute, globose, scaly; leaflets 5—7,
ovate, not aromatic.
Ungnadia (p. 717).
Rachis winged; leaflets 10—20, entire, rounded at apex,
not more than ¼′ long.
Bursera microphylla (p. 647).
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
(Exclusive of Mexico)
Class 1. GYMNOSPERMÆ.
Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a scale, not inclosed in an ovary;
resinous trees, with stems increasing in diameter by the annual addition
of a layer of wood inside the bark.
I. PINACEÆ.
Trees, with narrow or scale-like generally persistent clustered or
alternate leaves and usually scaly buds. Flowers appearing in early
spring, mostly surrounded at the base by an involucre of the more or
less enlarged scales of the buds, unisexual, monœcious (_diœcious in
Juniperus_), the male consisting of numerous 2-celled anthers, the
female of scales bearing on their inner face 2 or several ovules, and
becoming at maturity a woody cone or rarely a berry. Seeds with or
without wings; seed-coat of 2 layers; embryo axile in copious albumen;
cotyledons 2 or several. Of the twenty-nine genera scattered over the
surface of the globe, but most abundant in northern temperate regions,
thirteen occur in North America.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN GENERA.
Scales of the female flowers numerous; spirally arranged in the axils
of persistent bracts; ovules 2, inverted; seeds borne directly
on the scales, attached at the base in shallow depressions on
the inner side of the scales, falling from them at maturity and
usually carrying away a scarious terminal wing; leaves fascicled
or scattered (_deciduous in Larix_). Abietineæ.
Fruit maturing in two or rarely in three seasons; leaves fascicled,
needle-shaped in axillary 1—5-leaved clusters, inclosed at the
base in a membranaceous sheath; cone-scales thick and woody,
much longer than their bracts.
1. Pinus.
Fruit maturing in one season.
Leaves in many-leaved clusters on short spur-like branchlets,
deciduous; cone-scales thin, usually shorter than their
bracts.
2. Larix.
Leaves scattered, linear.
Cones pendulous, the scales persistent on the axis.
Branchlets roughened by the persistent leaf-bases; leaves
deciduous in drying; bracts shorter than the
cone-scales.
Leaves sessile, 4-sided, or flattened and stomatiferous
above.
3. Picea.
Leaves stalked, flattened and stomatiferous below, or
angular.
4. Tsuga.
Branchlets not roughened by leaf-bases; leaves stalked,
flattened; not deciduous in drying; bracts of the cone
2-lobed, aristate, longer than the scales.
5. Pseudotsuga.
Cones erect, their scales deciduous from the axis, longer or
shorter than the bracts; leaves sessile, flat or 4-sided.
6. Abies.
Scales of the female flowers without bracts; ovules and seeds borne on
the face of minute scales adnate to the base of the
flower-scales, enlarging and forming the scales of the cone.
Seeds with a narrow marginal wing (_wingless in Juniperas_).
Scales of the female flowers numerous, spirally arranged, forming a
woody cone; ovules erect, 2 or many under each scale; leaves
linear, alternate, often of 2 forms (_deciduous in Taxodium_).
Taxodiæ.
Ovules and seeds numerous under each scale.
7. Sequoia.
Ovules and seeds 2 under each scale; leaves mostly spreading in 2
ranks.
8. Taxodium.
Scales of the female flower few, decussate, forming a small cone, or
rarely a berry; ovules 2 or many under each scale; leaves
decussate or in 3 ranks, often of 2 forms, usually scale-like,
mostly adnate to the branch, the earliest free and subulate.
Cupressineæ.
Fruit a cone; leaves scale-like.
Cones oblong, their scales oblong, imbricated or valvate; seeds
2 under each scale, maturing the first year.
Scales of the cone 6, the middle ones only fertile; seeds
unequally 2-winged.
9. Libocedrus.
Scales of the cone 8—12; seeds equally 2-winged.
10. Thuja.
Cones subglobose, the scales peltate, maturing in one or two
years; seeds few or many under each scale.
Fruit maturing in two seasons; seeds many under each scale;
branchlets terete or 4-winged.
11. Cupressus.
Fruit maturing in one season; seeds 2 under each scale;
branchlets flattened.
12. Chamæcyparis.
Fruit a berry formed by the coalition of the scales of the flower;
ovules in pairs or solitary; flowers diœcious; leaves
decussate or in 3’s, subulate or scale-like, often of 2
forms.
13. Juniperus.
1. PINUS Duham. Pine.
Trees or rarely shrubs, with deeply furrowed and sometimes laminate or
with thin and scaly bark, hard or often soft heartwood often
conspicuously marked by dark bands of summer cells impregnated with
resin, pale nearly white sapwood, and large branch-buds formed during
summer and composed of minute buds in the axils of bud-scales, becoming
the bracts of the spring shoot. Leaves needle-shaped, clustered, the
clusters borne on deciduous spurs in the axils of scale-like primary
leaves, inclosed in the bud by numerous scales lengthening and forming a
more or less persistent sheath at the base of each cluster. Male flowers
clustered at the base of leafy growing shoots of the year, each flower
surrounded at the base by an involucre of 3—6 scale-like bracts,
composed of numerous sessile anthers, imbricated in many ranks and
surmounted by crest-like nearly orbicular connectives; the female
subterminal or lateral, their scales in the axils of non-accrescent
bracts. Fruit a woody cone maturing at the end of the second or rarely
of the third season, composed of the hardened and woody scales of the
flower more or less thickened on the exposed surface (the _apophysis_),
with the ends of the growth of the previous year appearing as terminal
or dorsal brown protuberances or scars (the _umbo_). Seeds usually
obovoid, shorter or longer than their wings or rarely wingless; outer
seed-coat crustaceous or thick, hard, and bony, the inner membranaceous;
cotyledons 3—18, usually much shorter than the inferior radicle.
Pinus is widely distributed through the northern hemisphere from the
Arctic Circle to the West Indies, the mountains of Central America, the
Canary Islands, northern Africa, the Philippine Islands, and Sumatra.
About sixty-six species are recognized. Of exotic species the so-called
Scotch Pine, _Pinus sylvestris_ L., of Europe and Asia, the Swiss Stone
Pine, _Pinus cembra_ L., and the Austrian Pine and other forms of _Pinus
nigra_ Arnold, from central and southern Europe, are often planted in
the northeastern states, and _Pinus Pinaster_ Ait., of the coast region
of western France and the Mediterranean Basin is successfully cultivated
in central and southern California. _Pinus_ is the classical name of the
Pine-tree.
The North American species can be conveniently grouped in two sections,
Soft Pines and Pitch Pines.
SOFT PINES.
Wood soft, close-grained, light-colored, the sapwood thin and nearly
white; sheaths of the leaf-clusters deciduous; leaves with one
fibro-vascular bundle.
Leaves in 5-leaved clusters.
Cones long-stalked, elongated, cylindric bright green at maturity,
becoming light yellow brown, their scales thin, with terminal
unarmed umbos; seeds shorter than their wings. White Pines.
Leaves without conspicuous white lines on the back.
Leaves slender, flexible; cones 4′—8′ long.
1. P. Strobus (A).
Leaves stout, more rigid; cones 5′—11′ long.
2. P. monticola (B, G).
Leaves with conspicuous white lines on the back; cones 12′—18′
long.
3. P. Lambertiana (G).
Cones short-stalked, green or purple at maturity, their scales
thick.
Cones cylindric or subglobose, their scales with terminal umbos;
leaves 2′ long or less. Stone Pines.
Cones 3′—10′ long, their scales opening at maturity; seeds with
wings.
4. P. flexilis (F, H).
Cones ½′—3′ long, their scales remaining closed at maturity;
seeds wingless.
5. P. albicaulis (B, F, G).
Cones ovoid-oblong, their scales with dorsal umbos armed with
slender prickles; seeds shorter than their wings; leaves in
crowded clusters, incurved, less than 2′ long. Foxtail
Pines.
Cones armed with minute incurved prickles.
6. P. Balfouriana (G).
Cones armed with long slender prickles.
7. P. aristata (F, G).
Leaves in 1—4-leaved clusters; cones globose, green at maturity,
becoming light brown, their scales few, concave, much thickened,
only the middle scales seed-bearing; seeds large and edible,
their wings rudimentary; leaves 2′ or less, often incurved. Nut
Pines.
8. P. cembroides (C, F, G, H).
1. Pinus Strobus L. White Pine.
[Illustration: Fig. 1]
Leaves soft bluish green, whitened on the ventral side by 3—5 bands of
stomata, 3′—5′ long, mostly turning yellow and falling in September in
their second season, or persistent until the following June. Flowers:
male yellow; female bright pink, with purple scale margins. Fruit fully
grown in July of the second season, 4′—8′ long, opening and discharging
its seeds in September; seeds narrowed at the ends, ¼′ long, red-brown
mottled with black, about one fourth as long as their wings.
A tree, while young with slender horizontal or slightly ascending
branches in regular whorls usually of 5 branches; at maturity often
100°, occasionally 220° high, with a tall straight stem 3°—4° or rarely
6° in diameter, when crowded in the forest with short branches forming a
narrow head, or rising above its forest companions with long lateral
branches sweeping upward in graceful curves, the upper branches
ascending and forming a broad open irregular head, and slender
branchlets coated at first with rusty tomentum, soon glabrous, and
orange-brown in their first winter. Bark on young stems and branches
thin, smooth, green tinged with red, lustrous during the summer,
becoming 1′—2′ thick on old trunks and deeply divided by shallow
fissures into broad connected ridges covered with small closely
appressed purplish scales. Wood light, not strong, straight-grained,
easily worked, light brown often slightly tinged with red; largely
manufactured into lumber, shingles, and laths, used in construction, for
cabinet-making, the interior finish of buildings, wooden ware, matches,
and the masts of vessels.
Distribution. Newfoundland to Manitoba, southward through the northern
states to Pennsylvania, northern and eastern (Belmont County) Ohio,
northern Indiana, valley of the Rocky River near Oregon, Ogle County,
Illinois, and central and southeastern Iowa, and along the Appalachian
Mountains to eastern Kentucky and Tennessee and northern Georgia;
forming nearly pure forests on sandy drift soils, or more often in small
groves scattered in forests of deciduous-leaved trees on fertile
well-drained soil, also on the banks of streams, or on river flats, or
rarely in swamps.
Largely planted as an ornament of parks and gardens in the eastern
states, and in many European countries, where it grows with vigor and
rapidity; occasionally used in forest planting in the United States.
2. Pinus monticola D. Don. White Pine.
[Illustration: Fig. 2]
Leaves blue-green, glaucous, whitened by 2—6 rows of ventral and often
by dorsal stomata, mostly persistent 3 or 4 years. Flowers: male yellow;
female pale purple. Fruit 5′—11′ long, shedding its seeds late in the
summer or in early autumn; seeds narrowed at the ends, ⅓′ long, pale
red-brown mottled with black, about one third as long as their wings.
A tree, often 100° or occasionally 150° high, with a trunk frequently
4°—5° or rarely 7°—8° in diameter, slender spreading slightly pendulous
branches clothing young stems to the ground and in old age forming a
narrow open often unsymmetrical pyramidal head, and stout tough
branchlets clothed at first with rusty pubescence, dark orange-brown and
puberulous in their first and dark red-purple and glabrous in their
second season. Bark of young stems and branches thin, smooth, light
gray, becoming on old trees ¾′—1½′ thick and divided into small nearly
square plates by deep longitudinal and cross fissures, and covered by
small closely appressed purple scales. Wood light, soft, not strong,
close, straight-grained, light brown or red; sometimes manufactured into
lumber, used in construction and the interior finish of buildings.
Distribution. Scattered through mountain forests from the basin of the
Columbia River in British Columbia to Vancouver Island; on the mountains
of northern Washington to the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of
northern Montana; on the coast ranges of Washington and Oregon; and on
the Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges southward to the Kern River valley,
California; most abundant and of its greatest value in northern Idaho on
the bottom-lands of streams tributary to Lake Pend Oreille; reaching the
sea-level on the southern shores of the Straits of Fuca and elevations
of 10,000° on the California Sierras.
Often planted as an ornamental tree in Europe, and occasionally in the
eastern United States where it grows more vigorously than any other
Pine-tree of western America.
3. Pinus Lambertiana Dougl. Sugar Pine.
[Illustration: Fig. 3]
Leaves stout, rigid, 3½′—4′ long, marked on the two faces by 2—6 rows of
stomata; deciduous during their second and third years. Flowers: male
light yellow; female pale green. Fruit fully grown in August and opening
in October, 11′—18′ or rarely 21′ long; seeds ½′—⅝′ long, dark
chestnut-brown or nearly black, and half the length of their firm dark
brown obtuse wings broadest below the middle and ½′ wide.
A tree, in early life with remote regular whorls of slender branches
often clothing the stem to the ground and forming an open narrow
pyramid; at maturity 200°-220° high, with a trunk 6°—8° or occasionally
12° in diameter, a flat-topped crown frequently 60° or 70° across of
comparatively slender branches sweeping outward and downward in graceful
curves, and stout branchlets coated at first with pale or rufous
pubescence, dark orange-brown during their first winter, becoming dark
purple-brown. Bark on young stems and branches thin, smooth, dark green,
becoming on old trunks 2′—3′ thick and deeply and irregularly divided
into long thick plate-like ridges covered with large loose rich
purple-brown or cinnamon-red scales. Wood light, soft, straight-grained,
light red-brown; largely manufactured into lumber and used for the
interior finish of buildings, woodwork, and shingles. A sweet sugar-like
substance exudes from wounds made in the heartwood.
