A Hand-book to the Primates, Volume 2 (of 2)
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Title: A Hand-book to the Primates, Volume 2 (of 2)
Author: Henry O. Forbes
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Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they
are listed at the end of the text.
Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). A carat character
is used to denote superscription: a single character following the carat is
superscripted (example: A^4). [)e] indicates "e breve" (short e), and so
forth.
On pp. 237-257 the extinct genera and species referred to as being in
"black type" are marked by a + sign.
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* * * * *
PLATE XXVI.
[Illustration: ST. JOHN'S MACAQUE]
_LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY._
EDITED BY R. BOWDLER SHARPE, LL.D., F.L.S., &c.
A HAND-BOOK
TO THE
PRIMATES.
BY
HENRY O. FORBES, LL.D., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., ETC.,
DIRECTOR OF MUSEUMS TO THE CORPORATION OF LIVERPOOL,
_Author of "A Naturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago,"
etc., etc., etc._
_VOL. II._
LONDON:
EDWARD LLOYD, LIMITED,
12, SALISBURY SQUARE, FLEET STREET.
1897.
PREFACE.
The prefatory remarks in the preceding volume explain the purport of the
"Hand-book" of the Primates, which has been undertaken by Dr. Forbes. I
hope that the portion of the work devoted to the geographical distribution
of these animals will be found to be of some interest; but, as explained by
the author, the meagreness of the material in Museums renders the
definition of the exact habitats of Monkeys extremely difficult.
R. BOWDLER SHARPE.
INTRODUCTION.
I have little to add to the remarks given in the first volume of this
"Hand-book." I may refer, however, to the interest which attaches to the
study of the extinct forms of life, in relation to those which exist at the
present day. Although I have endeavoured, to the best of my ability, to
present to the student as complete a review of the species of Monkeys known
to us at the present time, I am well aware that there is an enormous amount
of work to be done before our knowledge of the Primates can be said to be
complete. There is a natural repugnance to collecting specimens of Monkeys
on the part of sportsmen. To shoot one feels like killing a sort of
relation, and even our best collectors, who thoroughly understood the
necessity of obtaining specimens in the interests of science, speak with a
feeling of pain of the human-like distress which a wounded Monkey exhibits;
and it is, therefore, difficult to induce travellers to shoot animals which
offer so much of a "counterfeit presentment" to human beings.
The loose way in which the older naturalists expressed themselves in regard
to geographical distribution, has also rendered a correct appreciation of
the ranges of some of the Primates exceedingly difficult. Thus "Brazil"
may mean any portion of the South American continent from the Argentine
Republic to the Amazons, and "Mexique" has done duty in many Museums for
any locality between Mexico and Panama. Much, therefore, remains to be done
to define the exact areas which the different species of Primates inhabit.
HENRY O. FORBES.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
PAGE
ORDER PRIMATES (_continued_), 1
SUB ORDER II.--ANTHROPOIDEA (_continued_), 1
FAMILY CERCOPITHECIDÆ (_continued_), 1
SUB-FAMILY CERCOPITHECINÆ (_continued_), 1
IV. MACACUS, Lacép., 1, 213
1. inuus (L.), 4, 213
2. arctoides, Is. Geoffr., 8
3. rufescens, Anders., 11
4. maurus, F. Cuv., 11
5. fuscatus, Blyth, 13
6. leoninus, Blyth, 14
7. nemestrinus (L.), 16
8. silenus (L.), 18
9. assamensis, McClell., 20
10. rhesus (Audeb.), 22
11. lasiotis, Gray, 25
12. tcheliensis, Milne-Edw., 26
13. sancti-johannis (Swinh.), 28
14. cyclops, Swinh., 28
15. cynomologus (L.), 31
16. pileatus (Shaw), 33
17. sinicus (L.), 35
V. CERCOCEBUS, Geoffr., 36
1. fuliginosus, Geoffr., 37
2. collaris, Gray, 38
3. æthiops (L.), 39
4. albigena, Gray, 40
5. aterrimus, Oudem., 40
6. galeritus, Peters, 41
VI. CERCOPITHECUS, Erxl. 41
Group I.--Cercopitheci rhinosticti 44
1. petaurista (Schreb.) 44
2. signatus, Jentink 45
3. erythrogaster, Gray 46
4. buettikoferi, Jentink 47
5. martini, Waterh. 47
6. ludio, Gray 48
7. melanogenys, Gray 49
8. stampflii, Jentink 50
9. schmidti, Matschie 50
10. nictitans (L.) 51
11. erythrotis, Waterh. 52
12. cephus (L.) 53
Group II.--Cercopitheci chloronoti 54
13. cynosurus (Scop.) 55
14. sabæus (L.) 56
15. werneri, Geoffr. 58
16. callitrichus, Is. Geoffr. 58
17. pygerythrus, F. Cuv. 60
18. tantalus, Ogilby 62
Group III.--Cercopitheci erythronoti 63
19. patas (Schreb.) 63
20. pyrrhonotus, H. and E. 64
21. rufo-viridis, Geoffr. 65
Group IV.--Cercopitheci melanochiri 66
22. mona (Schreb.) 66
23. albigularis (Sykes) 67
24. boutourlinii, Gigl. 69
25. campbelli, Waterh. 70
26. samango, Sundev. 71
27. labiatus, Geoffr. 72
28. opisthostictus, Scl. 72
29. stairsi, Scl. 73
30. moloneyi, Scl. 74
31. neglectus, Schl. 75
32. leucampyx (Fischer) 75
Group V.--Cercopitheci auriculati 76
33. grayi, Fraser 77
34. pogonias, Bennett 78
35. nigripes, Du Chaillu 78
36. wolfi, Meyer 79
Group VI.--Cercopitheci barbati 79
37. diana (L.) 79
38. palatinus, Wagn. 81
39. brazzæ, Milne-Edw. 81
Group VII.--Cercopitheci trituberculati 82
40. talapoin, Erxl. 82
SUB-FAMILY SEMNOPITHECINÆ 83
I. COLOBUS, Illig. 85, 214
1. verus, Van Bened. 87
2. rufomitratus, Peters 88
3. kirki, Gray 89
4. ferrugineus (Shaw) 91
5. satanas, Waterh. 93
6. ursinus, Ogilby 93
7. vellerosus (Is. Geoffr.) 94
8. angolensis, Scl. 96
9. guereza, Rüpp. 97
10. caudatus, Thomas 98
II. SEMNOPITHECUS, F. Cuv. 100, 214
1. barbii (Blyth) 102
2. pileatus, Blyth 103
3. entellus (Dufr.) 104
4. schistaceus, Hodgs. 107
5. priamus (Blyth) 108
6. hypoleucus, Blyth 110
7. johni (Fischer) 111
8. cephalopterus (Zimm.) 112
9. sabanus, Thomas 116
10. hosii, Thomas 117
11. thomasi, Collett 119
12. everetti, Thomas 120
13. cruciger, Thomas 121
14. ursinus (Blyth) 122
15. obscurus, Reid 123
16. holotephreus, Anders. 124
17. germaini, Milne-Edw. 124
18. maurus (Schreb.) 125
19. femoralis, Horsf. 126
20. rubicundus, S. Müll. 128
21. natunæ, Thomas and Hartert 129
22. phayrii (Blyth) 131
23. rutledgii, Anderson 133
24. frontatus, S. Müll. 133
25. nemæus (L.) 134
26. nigripes, Milne-Edw. 135
27. melanolophus (Raffl.) 136
28. mitratus (Esch.) 137
29. roxellanæ, Milne-Edw. 139
III. NASALIS, Geoffr. 140
1. larvatus (Wurmb.) 140
FAMILY SIMIIDÆ 143
I. HYLOBATES Illig. 148, 216
1. agilis, F. Cuv. 151
2. leuciscus (Schreb.) 154
[alpha]. leuciscus (Schreb.) 154
[beta]. concolor, Schl. 155
3. leucogenys, Ogilby 158
4. lar (L.) 159
5. hoolock, Haslan. 161
6. hainanus, Thomas 164
7. syndactylus (Desm.) 166
II. SIMIA, L. 170, 217
1. satyrus, L. 170, 217
III. GORILLA, Is. Geoffr. 180
1. gorilla (Wyman) 180
IV. ANTHROPOPITHECUS, Blainv. 187, 217
1. troglodytes (L.) 194
2. calvus (Du Chaillu) 199
FAMILY HOMINIDÆ 203, 218
I. HOMO, L. 203
1. sapiens, L. 203
[alpha]. Ethiopian Race 207
[beta]. Mongolian Race 207
[gamma]. Caucasian Race 208
EXTINCT ANTHROPOIDEA 209
FAMILY HAPALIDÆ 210
I. HAPALE, Illig. 210
1. grandis, Lund 210
FAMILY CEBIDÆ 210
SUB-FAMILY NYCTIPITHECINÆ:
I. PROTOPITHECUS, Lund 210
1. brasiliensis, Lund 210
II. CALLITHRIX, Geoffr. 210
1. chlorocnomys, Lund 210
2. primæva, Lund 210
SUB-FAMILY MYCETINÆ:
III. ALOUATTA, Lacép. 210
1. ursina (Humb.) 210
SUB-FAMILY CEBINÆ:
IV. CEBUS, Erxl. 210
1. macrognathus, Lund 210
2. fatuellus (L.) 210
3. cirrifer, Geoff. 210
V. HOMUNCULUS, Amegh. 211
1. patagonicus, Amegh. 211
VI. ANTHROPOPS, Amegh. 211
1. perfectus, Amegh. 211
FAMILY CERCOPITHECIDÆ.
SUB-FAMILY CERCOPITHECINÆ:
I. PAPIO, Erxl. 212
1. sub-himalayamus (Meyer) 212
2. falconeri (Lydekker) 212
3. atlanticus, Thomas 212
II. OREOPITHECUS, Gerv. 212
1. bambolii, Gerv. 212
III. MACACUS, Lacép. 1, 213
1. sivalensis, Lydekker 213
2. priscus 213
3. inuus, Gervais 4, 213
4. florentinus, Cocchi 213
5. suevicus, Heding. 213
6. trarensis, Pomel 213
IV. DOLICHOPITHECUS, Depéret 214
1. ruscinensis, Depéret 214
V. MESOPITHECUS, Wagn. 214
1. pentelici, Wagn. 214
SUB-FAMILY SEMNOPITHECINÆ:
I. COLOBUS, Illig. 85, 214
1. grandævus, Fraas. 214
II. SEMNOPITHECUS, F. Cuv. 100, 215
1. monspessulanus, Gerv. 215
2. palæindicus, Lydekker 215
FAMILY SIMIIDÆ 215
I. PLIOPITHECUS, Gerv. 215
1. antiquus, Gerv. 215
2. chantrei, Gerv. 216
II. HYLOBATES, Illig. 148, 216
1. leuciscus (Schieb.) 216
III. DRYOPITHECUS, Lartet. 216
1. fontani, Lartet. 217
IV. SIMIA, L. 170, 217
1. satyrus, L. 170, 217
V. ANTHROPOPITHECUS, Blainv. 188, 217
1. sivalensis (Lydekker) 217
FAMILY HOMINIDÆ 218
I. HOMO, L. 218
LIST OF PLATES.
XXVI.--St. John's Macaque _Macacus sancti-johannis._
XXVII.--White-crowned Mangabey _Cercocebus æthiops._
XXVIII.--Green Guenon _Cercopithecus callitrichus._
XXIX.--Boutourlini's Guenon _Cercopithecus boutourlinii._
XXX.--Erxleben's Guenon _Cercopithecus grayi._
XXXI.--De Brazza's Guenon _Cercopithecus brazzæ._
XXXII.--Talapoin _Cercopithecus talapoin._
XXXIII.--Bay Guereza _Colobus ferrugineus._
XXXIV.--White-tailed Guereza _Colobus caudatus._
XXXV.--Hose's Langur _Semnopithecus hosii._
XXXVI.--Everett's Langur _Semnopithecus everetti._
XXXVII.--Proboscis Monkey _Nasalis larvatus._
XXXVIII.--Siamang Gibbon _Hylobates syndactylus._
XXXIX.--Orang-utan _Simia satyrus._
XL.--Gorilla _Gorilla gorilla._
XLI.--Bald Chimpanzee _Anthropopithecus calvus._
XLII.--MAP I. Showing the distribution of Living and Fossil
_Lemuroidea_.
XLIII.--MAP II. Showing the distribution of the Family _Tarsiidæ_, and
of the Sub-family _Galaginæ_ of the _Lemuridæ_.
XLIV.--MAP III. Showing the distribution of the Family _Chiromyidæ_,
and of the Sub-families _Lemurinæ_ and _Indrisinæ_, and of
the Sub-family _Lorisinæ_ of the _Lemuridæ_.
XLV.--MAP IV. Showing the distribution of Living and Fossil
_Anthropoidea_.
XLVI.--MAP V. Showing the distribution of the Families _Hapalidæ_ and
_Cebidæ_.
XLVII.--MAP VI. Showing the distribution of the Genera _Papio_,
_Theropithecus_, _Cynopithecus_, _Cercocebus_,
_Cercopithecus_, and _Macasus_.
XLVIII.--MAP VII. Showing the distribution of the Genera
_Semnopithecus_, _Nasalis_, and _Colobus_.
XLIX.--MAP VIII. Showing the distribution of the Genera _Hylobates_,
_Simia_, _Gorilla_, and _Anthropopithecus_.
{1}ORDER PRIMATES.
THE BABOONS, MANGABEYS, AND MACAQUES
(_Continued_).
THE MACAQUES. GENUS MACACUS.
_Macacus_, Lacép., Mem. de l'Inst., iii., p. 450 (1801).
This genus embraces a large number of species which are characterised by
having a thick-set body and short stout limbs, with the thumb set backward.
The muzzle is considerably produced and rounded, but the nose does not
extend as far out as the plane of the upper lip; the nostrils open in
advance of its termination, and are directed obliquely outwards and
downwards; their cheek-pouches are large, and their lips thick and
protrusile; their eyes are approximated, and look out from below thick and
prominent superciliary ridges; their ears are naked and applied flatly to
the sides of the head and their hind upper angle is pointed; their
callosities, which extend with age, are often surrounded by a portion of
the buttocks, which is always nude. The tail is long, short, tufted, or
reduced to a mere tubercle, and it may be quite invisible externally. Some
have the hair of the head long, and radiating in all directions; others
have the face encircled by a kind of mane. In some northern forms, the
whole body is covered with a woolly fur, as a protection against cold.