Distribution. Mountain slopes and the sides of ravines and cañons;
western Oregon from the valley of the north branch of the Santiam River
southward on the Cascade and coast ranges; California along the northern
and coast ranges to Sonoma County; along the western slopes of the
Sierra Nevada, where it grows to its greatest size at elevations between
3000° and 7000°; reappearing on the Santa Lucia Mountains of the coast
ranges; and on the high mountains in the southwestern part of the state
from Santa Barbara County southward usually at elevations of 5000°—7000°
above the sea; and on the San Pedro Mártir Mountains in Lower
California.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in western Europe and in the
eastern states, the Sugar Pine has grown slowly in cultivation and shows
little promise of attaining the large size and great beauty which
distinguish it in its native forests.
4. Pinus flexilis James. Rocky Mountain White Pine.
_Pinus strobiformis_ Sarg., not Engelm.
[Illustration: Fig. 4]
Leaves stout, rigid, dark green, marked on all sides by 1—4 rows of
stomata, 1½′—3′ long, deciduous in their fifth and sixth years. Flowers:
male reddish; female clustered, bright red-purple. Fruit subcylindric,
horizontal or slightly declining, green or rarely purple at maturity,
3′—10′ long, with narrow and more or less reflexed scales opening at
maturity; seeds compressed, ⅓′—½′ long, dark red-brown mottled with
black, with a thick shell produced into a narrow margin, their wings
about 1/12′ wide, generally persistent on the scale after the seed
falls.
A tree, usually 40°—50°, occasionally 80° high, with a short trunk 2°—5°
in diameter, stout long-persistent branches ultimately forming a low
wide round-topped head, and stout branchlets orange-green and covered at
first with soft fine pubescence, usually soon glabrous and darker
colored; at high elevations often a low spreading shrub. Bark of young
stems and branches thin, smooth, light gray or silvery white, becoming
on old trunks 1′—2′ thick, dark brown or nearly black, and divided by
deep fissures into broad ridges broken into nearly square plates covered
by small closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, pale
clear yellow, turning red with exposure; occasionally manufactured into
lumber.
Distribution. Eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains from Alberta to
western Texas and westward on mountain ranges at elevations of 5000° to
12,000° to Montana, and southern California, reaching the western slopes
of the Sierra Nevada at the head of King’s River near the summit of San
Gorgonio Mountain and in Snow Cañon, San Bernardino Range; usually
scattered singly or in small groves; forming open forests on the eastern
foothills of the Rocky Mountains of Montana and on the ranges of central
Nevada; attaining its largest size on those of northern New Mexico and
Arizona.
5. Pinus albicaulis Engelm. White Pine.
[Illustration: Fig. 5]
Leaves stout, rigid, slightly incurved, dark green, marked by 1—3 rows
of dorsal stomata, clustered at the ends of the branches, 1½′—2½′ long,
persistent for from five to eight years. Flowers opening in July,
scarlet. Fruit ripening in August, oval or subglobose, horizontal,
sessile, dark purple, 1½′—3′ long, with scales thickened, acute, often
armed with stout pointed umbos, remaining closed at maturity; seeds
wingless, acute, subcylindric or flattened on one side, ⅓′—½′ long, ⅓′
thick, with a thick dark chestnut-brown hard shell.
A tree, usually 20°—30° or rarely 60° high, generally with a short trunk
2°—4° in diameter, stout very flexible branches, finally often standing
nearly erect and forming an open very irregular broad head, and stout
dark red-brown or orange-colored branchlets puberulous for two years or
sometimes glabrous; at high elevations often a low shrub, with
wide-spreading nearly prostrate stems. Bark thin, except near the base
of old trunks and broken by narrow fissures into thin narrow brown or
creamy white plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained,
brittle, light brown. The large sweet seeds are gathered and eaten by
Indians.
Distribution. Alpine slopes and exposed ridges between 5000° and 12,000°
elevation, forming the timber-line on many mountain ranges from latitude
53° north in the Rocky Mountains and British Columbia, southward to the
Wind River and Salt River Ranges, Wyoming, the mountains of eastern
Washington and Oregon, the Cascade Range, the mountains of northern
California and the Sierra Nevada to Mt. Whitney.
6. Pinus Balfouriana Balf. Foxtail Pine.
[Illustration: Fig. 6]
Leaves stout, rigid, dark green and lustrous on the back, pale and
marked on the ventral faces by numerous rows of stomata, 1′—1½′ long,
persistent for ten or twelve years. Flowers: male dark orange-red;
female dark purple. Fruit 3½′—5′ long, with scales armed with minute
incurved prickles, dark purple, turning after opening dark red or
mahogany color; seeds full and rounded at the apex, compressed at the
base, pale, conspicuously mottled with dark purple, ⅓′ long, their wings
narrowed and oblique at the apex, about 1′ long and ¼′ wide.
A tree, usually 30°—40° or rarely 90° high, with a trunk generally 1°—2°
or rarely 5° in diameter, short stout branches forming an open irregular
pyramidal picturesque head, and long rigid more or less spreading
puberulous, soon glabrous, dark orange-brown ultimately dark gray-brown
or nearly black branchlets, clothed only at the extremities with the
long dense brush-like masses of foliage. Bark thin, smooth, and milky
white on the stems and branches of young trees, becoming on old trees
sometimes ¾′ thick, dark red-brown, deeply divided into broad flat
ridges. broken into nearly square plates separating on the surface into
small closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft and brittle, pale
reddish brown.
Distribution. California, on rocky slopes and ridges, forming scattered
groves on Scott Mountain, Siskiyou County, at elevations of 5000°—6000°;
on the mountains at the head of the Sacramento River; on Mt. Yolo Bally
in the northern Coast Range, and on the southern Sierra Nevada up to
elevations of 11,500°, growing here to its largest size and forming an
extensive open forest on the Whitney Plateau east of the cañon of Kern
River, and at the highest elevations often a low shrub, with
wide-spreading prostrate stems.
7. Pinus aristata Engelm. Foxtail Pine. Hickory Pine.
[Illustration: Fig. 7]
Leaves stout or slender, dark green, lustrous on the back, marked by
numerous rows of stomata on the ventral faces, 1′—1½′ long, often
deciduous at the end of ten or twelve years or persistent four or five
years longer. Flowers male dark orange-red; female dark purple. Fruit
3′—3½′ long, with scales armed with slender incurved brittle prickles
nearly ¼′ long, dark purple-brown on the exposed parts, the remainder
dull red, opening and scattering their seeds about the 1st of October;
seeds nearly oval, compressed, light brown mottled with black, ¼′ long,
their wings broadest at the middle, about ⅓′ long and ¼′ wide.
A bushy tree, occasionally 40°—50° high, with a short trunk 2°—3° in
diameter, short stout branches in regular whorls while young, in old age
growing very irregularly, the upper erect and much longer than the
usually pendulous lower branches, and stout light orange-colored,
glabrous, or at first puberulous, ultimately dark gray-brown or nearly
black branchlets clothed at the ends with long compact brush-like tufts
of foliage. Bark thin, smooth, milky white on the stems and branches of
young trees, becoming on old trees ½′—¾′ thick, red-brown, and
irregularly divided into flat connected ridges separating on the surface
into small closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, light
red; occasionally used for the timbers of mines and for fuel.
Distribution. Rocky or gravelly slopes at the upper limit of tree growth
and rarely below 8,000° above the sea from the outer range of the Rocky
Mountains of Colorado to those of southern Utah, central and southern
Nevada, southeastern California, and the San Francisco peaks of northern
Arizona.
8. Pinus cembroides Zucc. Nut Pine. Piñon.
[Illustration: Fig. 8]
Leaves in 2 or 3-leaved clusters, slender, much incurved, dark green,
sometimes marked by rows of stomata on the 3 faces, 1′—2′ long,
deciduous irregularly during their third and fourth years. Flowers: male
in short crowded clusters, yellow; female dark red. Fruit subglobose,
1′—2′ broad; seeds subcylindric or obscurely triangular, more or less
compressed at the pointed apex, full and rounded at base, nearly black
on the lower side and dark chestnut-brown on the upper, ½′—¾′ long, the
margin of their outer coat adnate to the cone-scale.
A bushy tree, with a short trunk rarely more than a foot in diameter and
a broad round-topped head, usually 15°—20° high, stout spreading
branches, and slender dark orange-colored branchlets covered at first
with matted pale deciduous hairs, dark brown and sometimes nearly black
at the end of five or six years; in sheltered cañons on the mountains of
Arizona and in Lower California occasionally 50° or 60° tall. Bark about
½′ thick, irregularly divided by remote shallow fissures and separated
on the surface into numerous large thin light red-brown scales. Wood
light, soft, close-grained, pale clear yellow. The large oily seeds are
an important article of food in northern Mexico, and are sold in large
quantities in Mexican towns.
Distribution. Mountain ranges of central and southern Arizona, usually
only above elevations of 6500°, often covering their upper slopes with
open forests; in an isolated station on the Edwards Plateau on uplands
and in cañons at the headwaters of the Frio and Nueces Rivers, Edwards
and Kerr Counties, Texas; on the Sierra de Laguna, Lower California, and
on many of the mountain ranges of northern Mexico; passing into the
following varieties differing only in the number of the leaves in the
leaf-clusters, and in their thickness.
Pinus cembroides var. Parryana Voss. Nut Pine. Piñon.
_Pinus quadrifolia_ Sudw.
[Illustration: Fig. 9]
Leaves in 1—5 usually 4-leaved clusters, stout, incurved, pale glaucous
green, marked on the three surfaces by numerous rows of stomata, 1¼′—1½′
long, irregularly deciduous, mostly falling in their third year.
A tree, 30°—40° high, with a short trunk occasionally 18′ in diameter,
and thick spreading branches forming a compact regularpyramidal or in
old age a low round-topped irregular head, and stout branchlets coated
at first with soft pubescence, and light orange-brown. Bark ½′—¾′ thick,
dark brown tinged with red, and divided by shallow fissures into broad
flat connected ridges covered by thick closely appressed plate-like
scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, pale brown or yellow. The seeds
form an important article of food for the Indians of Lower California.
Distribution. Arid mesas and low mountain slopes of Lower California
southward to the foothills of the San Pedro Mártir Mountains, extending
northward across the boundary of California to the desert slopes of the
Santa Rosa Mountains, Riverside County, where it is common at elevations
of 5000° above the sea-level.
Pinus cembroides var. edulis Voss. Nut Pine. Piñon.
_Pinus edulis_ Engelm.
[Illustration: Fig. 10]
Leaves in 2 or rarely in 3-leaved clusters, stout, semiterete or
triangular, rigid, incurved, dark-green, marked by numerous rows of
stomata, ¾′—1½′ long, deciduous during the third or not until the fourth
or fifth year, dropping irregularly and sometimes persistent for eight
or nine years.
A tree often 40°—50° high with a tall trunk occasionally 2° in diameter
and short erect branches forming a narrow head, or frequently with a
short divided trunk and a low round-topped head of spreading branches,
and thick branchlets orange color during their first and second years,
finally becoming light gray or dark brown sometimes tinged with red.
Bark ½′—¾′ thick and irregularly divided into connected ridges covered
by small closely appressed light brown scales tinged with red or orange
color. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, pale brown; largely
employed for fuel and fencing, and as charcoal used in smelting; in
western Texas occasionally sawed into lumber. The seeds form an
important article of food among Indians and Mexicans, and are sold in
the markets of Colorado and New Mexico.
Distribution. Eastern foothills of the outer ranges of the Rocky
Mountains, from northern Colorado (Owl Cañon, Larimer County); to the
extreme western part of Oklahoma (near Kenton, Cimarron County, _G. W.
Stevens_) and to western Texas, westward to eastern Utah, southwestern
Wyoming, and to northern and central Arizona; over the mountains of
northern Mexico, and on the San Pedro Mártir Mountains, Lower
California; often forming extensive open forests at the eastern base of
the Rocky Mountains, on the Colorado plateau, and on many mountain
ranges of northern and central Arizona up to elevations of 7000° above
the sea.
Pinus cembroides var. monophylla Voss. Nut Pine. Piñon.
_Pinus monophylla_ Torr.
[Illustration: Fig. 11]
Leaves in 1 or 2-leaved clusters, rigid, incurved, pale glaucous green,
marked by 18—20 rows of stomata, usually about 1½′ long, sometimes
deciduous during their fourth and fifth seasons, but frequently
persistent until their twelfth year.
A tree usually 15°—20°, occasionally 40°—50° high, with a short trunk
rarely more than a foot in diameter and often divided near the ground
into several spreading stems, short thick branches forming while the
tree is young a broad rather compact pyramid, and in old age often
pendulous and forming a low round-topped often picturesque head, and
stout light orange-colored ultimately dark brown branchlets. Bark about
¾′ thick and divided by deep irregular fissures into narrow connected
flat ridges broken on the surface into thin closely appressed light or
dark brown scales tinged with red or orange color. Wood light, soft,
weak, and brittle; largely used for fuel, and charcoal used in smelting.
The seeds supply an important article of food to the Indians of Nevada
and California.
Distribution. Dry gravelly slopes and mesas from the western base of the
Wasatch Mountains of Utah, westward over the mountain ranges of Nevada
to the eastern slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada, and to their
western slope at the headwaters of the Tuolumne, Kings and Kern Rivers,
and southward to northern Arizona and to the mountains of southern
California where it is common on the San Bernardino and San Jacinto
Mountains between altitudes of 3500° and 7000°, and on the Sierra del
Pinal, Lower California; often forming extensive open forests at
elevations between 5000° and 7000°.
PITCH PINES.
Wood usually heavy, coarse-grained, generally dark-colored, with pale
often thick sapwood; cones green at maturity (_sometimes purple in_ 10
_and_ 21) becoming various shades of brown; cone-scales more or less
thickened, mostly armed; seeds shorter than their wings (_except in_ 17
_and_ 28); leaves with 2 fibro-vascular bundles.
Sheaths of the leaf-clusters deciduous; cones ½′—2′ long, maturing in
the third year, leaves in 3-leaved clusters, slender, 2½′—4′
long.
9. P. leiophylla (H).
Sheaths of the leaf-clusters persistent.
Leaves in 3-leaved clusters (3 and 5-leaved in 10, 3—2 leaved in
12).
Cones subterminal, usually deciduous above the basal scales
persistent on the branch.
Buds brown; leaves in 2—5-leaved clusters.
10. P. ponderosa (B, F, G, H).
Buds white.
11. P. palustris (C).
Cones lateral.
Cones symmetrical, their outer scales not excessively developed.
Leaves in 2 and 3-leaved clusters, 8′—12′ long; cones
short-stalked.
12. P. caribæa (C).
Leaves in 3-leaved clusters; cones sessile.
Cones oblong-conic, prickles stout; leaves 6′—9′ long.
13. P. taeda (A, C).
Cones ovoid, prickles slender; leaves 3′—5′ long.
14. P. rigida (A, C).
Cones unsymmetrical by the excessive development of the scales
on the outer side.
Cones 5′—6′ long, their scales not prolonged into stout,
straight or curved spines.
Prickles of the cone-scales minute.
15. P. radiata (G).
Prickles of the cone-scales stout.
16. P. attenuata (G).
Cones 6′—14′ long, their scales prolonged into stout, straight
or curved spines; leaves long and stout.
Cones oblong-ovoid; seeds longer than their wings.
17. P. Sabiniana (G).
Cones oblong-conic; seeds shorter than their wings.
18. P. Coulteri (G).
Leaves in 2-leaved clusters (2 and 3-leaved in 23).
Cones subterminal.
Cones symmetrical, 2′—2½′ long, their scales unarmed; leaves
5′—6′ long.
19. P. resinosa (A).
Cones unsymmetrical by the greater development of the scales on
the outer side, armed with slender prickles; leaves 1′—4′
long.
20. P. contorta (B, F, G).
Cones lateral.
Cones about 2′ long.
Cone-scales very unevenly developed and mostly unarmed; cones
incurved; leaves less than 2′ long.
21. P. Banksiana (A).
Cone-scales evenly developed, armed with weak or deciduous
prickles; leaves up to 4′ in length.
Bark of the branches and upper trunk smooth.
22. P. glabra (C).
Bark of the branches and upper trunk roughened.
23. P. echinata (A, C).
Cones about 3′ long, armed with persistent spines.
Cone-scales armed with slender or stout prickles.
Cone-scales evenly developed, their prickles slender,
acuminate, from a broad base; leaves 3′ long or less.
Cones opening at maturity.
24. P. virginiana (A, C).
Cones often remaining closed for many years.
25. P. clausa (C).
Cone-scales unevenly developed and armed with stout
prickles; cones 2′—3½′ long, remaining closed; leaves
4′—6′ long.
26. P. muricata.
Cone-scales armed with very stout hooked spines; cones 2½′—3′
long; opening in the autumn or remaining closed for two
or three years; leaves 2′ long or less.
27. P. pungens.
Leaves in 5-leaved clusters; cones 4′—6′ long, unsymmetrical, their
scales thick; seeds longer than their wings; leaves stout,
9′—13′ long.
28. P. Torreyana (G).
9. Pinus leiophylla Schlecht. and Cham. Yellow Pine.
_Pinus chihuahuana_, Engelm.
[Illustration: Fig. 12]
Leaves slender, pale glaucous green, marked by 6—8 rows of conspicuous
stomata on each of the 3 sides, 2½′—4′ long, irregularly deciduous from
their fourth season, their sheaths deciduous. Flowers: male yellow;
female yellow-green. Fruit ovoid, horizontal or slightly declining,
long-stalked, 1½′—2′ long, becoming light chestnut-brown and lustrous,
maturing at the end of the third season, with scales only slightly
thickened, their ultimately pale umbos armed with recurved deciduous
prickles; seeds oval, rounded above and pointed below, about ⅛′ long,
with a thin dark brown shell, their wings ⅓′ long and broadest near the
middle.
A tree, rarely more than 40°—50° high, with a tall trunk sometimes 2° in
diameter, stout slightly ascending branches forming a narrow open
pyramidal or round-topped head of thin pale foliage, and slender bright
orange-brown branchlets, soon becoming dull red-brown. Bark of old
trunks ¾′—1½′ thick, dark reddish brown or sometimes nearly black, and
deeply divided into broad flat ridges covered with thin closely
appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong but durable, light orange
color, with thick much lighter colored sapwood. Often forming coppice by
the growth of shoots from the stump of cut trees.
Distribution. Mountain ranges of southern New Mexico and Arizona,
usually at elevations between 6000° and 7000°; not common; more abundant
on the Sierra Madre of northern Mexico and on several of the short
ranges of Chihuahua and Sonora, and of a larger size in Mexico than in
the United States.
10. Pinus ponderosa Laws. Yellow Pine. Bull Pine.
[Illustration: Fig. 13]
Leaves tufted at the ends of naked branches, in 2 or in 2 and 3-leaved
clusters, stout, dark yellow-green, marked by numerous rows of stomata
on the 3 faces, 5′—11′ long, mostly deciduous during their third season.
Flowers: male yellow; female clustered or in pairs, dark red. Fruit
ellipsoidal, horizontal or slightly declining, nearly sessile or
short-stalked, 3′—6′ long, often clustered, bright green or purple when
fully grown, becoming light reddish brown, with narrow scales much
thickened at the apex and armed with slender prickles, mostly falling
soon after opening and discharging their seeds, generally leaving the
lower scales attached to the peduncle; seeds ovoid, acute, compressed at
the apex, full and rounded below, ¼′ long, with a thin dark purple often
mottled shell, their wings usually broadest below the middle, gradually
narrowed at the oblique apex, 1′—1¼′ long, about 1′ wide.
A tree, sometimes 150°—230° high, with a massive stem 5°—8° in diameter,
short thick many-forked often pendulous branches generally turned upward
at the ends and forming a regular spire-like head, or in arid regions a
broader often round-topped head surmounting a short trunk, and stout
orange-colored branchlets frequently becoming nearly black at the end of
two or three years. Bark for 80—100 years broken into rounded ridges
covered with small closely appressed scales, dark brown, nearly black or
light cinnamon-red, on older trees becoming 2′—4′ thick and deeply and
irregularly divided into plates sometimes 4°—5° long and 12′—18′ wide,
and separating into thick bright cinnamon-red scales. Wood hard, strong,
comparatively fine-grained, light red, with nearly white sapwood
sometimes composed of more than 200 layers of annual growth; largely
manufactured into lumber used for all sorts of construction, for
railway-ties, fencing, and fuel.
Distribution. Mountain slopes, dry valleys, and high mesas from
northwestern Nebraska and western Texas to the shores of the Pacific
Ocean, and from southern British Columbia to Lower California and
northern Mexico; extremely variable in different parts of the country in
size, in the length and thickness of the leaves, size of the cones, and
in the color of the bark. The form of the Rocky Mountains (var.
_scopulorum_, Engelm.), ranging from Nebraska to Texas, and over the
mountain ranges of Wyoming, eastern Montana and Colorado, and to
northern New Mexico and Arizona, where it forms on the Colorado plateau
with the species the most extensive Pine forests of the continent, has
nearly black furrowed bark, rigid leaves in clusters of 2 or 3 and 3′—6′
long, and smaller cones, with thin scales armed with slender prickles
hooked backward. More distinct is
Pinus ponderosa var. Jeffreyi Vasey.
[Illustration: Fig. 14]
This tree forms great forests about the sources of the Pitt River in
northern California, along the eastern slopes of the central and
southern Sierra Nevada, growing often on the most exposed and driest
ridges, and in southern California on the San Bernardino and San Jacinto
ranges up to elevations of 7000° above the sea, on the Cuyamaca
Mountains, and in Lower California on the Sierra del Pinal and the San
Pedro Mártir Mountains.
A tree, 100° to nearly 200° high, with a tall massive trunk 4°—6° in
diameter, covered with bright cinnamon-red bark deeply divided into
large irregular plates, stiffer and more elastic leaves 4′—9′ long and
persistent on the glaucous stouter branchlets for six to nine years,
yellow-green staminate flowers, short-stalked usually purple cones
5′—15′ long, their scales armed with stouter or slender prickles usually
hooked backward, and seeds often nearly ½′ long with larger wings.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in eastern Europe, especially
the variety _Jeffreyi_, which is occasionally successfully cultivated in
the eastern states.
Pinus ponderosa var. arizonica Shaw. Yellow Pine.
_Pinus arizonica_ Engelm.
[Illustration: Fig. 15]
Leaves tufted at the ends of the branches, in 3—5-leaved clusters,
stout, rigid, dark green, stomatiferous on their 3 faces, 5′—7′ long,
deciduous during their third season. Fruit ovoid, horizontal, 2′—2½′
long, becoming light red-brown, with thin scales much thickened at the
apex and armed with slender recurved spines; seeds full and rounded
below, slightly compressed towards the apex, ⅛′ long, with a thick
shell, their wings broadest above the middle, about ⅓′ long and ¼′ wide.
A tree, 80°—100° high, with a tall straight massive trunk 3°—4° in
diameter, thick spreading branches forming a regular open round-topped
or narrow pyramidal head, and stout branchlets orange-brown and pruinose
when they first appear, becoming dark gray-brown. Bark on young trunks
dark brown or almost black and deeply furrowed, becoming on old trees
1½′—2′ thick and divided into large unequally shaped plates separating
on the surface into thin closely appressed light cinnamon-red scales.
Wood light, soft, not strong, rather brittle, light red or often yellow,
with thick lighter yellow or white sapwood; in Arizona occasionally
manufactured into coarse lumber.
Distribution. High cool slopes on the sides of cañons of the mountain
ranges of southern Arizona at elevations between 6000° and 8000°,
sometimes forming nearly pure forests; more abundant and of its largest
size on the mountains of Sonora and Chihuahua.
11. Pinus palustris Mill. Long-leaved Pine. Southern Pine.
[Illustration: Fig. 16]
Leaves in crowded clusters, forming dense tufts at the ends of the
branches, slender, flexible, pendulous, dark green, 8′—18′ long,
deciduous at the end of their second year. Flowers in very early spring
before the appearance of the new leaves, male in short dense clusters,
dark rose-purple; female just below the apex of the lengthening shoot in
pairs or in clusters of 3 or 4, dark purple. Fruit cylindric-ovoid,
slightly curved, nearly sessile, horizontal or pendant, 6′—10′ long,
with thin flat scales rounded at apex and armed with small reflexed
prickles, becoming dull brown; in falling leaving a few of the basal
scales attached to the stem; seeds almost triangular, full and rounded
on the sides, prominently ridged, about ½′ long, with a thin pale shell
marked with dark blotches on the upper side, and wings widest near the
middle, gradually narrowed to a very oblique apex, about 1¾′ long and
7/16′ wide.
A tree, 100°—120° high, with a tall straight slightly tapering trunk
usually 2°—2½° or occasionally 3° in diameter, stout slightly branched
gnarled and twisted limbs covered with thin dark scaly bark and forming
an open elongated and usually very irregular head one third to one half
the length of the tree, thick orange-brown branchlets, and acute
winter-buds covered by elongated silvery white lustrous scales divided
into long spreading filaments forming a cobweb-like network over the
bud. Bark of the trunk 1/16′—½′ thick, light orange-brown, separating on
the surface into large closely appressed papery scales. Wood heavy,
exceedingly hard, strong, tough, coarse-grained, durable, light red to
orange color, with very thin nearly white sapwood; largely used as
“southern pine” or “Georgia pine” for masts and spars, bridges,
viaducts, railway-ties, fencing, flooring, the interior finish of
buildings, the construction of railway-cars, and for fuel and charcoal.
A large part of the naval stores of the world is produced from this
tree, which is exceedingly rich in resinous secretions.
Distribution. Generally confined to a belt of late tertiary sands and
gravels stretching along the coast of the Atlantic and Gulf states and
rarely more than 125 miles wide, from southeastern Virginia to the
shores of Indian River and the valley of the Caloosahatchee River,
Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the uplands east of the Mississippi
River, extending northward in Alabama to the southern foothills of the
Appalachian Mountains and to central and western Mississippi (Hinds and
Adams Counties); west of the Mississippi River to the valley of the
Trinity River, Texas, and through eastern Texas and western Louisiana
nearly to the northern borders of this state.