{2}In the skull the facial region predominates over the cranial, and the
lower margin of the frontal bones are exserted to form a thick prominent
ridge over the orbits and nose; the mastoid process on each side of the
skull, behind the ear, is very prominent for the attachment of a muscle
which assists in opening the mouth and in swallowing their food. Strong
muscles also stretch from the back of the head to the spine for the support
of the head. The canine teeth are long, and press against the anterior
pre-molars of the lower jaw, the position of which is modified or distorted
by the pressure, thus enabling these animals to crush and open hard-shelled
fruits. Their anterior and median lower molars are four-cusped, while the
posterior is markedly larger, and has five cusps and a posterior talon. The
carpus, or wrist, possesses the central (_os centrale_) bone, and the
fingers have their metacarpal bones elongated. The caudal vertebræ in the
species of this genus are usually numerous; even in the short-tailed
species they vary from fifteen to seventeen in number, the reduction in the
length of the tail being the result of a great diminution in the size, not
in the number, of the vertebræ. In the tail of one species (_M. inuus_),
however, they are reduced in number to two or three; in the same species
the tail lacks the chevron (or V-shaped) bones on its under side, as well
as the processes to which the muscles for its movement are attached. Most
of the Macaques have a throat-sac, which communicates with the larynx under
the thyroid cartilage, and which fills with air, acting as a resonator to
their voice.
The Macaques are among the commonest Monkeys of India and the East Indian
islands. They occur also in Northern Africa (Morocco), and in Gibraltar,
across the Straits. Eastwards they extend into Thibet and Northern China.
They are {3}also found in Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, and in Timor,
this being the most eastern habitat of any of the _Anthropoidea_ except
that of _Cynopithecus niger_. Dr. Blanford, in his "Mammals of British
India," says that the species of the present genus resemble each other in
their habits; they are found in flocks, often of considerable size, and
generally composed of both sexes and of all ages. They are active animals,
though less agile in their movements, whether on trees or on the ground,
than the Langurs (_vide infrà_). Their food is varied, most of the species,
if not all, eating insects as well as seeds, fruits, &c., and one kind
feeding entirely on Crustacea. They have occasionally been known to devour
Lizards, and, it is said, Frogs also. All have the habit of cramming food
into their cheek-pouches for mastication at leisure.... The voice and
gestures of all the species (_M. silenus_ perhaps excepted) are similar,
and differ from those of both the Gibbons and Langurs. Tickell notices this
in his MS. Notes, and gives the following details, which are worthy of
quotation: "Anger is generally silent, or, at most, expressed by a low
hoarse monotone, 'Heu,' not so gular or guttural as a growl; ennui and a
desire for company by a whining 'Hom,' invitation, deprecation, entreaty,
by a smacking of the lips and a display of the incisors into a regular
broad grin, accompanied with a subdued grunting chuckle, highly expressive,
but not to be rendered on paper; fear and alarm by a loud harsh shriek,
'Kra,' or 'Kraouh,' which serves also as a warning to the others who may be
heedless of danger. Unlike the Langurs and Gibbons, they have no voice, if
calling to one another."
The majority of the species are very docile when young. They thrive well,
and several of them have bred in confinement. The period of gestation is
about seven months, only a {4}single young one, as a rule, being produced
at a birth. They become adult at the age of four or five years, but breed
earlier.
In regard to the expression of emotion among these Monkeys, Mr. Darwin has
recorded of different species that when pleased they draw back the corners
of the mouth in a species of smile, become red in the face when angry, and
pale when afraid.
The term Macaque was given to these monkeys by Buffon, who took it,
however, from what is supposed to have been the native name of an _African_
species of Monkey, and misapplied it to this Indian group. _Macacus_ is
therefore the Latinised form of that word, which has now been applied too
long to be changed.
I. THE BARBARY MACAQUE. MACACUS INUUS.
_Simia inuus_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 34 (1766).
_Simia sylvanus_, Linn., t.c. p. 35.
_Inuus ecaudatus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 100 (1812); Gray, Cat.
Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 32 (1870).
_Le magot_, F. Cuvier et Geoffr., Mamm., livr. ii. (1819); F. Cuv.,
Mammif., p. 114, pl. 41.
_Macacus inuus_, Desmar., Mamm., p. 67 (1820).
_Inuus pithecus_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth., Primates, p. 31 (1851).
_Macacus sylvanus_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 115 (1876).
CHARACTERS.--Body short and thick-set, and about as big as a
moderately-sized Dog. Head oblong, long, rounded, and wrinkled; face and
chin naked; eyes approximated, set deep below the superciliary ridges; brow
small; neck short. Ears pointed at their hind upper angle, and their
margins haired; nose not prominent; nostrils two slit-like orifices
converging at right angles to the partition; lips slender, extensile; upper
{5}lip broad; callosities less extensive than in the Baboons; tail
invisible externally; toes longer than the fingers, and both much haired.
Hair on the crown short and reflexed; hairs on the cheeks forming a
whisker, directed backward; hair of the fore-arms directed towards the
elbow.
Crown, and sides of head, cheeks, neck, shoulders, upper back, and front of
fore-limbs golden-yellow, mixed with a few black hairs, the individual
hairs being dark grey at the base, ringed for the rest of their length with
yellow and grey; the rest of the upper part of the body greyish-yellow or
yellowish-brown; under side of lower jaw, lower side of body, and inner
face of limbs greyish-yellow, or yellowish-white; a dark spot of black
hairs tipped with yellow at the inner angle of each eye, and stretching
down on the cheeks; naked parts of face, ears, and callosities pale
flesh-colour, as also is the thinly-haired skin of the inner sides of the
limbs; tail represented by a small tubercle of naked skin. Length of the
body, 2½ feet.
FEMALE.--Exactly resembles the male in coloration, but is slightly smaller
in size, and more amiable in disposition; the canines scarcely larger than
the incisors.
DISTRIBUTION.--This species, named by the French "Magot," inhabits Morocco,
and Algeria in Northern Africa. It is found also on the Rock of Gibraltar,
and some distance inland in Spain; but whether it has been transported from
Africa, or has lived there since its ancestors were left isolated when the
Straits of Gibraltar subsided and separated Europe from Africa, is a
question impossible to decide now. It is certain that the Moors bring now,
and probably for ages have been in the habit of bringing, captive specimens
of this Monkey, to trade away on the European side; it is, therefore,
{6}not impossible that the "Apes of the Rock" may have thus been
introduced. This is the only African (or European) species of the genus.
HABITS.--This Monkey has been known to science for many centuries. It is
now certain, as M. Frederick Cuvier remarks in his "History of Mammals,"
thanks to the researches of M. de Blainville upon the Monkey dissected by
Galen, that the _Pithecus_ of Aristotle was our Magot, as we know of no
other species of Macaque without a tail. The Barbary Macaques, when on the
ground, invariably walk on their four legs, but in an uneasy and clumsy
manner compared with their motions when climbing; they are far more at home
in trees or rocks, where they climb with amazing rapidity. They live
chiefly on fruits and leaves, feeding themselves with their hands, and
smelling everything they are uncertain about, before putting it into the
mouth. They also eat grass very readily. They are found in large crowds in
the forests of Barbary, which reach to the sea, and are very destructive to
the cultivated fields of the Moors, on which they make constant raids, and
during which, like the Baboons, they post sentinels to give warning of
danger to their foraging friends. This Monkey sleeps on its side or in a
sitting posture with its head dropped between its knees.
On the European side of the Mediterranean, these Apes were at one time very
abundant on the Rock of Gibraltar, but as they robbed the gardens of the
garrison they were killed by every means for several years, till they were
eventually reduced to three. Orders were, however, issued by the
authorities for their preservation, and a few additional pairs were
imported from Africa. They now frequent the inaccessible ledges of the
Rock, especially on its Mediterranean face, on which they climb about with
marvellous rapidity.
{7}In reply to inquiries about the present condition of the Barbary Apes
(_Macacus inuus_) on the Rock, Dr. Sclater records in 1893 that General Sir
Lothian Bell, the Governor of Gibraltar, had informed him "that they were
now distinctly increasing in numbers. He had himself counted as many as
thirty in one group, and, according to some reports, there were altogether
as many as double that number on the Rock. In fact they were so numerous,
and their depredations had become so serious that a short time ago an
agitation had been got up for their reduction in numbers, and it would
perhaps be necessary to thin them a little, but their extermination was
quite out of the question, and would not be thought of."
These animals are remarkably affectionate parents, the mother constantly
tending her single young one, while the males may often be seen carrying
about some of the babies of the troop. When young the "Rock Ape" is playful
and gentle; but, when old, becomes ill-natured and vicious.
When angry their jaws are moved up and down with great rapidity, while they
give utterance to loud and harsh cries. The males fight with their strong
canine teeth and their long and strong, though flat, nails, with which they
are capable of inflicting deep wounds on each other. When in a good temper
their voice is generally soft; but Mr. Darwin observed in the Zoological
Gardens that a specimen there, when pleased, made a shrill note, and
likewise drew back the corners of its mouth, apparently through the
contraction of the same muscles as with human beings. The skin of the lower
eyelids also became much wrinkled. "At the same time it rapidly moved its
lower jaw or lips in a spasmodic manner, the teeth being exposed; but the
noise produced was hardly more distinct than that which we call silent
laughter. Two of the keepers affirmed that this {8}slight sound was the
animal's laughter, and when I expressed some doubt on this head (being at
the time quite inexperienced) they made it attack, or rather threaten, a
hated _Entellus_ Monkey, living in the same compartment. Instantly the
whole expression of the face of the _Inuus_ changed; the mouth was opened
much more widely, the canine teeth were more fully exposed, and a hoarse
barking noise was uttered."
II. THE BROWN MACAQUE. MACACUS ARCTOIDES.
_Macacus speciosus_, F. Cuvier, Mamm., pl. xlvi. (Feb., 1825) (founded on
a drawing).
_Macacus arctoides_, Is. Geoffr., Mag. de Zool., 1833, p. cli., pl. ii.;
Sclater, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 203; Anderson, Zool. Yun-nan, p. 45, pls. i.
and ii. (1878) with full synonymy; Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p.
17 (1891); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, viii., p. 116 (1876).
_Papio melanotus_, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1839, p. 31.
_Macacus melanotus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 29 (1870).
_Macacus thibetanus_, Alph., Milne-Edwards, C. R., lxx., p. 341 (1870).
_Macacus brunneus_, Anderson, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 628, 1872, p. 203, pl.
xii. (Jun.), 1874, p. 652.
CHARACTERS.--Body short and stout; head large; muzzle short and truncated;
chin bulging; chin and throat almost nude; eyes large; ears large and
rounded, with a pointed projection behind; limbs short, stout and strong;
hands and fingers short, the terminal phalanges nude; tail almost
rudimentary; callosities and surrounding region of buttocks naked.
Fur long and woolly (especially in those living at high {9}altitudes),
longer on the head, back and limbs, shortest over the sacrum; hair on the
head parted outwards from the centre; fingers slightly haired; tail thinly
haired, or nude in old animals. In individuals living in the inclement
regions of Eastern Thibet, the tail is thickly haired.
General colour dark brown or blackish; cheeks, underside of body, inner
sides of arms and legs paler, washed with yellowish, the hairs being very
closely ringed (in some more distinctly than in others), for their outer
two-thirds, with alternating annulations of golden-yellow and brown, their
terminal points dark brown. Face, ears, sub-caudal callosities, bright
reddish flesh-colour, deeper round the eyes. Length of the body, 15-24
inches; tail 1½-2 inches.
In the young the fur is lighter. When first born it is of purely uniform
brown, the annulations appearing and increasing in number with advancing
age.
In a young Bornean specimen the sides, abdomen, and legs are light chestnut
colour; the tips of many of the hairs golden, which with age changes more
and more into blackish-brown. The tail is 3½ inches long, and extremely
slender for the last two-thirds of its length--a part easily lost in
captivity.
Tongue with numerous papillated glandular crypts for lubrication of the
cheek-pouches. Throat-pouch situated in an excavated hollow in the hyoid
bone, the pouch being continuous with the convergence of the vocal chords.
Skull with strong inwardly projecting supra-orbital processes; external
opening for the nostrils triangular. The anterior upper incisors appear
first, followed by the anterior pre-molar, the median molar, the median
pre-molar, and then the canines; anterior molar four-cusped; anterior lower
molar five-cusped. Caudal vertebræ eleven in number.
{10}DISTRIBUTION.--Moupin in N.W. China, living on the snow-clad mountains;
Upper Burmah (Bahmo); Siam; the Cachar and Kachin hill-region on the
western frontier of the Province of Yun-nan, China; North-west Borneo, on
the mainland opposite Labuan. This species has been recorded, but
erroneously, from Madras, whither specimens are imported from Burmah, or
from the Malayan Islands.
Dr. John Anderson, the distinguished naturalist of the Yun-nan Expedition,
gives the following interesting remarks in reference to the distribution of
this species: "_M. arctoides_ would seem to have a considerable range of
distribution, in which, however, it conforms to that which is distinctive
of a large series of the Mammalian forms which occur in the same region. It
has been obtained in Cachar, and I have learned of its existence in Upper
Assam, and have procured it alive in the Kachin Hills on the frontier of
Yun-nan, beyond which it spreads to the south-east of Cochin-China. It
seems essentially to be a hill or mountain form--occurring only in the
mountainous regions of Cachar, being absent in the valley of the Irawady,
but stretching round it into Yun-nan from Upper Assam, being doubtless
distributed over the mountainous region that intervenes between the Irawady
and Cochin-China."
HABITS.--Of this Macaque little is known in a wild state. It is, however,
very docile and gentle in captivity. In life the tail is rarely carried
erect, and is as a rule applied over the anus; its latter fourth being
doubled on itself to the left, and serving to fill up the interspace
between the divergent portion of the callosities, so that the animal sits
on this portion of its tail, which contains only a few rudiments of
vertebræ at its {11}base, and the upper surface of which is rough and
somewhat callous.... Here we have a monkey which sits on its tail, and
although it may be that it does not invariably do so, I am prepared to
state, after careful observation, that it does so very frequently; and
there is the more importance to be attached to this observation, because
this habit appears to be a peculiarity of the species. (_Anderson._)
III. RUFOUS STUMP-TAILED MACAQUE. MACACUS RUFESCENS.
_Macacus rufescens_, Anderson, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 204 (Juv.); id., Zool.
Exped. Yun-nan, p. 79 (1878); Scl., P. Z. S., 1872, p. 495, pl. xxiv.;
1873, p. 194.
_Macacus arctoides_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 116 (1876; part).
CHARACTERS.--Very nearly related to _M. arctoides_, of which it is perhaps
only a southern race. Face red, more brilliant round the orbits; nose and
lips brownish; tail stumpy, thinly haired. Fur rather brilliant brick-red,
especially on the cheeks, flanks, and outside of the limbs. This animal is
known, however, only from young specimens.
DISTRIBUTION.--Malay Peninsula.
IV. THE MOOR MACAQUE. MACACUS MAURUS.
_Macacus maurus_, F. Cuvier, Mamm., pl. xlv. (Avril, 1823); Anderson,
Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 80 (1878, pt.; with full synonymy); Schl., Mus.
Pays-Bas, vii., p. 117 (1876).
_Cynocephalus niger_ (?), Quoy et Gaim., Voy. de l'Astrol., Zool, i., p.
67 (1830).
_Macacus arctoides_, Is. Geoffr., Zool. Bélang. Voy., p. 61 (1834); id.,
Arch. Mus., ii., p. 573.
{12}_Macacus ocreatus_, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1840, p. 56; Sclater, in Wolf,
Zool. Sketches, ii., pl. i. (1865); id., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 420, pl.
lxxxii.; Anderson, t.c., p. 81 (pt).
_Macacus fusco-ater_, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. i., p. 58 (1844).
_Macacus inornatus_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1866, p. 202, pl. xix.; id., Cat.
Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 129 (1870).
CHARACTERS.--Face narrow and elongated, nude, except for a few short hairs
on the upper lip; nose flat; ears rather long, rounded, thinly haired; hair
on one side of the head forming a somewhat large whisker; groin, region
external to the callosities, and down the thighs thinly haired; tail very
short, nude, curved upwards; frontal band, face, and ears black;
callosities and the surrounding parts thinly-haired; region of the buttocks
flesh-coloured; hairs on the upper lip black; whisker-tufts black, with
greyish tips; rest of the head and body sooty-black; lower side of neck,
rump, under surface of body, inside of limbs, fore-arms, legs, and back of
thighs grey; tail, black. Length of body, 21 inches; of tail, 1 inch.
YOUNG.--Greyish-black.
In the skull the outer surface of the outer margin of the orbits is
flattened; the nasal bones are short and expanded.
This species is distinguished from _M. arctoides_ and _M. fuscatus_, by the
colour of the face being black, instead of bright red.
DISTRIBUTION.--This species, whose true home was for a long time unknown,
but was assumed to be Borneo, has been certainly ascertained to be confined
to the Southern Peninsula of Celebes, and to the neighbouring island of
Bouton. Dr. Anderson speaks of a Monkey from the Aru Islands, far to the
east of Celebes, "if not identical with _M. maurus_, {13}at least so
closely allied to it that I hesitate to separate it." The specimens both
from Borneo and from Aru, if truly brought from these islands, must have
been carried there in the stream of commerce from Celebes to the eastward
in the first instance.
V. THE JAPANESE MACAQUE. MACACUS FUSCATUS.
_Macacus speciosus_, F. Cuv., Mammif., pl. 46 (1825); Murie, P. Z. S.,
1872, p. 780; Sclater, P. Z. S., 1875, p. 418, pl. xlvii.; Schl., Mus.
Pays-Bas, vii., p. 114 (1876.)
_Inuus speciosus_ (nec. F. Cuv.), Temm., Faun. Jap. Zool. Mamm., p. 9,
pl. i., figs. 1 to 8; pl. ii., figs. 1 to 6 (1847); Gray, Cat. Monkeys
Brit. Mus., p. 32 (1870).
_Macacus fuscatus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xliv., extra no., p. 6 (1875);
Sclater, P. Z. S., 1876, p. 332; Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 78
(1878; with full synonymy).
CHARACTERS.--Face nude, prolonged forwards; muzzle prominent; superciliary
ridges overhanging the eyes; eyebrows meeting in the mid-line; a bar over
the eyes across the forehead bald, except for a few very short hairs; fur
in general, long, soft, silky, and thick; short hairs forming a sort of
whisker on the cheeks, continuous with the hair on the head and the
moderately long beard; abdomen, chest, and inner surface of limbs thinly
haired; ears large and, except on the margins, covered with long silky
hairs; tail short, equally clad with long hairs, and with a terminal tuft,
varying from 2-3 inches in length. Length of body, 24 inches. Face in life
intensely red, with a purplish hue; nose and lower lip washed with brown;
callosities and naked parts of the scrotal region purplish-red; sparse
hairs of the face dark brown; general colour of fur dark brown, or
yellowish-brown, or olive, darkest along {14}the middle of the back, the
hairs being ringed with yellow and brown, or black and brown; sides of
head, breast, under surface of body, under sides of limbs, and under side
of tail greyish; beard yellowish-brown.
The hair is not annulated in the young animal.
DISTRIBUTION.--Japan. Common on the hills at Kioto, according to Mr. Gower,
who was H.B.M. Consul at Hiogo in 1875. Dr. J. Rein records that it is
found all over the island of Nippon up to 41° N. latitude, and has
consequently a further northern habitat than any other existing Monkey.
HABITS.--Nothing is known of the habits of the Japanese Macaque; but they
are in all probability similar to those of its Indian relatives.
VI. THE LEONINE MACAQUE. MACACUS LEONINUS.
_Macacus leoninus_, Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. A. S. Beng., p. 7 (1863);
Sclater, P. Z. S., 1870, p. 663, pl. xxxv. (male and female); Anderson,
Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 52 (1878; with full synonymy); Blanford, Faun.
Brit. Ind. Mamm., p. 18, fig. 6 (1891).
_Macacus andamanensis_, Bartlett, _Land and Water_, viii., p. 57 (1869);
P. Z. S., 1869, p. 467.
_Inuus leoninus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xliv., p. 2 (1875).
CHARACTERS.--A thick-set, short-limbed, somewhat Dog-like animal; head,
broad, flat above; the muzzle short; tail short, turned over the back,
about one-third the length of the body.
Upper surface of head with short fur radiating from the vertex, "surrounded
in front and on both sides by a horse-shoe-shaped crest, the supra-orbital
portion of which consists of very stiff hairs." (_Blanford._) Face thinly
covered with fine hairs; {15}along the sides of the face a backwardly
directed whisker meeting below the chin. Fur on the back of the neck,
shoulders, and upper part of the fore-limb, long, shorter behind the
shoulders and shortest on the rump; buttocks sparsely haired; tail somewhat
tufted; belly and upper and inner parts of the limbs thinly haired. Length,
23 inches; tail (without the tuft), 8 inches.
MALE.--Face brownish flesh-colour on the muzzle and between the eyes,
bluish-white round the latter; frontal bar white; a narrow line from the
outer corner of the eye backwards, red; a horse-shoe-shaped crest, mid-line
of back, lower back, sacral region, and upper surface of tail, black, the
hairs being grey at base, and dark brown, or black, along their outer
portion; ears flesh-coloured, and the hair on and round them white; region
above the eyes and round the face, chin, and throat, yellowish-brown--the
hairs being ringed, above their grey bases, with dark brown and orange, and
tipped with black; on the shoulders, back of the neck and upper part of the
arms orange olive--the hairs having the orange rings more predominant than
the brown; rest of the fore limb yellowish-olive; thighs dusky-grey, washed
with black; buttocks grey; lower parts of body, inner sides of limbs, and
under side of tail, light greyish-brown; caudal tuft often bright rufous.
Excepting on the head, loins, tail, and buttocks, all the hairs are
annulated, above their grey bases, with orange and brown, and dark-tipped.
Hands and feet dusky flesh-colour.
FEMALE.--Smaller than the males, but the black of the head and back absent,
and the hairs of the under-parts not annulated; shoulders brighter than the
rest of the body, which is yellowish-olive, and greyish-olive on the
outside of the limbs.
{16}MALE.--Skull smaller, shorter, and more globular than that of _M.
nemestrinus_, which is its nearest ally; muzzle less projecting; little or
no depression of the nose between the eyes; supra-orbital ridges prominent;
orbits large, approximated; skull of the female feebler in all respects.
DISTRIBUTION.--Southern portion of Arracan, and the valley of the Irawady
in Upper Burmah. The Andaman Islands, whence Mr. Bartlett described a
specimen as a new species, was an erroneous habitat, as the specimen had
been introduced there from Burmah.
HABITS.--Very little is known of this rare species in its native state. In
captivity the females and the males, when young, become very tame, and are
capable of being taught various performances. A female which lived in the
Zoological Society's Gardens in 1869 was educated by the blue-jackets of
one of Her Majesty's ships, who had obtained her at the Andaman Islands,
and kept her on board for three or four years before she was sent to the
Gardens. "Jenny" exhibited an extraordinary degree of cleverness, as Mr.
Bartlett, the Superintendent, has narrated in _Land and Water_. She could
drink out of a bottle and smoke a pipe. She walked upright on her hind legs
with remarkable facility, and with much less effort than even the
performing Monkeys of the London streets. When in an erect attitude she
would carry things.
VII. THE PIG-TAILED MACAQUE. MACACUS NEMESTRINUS.
_Simia nemestrina_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 35 (1766).
_Le Maimon_, Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes, Fam. ii., Sect. i., pl. i.
(1797).
_Inuus nemestrinus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 101 (1812).
{17}_Macacus nemestrinus_, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm, livr. xlii.
(1820); livr. xliv. (1822); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 29 (1870);
Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 110 (1876); Anderson, Zool. Exped.
Yun-nan, p. 77 (1878; with full synonymy).
CHARACTERS.--MALE.--Of large size, even approaching that of "a good sized
Mastiff." (_Anderson._) Body short, and broad-chested; head flattened;
muzzle long and Baboon-like; supra-orbital ridges large; limbs long and
powerful; tail slender, about one-third the length of the body, pointed,
and carried erect; face, ears, and callosities nude; sometimes a short
membrane uniting the first phalanges of the fore and middle fingers and the
second and third toes.
Fur short, longer over the shoulders; that on the top of the head radiating
from a centre, short, erect and abundant; hair below and on the tail less
abundant, that on the belly very sparse.
In the skull the protruding facial region is much larger proportionately
than the cranial region; the orbits large, and nearly circular.
Face dark flesh-colour; ears and callosities the same; general colour of
fur olive, the hairs being at the base grey, ringed higher up with
alternate black and yellow bars, the predominance of the one bar over the
other producing a brighter olive, even a yellow, or a deep brown colour;
top of the head deep brown or brownish-black, extending along the middle of
the back, broadening on the rump and basal part of the tail. Sides of the
face blackish-grey; under surface of the body and inner side of the limbs
greyish white; arms and legs lighter than the back; outer surface of the
thighs olive-grey; hands and feet olive-brown.
{18}Length of body, 18½ inches; of tail, 8 inches.
FEMALES.--Similar to the males; the young of both sexes more brightly
coloured than the adults. Gestation in the Pig-tailed Macaque lasts,
according to Dr. Blanford, seven months and twenty days. A singular variety
of a female from the Baram river, in Sarawak, Borneo, is of a dark fulvous
above, darker in the mesial line, much paler on the lower surface, and
growing nearly white on the middle of the chest.
DISTRIBUTION.--Tenasserim, and chiefly in the southern parts of that
province; Southern Burmah, the Malay peninsula, Bangka, Sumatra, Java, and
Borneo.
HABITS.--The Pig-tailed Macaque inhabits the thick jungles in the lower
country, living in considerable companies, and feeding on fruits, seeds,
and insects. "When young, these Monkeys are easily tamed," as Mr. Charles
Hose records, "and in some places they are used to climb the cocoa-nut
trees to throw down the nuts, the Monkeys having been taught to throw down
only the ripe ones." This observation as to its collecting cocoa-nuts was
also made many years ago by Sir Stamford Raffles in Sumatra. When old, the
males are very savage, and will attack a Dog when provoked.
VIII. THE LION-TAILED MACAQUE. MACACUS SILENUS.
_Simia silenus_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 35 (1766); Schreber, Säugeth.,
i., p. 87, pl. xi. (1775).
_Cercopithecus veter_, Erxl., Syst. Regn. An., p. 24 (1777).
_Simia ferox_, Shaw, Gen. Zool., i., p. 30, pl. xvi. (1800).
_Papio silenus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 102 (1812); Kuhl, Beitr.
Zool., p. 18 (1820).
{19}_Macacus silenus_, Desm., Mamm., p. 63 (1820); Anders., Zool. Exped.
Yun-nan, p. 93 (1878; with full synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind.,
Mamm., p. 16, fig. 5; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 109 (1876).
_Silenus veter_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 32 (1870).
CHARACTERS.--Head round; muzzle wide; hair on top of the head very short;
face surrounded by long hairs, concealing the ears, and meeting under the
chin; ears naked; face, hands, feet, and callosities naked; tail slender,
one-half to three-quarters the length of the body and tufted with hair.
Length, 24 inches; tail, 10 inches.
Skull rounded; muzzle wide in front, contracted at the base, concave
beneath the orbits; orbital ridges large, and the frontal bone widely
depressed behind them; pre-molars and molars small. The structure of this
animal is essentially that of the ordinary Macaques, although it differs
from them so much in external physiognomy. (_Anderson_).
Body, limbs, and tail deep black; a ruff of long hairs round the head,
darkish grey; chest greyish or white; tail tipped with greyish or white;
face, hands, and feet black; callosities flesh-coloured.
DISTRIBUTION.--"The Lion-tailed Macaque inhabits the Western Ghats from
below Goa to Cape Comorin, but there is no authentic record of its
existence in a wild state in Ceylon." (_Anderson._) It lives at a
considerable altitude above the sea.
HABITS.--This species, according to Jerdon (to whom, as Dr. Blanford
observes, we are indebted for the only authentic account of this animal in
a wild state), inhabits the most dense and unfrequented forests of the
hills near the Malabar coast, in herds of from twelve to twenty or more. It
is shy and wary. {20}In captivity it is sulky and savage, and not easily
taught. The call of the male is said to resemble the voice of a Man.
IX. HIMALAYAN MACAQUE. MACACUS ASSAMENSIS.
_Macacus assamensis_, McClell.; Horsfield, P. Z. S., 1839, p. 148; Blyth,
J. A. Soc. Beng., xiii., p. 746 (1844); Anderson, Zool. Exp. Yun-nan, p.
64 (1878; with synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 15
(1888).
_Macacus pelops_, Hodgs., J. A. S., Beng., ix., p. 1213 (1840); Gray,
Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 30 (1870).
_Macacus problematicus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 128 (1870);
Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222.
_Macacus rheso-similis_, Scl., P. Z. S., 1872, p. 495, pl. xxv. (Juv.)
_Macacus erythræus_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas., vii, p. 112 1876; (part).
CHARACTERS.--Larger and more strongly-built than _M. rhesus_. Fur
moderately long, wavy, woolly (in some specimens), and without rings; the
hair of the crown radiating from the centre of the forehead outwards and
backwards; the hair round the face and on the chin rather long; that on and
between the shoulders, and on the sides of the chest, longer than on the
hind part of the body; hairs on the lower part of the flanks rather long;
tail about, or less than, half the length of the body, not tufted, but
longer, smaller, and much less densely furred than in _M. rhesus_;
callosities surrounded by fur; ears tufted, and haired inside; beard well
developed; face and ears dusky. Length, 26¾ inches; tail, 9¼ inches.
The fur above differs from that of _M. rhesus_, in the anterior half being
uniform dark brown, wanting the ashy-grey tint; and the hinder portion
brown, without the rufous seen in {21}_M. rhesus_; the outside of the
fore-limbs, the back of the neck, and region between the shoulders, brown,
washed with yellowish or golden; upper surface of head pale
yellowish-brown; flanks, front of fore-limbs, outer aspect of thighs, back
of feet and tail, darker; under surface of body and inside of limbs
yellowish-grey or greyish-yellow; behind the angle of the mouth, below and
behind the ears, and on the chin, the hairs are yellowish-grey, tipped with
black; face and callosities, pale flesh-coloured.