12. Pinus caribæa Morelet. Slash Pine. Swamp Pine.
_Pinus heterophylla_ Sudw.
[Illustration: Fig. 17]
Leaves stout, in crowded 2 and 3-leaved clusters, dark green and
lustrous, marked by numerous bands of stomata on each face, 8′—12′ long,
deciduous at the end of their second season. Flowers in January and
February before the appearance of the new leaves, male in short crowded
clusters, dark purple; female lateral on long peduncles, pink. Fruit
ovoid or ovoid-conic, reflexed during its first year, pendant, 2′—6′
long, with thin flexible flat scales armed with minute incurved or
recurved prickles, becoming dark rich lustrous brown; seeds almost
triangular, full and rounded on the sides, 1⅙′—1¼′ long, with a thin
brittle dark gray shell mottled with black, and dark brown wings ¾′—1′
long, ¼′ wide, their thickened bases encircling the seeds and often
covering a large part of their lower surface.
A tree, often 100° high, with a tall tapering trunk 2½°—3° in diameter,
heavy horizontal branches forming a handsome round-topped head, and
stout orange-colored ultimately dark branchlets. Bark ¾′—½′ thick, and
separating freely on the surface into large thin scales. Wood heavy,
exceedingly hard, very strong, durable, coarse-grained, rich dark orange
color, with thick nearly white sapwood; manufactured into lumber and
used for construction and railway-ties. Naval stores are largely
produced from this tree.
Distribution. Coast region of South Carolina southward over the coast
plain to the keys of southern Florida and along the Gulf coast to
eastern Louisiana (Saint Tammany, Washington, southern Tangipahoa and
eastern Livingston Parishes); common on the Bahamas, on the Isle of
Pines, and on the lowlands of Honduras and eastern Guatemala; in the
coast region of the southern states gradually replacing the Long-leaved
Pine, _Pinus palustris_, Mill.
13. Pinus tæda L. Loblolly Pine. Old Field Pine.
[Illustration: Fig. 18]
Leaves slender, stiff, slightly twisted, pale green and somewhat
glaucous, 6′—9′ long, marked by 10—12 rows of large stomata on each
face, deciduous during their third year. Flowers opening from the middle
of March to the first of May; male crowded in short spikes, yellow;
female lateral below the apex of the growing shoot, solitary or
clustered, short-stalked, yellow. Fruit oblong-conic to ovoid-cylindric,
nearly sessile, 2′—6′ long, becoming light reddish brown, with thin
scales rounded at the apex and armed with short stout straight or
reflexed prickles, opening irregularly and discharging their seeds
during the autumn and winter, and usually persistent on the branches for
another year; seeds rhomboidal, full and rounded, ¼′ long, with a thin
dark brown rough shell blotched with black, and produced into broad thin
lateral margins, encircled to the base by the narrow border of their
thin pale brown lustrous wing broadest above the middle, 1′ long, about
¼′ wide.
A tree, generally 80°—100° high, with a tall straight trunk usually
about 2° but occasionally 5° in diameter, short thick much divided
branches, the lower spreading, the upper ascending and forming a compact
round-topped head, and comparatively slender glabrous branchlets brown
tinged with yellow during their first season and gradually growing
darker in their second year. Bark of the trunk ¾′—1½′ thick, bright
red-brown, and irregularly divided by shallow fissures into broad flat
ridges covered with large thin closely appressed scales. Wood weak,
brittle, coarse-grained, not durable, light brown, with orange-colored
or often nearly white sapwood, often composing nearly half the trunk;
largely manufactured into lumber, used for construction and the interior
finish of buildings.
Distribution. Cape May, New Jersey, through southern Delaware and
eastern Maryland and southward to the shores of Indian River and Tampa
Bay, Florida, westward to middle North Carolina and through South
Carolina and Georgia and the eastern Gulf states to the Mississippi
River, extending into southern Tennessee and northeastern Mississippi;
west of the Mississippi River from southern Arkansas and the
southwestern part of Oklahoma through western Louisiana to the shores of
the Gulf of Mexico, and through eastern Texas to the valley of the
Colorado River; on the Atlantic coast often springing up on lands
exhausted by agriculture; west of the Mississippi River one of the most
important timber-trees, frequently growing in nearly pure forests on
rolling uplands.
14. Pinus rigida Mill. Pitch Pine.
[Illustration: Fig. 19]
Leaves stout, rigid, dark yellow-green, marked on the 3 faces by many
rows of stomata, 3′—5′ long, standing stiffly and at right angles with
the branch, deciduous during their second year. Flowers: male in short
crowded spikes, yellow or rarely purple; female often clustered and
raised on short stout stems, light green more or less tinged with rose
color. Fruit ovoid, acute at apex, nearly sessile, often clustered,
1′—3½′ long, becoming light brown, with thin flat scales armed with
recurved rigid prickles, often remaining on the branches for ten or
twelve years; seeds nearly triangular, full and rounded on the sides, ¼′
long, with a thin dark brown mottled roughened shell and wings broadest
below the middle, gradually narrowed to the very oblique apex, ¾′ long,
⅓′ wide.
A tree, 50°—60° or rarely 100° high, with a short trunk occasionally 3°
in diameter, thick contorted often pendulous branches covered with thick
much roughened bark, forming a round-topped thick head, often irregular
and picturesque, and stout bright green branchlets becoming dull orange
color during their first winter and dark gray-brown at the end of four
or five years; often fruitful when only a few feet high. Bark of young
stems thin and broken into plate-like dark red-brown scales, becoming on
old trunks ¾′—1½′ thick, deeply and irregularly fissured, and divided
into broad flat connected ridges separating on the surface into thick
dark red-brown scales often tinged with purple. Wood light, soft, not
strong, brittle, coarse-grained, very durable, light brown or red, with
thick yellow or often white sapwood; largely used for fuel and in the
manufacture of charcoal; occasionally sawed into lumber.
Distribution. Sandy plains and dry gravelly uplands, or less frequently
in cold deep swamps; island of Mt. Desert, Maine, to the northern shores
of Lake Ontario, and southward to southern Delaware and southern Ohio
(Scioto County) and along the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia
and to their western foothills in West Virginia, Kentucky, and
Tennessee; very abundant in the coast region south of Massachusetts;
sometimes forming pure forests in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
Pinus rigida var. serotina Loud. Pond Pine. Marsh Pine.
_Pinus serotina_ Michx.
[Illustration: Fig. 20]
Leaves in clusters of 3 or occasionally of 4, slender, flexuose, dark
yellow-green, 6′—8′ long, marked by numerous rows of stomata on the 3
faces, deciduous during their third and fourth years. Flowers: male in
crowded spikes, dark orange color; female clustered or in pairs on stout
stems. Fruit subglobose to ovoid, full and rounded or pointed at apex,
subsessile or short-stalked, horizontal or slightly declining, 2′—2½′
long, with thin nearly flat scales armed with slender incurved mostly
deciduous prickles, becoming light yellow-brown at maturity, often
remaining closed for one or two years and after opening long-persistent
on the branches; seeds nearly triangular, often ridged below, full and
rounded at the sides, ⅛′ long, with a thin nearly black roughened shell
produced into a wide border, the wings broadest at the middle, gradually
narrowed at the ends, ¾′ long, ¼′ wide.
A tree, usually 40°—50° or occasionally 70°—80° high, with a short trunk
sometimes 3° but generally not more than 2° in diameter, stout often
contorted branches more or less pendulous at the extremities, forming an
open round-topped head, and slender branchlets dark green when they
first appear, becoming dark orange color during their first winter and
dark brown or often nearly black at the end of four or five years. Bark
of the trunk ½′—¾′ thick, dark red-brown and irregularly divided by
narrow shallow fissures into small plates separating on the surface into
thin closely appressed scales. Wood very resinous, heavy, soft, brittle,
coarse-grained, dark orange color, with thick pale yellow sapwood;
occasionally manufactured into lumber.
Distribution. Low wet flats or sandy or peaty swamps; near Cape May, New
Jersey, and southeastern Virginia southward near the coast to northern
Florida and central Alabama.
15. Pinus radiata D. Don. Monterey Pine.
[Illustration: Fig. 21]
Leaves in 3, rarely in 2-leaved clusters, slender, bright rich green,
4′—6′ long, mostly deciduous during their third season. Flowers: male in
dense spikes, yellow; female clustered, dark purple. Fruit ovoid,
pointed at apex, very oblique at base, short-stalked, reflexed, 3′—7′
long, becoming deep chestnut-brown and lustrous, with scales much
thickened and mammillate toward the base on the outer side of the cone,
thinner on the inner side and at its apex, and armed with minute
thickened incurved or straight prickles, long-persistent and often
remaining closed on the branches for many years; seeds ellipsoidal,
compressed, ¼′ long, with a thin brittle rough nearly black shell, their
wings light brown, longitudinally striped, broadest above the middle,
gradually narrowed and oblique at apex, 1′ long, ¼′ wide.
A tree, usually 40°—60° rarely 100°—115° high, with a tall trunk usually
1°—2° but occasionally 4½° in diameter, spreading branches forming a
regular narrow open round-topped head, and slender branchlets light or
dark orange color, at first often covered with a glaucous bloom,
ultimately dark red-brown. Bark of the trunk 1½′—2′ thick, dark
red-brown, and deeply divided into broad flat ridges broken on the
surface into thick appressed plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, not
strong, brittle, close-grained; occasionally used as fuel.
Distribution. In a narrow belt a few miles wide on the California coast
from Pescadero to the shores of San Simeon Bay; in San Luis Obispo
County near the village of Cambria; on the islands of Santa Rosa and
Santa Cruz of the Santa Barbara group; and on Guadaloupe Island off the
coast of Lower California; most abundant and of its largest size on
Point Pinos south of the Bay of Monterey, California.
Largely planted for the decoration of parks in western and southern
Europe, occasionally planted in the southeastern states and in Mexico,
Australia, New Zealand, and other regions with temperate climates, and
more generally in the coast region of the Pacific states from Vancouver
Island southward than any other Pine-tree.
16. Pinus attenuata Lemm. Knob-cone Pine.
[Illustration: Fig. 22]
Leaves slender, firm and rigid, pale yellow or bluish green, marked by
numerous rows of stomata on their 3 faces, 3′—7′, usually 4′—5′ long.
Flowers: male orange-brown; female fascicled, often with several
fascicles on the shoot of the year. Fruit elongated, conic, pointed,
very oblique at base by the greater development of the scales on the
outer side, whorled, short-stalked, strongly reflexed and incurved,
3′—6′ long, becoming light yellow-brown, with thin flat scales rounded
at apex, those on the outer side being enlarged into prominent
transversely flattened knobs armed with thick flattened incurved spines,
those on the inner side of the cone slightly thickened and armed with
minute recurved prickles, persistent on the stems and branches for
thirty or forty years, sometimes becoming completely imbedded in the
bark of old trunks, and usually not opening until the death of the tree;
seeds ellipsoidal, compressed, acute at apex, ¼′ long, with a thin
oblique shell, their wings broadest at the middle, gradually narrowed to
the ends, 1¼′ long, ⅓′ wide.
A tree, usually about 20° high, with a trunk a foot in diameter, and
often fruitful when only 4° or 5° tall; occasionally growing to the
height of 80°—100°, with a trunk 2½° thick, and frequently divided above
the middle into two ascending stems, slender branches arrangedin regular
whorls while the tree is young, and in old age forming a narrow
round-topped straggling head of sparse thin foliage, and slender dark
orange-brown branchlets growing darker during their second season. Bark
of young stems and branches thin, smooth, pale brown, becoming at the
base of old trunks ¼′—½′ thick and dark brown often tinged with purple,
slightly and irregularly divided by shallow fissures and broken into
large loose scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle,
coarse-grained, light brown, with thick sapwood sometimes slightly
tinged with red.
Distribution. Dry mountain slopes from the valley of the Mackenzie River
in Oregon over the mountains of southwestern Oregon, where it is most
abundant and grows to its largest size, often forming pure forests over
large areas, southward along the western slopes of the Cascade
Mountains; in California on the northern cross ranges, the coast ranges
from Trinity to Sonoma Counties, the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada
to Mariposa County, and over the southern coast ranges from Santa Cruz
to the dry arid southern slopes of the San Bernardino Mountains, where
it forms a belt between City and East Twin Creeks at an altitude of
3500° above the sea.
17. Pinus Sabiniana Dougl. Digger Pine. Bull Pine.
[Illustration: Fig. 23]
Leaves stout, flexible, pendant, pale blue-green, marked on each face
with numerous rows of pale stomata, 8′—12′ long, deciduous usually in
their third and fourth years. Flowers: male yellow; female on stout
peduncles, dark purple. Fruit oblong-ovoid, full and rounded at base,
pointed, becoming light reddish brown, 6′—10′ long, long-stalked,
pendulous, the scales narrowed into a stout incurved sharp hook,
strongly reflexed toward the base of the cone and armed with spur-like
incurved spines; seeds full and rounded below, somewhat compressed
toward the apex, ¾′ long, ⅓′ wide, dark brown or nearly black, with a
thick hard shell, encircled by their wings much thickened on the inner
rim, obliquely rounded at the broad apex and about ½ length of nuts.