The skull and skeleton agree closely with those of _M. rhesus_, but are
somewhat larger. Canine teeth long, and deeply grooved in front.
DISTRIBUTION.--This Macaque inhabits the Himalayan ranges as far west as
Masuri, or perhaps further, from near the base of the hills to a
considerable elevation (_Blanford_); it extends eastwards from the Nepal
Region of the Himalaya through Assam and the north-eastern portion of
Bengal into the upper or hilly portion of the valley of the Irawady.
(_Anderson._) This species is said to have its home generally between 3,000
and 6,000 feet above the sea. Dr. Anderson obtained on the Irawady, 25
miles below Bhamo, a female out of a large colony "living below the huge
Deva-faced limestone cliff, at the foot of which lies the small pagoda of
Sessoungan. The crews of passing boats and pious visitors generally throw
rice and fruits to these Monkeys as a work of merit."
HABITS.--This species probably represents a Himalo-Burman race or
sub-species of _M. rhesus_. Its habits are much the same as those of that
species, but it is said to have a slightly different voice and to be more
sluggish, according to Blanford.
{22}X. THE BENGAL MACAQUE. MACACUS RHESUS.
_Simia rhesus_, var. Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes, Fam. ii., Sec. i., p. 5,
pl. i. (1797).
_Simia erythræa_, Schreber, Säugeth, Suppl., pl. 8, fig. c.
_Macacus erythræus_, Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mamm., pl. xxxviii. (young; Oct.,
1819); pls. xxxix. (1821) and xl. (1825; male); Gerv., Hist. Nat., Mamm.,
p. 91 (figs. [male] and [female]; heads; 1834); Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 1870,
p. 226; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 112 (1876).
_Macacus rhesus_, Desm., Mamm., p. 66, pl. vii., fig. 2 (1820); Anders.,
Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 55, pl. iii. (with synonymy); Blanford, Faun.
Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 13.
CHARACTERS.--Body thick-set and with powerful limbs; face long and narrow,
the muzzle somewhat projecting; a few short and coarse hairs on the lips,
chin, and cheeks; eyes rather oval; ears somewhat large and sparsely
haired. Fur moderately long and straight; hair of head coarse, not
radiating, beginning on the orbital ridge, covering the forehead, and
directed backwards; fingers haired to the end of the first digits; nails
rather claw-like; toes haired; callosities surrounded by a semi-nude part
of the buttocks; tail tapering, nearly one-half the length of the body.
Length of males, 22 inches, with a tail of 10 inches; females, 16-18
inches, with a tail of 7-8 inches, the hair projecting 1½ inch beyond the
vertebræ.
Face flesh-coloured, and sprinkled with short, silky, buff-coloured hair;
general colour of the fur on the anterior and upper surface of the body and
arms, greyish-brown, the hairs ashy at base, ringed with yellowish or light
brown, and tipped with darker brown, or even black, giving a rich rufous,
speckled appearance; hinder quarters and outer aspect of the thighs
{23}rufous-yellow, the hairs terminating in this colour; lower parts pale
yellowish-white, or pale rufous yellow; base of the tail
yellowish-chestnut, the rest browner; callosities flesh-colour; eyes
yellowish-brown.
DISTRIBUTION.--The Bengal Monkey is distributed abundantly throughout
Northern India as far south as the Godaveri river on the one side, and
Bombay on the other, and was long considered to be a characteristic species
of Bengal and Upper India. It occurs, however, as Dr. Anderson records, in
the valleys of the mountain systems to the north and east of Akyab, and may
be traced across the range of mountains that defines Arracan from Burmah,
and also as far east as the left bank of the Irawady below Mandalay. It has
been obtained in Assam, and by Dr. Anderson in Yun-nan during the
expedition to that country. It is said to ascend to 10,000 feet in Kashmir.
Mr. Swinhoe obtained this Monkey also in Hainan, and in the Province of
Kiung Chow, in China.
HABITS.--The Bengal Macaque, or Bandar, as it is named by the Hindoos,
lives in troops of considerable size in jungle or low forest, and very
often in rocky places, feeding on insects, fruits, and leaves. It is very
frequently seen on the ground searching for food, according to Dr.
Blanford, and near cultivation, especially around tanks or amongst trees on
the banks of streams. It swims well and takes readily to water. It is a
very quarrelsome species, perpetually screaming and fighting. If not really
sacred to the Hindoos, it is at least rarely molested by them. Dr. Bowdler
Sharpe informs the present writer that he observed a flock of these
Macaques on the road to Simla, when nearing the latter place. They were
running along the road, and as the "tonga" approached, they scrambled up
the rocks, and jabbered vociferously, especially {24}the females, who were
carrying their young. On Jacko there was, in 1885, a large troop of these
animals, and they did considerable damage in the kitchen gardens of the
mountain residences, so that the gardeners had to keep a sharp look-out,
and fire at them occasionally. When he was staying at Mr. Hume's beautiful
place at Simla in 1885, it was often necessary to drive off the Monkeys,
and as one or two had been wounded by the head-gardener, the fakir who
lived at the top of Jacko was much offended. This man had tamed the Monkeys
to such an extent that, when he called them, the trees instantly began to
move in all directions with the approach of numbers of these animals
hastening to him for the peas which he had in readiness for them. They
clustered round him, and though they would not allow strangers to stroke
them, they came within arm's length and picked up their food. One
patriarch, who remained for some time after the tribe had disappeared into
the trees, was called the "Subadar," and wore quite a venerable appearance.
Mr. R. Swinhoe has, in the "Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London," given the following curious Chinese observations, extracted from
the "Chinese Gazetteer," in reference to this species, which is often
called the Hainan Rock-Monkey: "How (or Monkey). The She-Show ('Notes on
Animals') states that the Monkey has no stomach, but digests its food by
jumping about. According to ancient authors, Kiung Chow abounds in Monkeys,
and its people make a trade by selling young ones."
"About the jungles of Nychow (S. Hainan) these Monkeys," says Mr. Swinhoe,
"were very common. On our landing, abreast of the ship we saw a large party
of them on the beach, but they at once retired into a grove above
high-water mark. We watched them running along the boughs of the trees and
{25}jumping from branch to branch. The discharge of a fowling-piece soon
made them scurry away into the thicket, but every now and again their heads
would appear from the higher bushes, watching the movements of the enemy.
At last, when they observed that our presence implied actual danger to
themselves, they climbed the hills and posted themselves about conspicuous
rocks, where they chattered and grunted out of danger. Their cries are very
like those of _Macacus cyclopis_ of Formosa."
The young clings to its mother's stomach for about a fortnight after birth,
and is nursed with the greatest care by her; after that time it is able to
move about by itself, and it thenceforward rapidly acquires the full use of
its powers.
Mr. Darwin records that the face of the _M. rhesus_, when much enraged,
grows red. When watching this species in the Zoological Gardens, he says:
"Another Monkey attacked a Rhesus, and I saw its face redden as plainly as
that of a Man in a violent passion. In the course of a few minutes, after
the battle, the face of this Monkey recovered its natural tint. At the same
time that the face reddened, the naked posterior part of the body, which is
always red, seemed to grow still redder, but I cannot positively assert
that this was the case."
XI. THE HAIRY-EARED MACAQUE. MACACUS LASIOTIS.
_Macacus lasiotis_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 61, pl. vi.; id., Cat.
Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 129 (1870); Anders., Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 83
(1878; with synonymy).
_Macacus rhesus_, Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222.
_Macacus erythræus_ (nec Cuv.), Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 112
(1876).
CHARACTERS.--Very nearly allied to _Macacus rhesus_, from which it differs
in its larger size, more hairy ears, and more richly {26}coloured fur, the
hairs having the yellow rings rich orange or brick-red, especially on the
hind quarters.
Fur long, fine, and silky, longest on the shoulders, neck, and upper
surface of feet; hair on the top of the head not radiated; ears hairy;
callosities surrounded by hair; a naked red spot at the outer angle of the
eyes; tail about one-fourth of the body in length.
MALE.--Dark rich olive-yellow; face pale flesh-colour; sides of the face,
neck, and front part of the body olive-grey; hinder parts of the body
brick-red; the slaty colour of the fore-limbs, and of the anterior aspect
of the legs becoming black on the hands and feet; ears flesh-colour;
callosities crimson; throat, chest, and inside of the fore-limbs greyish,
washed with rufous above the wrists; belly and inside of the hind limbs
greyish, washed with orange-red.
FEMALE.--Fawn-colour, washed with red, especially on the lower back. Face
brighter coloured than in the male. Tail one-fourth the length of the body.
Skull more massive, shorter, and markedly broader and with a more vertical
muzzle than _M. rhesus_.
DISTRIBUTION.--Province of Szechuen, W. China: Dupleix Mountains, 13,000
feet. (_Bonvalot._)
HABITS.--Little is known of the habits of this Chinese representative of
the Bengal Macaque. In the winter it is said to have a splendid coat of
rich brown hair, very long and thick. It is very fierce and powerful.
XII. THE TCHELI MACAQUE. MACACUS TCHELIENSIS.
_Macacus tcheliensis_, Milne Edwards, Rech. Mamm., p. 227, pls. xxxii.
and xxxiii. (1868-1874); A. David, Journ. North China Branch As. Soc.,
1873, p. 230.
_Macacus rhesus_ (nec Audeb.), Scl., P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222.
{27}_Macacus erythræus_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 112 (1876).
_Macacus lasiotis_, Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 83 (1878 pt.).
CHARACTERS.--The _Macacus tcheliensis_ is another species with a very close
affinity to _M. rhesus_, and to _M. lasiotis_. Dr. Anderson, indeed, has
united the Tcheli and the Hairy-eared Macaques under one species; while Dr.
Sclater is not prepared to consider either of them, or _M. cyclopis_ in
addition, to be distinct from _M. rhesus_.
_M. tcheliensis_ has the tail as long only as the hind foot, and densely
clothed with long hair. Fur rather long, soft, and silky, and thicker than
in the normal _M. rhesus_. General colour brilliant reddish-fawn,
especially on the hinder part of the back and on the tail; sides of the
cheeks and shoulders greyish, the yellow rings of the hair being absent;
under surface of the body and inner side of the limbs grey; hands and feet
greyish-fawn.
The skulls of _M. lasiotis_ and _M. tcheliensis_ are scarcely
distinguishable from each other.
DISTRIBUTION.--North China. Dr. Bushell, of H.M. Legation in Pekin, who was
the first to send this rare Monkey to Europe, writes, in a letter dated
17th January, 1880: "It was obtained by me from the mountains near
Yung-ling or Eastern Mausoleum, of the reigning Manchu dynasty, situated
about 70 li from Pekin, in latitude 40° N. It is covered with a thick fur
fitted to endure the bitterly cold winter of this part of North China,
where the thermometer frequently goes down to 10° below zero."
HABITS.--Nothing has yet been recorded of the habits of this Macaque in a
state of nature.
{28}XIII. ST. JOHN'S MACAQUE. MACACUS SANCTI-JOHANNIS.
(_Plate XXVI._)
_Inuus sancti-johannis_, Swinhoe, P. Z. S., 1866, p. 556.
_Macacus sancti-johannis_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus. App., p. 129
(1870; in part); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222; Anderson, Zool. Exped.
Yun-nan, p. 86 (1878).
_Macacus rhesus_, pt. Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222.
_Macacus erythræus_, pt. Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 112 (1876).
CHARACTERS.--Male unknown.
YOUNG FEMALE.--Appears to be allied most nearly to _M. lasiotis_. Face
narrow and somewhat projecting; eyes bright hazel; face and ears
flesh-coloured; a black whisker-like tuft on either cheek; skin of the
upper parts tinted with blue, and sparsely covered with hairs of a light
grey; hairs of the belly buff; fur of the upper parts greyish-brown, washed
with buff, which is lighter on the head, and brick-dust-red round about the
rump. Tail, 4½ inches long, blackish; callosities flesh-coloured.
(_Swinhoe._)
DISTRIBUTION.--China; North Lena Island, and most of the small islands near
Hong Kong.
HABITS.--Nothing is known of the habits of St. John's Macaque. "Dried
bodies of this animal," writes Mr. Swinhoe its describer, "split in two are
often exhibited hanging from the ceiling in druggists' shops, in Canton and
Hong Kong; and its bones are used for medicinal purposes."
XIV. THE FORMOSAN ROCK-MACAQUE. MACACUS CYCLOPIS.
_Macacus cyclopis_, Swinh., P. Z. S., 1862, p. 353, pl. xiii., 1864, p.
380; Sclater, P. Z. S., 1864, p. 711 (woodcut); Anderson, Zool. Exped.
Yun-nan, p. 87 (1878; with synonymy).
{29}_Macacus sancti-johannis_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus. App., p.
129 (1870; in part); Scl., P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222.
_Macacus rhesus_, Scl., P. Z. S., 1871, p. 222.
_Macacus erythræus_, pt. Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 112 (1876).
CHARACTERS.--Allied to _M. rhesus_, but the head round; the face flat, and
round; supra-orbital region bare, as in other species; cheeks
dark-whiskered; ears small and haired; a strong ruff-like beard; tail
stout, thickly haired and tufted, 12 inches long. Fur thick and woolly;
hair behind the mouth, and below and behind the ears ringed; hair not
longer on the shoulders than on the rest of the body.
General colour olive-grey, or slaty; the hairs finely freckled with yellow;
no rufous on the lower back and hind quarters; legs dark, and a distinct
black line along the top of the tail.
The characters of the head, face, whiskers, beard, and the thick tail, and
the absence of the rufous colour distinguish it from _M. rhesus_. _M.
assamensis_ is redder than _M. rhesus_ or _M. cyclopis_, and has a long
head, projecting face, and a short tail.
FEMALE.--Smaller and rather lighter coloured than the male. At the
love-period the naked posterior parts with the thighs and tail become
excessively swollen, and florid.
DISTRIBUTION.--The island of Formosa, where it is the only known species of
Monkey.
HABITS.--The late Consul Swinhoe was the discoverer of this interesting
animal. He has given an account of its habits in the "Proceedings of the
Zoological Society," from which we quote the following: "The Formosan
Rock-Macaque affects rocks and declivities that overhang the sea, and in
the solitary {30}caverns makes its abode. On the treeless mountain in the
south-west, called Apes' Hill, it was at one time especially abundant, but
has since almost entirely disappeared. About the mountains of the north and
east it is still numerous, being frequently seen playing and chattering
among the steep rocks, miles from any tree or wood. It seems to be quite a
rock-loving animal, seeking the shelter of caves during the greater part of
the day, and assembling in parties in the twilight, and feeding on berries,
the tender shoots of plants, Grasshoppers, Crustacea, and Mollusca. In the
summer it comes in numbers during the night, and commits depredations among
the fields of sugar-cane, as well as among fruit-trees, showing a
partiality for the small, round, clustering berries of the Longan
(_Nephelium longanum_). In the caverns among these hills they herd; and in
June the females may frequently be seen in retired parts of the hills with
their solitary young one at their breasts. These animals betray much
uneasiness at human approach, disappearing in no time, and skulking in
their holes till the intruder has passed. They seem, too, to possess
abundance of self-complaisance and resource; for I have frequently seen a
Monkey seated on a rock by himself, chattering and crying merely for his
own amusement and gratification. Whatever Mr. Waterton may say of the
tree-loving propensity of Monkeys in general, it is very certain that this
species shows a marked preference for bare rocks, covered only with grass
and bush; for if he preferred the forest he might very easily satisfy his
desire by retiring a few miles further inland, where he could find it in
abundance. But, on the contrary, in the forest he is only an occasional
intruder, resorting thither when food fails him on the grassy hills by the
sea, where he loves to make his home. The Chinese have a fanciful idea that
the tail of the {31}Monkey is a caricature of the Tartar pendant into which
they twist their long black hair, and they invariably chop it off any
Monkey that comes into their possession. Hence the difficulty of procuring
Monkeys in China with perfect tails."
XV. THE CRAB-EATING MACAQUE. MACACUS CYNOMOLOGUS.
_Simia cynomologus_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 38 (1766); Schreber,
Säugeth, i., p. 91, pl. xiii. (1775).
_Le Macaque_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mammif., livr. xxx., xxxi. (1819).
_Macacus carbonarius_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mamm. livr. xxxii. (Oct.,
1825).
_Macacus aureus_, Geoffr. in Belang. Voyage, Zool., p. 58 (1834).
_Macacus philippensis_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth Primates, p. 29 (1851).
_Inuus (Macacus) palpebrosus_, Wagner in Schreb. Säugeth, Suppl., v., p.
54 (1855).
_Macacus fur_, Slack, Proc. Acad. Sc. Philad., 1867, p. 36, plate.
_Macacus cristatus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys, Brit. Mus., p. 30 (1870).
_Macacus assamensis_, Gray, _t. c._, p. 31.
_Cercocebus cynomologus_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 101 (1876).
_Macacus cynomologus_, Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 73 (1878; with
synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. India Mamm., p. 21 (1891).
CHARACTERS.--Body large and massive; head large and broad; legs short and
stout; loins slender; hinder quarters heavy; tail thick at the root, nearly
equalling the body in length; muzzle long; nose not prominent above the
face; eyes large; ears erect, pointed, nearly hairless; frontal ridges not
much overhanging the eyes.
Face pale brown, or livid with a bluish-white patch internal {32}to the
eyes, the eyelids bluish-white; ears, hands, and feet black; callosities
bright or dusky flesh-colour; fur straight; hair of the crown not
elongated, directed backwards, sometimes radiated or slightly crested;
general colour of the upper surface dusky or greyish-brown, varying to
reddish- or golden-brown; under surface of the body and inside of the limbs
brownish-grey to white, the hairs being dark at their roots, and higher up
ringed with yellow and brown or black; scrotum brown, blotched with livid
blue. Length, 22 inches; tail, 19 inches. The females are smaller.
Of this species there are several varieties or races, one in which the
prominent colour is golden-rufous (_M. aureus_, Geoffr.); another (_M.
carbonarius_, F. Cuv.) in which blackish-brown is the prevailing tint of
the face, naked hands, feet, and callosities; a third race has a light
yellow fur (_M. cristatus_, Gray); still another (_M. philippensis_), from
the Philippine Islands, is nearly white.
DISTRIBUTION.--This species is one of the most widely distributed of all
the Macaques. The more typical specimens are found in Burmah and Arakan. In
Siam a pale variety with less orange in the annulations of its hairs
occurs. In the Nicobar Islands (perhaps introduced as Dr. Blanford
suggests), in the Malay Peninsula, and in Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombock, and
Timor, the darker (or _M. carbonarius_) variety seems to predominate. From
Borneo--where it ascends to 5,000 feet above the sea--comes the crested,
and perhaps also the golden-rufous coloured race (the true home of the
latter being still unknown). In the Philippine Archipelago--in Mindanao,
Basilan, Luzon, Negros, Samar, and others of the islets--the very light
yellow coloured race is met with.
{33}HABITS.--The Crab-eating Macaque is gregarious, going about in troops
of fifteen to twenty, of both sexes and all ages. They frequent the forests
near the river mouths, and coastal mangrove swamps, where they may be
constantly seen wading about in the mud, picking up Shrimps and Crabs,
which are their favourite food. Tickell says that they swim and dive well.
The females are easily trained, and also the young males; but these, when
old, are apt to become ill-natured and uncertain in disposition. The
mothers are good and tender to their young one, which clings closely with
hands and feet for the first few weeks to the hair of the chest or arm-pits
and abdomen.
Mr. Everett met with this species in the islands of Sirhassen and Bunguran
in the Natuna group, where he says they were abundant. He adds: "They come
down in large parties to the sea-shore, sitting in groups on the larger
boulders, or playing and hunting for prey along the sands, when the tide is
out. In mature animals, the face, hands, and feet are dark brown; the lower
eyelids a paler brown; the upper eyelids and upper halves of the orbits
whitish. In a very young male the bare skin of the face was livid brown,
rather paler on the eyelids, and the hands and feet were dark brown"
(_Oldfield Thomas and Hartert_, Nov. Zool., i., p. 654, 1894).
XVI. THE TOQUE MACAQUE. MACACUS PILEATUS.
_Simia pileata_, Shaw, Gen. Zool., i., p. 53 (1800).
_Cercocebus sinicus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 98 (1812).
_Macacus sinicus_, Desm., Mamm., p. 64 (1820); Kelaart, Fauna Zeyl., p. 8
(1852).
{34}_Macacus pileatus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xvi., p. 1272 (1847);
Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 29 (1870); Anderson, Zool. Exped.
Yun-nan, p. 91 (1878; with synonymy); Blanf., Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p.
24 (1891).
_Cercocebus pileatus_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 98 (1876).
CHARACTERS.--Closely allied to _M. sinicus_; muzzle narrow and protruding;
hair in general long, wavy, rough; on the head elongated, radiating from
the centre of the top of the head, extending down on to the forehead, and
occasionally rising into an erect tuft; tail equal in length to the body;
forehead thinly haired and wrinkled. Length, 13 inches; tail, 14¾, in some
reaching 21 inches; tail, 18 inches.
In coloration the Toque closely resembles the Bonnet Macaque, but the
upper-parts are more rufous, the hairs of the present species (though
ringed as in _M. sinicus_) being above the grey roots rufous-brown, or
golden with a shade of chestnut at the tips. It is easily distinguished,
however, by the face being livid flesh-coloured, with scattered black
hairs, and the margin of the upper lip black; a space about the ears
whitish; hands, feet, and ears blackish; the under surface of the body and
the inner aspect of the limbs whitish; upper surface of the tail brown, its
apex light brown or grey; callosities livid flesh-colour.
FEMALE.--Limbs redder than in the male; inner side of the arms, and patches
on the chest and belly indigo blue.
YOUNG.--Hair of the crown not so much flattened down or so radiating as in
the adult; the face more old-fashioned and exquisitely comical; the tail
nearly naked; and the cheeks, palms, soles, and callosities pale pinkish.
(_Templeton._)
DISTRIBUTION.--The Toque Macaque holds in Ceylon the place occupied by the
Bonnet Macaque in Southern India.
{35}HABITS.--_Macacus pileatus_ closely resembles the Bonnet Macaque in
size, habits, and form. It is known to the Singhalese by the name of
Rilawa. "The little graceful grimacing _Rilawa_," as Sir J. Emerson Tennent
writes, "is the universal pet and favourite of both natives and Europeans.
The Tamil conjurers teach it to dance, and in their wanderings carry it
from village to village, clad in a grotesque dress, to exhibit its lively
performances. It does not object to smoke tobacco." Knox, in his
interesting account of the island, gives an accurate description of the
Rilawas, with "no beards, white faces, and long hair on the top of their
heads, which parteth and hangeth down like a man's, and which do a deal of
mischief to the corn, and are so impudent that they will come into their
gardens and eat such fruit as grows there."
XVII. THE BONNET MACAQUE. MACACUS SINICUS.
_Simia sinica_, Linn., Mantissa, Plant., p. 521 (1771).
_Cercocebus radiatus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 98 (1812).
_Le Toque mâle_, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat., Mamm., livr. xviii. (Juin, 1820).
_Macacus sinicus_, Blyth, J. A. S., Beng., xvi., p. 1272 (1847); Gray,
Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 28 (1870); Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p.
91 (1878; with synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 23
(1891).
_Cercocebus sinicus_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 99 (1876).
CHARACTERS.--Face nude; forehead thinly haired and wrinkled; cheeks hollow;
muzzle narrow and protuberant; ears naked and rather prominent; tail nearly
as long as the body.
Hair in general moderately long, straight and smooth, that on the crown
elongated and radiating in all directions from the vertex, but not covering
the forehead, on which the short and {36}sparse hairs are parted down the
middle. Length, 27 inches; tail, 24 inches, but often proportionately
longer.
General colour of the back and the upper side of the tail brownish-olive;
outside of the limbs greyish--the hairs grey at the roots, ringed higher up
with dull yellow and black bars; under surface of the body and inside of
the limbs, and under side of the tail whitish; face, ears, callosities, and
other nude parts livid flesh-colour.
Skull long, lower than that of _M. rhesus_; orbits with the transverse
diameter greater than the vertical.
DISTRIBUTION.--Inhabiting all Southern India, being conterminous with the
_M. rhesus_ on the east and west coast, the latter species coming as far
south as, and the Bonnet Macaque going no further north than, the Godaveri
river on the one side and Bombay on the other. (See page 23.)
HABITS.--The Bonnet Macaque agrees in habits with those of the species
already described. It lives in troops in the forests and jungles everywhere
throughout its range. It is much kept in captivity, owing to its docility
and its wonderful powers of mimicry.
THE MANGABEYS. GENUS CERCOCEBUS.
_Cercocebus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 97 (1812).
This genus has been established to receive a small, and but little known,
group of Monkeys, which is confined to West Africa. They are nearly related
to the Macaques on the one side, and even more closely to the genus
_Cercopithecus_, next to be described, on the other side. They all have an
oval head, and in form are more slender than the Macaques; they have also
the muzzle less prolonged, the supra-orbital ridges less developed, the
ischial callosities larger, and the limbs proportionately {37}longer. They
agree with the Macaques, and differ from the _Cercopitheci_, or Guenons, in
having a fifth hinder cusp to the posterior lower molar tooth in each jaw;
and differ from both in the hairs of the body rarely being ringed with
different coloured bars, as is the case with the species of both the genera
just mentioned. The nose is situated behind the end of the muzzle. Their
most obvious external character, however, and one from which they derive
their common name of "White-eyelid" Monkeys, is their pure white upper
eyelids, the white streak being more distinct on the inner half of the
eyelid than on the outer. These Monkeys want the laryngeal air-sacs seen in
the Macaques; but they have large cheek-pouches and a simple stomach, as in
the latter. Their tail is always long, quite equalling the length of the
body. The hands have a web between each of the fingers, that between the
thumb and index finger being very short; in their feet, the great-toe,
which is widespread, has a short web uniting it with its neighbour; the
second and third toes are united nearly throughout their whole length, the
fourth is webbed and united to the third and fifth as far as their
mid-joints.
The Mangabeys are confined to West Africa. Like their relatives, the
Macaques and the Guenons, they are arboreal, living in troops in the forest
country, and feeding chiefly on fruits.
I. THE SOOTY MANGABEY. CERCOCEBUS FULIGINOSUS.
_Cercocebus fuliginosus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 97 (1812); Gray,
Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 27 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 95
(1876).
_Le mangabey_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mammif., livr. vi. (May, 1819).
{38}_Simia fuliginosa_, F. Cuv., Mamm., livr. xxxv. (Dec., 1821).
_Cercopithecus fuliginosus_, Martin, P. Z. S., 1838, p. 117.
CHARACTERS.--Hair on the crown of the head not elongated, but directed
backward; no beard; eyebrows prominent. Face, ears, and hands nude; tail
long and carried over the back; whiskers small, directed backward, below
and behind the ears. Face of a livid brownish colour; ears, hands, and feet
darker; fur on the upper parts of the body and the outside of the limbs
sooty-black; chin, throat, breast, cheek-whiskers to below the ears, the
under side of the body, and inside of the limbs, ashy-grey; the whiskers
sometimes of the same colour as the back; tail darker grey.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Liberia.
HABITS.--Writing of this species, Frederic Cuvier observes that it is of a
happy disposition, gentle and companionable, but rather petulant.
Ceaselessly active, it indulges in the most grotesque antics and attitudes,
so that it has been believed [of course erroneously] that they possess more
joints in their bodies than other species. The males especially have the
constant habit of making a grimace which exhibits their long canine teeth.
The females are still more gentle, and fond of being caressed.
Mr. Büttikofer found this species to be rather rare in Liberia. It was
occasionally seen on low trees, but chiefly on the ground, where it
searches for fallen fruits.
II. THE WHITE-COLLARED MANGABEY. CERCOCEBUS COLLARIS.
_Mangabey à collier blanc_, Buffon, Hist. Nat., xiv., p. 256, pl. 33; F.
Cuvier, Mamm., livr. xxxv. (Dec., 1821)
_Cercocebus æthiops_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 97 (1812), (nec _Simia
æthiops_, Linn.).
PLATE XXVII.
[Illustration: WHITE CROWNED MANGABEY.]
{39} _Cercopithecus æthiops_, Kuhl. Beitr. Zool., p. 97 (1820, nec _S.
æthiops_, Linn.).
_Cercopithecus æthiopicus_, F. Cuvier, Mamm., livr. xxxv. (Dec., 1821).
_Cercocebus collaris_, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 7 (1843); id.,
Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 27 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, p. 96
(1876.)
CHARACTERS.--Hair on the crown of the head not elongated, but directed
backward; whiskers small, directed backward; no beard. Face, ears, hands,
and callosities nude; tail long, carried over the back.
Face, ears, and hands black; the top of the head rich reddish-brown; whole
of upper side of the body, hinder part of the shoulders, back, external
surface of both pairs of limbs, feet, and tail, greyish slate-colour;
throat, breast, whole under side of the body and inside of the limbs white,
as are the nape of the neck, sides of the face, the fore part of the
shoulder, and the front aspect of the arms, as far as the top of the
fore-arm; in many species a somewhat broad wash of slate-grey crosses the
side of the face from the cheeks to below the ear.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Coast of Africa.
III. THE WHITE-CROWNED MANGABEY. CERCOCEBUS ÆTHIOPS.
(_Plate XXVII._)
_Simia æthiops_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 39 (1766).
_Cercocebus æthiops_, Geoffr. Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 25 (1851); Gray,
List Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 7; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 27 (1870);
Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 95 (1876).
_Cercopithecus lunulatus_, Temm., Esquiss. Guin., p. 37 (1853).
CHARACTERS.--This species is very similar to _C. collaris_, but differs in
being slightly darker above, and in having a spot on {40}the back of the
head, as well as a narrow streak down the back greyish-white.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa.