A tree, usually 40°—50° but occasionally 80° high, with a trunk 3°—4° in
diameter, divided generally 15°—20° above the ground into 3 or 4 thick
secondary stems, clothed with short crooked branches pendant below and
ascending toward the summit of the tree, and forming an open
round-topped head remarkable for the sparseness of its foliage, and
stout pale glaucous branchlets, becoming dark brown or nearly black
during their second season. Bark of the trunk 1½′—2′ thick, dark brown
slightly tinged with red or nearly black and deeply and irregularly
divided into thick connected ridges covered with small closely appressed
scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, brittle, light
brown or red with thick nearly white sapwood. Abietine, a nearly
colorless aromatic liquid with the odor of oil of oranges, is obtained
by distilling the resinous juices. The large sweet slightly resinous
seeds formed an important article of food for the Indians of California.
Distribution. Scattered singly or in small groups over the dry foothills
of western California, ranging from 500° up to 4000° above the sea-level
and from the southern slopes of the northern cross ranges to the
Tehachapi Mountains and the Sierra de la Liebre; most abundant and
attaining its largest size on the eastern foothills of the Sierra Nevada
near the centre of the state at elevations of about 2000°; here often
the most conspicuous feature of the vegetation.
18. Pinus Coulteri D. Don. Pitch Pine.
[Illustration: Fig. 24]
Leaves tufted at the ends of the branches, stout, rigid, dark
blue-green, marked by numerous bands of stomata on the 3 faces, 6′—12′
long, deciduous during their third and fourth seasons. Flowers: male
yellow; female dark reddish brown. Fruit oblong-conic, short-stalked and
pendant, 10′—14′ long, becoming light yellow-brown, with thick broad
scales terminating in a broad, flat, incurved, hooked claw ½′—1½′ long,
gradually opening in the autumn and often persistent on the branches for
several years; seeds ellipsoidal, compressed, ½′ long, ¼′—⅓′ wide, dark
chestnut-brown, with a thick shell, inclosed by their wings, broadest
above the middle, oblique at apex, nearly 1′ longer than the seed, about
⅝′ wide.
A tree, 40°—90° high, with a trunk 1°—2½° in diameter, thick branches
covered with dark scaly bark, long and mostly pendulous below, short and
ascending above, and forming a loose unsymmetrical often picturesque
head, and very stout branchlets dark orange-brown at first, becoming
sometimes nearly black at the end of three or four years. Bark of the
trunk 1½′—2′ thick, dark brown or nearly black and deeply divided into
broad rounded connected ridges covered with thin closely appressed
scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, light
red, with thick nearly white sapwood; occasionally used for fuel. The
seeds were formerly gathered in large quantities and eaten by the
Indians of southern California.
Distribution. Scattered singly or in small groves through coniferous
forests on the dry slopes and ridges of the coast ranges of California
at elevations of 3000°—6000° above the sea, from Mount Diablo and the
Santa Lucia Mountains to the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains; and
on the Sierra del Pinal, Lower California; most abundant on the San
Bernardino and San Jacinto ranges at elevations of about 5000°.
19. Pinus resinosa Ait. Red Pine. Norway Pine.
[Illustration: Fig. 25]
Leaves slender, soft and flexible, dark green and lustrous, 5′—6′ long,
obscurely marked on the ventral faces by bands of minute stomata,
deciduous during their fourth and fifth seasons. Flowers: male in dense
spikes, dark purple; female terminal, short-stalked, scarlet. Fruit
ovoid-conic, subsessile, 2′—2¼′ long, with thin slightly concave scales,
unarmed, becoming light chestnut-brown and lustrous at maturity;
shedding their seeds early in the autumn and mostly persistent on the
branches until the following summer; seeds oval, compressed, ⅛′ long,
with a thin dark chestnut-brown more or less mottled shell and wings
broadest below the middle, oblique at apex, ¾′ long, ¼′—⅓′ broad.
A tree, usually 70°—80° or occasionally 120° high, with a tall straight
trunk 2°—3° or rarely 5° in diameter, thick spreading more or less
pendulous branches clothing the young stems to the ground and forming a
broad irregular pyramid, and in old age an open round-topped picturesque
head, and stout branchlets at first orange color, finally becoming light
reddish brown. Bark of the trunk ¾′—1¼′ thick and slightly divided by
shallow fissures into broad flat ridges covered by thin loose light
red-brown scales. Wood light, hard, very close-grained, pale red, with
thin yellow often nearly white sapwood; largely used in the construction
of bridges and buildings, for piles, masts, and spars. The bark is
occasionally used for tanning leather.
Distribution. Light sandy loam or dry rocky ridges, usually forming
groves rarely more than a few hundred acres in extent and scattered
through forests of other Pines and deciduous-leaved trees; occasionally
on sandy flats forming pure forests; Nova Scotia to Lake St. John,
westward through Quebec and central Ontario to the valley of the
Winnipeg River, and southward to eastern Massachusetts, the mountains of
northern Pennsylvania, and to central and southwestern (Port Huron)
Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, most abundant, and growing to its
largest size in the northern parts of these states; rare and local in
eastern Massachusetts and southward.
Often planted for the decoration of parks, and the most desirable as an
ornamental tree of the Pitch Pines which flourish in the northern
states.
20. Pinus contorta Loud. Scrub Pine.
[Illustration: Fig. 26]
Leaves dark green, slender, 1′—1½′ long, marked by 6—10 rows of stomata
on each face, mostly persistent 4—6 years. Flowers orange-red: male in
short crowded spikes; female clustered or in pairs on stout stalks.
Fruit ovoid to subcylindric, usually very oblique at base, horizontal or
declining, often clustered, ¾′—2′ long, with thin slightly concave
scales armed with long slender more or less recurved often deciduous
prickles, and toward the base of the cone especially on the upper side
developed into thick mammillate knobs, becoming light yellow-brown and
lustrous, sometimes opening and losing their seeds as soon as ripe, or
remaining closed on the branches and preserving the vitality of their
seeds for many years; seeds oblique at apex, acute below, about ⅙′ long,
with a thin brittle dark red-brown shell mottled with black and wings
widest above the base, gradually tapering toward the oblique apex, ½′
long.
A tree, sometimes fertile when only a few inches high, usually 15°—20°
or occasionally 30° tall, with a short trunk rarely more than 18′ in
diameter, comparatively thick branches forming a round-topped compact
and symmetrical or an open picturesque head, and stout branchlets light
orange color when they first appear, finally becoming dark red-brown or
occasionally almost black. Bark of the trunk ¾′—1′ thick, deeply and
irregularly divided by vertical and cross fissures into small oblong
plates covered with closely appressed dark red-brown scales tinged with
purple or orange color. Wood light, hard, strong although brittle,
coarse-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white
sapwood; occasionally used for fuel.
Distribution. Coast of Alaska, usually in sphagnum-covered bogs
southward in the immediate neighborhood of the coast to the valley of
the Albion River, Mendocino County, California; south of the northern
boundary of the United States generally inhabiting sand dunes and
barrens or occasionally near the shores of Puget Sound the margins of
tide pools and deep wet swamps; spreading inland and ascending the coast
ranges and western slopes of the Cascade Mountains, where it is not
common and where it gradually changes its habit and appearance, the
thick deeply furrowed bark of the coast form being found only near the
ground, while the bark higher on the stems is thin, light-colored, and
inclined to separate into scales, and the leaves are often longer and
broader. This is
Pinus contorta var. latifolia S. Wats. Lodge-pole Pine.
_Pinus contorta_ var. _Murrayana_ Engelm.
[Illustration: Fig. 27]
Leaves yellow-green, usually about 2′ long, although varying from 1′—3′
in length and from 1/16′ to nearly ⅛′ in width. Fruit occasionally
opening as soon as ripe but usually remaining closed and preserving the
vitality of the seeds sometimes for twenty years.
A tree, usually 70°—80° but often 150° high, with a trunk generally
2°—3° but occasionally 5°—6° in diameter, slender much-forked branches
frequently persistent nearly to the base of the stem, light
orange-colored during their early years, somewhat pendulous below,
ascending near the top of the tree, and forming a narrow pyramidal
spire-topped head. Bark of the trunk rarely more than ¼′ thick, close
and firm, light orange-brown and covered by small thin loosely appressed
scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained and easily
worked, not durable, light yellow or nearly white, with thin lighter
colored sapwood; occasionally manufactured into lumber; also used for
railway-ties, mine-timbers, and for fuel.
Distribution. Common on the Yukon hills in the valley of the Yukon
River; on the interior plateau of northern British Columbia and eastward
to the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains, covering with dense
forests great areas in the basin of the Columbia River; forming forests
on both slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Montana; on the Yellowstone
plateau at elevations of 7000°-8000°; common on the mountains of
Wyoming, and extending southward to southern Colorado; the most abundant
coniferous tree of the northern Rocky Mountain region; common on the
ranges of eastern Washington and Oregon, on the mountains of northern
California, and southward along the Sierra Nevada, where it attains its
greatest size and beauty in alpine forests at elevations between 8000°
and 9500°; in southern California the principal tree at elevations
between 7000° and 10,000° on the high peaks of the San Bernardino and
San Jacinto Mountains; on the upper slopes of the San Pedro Mártir
Mountains, Lower California.
21. Pinus Banksiana Lamb. Gray Pine. Jack Pine.
_Pinus divaricata_ Du Mont de Cours.
[Illustration: Fig. 28]
Leaves in remote clusters, stout, flat or slightly concave on the inner
face, at first light yellow-green, soon becoming dark green, ¾′—1¼′
long, gradually and irregularly deciduous in their second or third year.
Flowers: male in short crowded clusters, yellow; female clustered, dark
purple, often with 2 clusters produced on the same shoot. Fruit
oblong-conic, acute, oblique at base, sessile, usually erect and
strongly incurved, 1½′—2′ long, dull purple or green when fully grown,
becoming light yellow and lustrous, with thin stiff scales often
irregularly developed, and armed with minute incurved often deciduous
prickles; seeds nearly triangular, full and rounded on the sides, 1/12′
long, with an almost black roughened shell and wings broadest at the
middle, full and rounded at apex, ⅓′ long, ⅛′ wide.
A tree, frequently 70° high, with a straight trunk sometimes free of
branches for 20°—30° and rarely exceeding 2° in diameter, long spreading
branches forming an open symmetrical head, and slender tough flexible
pale yellow-green branchlets turning dark purple during their first
winter and darker the following year; often not more than 20°—30° tall,
with a stem 10′—12′ in diameter; generally fruiting when only a few
years old; sometimes shrubby with several low slender stems. Bark of the
trunk thin, dark brown slightly tinged with red, very irregularly
divided into narrow rounded connected ridges separating on the surface
into small thick closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong,
close-grained, clear pale brown or rarely orange color, with thick
nearly white sapwood; used for fuel and occasionally for railway-ties
and posts; occasionally manufactured into lumber.
Distribution. From Nova Scotia to the valley of the Athabasca River and
down the Mackenzie to about latitude 65° north, ranging southward to the
coast of Maine, northern New Hampshire and Vermont, the Island of
Nantucket (Wauwinet, _J. W. Harshburger_), northern New York, the shores
of Saginaw Bay, Michigan, the southern shores of Lake Michigan in
Illinois, the valley of the Wisconsin River, Wisconsin, and central and
southeastern Minnesota (with isolated groves in Root River valley, near
Rushford, Fillmore County); abundant in central Michigan, covering
tracts of barren lands; common and of large size in the region north of
Lake Superior; most abundant and of its greatest size west of Lake
Winnipeg and north of the Saskatchewan, here often spreading over great
areas of sandy sterile soil.
22. Pinus glabra Walt. Spruce Pine. Cedar Pine.
[Illustration: Fig. 29]
Leaves soft, slender, dark green, 1½′—3′ long, marked by numerous rows
of stomata, deciduous at the end of their second and in the spring of
their third year. Flowers: male in short crowded clusters, yellow;
female raised on slender slightly ascending peduncles. Fruit single or
in clusters of 2 or 3, reflexed on short stout stalks, subglobose to
oblong-ovoid, ½′—2′ long, becoming reddish brown and rather lustrous,
with thin slightly concave scales armed with minute straight or incurved
usually deciduous prickles; seeds nearly triangular, full and rounded on
the sides, ⅛′ long, with a thin dark gray shell mottled with black and
wings broadest below the middle, ⅝′ long, ¼′ wide.
A tree, usually 80°—100° or occasionally 120° high, with a trunk 2°—2½°
or rarely 3½° in diameter, comparatively small horizontal branches, and
slender flexible branchlets at first light red more or less tinged with
purple, ultimately dark reddish brown. Bark of young trees and upper
trunks smooth pale gray becoming on old stems ½′—¾′ thick, slightly and
irregularly divided by shallow fissures into flat connected ridges. Wood
light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, light brown, with thick
nearly white sapwood; occasionally used for fuel and rarely manufactured
into lumber.
Distribution. Valley of the lower Santee River, South Carolina to middle
and northwestern Florida; banks of the Alabama River, Dallas County,
Alabama; eastern and southwestern Mississippi, and sandy banks of
streams in northeastern Louisiana; usually growing singly or in small
groves; attaining its largest size and often occupying areas of
considerable extent in northwestern Florida.