IV. THE GREY-CHEEKED MANGABEY. CERCOCEBUS ALBIGENA.
_Presbytis albigena_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1850, p. 77, pl. xvi; Murie, P. Z.
S., 1865, p. 740.
_Cercocebus albigena_, Pucher., Rev. Zool., 1857, p. 241; Schl., Mus.
Pays-Bas, vii., p. 97 (1876).
_Cercocebus_ (_Semnocebus_) _albigena_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p.
27 (1870).
CHARACTERS.--Face nude, except for a few short hairs on the cheeks and
lips; a tuft of long stiff hairs projecting over each eye; hair of the body
elongated on the fore-quarter and arm; on the crown and nape the hair long
and directed backwards, forming a crest; hands and feet short, tail long,
thumb small, and great-toe large and broad; face black.
General colour of the body black; cheeks, throat, a spot behind the ear,
sides of the neck, shoulder, and front of the chest greyish; hairs on the
face and over the eyes black; tail black; callosities black.
A younger specimen, which died in 1865 in the Zoological Gardens in London,
had the throat, sides of the neck and front of the chest, dirty-brown;
hairs of the cheeks of the same colour, and some of them also black.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa.
V. THE BLACK MANGABEY. CERCOCEBUS ATERRIMUS.
_Cercopithecus aterrimus_, Oudem. Zool. Gart., xxxi., p. 267 (1890).
_Cercocebus aterrimus_, Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 256 (note).
{41}CHARACTERS.--Closely allied to _C. albigena_, but distinguished by its
generally deep black colour, except on the shoulders and nape, which are
blackish-brown or brownish-grey--the hair here being no longer than on the
rest of the body; hairs on the cheeks, fine, velvety, and whitish; whiskers
thick, greyish-brown; beard very sparse, whitish.
DISTRIBUTION.--South-west Africa: Stanley Falls on the Congo.
HABITS.--Unknown.
VI. THE CRESTED MANGABEY. CERCOCEBUS GALERITUS.
_Cercocebus galeritus_, Peters, M. B. Ak. Berl., 1879, p. 830, pls. i.B
and iii. (Crania).
CHARACTERS.--A flat crest of blackish-brown hair radiating from the top of
the head all round and over the forehead; the entire upper surface covered
with long loose fur, the hairs grey at their base, and higher up ringed
with greyish-green and blackish-brown; the fore-arms, hands, feet, and the
basal three-fourths of the tail blackish-brown; the sides of the head and
the whole under surface yellowish; the inside of the limbs yellowish-grey;
the hair of the terminal part of the tail lighter than the rest, and ringed
with yellow; face, bluish-black.
DISTRIBUTION.--E. Africa; Mitola, at the mouth of the Osi and Tana rivers.
HABITS.--This species was found living in the woods on the coast in small
troops of from five to six in number.
THE GUENONS. GENUS CERCOPITHECUS.
_Cercopithecus_, Erxleben, Syst. Regn. Anim., p. 22 (1777).
The genus _Cercopithecus_ includes a larger number of species than any
other of the _Anthropoidea_. Its members are {42}characterised by their
rather round head, slender but muscular bodies, narrow loins, and long hind
limbs. Their tail is long, though shorter than in the genera next to be
described, viz., the Langurs and the Guerezas. Their face is short, the
muzzle less elongated, the cheek-pouches larger than in the Macaques. The
nose is not prominent, and the nostrils are approximated, while whiskers
are generally developed, as well as a longer or shorter beard. Their
callosities are less extensive than in the Macaques. They have elongated
hands with fingers united by a web at their bases; their thumbs, though
distinct, being less developed in comparison than their great-toes. The fur
is thick and soft, and in most of the species is ringed with differently
and often brilliantly coloured bars.
The _Cercopitheci_ have the skull depressed, presenting no very distinct
brow, for its superciliary ridges are less prominent and angular, and their
outer margin less projecting in comparison with those of the skulls in the
genera already described. The orbits are considerably approximated. Their
molar teeth are strongly cusped, and the posterior lower molar has only
four cusps, and not five, as in the Macaques; but as in these animals, the
two front cusps are united together by a transverse ridge, and the two hind
ones are united together.
The Guenons are entirely confined to the African continent, where they
range from the Gambia to the Congo, and from Abyssinia to the Zambesi; but
the different species are each confined to small restricted areas. Being
essentially arboreal, they live entirely in the forest regions, herding
together in large troops. They can move from tree to tree with great
rapidity, and can climb even on vertical surfaces with surprising
quickness. They are abrupt and energetic in their movements, restless, and
noisy, incessantly chattering and {43}making grimaces. The latter habit is
so characteristic of them that they have obtained from it the name of
_Guenon_, by which they are now so generally known, bestowed on them by the
French. Their food consists of leaves, birds' eggs, and honey, but
pre-eminently of fruits, while they are especially destructive to the ripe
grain-fields of the natives near the woods in which they live. They feed
voraciously, and carry off all that their cheek-pouches can hold, even
after they are satisfied, or if they are called off by the warning cry of
the sentinel, who is said to be always placed on guard on some point of
'vantage when the troop is busy with its depredations. The Guenons are not
only restless, but very inquisitive; they are, therefore, when young, very
easily tamed, and as a consequence they are frequently to be seen as
performers in circuses and exhibitions. When aged they are unreliable in
temper, and often very ill-dispositioned. They are said, also, to repel
with missiles any intruders into the region in which they are established
in any numbers.
The known species--numbering about forty--have for the purposes of
description and easy subsequent discrimination, been arranged into groups
(based on a few of their more or less prominent characters) by different
zoologists. Of these M. Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, of Paris, and
Professor Schlegel, of Leyden, may be specially mentioned; the arrangement
of the latter forming a very convenient key for the determination of the
species. Among the zoologists who have more recently revised this genus is
the well-known Secretary of the Zoological Society of London, Dr. P. L.
Sclater, who has to some extent followed and improved upon Professor
Schlegel's arrangement of the genus. In the present review, therefore, of
the numerous species of this genus, the six groups {44}suggested by Dr.
Sclater have been adopted. These are (I.) The Nose-spotted
Guenons--_Cercopitheci rhinosticti_; (II.) The Green Guenons--_C.
chloronoti_; (III.) The Rufous-backed Guenons--_C. erythronoti_; (IV.) The
Black-limbed Guenons--_C. melanochiri_; (V.) The Tufted-eared Guenons--_C.
auriculati_; (VI.) The Bearded Guenons--_C. barbati_; and lastly, The
Three-cusped Guenons--_C. trituberculati_.
GROUP I. CERCOPITHECI RHINOSTICTI.
The members of this group have a distinct nose-spot of white, red, or blue.
I. THE LESSER WHITE-NOSED GUENON CERCOPITHECUS PETAURISTA.
_Simia petaurista_, Schreb., Saügeth., i., p. 103, pl. xix. B (1775).
_Blanc-nez_, Buff., Hist. Nat., Suppl., vii., p. 67 (1789).
_Cercopithecus petaurista_, Erxl., Syst. Regn. An., p. 35 (1777); Martin,
Mammif. An., p. 539 (1841); Wagn. in Schreber's Säugeth., Suppl., v., p.
250 (1855); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 20 (1870); Schleg., Mus.
Pays-Bas, vii., p. 86 (1876); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 244.
_Ascagne_ (_Cercopithecus ascanius_), Audeb., Hist. Nat. Singes, Fam.
iv., Sect. ii., fig. xiii.; F. Cuvier, Nat. Hist., Mamm., i., livr. xiv.
(Fev., 1820).
CHARACTERS.--Head round, the forehead rather elevated; nose broad; face and
nose covered with short hairs; whiskers short; chin bearded. Head, back,
upper side of tail, olive-green--the hairs grey at the base--ringed with
darker or lighter yellow and black; facial hairs black, slightly washed
with fulvous on the cheeks; skin below bluish-red or violet; lower part of
the nose and half of the upper lip white; whiskers and beard white; line
across the forehead above the eyes and the ears, and {45}encircling the
crown behind, black; a pencil of hair below the ears directed backward,
white; throat, chest, under side of body, inside of limbs and under side of
tail white; posterior aspect of fore-arms and legs grey, washed with olive;
naked parts of chin, ears, and hands purplish-black.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Gold Coast and Sierra Leone.
HABITS.--The Ascagne, as this animal is also named, is the most common of
the Guenons seen in menageries. It is gentle, graceful, and lively. They
are perpetually in motion, "gambolling with their companions, and pursuing
or being pursued by them, in the exuberance of playfulness. They are at the
same time docile and familiar, but dislike to be taken hold of, or
interfered with." (_Martin._) Allamand says that his specimen, which was in
general very gentle, became angry when interrupted while eating, or if it
was gibed at, but its irritation did not last long.
II. JENTINK'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS SIGNATUS.
_Cercopithecus signatus_, Jentink, Notes, Leyd. Mus., viii., p. 55
(1886); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 257.
CHARACTERS.--Very similar to _C. petaurista_. Sides of head grizzled--the
hairs ringed with white, yellowish, and black--and separated abruptly from
the reddish upper portion of the head by a black band from ear to ear over
the orbits, but not running round the vertex; ears somewhat larger than in
_C. petaurista_.
Cranial portion of skull higher, and the facial portion more produced than
in _C. petaurista_; the jaws longer, and the orbits rounder and wider.
DISTRIBUTION.--Supposed to be from West Africa, but its habitat is not
known with certainty.
{46}III. THE RED-BELLIED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS ERYTHROGASTER.
_Cercopithecus erythrogaster_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1866, p. 169, pl. xvi.,
1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 128 (1870); Murie, P. Z.
S., 1866, p. 380; Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 69 (1876); Sclater, P.
Z. S., 1893, p. 252, 1894, p. 1.
CHARACTERS.--Fur blackish, speckled with yellow, especially on the head,
the hairs being black ringed with yellow; face black; nose-spot white;
moustache and frontal band from the temple to the ears black; on each cheek
a whitish-yellow spot; whiskers, beard, throat, and sides of neck
yellowish-white; chest and under surface of body rufous; inner side of the
front of the thighs, and under side of the tail greyish-white; outer aspect
of thighs and hind legs grey, speckled with black. Length of body, 13½
inches; of tail, 16 inches.
In the young female the top of the head is yellowish, this colour extending
towards the nape.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa. This species has been only once exhibited in
the Zoological Gardens of London, viz., in 1866, but recently, according to
Dr. Sclater, a specimen lived for a short time in the Zoological Gardens of
Rotterdam.
HABITS.--Nothing is known of the habits of the Red-bellied Guenon in a
state of nature; but Dr. Murie has written of the one that lived for two
months in the Zoological Gardens: "Its nature appeared mild and harmless,
by no means grave or sedate, indeed rather inclined to be lively and
playful, with but little disposition to be quarrelsome. The keeper noticed
that it appeared timid, and somewhat distrustful of its more romping
companions, but freely approached him, and when {47}taking food out of his
hand seemed pleased, and gently played with his fingers without attempting
to bite."
IV. BÜTTIKOFER'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS BUETTIKOFERI.
_Cercopithecus buettikoferi_, Jentink, Notes, Leyd. Mus., viii., p. 56
(1886); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 244.
CHARACTERS.--Büttikofer's Guenon agrees in all respects with _C.
petaurista_, but wants the black band from ear to ear round the vertex. Of
this band "there is no trace, in a series of eight specimens, containing
adults and young, males and females" (_Jentink_). Irides brown.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Liberia.
V. MARTIN'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS MARTINI.
_Cercopithecus martini_, Waterh., P. Z. S., 1838, p. 58; 1841, p. 71;
Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 542 (1841); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p.
21 (1870); Scl., P. Z. S., 1884, p. 176, pl. xiv.; 1893, p. 245.
_Cercopithecus nictitans_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 89 (1876).
DESCRIPTION.--Allied to _C. petaurista_. Fur tolerably long and but loosely
applied to the body. Face naked; whiskers bushy; beard short; tail very
long; callosities small. Length of body (type specimen), 22 inches; tail,
26. Length of a female, 19 inches; tail, 24. General colour of head, back,
and upper side of the basal part of the tail olive-green, distinctly
annulated, the hairs being grey at their base, ringed above with several
bars of yellowish-green and black. Face blue; nose-spot, commencing in the
middle of the ridge, and extending over its sides and the upper and lower
lips, yellowish-white; a black line extending up the ridge of the nose from
the end of the white spot to the brow and encircling the eyes; {48}a black
bar crossing the forehead from ear to ear; whiskers green; beard white;
throat, chest, under side of body, inside of limbs and under side of
three-fourths of the tail, greyish-white; fore-arms black; legs black; the
arms and thighs of the same colour as the back; upper side of the tail
beyond the basal region, and its terminal portion, black; hands and feet
black.
As Dr. Sclater has pointed out (_loc. cit._): "It is at once
distinguishable from _C. petaurista_ by the black fore-limbs and feet, by
the greenish colour on the tail above; the greenish cheeks, without any
white stripe beneath the ears, and the bluish skin of the face."
DISTRIBUTION.--Martin's Guenon is generally brought to Europe from the
island of Fernando Po, where it is probably indigenous. It may also inhabit
the neighbouring coast of Western Africa.
VI. THE LUDIO GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS LUDIO.
_Cercopithecus ludio_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1849, p. 8, pl. ix., fig. 1; id.,
P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 21 (1870),
Wagner, in Schreb., Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 51 (1855); Sclater, P. Z. S.,
1893, p. 245.
_Cercopithecus ascanias_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 87 (1876).
CHARACTERS.--Spot on lower half of nose large, oblong, higher than broad.
General colour of fur black or dark greenish-olive, minutely speckled with
greyish-yellow. Face and lips blackish-blue, the nose-spot white; ridge of
nose above the white spot, superciliary band, crown of head, shoulders and
fore-limbs, black; outer and inner aspects of hind-limbs and extremity of
tail black; chin, chest, inner side of the upper part of the arms, and
under side of body, whitish; {49}whiskers black; rump and under side of the
base of the tail rufous.
Distinguished from _C. petaurista_ by its black limbs, reddish rump and
base of tail.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Cameroons and the Delta of the Niger.
VII. THE BLACK-CHEEKED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS MELANOGENYS.
_Cercopithecus melanogenys_, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xvi., p. 212
(1845); id., P. Z. S., 1849, p. 7, pl. ix., fig. 2; id., P. Z. S., 1868,
p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 21 (1870); Scl., P. Z. S., 1860,
p. 246; Monteiro, P. Z. S., 1860, p. 112; Jentink, Notes, Leyden Mus.,
x., p. 11 (1888); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 245.
_Cercopithecus picturatus_, Santos, Journ. Sci. Lisb., xi., p. 98 (1886).
CHARACTERS.--The white nose-spot cordate in shape; a band across the
forehead above the eyes passing backwards over the ears, and over the lower
cheeks, black; region between the eye and the ear whitish; back finely
grizzled with black and orange; centre of the back washed with deep rufous;
outside of the legs dark grey, becoming black on the hands and feet; tail
dark rufous. Length of body, 15¾ inches; tail, about 17 inches.
The black lower cheeks, and the white region between the eye and the ear
distinguish _C. melanogenys_ from _C. nictitans_ and _C. stampflii_.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Angola. "It is very abundant at Encôge, three
days' journey to the south of Bemba." (_Monteiro._)
{50}VIII. STAMPFLI'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS STAMPFLII.
_Cercopithecus melanogenys_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 90 (1876, nec
Gray).
_Cercopithecus stampflii_, Jentink, Notes, Leyden Mus., x., p. 10 (1888);
Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 257.
CHARACTERS.--Nose-spot white, with its broader part lowest, and the point
upwards; crown of head, nape of neck, legs and hinder portion of tail
black; spot on lower lip black; chin, breast, anterior portion of belly,
and inside of fore-arms white; forehead, cheeks, back, sides of body, and
the basal portion of the tail, rufous-green, the hairs being ringed with
black and rufous-yellow. Length of body, 25¼ inches; tail, 38½ inches.
Distinguished from _C. nictitans_ by its white under surface.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Liberia. Obtained in the Pessi country by
Messrs. Büttikofer and Stampfli.
IX. SCHMIDT'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS SCHMIDTI.
_Cercopithecus ascanias_ (?), Scl., P. Z. S., 1887, p. 502.
_Cercopithecus schmidti_, Matschie, Zool. Anz., p. 161 (1892); Sclater,
P. Z. S., 1893, p. 245, pl. xvi.
CHARACTERS.--Closely allied to _C. melanogenys_, the white nose-spot
cordate. Face and superciliary region blue; nose above the white spot
black; a bar between the nose-spot, reaching to the whiskers, on each side,
black; upper and lower lips flesh-coloured; whiskers white, conspicuous,
and with a very narrow black streak on their lower edge; beard white; above
the superciliary region, and between the flesh-coloured ears, a black
frontal bar; top of head, back, outer aspect of arms, thighs, and of the
basal third of tail, olive-green and more {51}punctulated than in _C.
melanogenys_; throat, under side of body, and inner side of the upper part
of the limbs, white; fore-arms, hands, legs, and feet black; posterior
two-thirds of tail rufous.
DISTRIBUTION.--This species was obtained by the Rev. W. C. Willoughby, in
1883, at Uniamwezi, in Eastern Equatorial Africa, and was said to have been
brought thither from the Manyuema country, on the western shore of Lake
Tanganyika. His specimen lived in the Zoological Gardens in London for
nearly three years. It has also been obtained in Uganda, further to the
north.
X. THE HOCHEUR GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS NICTITANS.
_Simia nictitans_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 40 (1766).
_Cercopithecus nictitans_, Erxl., Syst. Règne Anim., p. 35 (1777);
Martin, Mammif. An., p. 536 (1841); Wagner, in Schreber's Säugeth.
Suppl., v., p. 50 (1855); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys
Brit. Mus., p. 21 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 89 (1876); Scl.,
P. Z. S., 1893, p. 246.
_Cercopithecus nictitans_ (Hocheur), F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat., Mamm. i., pl.
17 (1825); Audebert, Hist. Nat. des Singes, Fam. iv., Sect. i., p. 9, pl.
2.
CHARACTERS.--Head round; forehead elevated; face depressed; nose broad,
short-haired. "Hair of the head very full; boldly over-reaching the eyes,
obscuring the ears, and adding to the breadth and elevation of the top of
the head." (_Martin._) Nose-spot narrow above, commencing between the eyes,
broad below; the lips and a broad ring round the eyes, nude, or very
short-haired, elsewhere haired; whiskers bushy; callosities covered with
hair; thumbs very short; muzzle shorter than is {52}usually the case in the
genus; no beard; tail long, thinly-haired, tapering.
General colour all over, black, speckled with white or yellowish, the hairs
being grey at their roots, then black, tipped with white or
yellowish-white; face purplish-black; nose-spot pure white; no white on the
lips; ears black; no black stripes on the face, a character distinguishing
it from all the other spotted-nosed Monkeys; under surface of body and
basal part of tail blackish-grey, the inside of the limbs less distinctly
so.
Some specimens are not so black, but are greyer, especially on the under
side, which may be washed with brown.
The white colour of the nose not extending on to the upper lip
distinguishes this species from _C. petaurista_, independently of the
general colouring.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa. Although the "Hocheur" is not uncommon in
European menageries, it is still uncertain in exactly what part of that
extensive region it has its home.
HABITS.--Nothing is known of the habits of this species, except what has
been observed from examples living in captivity. In durance the species is
mild and gentle in disposition, and very active, and has a way of
incessantly shaking its head, a habit from which it derives its French
appellation of "Hocheur."
XI. THE RED-EARED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS ERYTHROTIS.
_Cercopithecus erythrotis_, Waterh., P. Z. S., 1838, p. 59; 1841, p. 71;
Martin, Mammif. An., p. 535 (1841); Fraser, Zool. Typ., pl. iv. (1848);
Wagn., in Schreb. Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 49 (1855); Gray, P. Z. S.,
1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 21 (1870); Schlegel, Mus.
Pays-Bas, vii., p. 70 (1876); Scl., P. Z. S., 1884, p. 176, 1893, p. 246.
{53}CHARACTERS.--General colour of back, sides, and outer aspect of the
hind-limbs, black, speckled with yellowish-grey, or with golden-yellow on
the hinder part of the back--the hairs being black, ringed with yellow or
gold respectively; face nearly nude, except for a few short hairs on the
upper part of the nose; region round the eyes, livid blue; nose red; chin
white; a black bar from the eye to the ear; below this a broad white
whisker-streak on the cheeks, beneath which again there arises from the
corner of the mouth and cheeks another black, yellow-ringed, tuft of hair;
ears rusty-red internally; external aspect of the fore-limbs blackish;
throat, under surface of the body, and inner side of the limbs
greyish-white; tail bright rufous, except for a dark line along its upper
surface; anal hairs bright red. Length of body, 17 inches; tail, 23 inches.
DISTRIBUTION.--This rare and very beautiful Monkey has its home in the
island of Fernando Po.
XII. THE MOUSTACHED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS CEPHUS.
_Simia cephus_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 39 (1766).
_Cercopithecus cephus_ (Moustac), F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat., Mamm., i., livr.
xxvi. (1821); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 532 (1841); Wagner, in Schreber's
Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 49 (1855); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; id.,
Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 20 (1870); Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p.
91 (1876); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 246.
_Le moustac_, Audebert, Hist. Nat. Singes, Fam. iv., Sect, ii., p. 19,
fig. xii.
CHARACTERS.--Face and nose naked; muzzle short; whiskers thick and bushy,
directed backward and downward. Face, except the lips, violet-blue; margin
of the upper lip black, this {54}colour extending as a bar back to the
whiskers; between this black margin and the nose is a white bar, extending
also across the cheek to the whiskers; under lip and chin, black; whiskers
between the eyes and ears golden-yellow, paler below the ears, and white on
the under jaw; ears black, with yellowish-white hairs. Head greenish,
darker on the back than on the front; the neck, back, shoulders, outer side
of arms, flanks, buttocks, and upper side of the base of the tail
greenish-brown--the hairs being grey at their roots and ringed above with
yellow and black, or brown, the predominance of the one or the other
producing the brown, or brighter or fainter green colour; on the outer side
of the thighs, the green hue is deeper. The rest of the outer aspect of the
limbs is grey washed with yellow; hands and feet dusky brown or dull black;
under side of the body and inside of the limbs dark grey, lighter on the
throat, breast, and fore part of the belly; under side of the base of the
tail dark grey; the remaining two-thirds rufous. Length of body, 19 inches;
of tail, 26 inches.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: from Gaboon to the Congo.
HABITS.--This species is not at all uncommon in menageries. Numerous
specimens have from time to time been exhibited in the Zoological Gardens
in London. Little is known, however, of the habits of the Moustached Monkey
in its native forests. In captivity it is intelligent, lively, and
good-tempered, but very shy. Its delicate constitution cannot resist the
rigours of our climate for any length of time.
II. CERCOPITHECI CHLORONOTI.
In this section of the Guenons, the fur is more or less olive-green above;
the under side and whiskers white, and the arms and legs grey.
{55}XIII. THE MALBROUCK GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS CYNOSURUS.
_Simia cynosurus_, Scop. Delic. Flor. et Faun. Insubr., i., p. 44, pl.
xix. (1786).
_Cercopithecus cynosurus_ (Malbrouck), F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat., Mamm., i.,
livr. ii. (Janvier, 1819); Desmarest, Mamm., p. 60 (1820); Martin,
Mammif. An., p. 515 (1841); Geoffr., Dict. d'Hist. Nat., iii., p. 306
(1849); Wagner, in Schreber's Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 38 (1855); Schleg.
Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 72 (1876); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 247.
_Cercopithecus tephrops_, Bennett, P. Z. S., 1833, p. 109.
_Chlorocebus cynosurus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 26 (1870).
CHARACTERS.--Head broad, and rounded above; muzzle thick. Face naked,
flesh-coloured; nose and cheeks black-haired; ears nude, black; hands
short, thumbs rudimentary; hairs on the side of the head not forming
whiskers. Top of head and upper surface of body olive-green--the hairs
being grey at their roots and ringed with black and yellow; external
surface of the fore-arms and legs grizzled-grey, the hairs with black and
white rings; sides of the neck, under surface of the body, inside of the
limbs, and the under side of the tail white; an indistinct band across the
forehead over the eyes, white; tail dark grey above; callosities scarlet;
scrotal region in the male deep blue; hairs beneath the tail and round the
scrotal region rufous. Length of body about 18 inches; tail, 16 inches.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa. Probably Senegambia, but the exact habitat
still unknown.
HABITS.--Of the habits of the Malbrouck in its own home nothing has been
recorded; but Mr. Martin remarks that in captivity it combines in its
disposition a certain degree of {56}sluggishness with a savage and
vindictive temper. One of the specimens, he says, "in the menagerie of the
Zoological Society, an adult male, was gentle, familiar, and pleased to be
noticed or caressed; but, at the same time, it was neither lively nor
playful. The other was deceitful, and though apparently calm, very
suspicious; it was roused by the slightest provocation to anger, and would
turn upon its disturber with the utmost malevolence depicted in its
countenance, making every possible effort to assault him, exhibiting its
teeth and gazing fixedly in his face.... On the whole, indolence and
ferocity form the character of the adult, at least, in captivity."
XIV. THE GRIVET GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS SABÆUS.
_Simia sabæa_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 38 (1766).
_Cercopithecus griseus_ (Le Grivet), F. Cuvier, Mamm., i., livr. vii.
(Juin, 1819).
_Cercopithecus griseo-viridis_, Desmarest, Mamm., p. 61 (1820); Martin,
Mammif. An., p. 518 (1841); Rüppell, Neue Wirbelth. Säugeth., p. 8
(1835); Blanford, Zool. Abyss. Exp., p. 224 (1870); Sclater, P. Z. S.,
1893, p. 248.
_Cercopithecus sabæus_, Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 22 (1851);
Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 74 (1876).
_Chlorocebus engythithea_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 26 (1870).
CHARACTERS.--Head more pyramidal than in _C. cynosurus_, and the muzzle
thinner; an angular patch of hair at the corner of each eye, pointing
backwards; whiskers forming long and thick ear-tufts, directed backwards
and partly concealing the ears; ears small; hands short and small. Face,
ears, and lips dark {57}violet; region round the eyes livid flesh-colour;
the superciliary band joining the whiskers white; top of the head, back as
far as the rump, shoulders and arms greyish olive-green--the hairs ringed
with greyish-black and pale yellow; whiskers, chin, breast, under surface
of body, fore part of shoulders, the inner side of the limbs, and the under
side of the tail, white; forearms, rump, and thighs grey, slightly washed
with olive; hands and feet entirely grey; upper side of the tail
greyish-black, the tip paler. Scrotal region coppery-green, covered with
orange hairs.
Distinguished from the Malbrouck by the form of the head, the greyer shade
of the hair, and the colour of the scrotal region; and from _C.
callitrichus_, described below, by the more sombre colour of its hair, the
white superciliary band, and the long white whiskers. Length of body, about
19 inches; tail, 22 inches.
DISTRIBUTION.--North-east Africa: throughout Abyssinia, Sennaar, and
Kordofan, up to 4,000 feet.
HABITS.--According to Dr. Blanford, this species is a true tree Monkey, and
is very rarely seen except in the forest. "On the highlands of Abyssinia,"
he says, "I only once saw a flock--this was near Dildi, south of Lake
Ashangi. I met with larger flocks on the Anseba, where they inhabited the
high trees on the banks of the stream. The flocks seen were small, not
exceeding twenty to thirty individuals. I had but few opportunities of
observing their habits, but they appeared to differ but little from those
of _Macacus_ or _Inuus_, except that _Cercopithecus_ is a quieter animal
and less mischievous. In captivity they are well known as excessively
docile and good tempered, and fairly intelligent."
{58}XV. WERNER'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS WERNERI.
_Cercopithecus werneri_, Geoffr., C. R., xxxi., p. 874 (1850); id., Arch.
Mus., v., p. 539, pl. xxvii. (1851); Wagner, in Schreb. Säugeth. Suppl.,
v., p. 42 (1855); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 258.
CHARACTERS.--Nearly related to _C. sabæus_, but all the parts are
olive-green where that species is greyish-green--the hairs being ringed
with reddish-fawn and black; the former taking the place of the green rings
in the hairs of the _C. sabæus_, and the black ones being much broader; the
face black; the tail yellow at the tip as in _C. sabæus_.
DISTRIBUTION.--The exact habitat of this species is unknown.
XVI. THE GREEN GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS CALLITRICHUS.
(_Plate XXVIII._)
_Singe Verte_, Adanson, Voy. Sénég., p. 178 (1735).
_Cercopithecus sabæa_ (nec Linn.), Erxleb., Syst. Regne An., p. 33
(1777).
_Cercopithecus sabæus_, Wagner in Schreb. Säugeth., v., p. 40 (1855);
Martin, Mammif. An., p. 519 (1841).
_Le Callitriche_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mamm., i., livr. iv. (Mars, 1819).
_Simia sabæa_, Audebert, Singes, Fam. iv., Sect., ii., p. 7, fig. iv.
(1797).
_Cercopithecus callitrichus_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 23
(1851); Schleg, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 73 (1876); Sclater, P. Z. S.,
1866, p. 79; 1893, pp. 248, 616.
_Chlorocebus sabæus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 25 (1870).
PLATE XXVIII.
[Illustration: GREEN GUENON.]