23. Pinus echinata Mill. Yellow Pine. Short-leaved Pine.
[Illustration: Fig. 30]
Leaves in clusters of 2 and of 3, slender, flexible, dark blue-green,
3′—5′ long, beginning to fall at the end of their second season and
dropping irregularly until their fifth year. Flowers: male in short
crowded clusters, pale purple; female in clusters of 2 or 3 on stout
ascending stems, pale rose color. Fruit ovoid to oblong-conic,
subsessile and nearly horizontal or short-stalked and pendant, generally
clustered, 1½′—2½′ long, becoming dull brown, with thin scales nearly
flat below and rounded at the apex, armed with short straight or
somewhat recurved frequently deciduous prickles; seeds nearly
triangular, full and rounded on the sides, about 3/16′ long, with a thin
pale brown hard shell conspicuously mottled with black, their wings
broadest near the middle, ½′ long, ⅛′ wide.
A tree, usually 80°—100° occasionally 120° high, with a tall slightly
tapering trunk 3°—4° in diameter, a short pyramidal truncate head of
comparatively slender branches, and stout brittle pale green or
violet-colored branchlets covered at first with a glaucous bloom,
becoming dark red-brown tinged with purple before the end of the first
season, their bark beginning in the third year to separate into large
scales. Bark of the trunk ¾′—1′ thick and broken into large irregularly
shaped plates covered with small closely appressed light cinnamon-red
scales. Wood very variable in quality, and in the thickness of the
nearly white sapwood, heavy, hard, strong and usually coarse-grained,
orange-colored or yellow-brown; largely manufactured into lumber.
Distribution. Long Island (near Northport), and Staten Island, New York,
and southern Pennsylvania to northern Florida, and westward through the
Gulf states to eastern Texas, through Arkansas to southwestern Oklahoma
(near Page, Leflore County, _G. W. Stevens_) and to southern Missouri
and southwestern Illinois and to eastern Tennessee and western West
Virginia; most abundant and of its largest size west of the Mississippi
River.
24. Pinus virginiana Mill. Jersey Pine. Scrub Pine.
[Illustration: Fig. 31]
Leaves in remote clusters, stout, gray-green, 1½′—3′ long, marked by
many rows of minute stomata, gradually and irregularly deciduous during
their third and fourth years. Flowers: male in crowded clusters,
orange-brown; female on opposite spreading peduncles near the middle of
the shoots of the year, generally a little below and alternate with 1 or
2 lateral branchlets, pale green, 2′—3′ long, the scale-tips tinged with
rose color. Fruit ovoid-conic, often reflexed, dark red-brown and
lustrous, with thin nearly flat scales, and stout or slender persistent
prickles, opening in the autumn and slowly shedding their seeds, turning
dark reddish brown and remaining on the branches for three or four
years; seeds nearly oval, full and rounded, ¼′ long, with a thin pale
brown rough shell, their wings broadest at the middle, ⅓′ long, about ⅛′
wide.
A tree, usually 30°—40° high, with a short trunk rarely more than 18′ in
diameter, long horizontal or pendulous branches in remote whorls forming
a broad open often flat-topped pyramid, and slender tough flexible
branchlets at first pale green or green tinged with purple and covered
with a glaucous bloom, becoming purple and later light gray-brown;
toward the western limits of its range a tree frequently 100° tall, with
a trunk 2½°—3° in diameter. Bark of the trunk ¼′—½′ thick, broken by
shallow fissures into flat plate-like scales separating on the surface
into thin closely appressed dark brown scales tinged with red. Wood
light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, durable in contact
with the soil, light orange color, with thick nearly white sapwood;
often used for fuel and occasionally manufactured into lumber.
Distribution. Middle and southern New Jersey; Plymouth, Luzerne County,
and central, southern and western Pennsylvania to Columbia County,
Georgia, Dallas County, Alabama (near Selma, _T. G. Harbison_), and to
the hills of northeastern Mississippi (Bear Creek near its junction with
the Tennessee River, _E. N. Lowe_), through eastern and middle Tennessee
to western Kentucky and to southeastern and southern (Scioto County)
Ohio, and southern Indiana; usually small in the Atlantic states and
only on light sandy soil, spreading rapidly over exhausted fields; of
its largest size west of the Alleghany Mountains on the low hills of
southern Indiana.
25. Pinus clausa Sarg. Sand Pine. Spruce Pine.
[Illustration: Fig. 32]
Leaves slender, flexible, dark green, 2′—3½′ long, marked by 10—20 rows
of stomata, deciduous during their third and fourth years. Flowers: male
in short crowded spikes, dark orange color; female lateral on stout
peduncles. Fruit elongated ovoid-conic, often oblique at base, usually
clustered and reflexed, 2′—3½′ long, nearly sessile or short-stalked,
with convex scales armed with short stout straight or recurved prickles,
becoming dark yellow-brown in autumn; some of the cones opening at once,
others remaining closed for three or four years before liberating their
seeds, ultimately turning to an ashy gray color; others still unopened
becoming enveloped in the growing tissues of the stem and branches and
finally entirely covered by them; seeds nearly triangular, compressed,
¼′ long, with a black slightly roughened shell, their wings widest near
or below the middle, ¾′ long, about ¼′ wide.
A tree, usually 15°—20° high, with a stem rarely a foot in diameter,
generally clothed to the ground with wide-spreading branches forming a
bushy flat-topped head, and slender tough flexible branchlets, pale
yellow-green when they first appear, becoming light orange-brown and
ultimately ashy gray; occasionally growing to the height of 70°—80° with
a trunk 2° in diameter. Bark on the lower part of the trunk ⅓′—½′ thick,
deeply divided by narrow fissures into irregularly shaped generally
oblong plates separating on the surface into thin closely appressed
bright red-brown scales; on the upper part of the trunk and on the
branches thin, smooth, ashy gray. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle,
light orange color or yellow, with thick nearly white sapwood;
occasionally used for the masts of small vessels.
Distribution. Coast of the Gulf of Mexico from southern Alabama to Peace
Creek, western Florida; eastern Florida from the neighborhood of St.
Augustine to New River, Dade County, covering sandy wind-swept plains
near the coast; growing to its largest size and most abundant in the
interior of the peninsula (Lake and Orange Counties).
26. Pinus muricata D. Don. Prickle-cone Pine.
[Illustration: Fig. 33]
Leaves in crowded clusters, thick, rigid, dark yellow-green, 4′—6′ long,
beginning to fall in their second year. Flowers: male in elongated
spikes, orange-colored; female short-stalked, whorled, 2 whorls often
being produced on the shoot of the year. Fruit ovoid, oblique at base,
sessile, in clusters of 3—5 or sometimes of 7, 2′—3½′ but usually about
3′ long, becoming light chestnut-brown and lustrous, with scales much
thickened on the outside of the cone, those toward its base produced
into stout incurved knobs sometimes armed with stout flattened spur-like
often incurved spines, and on the inside of the cone slightly flattened
and armed with stout or slender straight prickles; often remaining
closed for several years and usually persistent on the stem and branches
during the entire life of the tree without becoming imbedded in the
wood; seeds nearly triangular, ¼′ long, with a thin nearly black
roughened shell, their wings broadest above the middle, oblique at apex,
nearly 1′ long, ⅛′ wide.
A tree, usually 40°—50° but occasionally 90° high, with a trunk 2°—3° in
diameter, thick spreading branches covered with dark scaly bark, in
youth forming a regular pyramid, and at maturity a handsome compact
round-topped head of dense tufted foliage, and stout branchlets dark
orange-green at first, turning orange-brown more or less tinged with
purple. Bark of the lower part of the trunk often 4′—6′ thick and deeply
divided into long narrow rounded ridges roughened by closely appressed
dark purplish brown scales. Wood light, very strong, hard, rather
coarse-grained, light brown, with thick nearly white sapwood;
occasionally manufactured into lumber.
Distribution. California coast region from Mendocino County southward,
usually in widely separated localities to Point Reyes Peninsula, north
of the Bay of San Francisco, and from Monterey to Coon Creek, San Luis
Obispo County; in Lower California on Cedros Island and on the west
coast between Ensenada and San Quentin; of its largest size and the
common Pine-tree on the coast of Mendocino County.
27. Pinus pungens Lamb. Table Mountain Pine. Hickory Pine.
[Illustration: Fig. 34]
Leaves in crowded clusters, rigid, usually twisted, dark blue-green,
1¼′—2½′ long, deciduous during their second and third years. Flowers:
male in elongated loose spikes, yellow; female clustered, long-stalked.
Fruit ovoid-conic, oblique at base by the greater development of the
scales on the outer than on the inner side, sessile, reflexed, in
clusters usually of 3 or 4, or rarely of 7 or 8, 2′—3½′ long, becoming
light brown and lustrous, with thin tough scales armed with stout hooked
curved spines produced from much thickened mammillate knobs, opening as
soon as ripe and gradually shedding their seeds, or often remaining
closed for two or three years longer, and frequently persistent on the
branches for eighteen or twenty years; seeds almost triangular, full and
rounded on the sides, nearly ¼′ long, with a thin conspicuously
roughened light brown shell, their wings widest below the middle,
gradually narrowed to the ends, 1′ long, ¼′ wide.
A tree, when crowded in the forest occasionally 60° high, with a trunk
2°—3° in diameter, and a few short branches near the summit forming a
narrow round-topped head; in open ground usually 20°—30° tall, and often
fertile when only a few feet high, with a short thick trunk frequently
clothed to the ground, and long horizontal branches, the lower pendulous
toward the extremities, the upper sweeping in graceful upward curves and
forming a flat-topped often irregular head, and stout branchlets, light
orange color when they first appear, soon growing darker and ultimately
dark brown. Bark on the lower part of the trunk ¾′—1′ thick and broken
into irregularly shaped plates separating on the surface into thin loose
dark brown scales tinged with red, higher on the stem, and on the
branches dark brown and broken into thin loose scales. Wood light, soft,
not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, pale brown, with thick nearly
white sapwood; somewhat used for fuel, and in Pennsylvania manufactured
into charcoal.
Distribution. Dry gravelly slopes and ridges of the Appalachian
Mountains from southern Pennsylvania to North Carolina, eastern
Tennessee and northern Georgia, sometimes ascending to elevations of
3000°, with isolated outlying stations in eastern Pennsylvania, western
New Jersey, Maryland, the District of Columbia and Virginia; often
forming toward the southern limits of its range pure forests of
considerable extent.
28. Pinus Torreyana Carr. Torrey Pine.
[Illustration: Fig. 35]
Leaves forming great tufts at the ends of the branches, stout, dark
green, conspicuously marked on the 3 faces by numerous rows of stomata,
8′—13′ long. Flowers from January to March; male yellow, in short dense
heads; female subterminal on long stout peduncles. Fruit broad-ovoid,
spreading or reflexed on long stalks, 4′—6′ in length, becoming deep
chestnut-brown, with thick scales armed with minute spines; mostly
deciduous in their fourth year and in falling leaving a few of the
barren scales on the stalk attached to the branch; seeds oval, more or
less angled, ¾′—1′ long, dull brown and mottled on the lower side, light
yellow-brown on the upper side, with a thick hard shell, nearly
surrounded by their dark brown wings often nearly ½′ long.
A tree, usually 30°—40° high, with a short trunk about 1° in diameter,
or occasionally 50°—60° tall, with a long straight slightly tapering
stem 2½° in diameter, stout spreading and often ascending branches, and
very stout branchlets bright green in their first season, becoming light
purple and covered with a metallic bloom the following year, ultimately
nearly black. Bark ¾′—1′ thick, deeply and irregularly divided into
broad flat ridges covered by large thin closely appressed light
red-brown scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, light
yellow, with thick yellow or nearly white sapwood; occasionally used for
fuel. The large edible seeds are gathered in large quantities and are
eaten raw or roasted.
Distribution. Only in a narrow belt a few miles long on the coast near
the mouth of the Soledad River just north of San Diego and on the island
of Santa Rosa, California; the least widely distributed Pine-tree of the
United States.
Now planted in the parks of San Diego, California, and in New Zealand,
growing rapidly in cultivation, and promising to attain a much larger
size than on its native cliffs.
2. LARIX Adans. Larch.
Tall pyramidal trees, with thick sometimes furrowed scaly bark, heavy
heartwood, thin pale sapwood, slender remote horizontal often pendulous
branches, elongated leading branchlets, short thick spur-like lateral
branchlets, and small subglobose buds, their inner scales accrescent and
marking the lateral branchlets with prominent ring-like scars. Leaves
awl-shaped, triangular and rounded above, or rarely 4-angled, spirally
disposed and remote on leading shoots, on lateral branchlets in crowded
fascicles, each leaf in the axil of a deciduous bud-scale, deciduous.
Flowers solitary, terminal, the staminate globose, oval or oblong,
sessile or stalked, on leafless branches, yellow, composed of numerous
spirally arranged anthers with connectives produced above them into
short points, the pistillate appearing with the leaves, short-oblong to
oblong, composed of few or many green nearly orbicular stalked scales in
the axes of much longer mucronate usually scarlet bracts. Fruit a woody
ovoid-oblong conic or subglobose short-stalked cone composed of slightly
thickened suborbicular or oblong-obovate concave scales, shorter or
longer than their bracts, gradually decreasing from the centre to the
ends of the cone, the small scales usually sterile. Seeds nearly
triangular, rounded on the sides, shorter than their wings; the outer
seed-coat crustaceous, light brown, the inner membranaceous, pale
chestnut-brown and lustrous; cotyledons usually 6, much shorter than the
inferior radicle.
Larix is widely distributed over the northern and mountainous region of
the northern hemisphere from the Arctic Circle to the mountains of West
Virginia and Oregon in the New World, and to central Europe, the
Himalayas, Siberia, Korea, western China, and Japan in the Old World.
Ten species are recognized. Of the exotic species the European _Larix
decidua_, Mill., has been much planted for timber and ornament in the
northeastern states, where the Japanese _Larix Kœmpferi_, Sarg., also
flourishes.
_Larix_ is the classical name of the Larch-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Cones small, subglobose; their scales few, longer than the bracts,
leaves triangular.
1. L. laricina (A, B, F).
Cones elongated; their scales numerous, shorter than the bracts.
Young branchlets pubescent, soon becoming glabrous; leaves
triangular.
2. L. occidentalis (B, G).
Young branchlets tomentose; leaves 4-angled.
3. L. Lyallii (B, F).
1. Larix laricina K. Koch. Tamarack. Larch.
_Larix americana_ Michx.
[Illustration: Fig. 36]
Leaves linear, triangular, rounded above, prominently keeled on the
lower surface, ¾′—1¼′ long, bright green, conspicuously stomatiferous
when they first appear; turning yellow and falling in September or
October. Flowers: male subglobose and sessile; female oblong, with
light-colored bracts produced into elongated green tips, and nearly
orbicular rose-red scales. Fruit on stout incurved stems, subglobose,
rather obtuse, ½′—¾′ long, composed of about 20 scales slightly erose on
their nearly entire margins, rather longer than broad and twice as long
as their bracts, bright chestnut-brown at maturity; usually falling
during their second year; seeds ⅛′ long, about one third as long as
their light chestnut-brown wings broadest near the middle and obliquely
rounded at apex.
A tree, 50°—60° high, with a trunk 18′—20′ in diameter, small horizontal
branches forming during the early life of the tree a narrow regular
pyramidal head always characteristic of this tree when crowded in the
forest, or with abundant space sweeping out in graceful curves, often
becoming contorted and pendulous and forming a broad open frequently
picturesque head, and slender leading branchlets often covered at first
with a glaucous bloom, becoming light orange-brown during their first
winter and conspicuous from the small globose dark red lustrous buds.
Bark ½′—¾′ thick, separating into thin closely appressed rather bright
reddish brown scales. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, rather
coarse-grained, very durable, light brown; largely used for the upper
knees of small vessels, fence-posts, telegraph-poles, and railway-ties.
Distribution. At the north often on well-drained uplands, southward in
cold deep swamps which it often clothes with forests of closely crowded
trees, from Labrador to the Arctic Circle, ranging west of the Rocky
Mountains to latitude 65° 35′ north, and southward through Canada and
the northern states to northern and eastern Pennsylvania, Garrett
County, Maryland (Oakland to Thayerville), and Preston County, West
Virginia (Cranesville Swamp), northern Indiana and Illinois, and
northeastern Minnesota; along the eastern foothills of the Rocky
Mountains to about latitude 53° and between the Yukon River and Cook
Inlet, Alaska (_Larix alaskensis_ Wight.); very abundant in the interior
of Labrador, where it is the largest tree; common along the margins of
the barren lands stretching beyond the sub-Arctic forest to the shores
of the Arctic Sea; attaining its largest size north of Lake Winnipeg on
low benches which it occasionally covers with open forests; on the
eastern slopes of the northern Rocky Mountains usually at elevation from
600°—1700° above the sea; rare and local toward the southern limits of
its range.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the northeastern states,
growing rapidly and attaining in cultivation a large size and
picturesque habit.
2. Larix occidentalis Nutt. Tamarack.
[Illustration: Fig. 37]
Leaves triangular, rounded on the back, conspicuously keeled below,
rigid, sharp-pointed, 1′—1¾′ long, about 1/32′ wide, light pale green,
turning pale yellow early in the autumn. Flowers: male short-oblong;
female oblong, nearly sessile, with orbicular scales and bracts produced
into elongated tips. Fruit oblong, short-stalked, 1′—1½′ long, with
numerous thin stiff scales nearly entire and sometimes a little reflexed
on their margins, much shorter than their bracts, more or less thickly
coated on the lower surface below the middle with hoary tomentum, and
standing after the escape of the seeds at right angles to the axis of
the cone, or often becoming reflexed; seeds nearly ¼′ long, with a pale
brown shell, one half to two thirds as long as the thin fragile pale
wings broadest near the middle and obliquely rounded at apex.
A tree, sometimes 180° high, with a tall tapering naked trunk 6°—8° in
diameter, or on dry soil and exposed mountain slopes usually not more
than 100° tall, with a short narrow pyramidal head of small branches
clothed with scanty foliage, or occasionally with a larger crown of
elongated drooping branches, stout branchlets covered when they first
appear with soft pale pubescence, usually soon glabrous, bright
orange-brown in their first year, ultimately becoming dark gray-brown,
and dark chestnut-brown winter-buds about ⅛′ in diameter. Bark of young
stems thin, dark-colored and scaly, becoming near the base of old trunks
5′ or 6′ thick and broken into irregularly shaped oblong plates often 2°
long and covered with thin closely appressed light cinnamon-red scales.
Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, very
durable in contact with the soil, bright light red, with thin nearly
white sapwood; largely used for railway-ties and fence-posts, and
manufactured into lumber used in cabinet-making and the interior finish
of buildings.
Distribution. Moist bottom-lands and on high benches and dry mountain
sides generally at elevations between 2000° and 7000° above sea-level,
usually singly or in small groves, through the basin of the upper
Columbia River from southern British Columbia to the western slopes of
the continental divide of northern Montana, and to the eastern slopes of
the Cascade Mountains of Washington and northern Oregon; most abundant
and of its largest size on the bottom-lands of streams flowing into Flat
Head Lake in northern Montana, and in northern Idaho.
Occasionally planted in the eastern states and in Europe, but in
cultivation showing little promise of attaining a large size or becoming
a valuable ornamental or timber-tree.
3. Larix Lyallii Parl. Tamarack.
[Illustration: Fig. 38]
Leaves 4-angled, rigid, short-pointed, pale blue-green, 1′—1½′ long.
Flowers: male short-oblong; female ovoid-oblong, with dark red or
occasionally pale yellow-green scales and dark purple bracts abruptly
contracted into elongated slender tips. Fruit ovoid, rather acute,
1½′—2′ long, subsessile or raised on a slender stalk coated with hoary
tomentum, with dark reddish purple or rarely green erose scales, fringed
and covered on their lower surface with matted hairs at maturity
spreading nearly at right angles and finally much reflexed, much shorter
than their dark purple very conspicuous long-tipped bracts; seeds full
and rounded on the sides, ⅛′ long and about half as long as their light
red lustrous wings broadest near the base with nearly parallel sides.
A tree, usually 25°—50° high, with a trunk generally 18′—20′ but rarely
3°—4° in diameter, and remote elongated exceedingly tough persistent
branches sometimes pendulous, developing very irregularly and often
abruptly ascending at the extremities, stout branchlets coated with
hoary tomentum usually persistent until after their second winter,
ultimately becoming nearly black, and prominent winter-buds with
conspicuous long white matted hairs fringing the margins of their scales
and often almost entirely covering the bud. Bark of young trees and of
the branches thin, rather lustrous, smooth, and pale gray tinged with
yellow, becoming loose and scaly on larger stems and on the large
branches of old trees, and on fully grown trunks ½′—¾′ thick and
slightly divided by shallow fissures into irregularly shaped plates
covered by thin dark-red brown loosely attached scales. Wood heavy,
hard, coarse-grained, light reddish brown.
Distribution. Near the timber-line on mountain slopes at elevations of
4000°—8000°, from southern Alberta on the eastern slope of the Rocky
Mountains and from the interior of southern British Columbia, southward
along the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains of northern Washington
to Mt. Stewart at the head of the north fork of the Yakima River, and
along the continental divide to the middle fork of Sun River, Montana,
forming here a forest of considerable size at elevations of 7000°—8000°,
and on the Bitter Root Mountains to the headwaters of the south fork of
the Clearwater River, Idaho.
3. PICEA Dietr. Spruce.
Pyramidal trees, with tall tapering trunks often stoutly buttressed at
the base, thin scaly bark, soft pale wood containing numerous
resin-canals, slender whorled twice or thrice ramified branches, their
ultimate divisions stout, glabrous or pubescent, and leaf-buds usually
in 3’s, the 2 lateral in the axils of upper leaves. Leaves linear,
spirally disposed, extending out from the branch on all sides or
occasionally appearing 2-ranked by the twisting of those on its lower
side, mostly pointing to the end of the branch, entire, articulate on
prominent persistent rhomboid ultimately woody bases, keeled above and
below, 4-sided and stomatiferous on the 4 sides, or flattened and
stomatiferous on the upper and occasionally on the lower side,
persistent from seven to ten years, deciduous in drying. Flowers
terminal or in the axils of upper leaves, the male usually long-stalked,
composed of numerous spirally arranged anthers with connectives produced
into broad nearly circular toothed crests, the female oblong, oval or
cylindric, with rounded or pointed scales, each in the axis of an
accrescent bract shorter than the scale at maturity. Fruit an ovoid or
oblong, cylindric pendant cone, crowded on the upper branches or in some
species scattered over the upper half of the tree. Seeds ovoid or
oblong, usually acute at base, much shorter than their wings; outer
seed-coat crustaceous, light or dark brown, the inner membranaceous,
pale chestnut-brown; cotyledons 4—15.
Picea is widely distributed through the colder and temperate regions of
the northern hemisphere, some species forming great forests on plains
and high mountain slopes. Thirty-seven species are now recognized,
ranging from the Arctic Circle to the slopes of the southern Appalachian
Mountains and to those of northern New Mexico and Arizona in the New
World, and to central and southeastern Europe, the Caucasus, the
Himalayas, western China, Formosa and Japan. Of exotic species the
so-called Norway Spruce, _Picea Abies_ Karst., one of the most valuable
timber-trees of Europe, has been largely planted for ornament and
shelter in the eastern states, where the Caucasian _Picea orientalis_
Carr., and some of the Japanese species also flourish.
_Picea_ was probably the classical name of the Spruce-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Leaves 4-sided, with stomata on the 4 sides.
Cone-scales rounded at apex.
Cone-scales stiff and rigid at maturity; branchlets pubescent.
Cones ovoid on strongly incurved stalks, persistent for many
years, their scales erose or dentate; leaves blue-green.
1. P. mariana (A, B, F).
Cones ovoid-oblong, early deciduous, their scales entire or
denticulate; leaves dark yellow-green.
2. P. rubra (A).
Cone-scales soft and flexible at maturity; branchlets glabrous;
cones oblong-cylindric, slender, their scales entire; leaves
blue-green.
3. P. glauca (A, B, F).
Cone-scales truncate or acute at apex, oblong or rhombic; leaves
blue-green.
Cones oblong-cylindric or ellipsoidal; branchlets pubescent;
leaves soft and flexible.
4. P. Engelmannii (F, B, G).
Cones oblong-cylindric; branchlets glabrous; leaves rigid,
spinescent.
5. P. pungens (F).
Leaves flattened, usually with stomata only on the upper surface;
cone-scales rounded.
Cone-scales ovate, entire; branchlets pubescent; cones ellipsoidal,
leaves obtuse.
6. P. Breweriana (G).
Cone-scales elliptic, denticulate above the middle; branchlets
glabrous; cones oblong-cylindric, leaves acute or acuminate,
with stomata occasionally on the lower surface.
7. P. sitchensis (B, G).
1. Picea mariana B. S. P. Black Spruce.
[Illustration: Fig. 39]
Leaves slightly incurved above the middle, abruptly contracted at apex
into short callous tips, pale blue-green and glaucous at maturity, ¼′—¾′
long, hoary on the upper surface from the broad bands of stomata, and
lustrous and slightly stomatiferous on the lower surface. Flowers: male
subglobose, with dark red anthers; female oblong-cylindric, with obovate
purple scales rounded above, and oblong purple glaucous bracts rounded
and denticulate at apex. Fruit ovoid, pointed, gradually narrowed at the
base into short strongly incurved stalks, ½′—1½′ long, with rigid
puberulous scales rounded or rarely somewhat pointed at apex and more or
less erose on the notched pale margins, turning as they ripen dull
gray-brown and becoming as the scales gradually open and slowly
discharge their seeds almost globose; sometimes remaining on the
branches for twenty or thirty years, the oldest close to the base of the
branches near the trunk; seeds oblong, narrowed to the acute base, about
⅛′ long, very dark brown, with delicate pale brown wings broadest above
the middle, very oblique at the apex, about ½′ long, ⅛′ wide.
A tree, usually 20°—30° and occasionally 100° high, with a trunk 6′—12′
and rarely 3° in diameter, and comparatively short branches generally
pendulous with upward curves, forming an open irregular crown, light
green branchlets coated with pale pubescence, soon beginning to grow
darker, and during their first winter light cinnamon-brown and covered
with short rusty pubescence, their thin brown bark gradually becoming
glabrous and beginning to break into small thin scales during their
second year; at the extreme north sometimes cone-bearing when only 2°—3°
high. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, light reddish brown, puberulous, about
⅛′ long. Bark ¼′—½′ thick and broken on the surface into thin rather
closely appressed gray-brown scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, pale
yellow-white, with thin sapwood; probably rarely used outside of
Manitoba and Saskatchewan, except in the manufacture of paper pulp.
Spruce-gum, the resinous exudations of the Spruce-trees of northeastern
America, is gathered in considerable quantities principally in northern
New England and Canada, and is used as a masticatory. Spruce-beer is
made by boiling the branches of the Black and Red Spruces.
Distribution. At the north on well-drained bottom-lands and the slopes
of barren stony hills, and southward in sphagnum-covered bogs, swamps,
and on their borders, from Labrador to the valley of the Mackenzie River
in about latitude 65° north, and, crossing the Rocky Mountains, through
the interior of Alaska to the valley of White River; southward through
Newfoundland, the maritime provinces, eastern Canada and the
northeastern United States to central Pennsylvania, and along the
Alleghany Mountains to northern Virginia; and from the eastern foothills
of the Rocky Mountains in Alberta, through northern Saskatchewan and
northern Manitoba, and south to northeastern and northern Minnesota, and
central Wisconsin and Michigan; very abundant at the far north and the
largest coniferous tree of Saskatchewan and northern Manitoba, covering
here large areas and growing to its largest size; common in Newfoundland
and all the provinces of eastern Canada except southern Ontario; in the
United States less abundant, of small size, and usually only in cold
sphagnum swamps (var. _brevifolia_ Rehd.)
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree, the Black Spruce is
short-lived in cultivation and one of the least desirable of all
Spruce-trees for the decoration of parks and gardens.
2. Picea rubra Link. Red Spruce.
_Picea rubens_ Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 40]
Leaves more or less incurved above the middle, acute or rounded and
furnished at the apex with short callous points, dark green often
slightly tinged with yellow, very lustrous, marked on the upper surface
by 4 rows and on the lower less conspicuously by 2 rows of stomata on
each side of the prominent midrib, ½′—⅝′ long, nearly 1/16′ wide.
Flowers: male oval, almost sessile, bright red; female oblong-cylindric,
with thin rounded scales reflexed and slightly erose on their margins,
and obovate bracts rounded and laciniate above. Fruit on very short
straight or incurved stalks, ovoid-oblong, gradually narrowed from near
the middle to the acute apex, 1¼′—2′ long, with rigid puberulous scales
entire or slightly toothed at the apex; bright green or green somewhat
tinged with purple when fully grown, becoming light reddish brown and
lustrous at maturity, beginning to fall as soon as the scales open in
the autumn or early winter, and generally disappearing from the branches
the following summer; seeds dark brown, about ⅛′ long, with short broad
wings full and rounded above the middle.
A tree, usually 70°—80° and occasionally 100° high, with a trunk 2°—3°
in diameter, branches long-persistent on the stem and clothing it to the
ground, forming a narrow rather conical head, or soon disappearing below
from trees crowded in the forest, stout pubescent light green
branchlets, becoming bright reddish brown or orange-brown during their
first winter, glabrous the following year, and covered in their third or
fourth year with scaly bark. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, ¼′—⅓′ long, with
light reddish brown scales. Bark ¼′—½′ thick, and broken into thin
closely appressed irregularly shaped red-brown scales. Wood light, soft,
close-grained, not strong, pale slightly tinged with red, with paler
sapwood usually about 2′ thick; largely manufactured into lumber in the
northeastern states, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, and used for the
flooring and construction of houses, for the sounding-boards of musical
instruments, and in the manufacture of paper-pulp.
Distribution. Well-drained uplands and mountain slopes, often forming a
large part of extensive forests, from Prince Edward Island and the
valley of the St. Lawrence southward to the coast of Massachusetts,
along the interior hilly part of New England, New York, and northern
Pennsylvania and on the slopes of the Alleghany Mountains at elevations
above 2500 feet from West Virginia to North Carolina and Tennessee.
Occasionally planted in the eastern states and in Europe as an
ornamental tree, but growing in cultivation more slowly than any other
Spruce-tree.
3. Picea glauca Voss. White Spruce.
_Picea canadensis_ B. S. P.
[Illustration: Fig. 41]
Leaves crowded on the upper side of the branches by the twisting of
those on the lower side, incurved, acute or acuminate with rigid callous
tips, pale blue and hoary when they first appear, becoming dark
blue-green or pale blue, marked on each of the 4 sides by 3 or 4 rows of
stomata, ⅓′—¾′ long. Flowers: male pale red, soon appearing yellow from
the thick covering of pollen; female oblong-cylindric, with round nearly
entire pale red or yellow-green scales, broader than long, and nearly
orbicular denticulate bracts. Fruit nearly sessile or borne on short
thin straight stems, oblong-cylindric, slender, slightly narrowed to the
ends, rather obtuse at apex, usually about 2′ long, pale green sometimes
tinged with red when fully grown, becoming at maturity pale brown and
lustrous, with nearly orbicular scales, rounded, truncate, and slightly
emarginate, or rarely narrowed at apex, and very thin, flexible and
elastic at maturity, usually deciduous in the autumn or during the
following winter; seeds about ⅛′ long, pale brown, with narrow wings
gradually widened from the base to above the middle and very oblique at
the apex.
A tree, with disagreeable smelling foliage, rarely more than 60°—70°
tall, with a trunk not more than 2° in diameter, long comparatively
thick branches densely clothed with stout rigid laterals sweeping out in
graceful upward curves, and forming a broad-based rather open pyramid
often obtuse at the apex, stout glabrous branchlets orange-brown during
their first autumn and winter, gradually growing darker grayish brown.
Winter-buds broadly ovoid, obtuse, covered by light chestnut-brown
scales with thin often reflexed ciliate margins. Bark ¼′—½′ thick,
separating irregularly into thin plate-like light gray scales more or
less tinged with brown. Wood light, soft, not strong, straight-grained
light yellow, with hardly distinguishable sapwood; manufactured into
lumber in the eastern provinces of Canada and in Alaska, and used in
construction, for the interior finish of buildings, and for paper-pulp.
Distribution. Banks and borders of streams and lakes, ocean cliffs, and
in the north the rocky slopes of low hills, from Labrador along the
northern frontier of the forest nearly to the shores of the Arctic Sea,
reaching Behring Strait in 66° 44′ north latitude, and southward down
the Atlantic coast to southern Maine, northern New Hampshire, Vermont,
and New York, shores of Saginaw Bay, Michigan, northern Wisconsin and
Minnesota, and through the interior of Alaska.
The variety (var. _albertiana_ Sarg.) of the Gaspé Peninsula and the
valleys of the Black Hills of South Dakota and of the Rocky Mountains of
northern Wyoming, Montana, Alberta and northward, is a tree with a
narrow pyramidal head, sometimes 150° high, with a trunk 3° to 4° in
diameter, and shorter and rather broader cones than those of the typical
White Spruce of the east, although not shorter or as short as the cones
of that tree in the extreme north.
Often planted in Canada, northern New England, and northern Europe as an
ornamental tree; in southern New England and southward suffering from
heat and dryness.
4. Picea Engelmannii Engelm. White Spruce. Engelmann Spruce.
[Illustration: Fig. 42]
Leaves soft and flexible, with acute callous tips, slender, nearly
straight or slightly incurved on vigorous sterile branches, stouter,
shorter, and more incurved on fertile branches, 1′—1⅛′ long, marked on
each face by 3—5 rows of stomata, covered at first with a glaucous
bloom, soon becoming dark blue-green or pale steel-blue. Flowers: male
dark purple; female bright scarlet, with pointed or rounded and more or
less divided scales, and oblong bracts rounded or acute or acuminate and
denticulate at apex or obovate-oblong and abruptly acuminate. Fruit
oblong-cylindric to ellipsoidal, gradually narrowed to the ends, usually
about 2′ long, sessile or very short-stalked, produced in great numbers
on the upper branches, horizontal and ultimately pendulous, light green
somewhat tinged with scarlet when fully grown, becoming light
chestnut-brown and lustrous, with thin flexible slightly concave scales,
generally erose-dentate or rarely almost entire on the margins, usually
broadest at the middle, wedge-shaped below, and gradually contracted
above into a truncate or acute apex, or occasionally obovate and rounded
above; mostly deciduous in the autumn or early in their first winter
soon after the escape of the seeds; seeds obtuse at the base, nearly
black, about ⅛′ long and much shorter than their broad very oblique
wings.
A tree, with disagreeable smelling foliage sometimes 120° high, with a
trunk 3° in diameter, spreading branches produced in regular whorls and
forming a narrow compact pyramidal head, gracefully hanging short
lateral branches, and comparatively slender branchlets pubescent for
three or four years, light or dark orange-brown or gray tinged with
brown during their first winter, their bark beginning to separate into
small flaky scales in their fourth or fifth year; at its highest
altitudes low and stunted with elongated branches pressed close to the
ground. Winter-buds conic or slightly obtuse, with pale chestnut-brown
scales scarious and often free and slightly reflexed on the margins.
Bark ¼′—½′ thick, light cinnamon-red, and broken into large thin loose
scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, pale yellow tinged
with red, with thick hardly distinguishable sapwood; largely
manufactured into lumber used in the construction of buildings; also
employed for fuel and charcoal. The bark is sometimes employed in
tanning leather.
Distribution. High mountain slopes, often forming great forests from the
mountains of Alberta, British Columbia and Alaska, southward over the
interior mountain systems of the continent to southern New Mexico (the
Sacramento Mountains) and northern Arizona, from elevations of 5000° at
the north up to 11,500° and occasionally to 12,000° at the south, and
westward through Montana and Idaho to the eastern slopes of the Cascade
Mountains of Washington and Oregon; attaining its greatest size and
beauty north of the northern boundary of the United States.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the New England states and
northern Europe, where it grows vigorously and promises to attain a
large size; usually injured in western Europe by spring frosts.
5. Picea pungens Englm. Blue Spruce. Colorado Spruce.
_Picea Parryana_ Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 43]
Leaves strongly incurved, especially those on the upper side of the
branches, stout, rigid, acuminate and tipped with long callous sharp
points, 1′—1⅛′ long on sterile branches, often not more than half as
long on the fertile branches of old trees, marked on each side by 4—7
rows of stomata, dull bluish green on some individuals and light or dark
steel-blue or silvery white on others, the blue colors gradually
changing to dull blue-green at the end of three or four years. Flowers:
male yellow tinged with red; female with broad oblong or slightly
obovate pale green scales truncate or slightly emarginate at the
denticulate apex, and acute bracts. Fruit produced on the upper third of
the tree, sessile or short-stalked, oblong-cylindric, slightly narrowed
at the ends, usually about 3′ long, green more or less tinged with red
when fully grown at midsummer, becoming pale chestnut-brown and
lustrous, with flat tough rhombic scales flexuose on the margins, and
acute, rounded or truncate at the elongated erose apex; seeds ⅛′ long or
about half the length of their wings, gradually widening to above the
middle and full and rounded at apex.
A tree, usually 80°—100° or occasionally 150° high, with a trunk rarely
3° in diameter and occasionally divided into 3 or 4 stout secondary
stems, rigid horizontal branches disposed on young trees in remote
whorls and decreasing regularly in length from below upward, the short
stout stiff branchlets pointing forward and making flat-topped masses of
foliage; branches on old trees short and remote, with stout lateral
branches forming a thin ragged pyramidal crown; branchlets stout, rigid,
glabrous, pale glaucous green, becoming bright orange-brown during the
first winter and ultimately light grayish brown. Winter-buds stout,
obtuse or rarely acute, ¼′—½′ long, with thin pale chestnut-brown scales
usually reflexed on the margins. Bark of young trees gray or gray tinged
with cinnamon-red and broken into small oblong plate-like scales,
becoming on the lower part of old trunks ¾′—1½′ thick and deeply divided
into broad rounded ridges covered with small closely appressed pale gray
or occasionally bright cinnamon-red scales. Wood light, soft,
close-grained, weak, pale brown or often nearly white, with hardly
distinguishable sapwood.
Distribution. Banks of streams or on the first benches above them singly
or in small groves at elevations between 6500° and 11,000° above the
sea; Colorado and eastern Utah northward to the northern end of the
Medicine Bow Mountains and on the Laramie Range in southern and on the
Shoshone and Teton Mountains in northwestern Wyoming, and southward into
northern New Mexico (Sierra Bianca, alt. 8000°—11,000°, Sacramento
Mountains, Pecos River National Forest).
Often planted as an ornamental tree in the eastern and northern states
and in western and northern Europe, especially individuals with blue
foliage; very beautiful in early life but in cultivation soon becoming
unsightly from the loss of the lower branches.
6. Picea Breweriana S. Wats. Weeping Spruce.
[Illustration: Fig. 44]
Leaves abruptly narrowed and obtuse at apex, straight or slightly
incurved, rounded and obscurely ridged and dark green and lustrous on
the lower surface, flattened and conspicuously marked on the upper
surface by 4 or 5 rows of stomata on each side of the prominent midrib,
¾′—1⅛′ long, 1/16′—1/10′ wide. Flowers: male dark purple; female
oblong-cylindric, with obovate scales rounded above and reflexed on the
entire margins, and oblong bracts laciniately divided at th
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