{59}CHARACTERS.--Muzzle rather long; ears large, naked, and somewhat
pointed behind; hairs on the side of the head long, thick, frill-like, and
directed backwards toward the ears; hands and feet long, but the feet
longer than the hands. Face, ears, palms, and soles, black; superciliary
band bright yellow or white; head, back, shoulders, arms, and upper part of
the forearms, the thighs, upper part of the legs, and upper side of the
tail rich yellowish-green,--the hairs being ringed with broader bars of
yellow, and narrower bars of black; external surface of the lower part of
the fore- and hind-limbs grey, the hairs being ringed with white, or very
pale yellow and black; cheeks, throat, under surface of the body, and inner
side of the limbs, white, washed with yellow on the cheeks, throat, and
along the mid-line of the belly. Tail tipped with a long tuft of bright
yellow; under side of the tail greyish-green; hairs beneath the tail and on
the scrotal region bright yellow; naked skin of the scrotal parts, green.
Length of body, 24 inches; of tail, 29 inches.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: from Senegambia to the Niger. It is said to be
now abundant in a wild state in the island of St. Kitts, in the West
Indies, and Colonel Feilden identified it in Barbadoes. Into both of these
islands it has been introduced from Africa, in the same way as into St.
Jago, one of the Cape Verde Islands.
HABITS.--The Green Monkeys frequent high trees in the great forests, living
in small troops or sitting alone. They move about very noiselessly, and
would seem to be devoid of voice, remaining silent even when attacked or
wounded; although they knit their brows, gnash their teeth, and evince
every sign of vexation and anger. This species is one of the commonest
Monkeys introduced into Europe, as it appears to be able to stand, better
than most of the other members of the genus, the northern climate. It has
even bred in the Zoological {60}Gardens in London. It is very active and
intelligent, and when young it is gentle and of a good disposition, but as
it grows older it becomes treacherous, malicious, and savage.
XVII. THE VERVET GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS PYGERYTHRUS.
_Cercopithecus pygerythra_ (Le Vervet), F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm.,
iii., livr. xxiv. (Janvier, 1821).
_Cercopithecus pygerithræus_, Desmarest, Mamm., Suppl., p. 534 (1820).
_Cercopithecus pygerythrus_, Lesson, Spec. des Mamm. Bimanes et Quadrum.,
p. 83 (1840); Geoffr., Dict. Hist. Nat., iii., p. 305 (1849); id., Cat.
Méth. Primates, p. 21 (1851); Wagner, in Schreb. Säugeth., v., p. 39
(1855); Peters, Reis. Mossamb. Säugeth., p. 4; Martin, Mammif. An., p.
521 (1841); Schl., Mus. Pays Bas, vii., p. 76 (1876); Thomas, P. Z. S.,
1885, p. 219; H. H. Johnston, Kilimanjaro Exped., p. 352 (1886); Scl., P.
Z. S., 1893, p. 249 (nec Martin, nec. Schl.).
_Cercopithecus pusillus_, Delalande in Desmoul, Dict. Class., vii., p.
568.
_Cercopithecus lalandii_, Geoffr., Dict. d'Hist. Nat., iii., p. 305
(1849); Wagner, in Schreber's Säugeth., v., p. 39 (1855); Sclater, P. Z.
S., 1893, pp. 248 and 615.
_Cercopithecus rufo-viridis_, Is. Geoffr., C. R., xv., p. 1038 (1842);
Scl., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 420.
_Chlorocebus pygerythrus_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus, p. 25 (1870).
CHARACTERS.--Very nearly allied to the Grivet (_C. sabæus_), to the
Malbrouck (_C. cynosurus_), and to the last species, the Green Guenon.
Distinguished from the Grivet by the chin, the hands and the feet, beyond
the ankle, and the wrist being very black, instead of grey; and the tip of
the tail (or its {61}entire length) black, instead of being grey or yellow,
as in the Malbrouck. It differs from both the Malbrouck and Grivet in
having, according to Martin, long coarse fur, greyer in tint above, with a
slighter wash of olive (= _C. lalandii_ of Geoffroy); or in being more
reddish-yellow or yellowish-green above (the true _C. pygerythrus_); also
by having conspicuous superciliary bristles. The less thick and heavy
muzzle and the green scrotal region distinguish it from the Malbrouck; the
rust-red coloured hair on the space below the root of the tail
distinguishes it from the Grivet. Length of body, 22 inches; tail, 27
inches.
The female is slightly smaller than the male.
DISTRIBUTION.--South Africa: Cape Colony. "The Vervet is common in the
forests along the Great Fish river, and other streams between Algoa Bay and
Cape Town. Its range extends also along the Natal coast, throughout the
Amakozi country, and Caffreland generally." (_Martin._) Zambesia. On
Kilimanjaro. Mr. H. H. Johnston observed it to be common, at 5,000 feet, in
the cultivated gardens round the village of Moshi, and in the forests lower
down, at Taveita.
HABITS.--Their food consists of fruits, and particularly of the gum which
exudes from various species of Acacia. In confinement, when irritated, they
utter, it is said, a barking noise, display their teeth, and gaze with
hatred in their eyes. They are very treacherous, ferocious, and daring, and
their cage requires to be approached with much precaution. Mr. Johnston,
when living on the slopes of Kilimanjaro, found them to be exceedingly
familiar and mischievous, and given to stealing fruits, &c. They are
entirely without the fear of Man.
This Monkey is very commonly to be seen alive in European {62}menageries,
where it appears to stand the northern climate fairly well. At a meeting of
the Zoological Society in November, 1893, Dr. Sclater remarked that
_Cercopithecus callitrichus_ (= _C. pygerythrus_) had recently bred in the
Gardens. Concerning the latter birth a curious fact had been observed and
reported by the keepers--that the young Monkey, which lived about two
months, had been in the habit of sucking both of the mother's teats at
once.
XVIII. THE TANTALUS GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS TANTALUS.
_Cercopithecus tantalus_, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1841, p. 33; Sclater, P. Z.
S., 1893, p. 258; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 73 (1876).
_Cercocebus tantalus_, var. f., Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 26
(1870).
CHARACTERS.--Head rounder and face shorter than in _C. callitrichus_. Face
covered with very short hairs; nose prominent, and narrow between the eyes,
flatter and broader towards the tip. Head, back, and sides, a mixture of
yellowish-brown and green, of the same shade as prevails in the upper parts
of _C. callitrichus_ and _C. pygerythrus_; outer surface of the limbs
clearer ashy-grey; whiskers, throat, breast, under side of the body, and
inner side of the limbs, yellowish-white; tail brown at the root, pale grey
at the tip; back of hands and feet light grey; face livid flesh-colour
round the eyes, the short hairs on the nose and cheeks black; lips light
brown; eyebrows black, surmounted by a broad white band across the
forehead; scrotal region covered with yellowish hairs. (_Ogilby._)
DISTRIBUTION.--Africa, but the exact habitat is unknown.
HABITS.--Unknown.
{63}III. CERCOPITHECI ERYTHRONOTI.
The next three species constitute the red-furred group of Geoffroy and
Sclater, being bright rufous above, and white beneath.
XIX. THE PATAS GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS PATAS.
_Simia patas_, Schreber, Säugeth., i., p. 98, pl. xvi. (1775).
_Cercopithecus patas_, Erxleb. Syst. Règne An., p. 34 (1777); Schleg.,
Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 84 (1876); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 249.
_Simia rubra_, Gm., Syst. Nat., i., p. 34 (1788); Fischer, Synops. Mamm.,
p. 24 (1829).
_Cercopithecus ruber_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 96 (1812); id., Dict.
d'Hist. Nat., iii., p. 307 (1849); Desmar. Mamm., p. 59 (1820); Martin,
Mammif. An., p. 509 (1841, pt.); Wagner, in Schreber, Säugeth. Suppl.,
v., p. 42 (1855); Scl., P. Z. S., 1874, p. 664.
_Le Patas et Le Patas à bandeau noir_, F. Cuvier, Hist. Mamm. i., livr.
xv. (Avril, 1820).
_Chlorocebus ruber_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 25 (1870).
CHARACTERS.--Head broad and flattened; nose depressed; muzzle short; fur
long and silky on the back of the head, elsewhere short. Orbits narrow;
cheeks and muzzle naked; whiskers thick and bushy, encroaching far on the
cheeks, and extending back below the ears; chin with a few hairs, but no
beard. Head, back, sides, and hinder aspect of the arms and fore-arms, and
of the thighs and legs, and of the upper and lower sides of the base, and
the upper side of the rest of the tail, foxy red; shoulders, chest, front
and rest of the fore-limbs, entire under side of the body, and of the
terminal portion {64}of the tail, and inner side of the limbs, with the
entire hands and feet, grey or greyish-white,--the hairs being ringed with
black and white. The nude parts of the face and of the ears, hands, and
feet, violet flesh-colour; a distinct superciliary arch black; a white bar
from the eye to behind the ear; a black line from the superciliary stripe,
extending down the nose-ridge and expanding on the tip; on the upper lip, a
short moustache of black hairs; whiskers greyish-white, washed with yellow.
This species varies considerably in size and in coloration.
In young animals the grey is often washed with rufous.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Senegal.
HABITS.--The Patas in its native forest lives in large troops, which unite
together, as De la Brue has recorded, against a common enemy. He relates
that as he passed along a river in his boat, the Patas came down to the
tips of the branches out of curiosity, but after watching the party for a
time they threw dry branches and other handy objects at them, till some of
their number were at last shot. This so infuriated the survivors, that they
redoubled their attack with stones and other missiles, giving utterance
meanwhile to the most frightful cries. Mr. Martin, from whom we have
condensed De la Brue's account, says that this species is lively in
captivity, but very spiteful and capricious, its temper becoming worse with
age.
XX. THE NISNAS GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS PYRRHONOTUS.
_Cercopithecus pyrrhonotus_, Hempr. et Ehrenb., Symb. Phys., pl. x.
(1838); Geoffr., Dict. Hist. Nat., iii., p. 307 (1849); Wagner, in
Schreber's Säugeth., v., p. 42 (1855); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 623;
1893, p. 250; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 84 (1876).
{65}_Cercopithecus ruber_, Rüpp., Neue Wirb. Säugeth., p. 8 (1835);
Martin, Mammif. An., p. 509 (1841) (in part).
_Le Nisnas_, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm., i., pl. 27 (1830).
_Chlorocebus ruber_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 25 (1870).
CHARACTERS.--Of the same size as _C. patas_, and very similar to it. Fur
above, and on the lower part of the limbs rufous, and on the lower part of
the back, and under side of the tail, much darker rufous than elsewhere;
nose white, not black as in the preceding species; shoulders and external
aspect of arms rufous like the rest of the body, and not grey as in _C.
patas_.
DISTRIBUTION.--North-east Africa: Kordofan and Darfur, to a height of 3,000
feet above the sea. A specimen living in the Zoological Gardens in 1882 was
stated to have come from Somali-land.
Allied to the Patas and the Nisnas is Peters' Guenon (_Cercopithecus
ochraceus_, Peters, Reis. Mossamb. Säugeth., p. 2, pl. 1a), from Querimba,
Mozambique, which has the upper side yellowish, and is probably but a
variety of _C. pyrrhonotus_.
XXI. THE REDDISH-GREEN GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS RUFO-VIRIDIS.
_Cercopithecus rufo-viridis_, Geoffr., C. R., xv., p. 1038 (1842); id.
Dict. Hist. Nat., iii., p. 307 (1849); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 78
(1876); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 258.
_Chlorocebus rufo-viridis_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 25 (1870).
_? Cercopithecus flavidus_, Peters, Reis. Mossamb., p. 3, pl. i.b.
CHARACTERS.--Face black; a large frontal band white; head above
olive-green; back green washed with rufous, gradually becoming bright
rufous, slightly speckled with black on the sides {66}of the body between
the fore- and hind-limbs; shoulders and thighs grey, washed with green; the
rest of the external aspect of the limbs grey; under side of body and inner
side of limbs white; hands speckled black; the feet greyish; tail, dark
grey above, pale grey below.
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITS.--Unknown. The form described by Peters as _C.
flavidus_ comes from Mozambique.
IV. CERCOPITHECI MELANOCHIRI.
The species which we now proceed to describe belong to Prof. Schlegel's
Section v., and Dr. Sclater's _Cercopitheci melanochiri_, of which the
members have the arms and legs either black or dark grey, and have a black
band from the outer corner of the eyes to the ears.
XXII. THE MONA GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS MONA.
_Simia mona_, Schreber, Säugeth., i., p. 97, pl. xv. (1775).
_Cercopithecus mona_, Erxleb. Syst. Regne An., p. 32 (1777); Geoffr.,
Dict. Hist. Nat., p. 304 (1849); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 527 (1841);
Wagner, in Schreb. Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 47 (1855); Gray, Cat. Monkeys
Brit. Mus., p. 22 (1870); Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 80 (1876);
Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 250.
_La mone_, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm., i., livr. ix. (Août, 1819).
CHARACTERS.--Top of the head brilliant golden-green, the hairs being black
at the roots, yellow further up and tipped with black; back, sides of body,
shoulders, and haunches chestnut-brown, speckled with black,--the hairs
being grey at the base, ringed alternately with red, or brown and black;
frontal band pale greenish; rump, with the exception of a distinctive
elliptical white bar on each side, at the base of the tail, black; the
hands and feet, and external aspect of the legs, {67}thighs, and fore-arms,
black; the under side of the body and inner side of the limbs pure white,
separated by an abrupt line from the colours of the outer surfaces; the
transverse black band above the eyebrows extending from the outer corner of
the eyes to the ears; nude parts of face, ears, and hands livid
flesh-colour; the whiskers bushy, covering much of the cheeks, descending
on the sides and lower part of the neck, pale yellow, speckled with black
marks.
The white bars on each side of the tail, on the rump, and the white frontal
band distinguish this species from all others.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Cameroons.
XXIII. SYKES' GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS ALBIGULARIS.
_Semnopithecus albogularis_, Sykes, P. Z. S., 1831, p. 106.
_Cercopithecus albigularis_, Sykes, P. Z. S., 1832, p. 18; Owen, P. Z.
S., 1832, p. 18 (anatomy); Martin, Mamm. An., p. 512 (1841); Frazer,
Zool. Typ., pl. ii. (1848); Wagner in Schreb. Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 45
(1855); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 24 (1870); Schleg., Mus.
Pays-Bas, vii., p. 79 (1876); True. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., xv., p. 448
(1893); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 251; Matschie, S.B., Nat. Fr. Berl.,
1893, p. 215; Thomas, P. Z. S., 1894, p. 137.
_Cercopithecus erythrarchus_, Peters, Reis. Mossamb. Säugeth., p. 1, pl.
i.; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 77 (1876); Kirk, P. Z. S., 1864, p.
649; Reuvens, Zool. Gart., xxx., p. 207 (1889); Oudem, _op. cit._, xxxi.,
p. 267 (1890); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 249 (female).
_? Cercopithecus monoides_, Geoffr., Arch. du Mus., ii., p. 558, pl. 31
(1841); id., C. R., xv., p. 1038 (1842); id., Dict. Hist. Nat., iii., p.
303 (1849); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 256.
{68}CHARACTERS.--MALE.--Head rounded, short; ears small, rounded, and
nearly concealed in the long fur of the head; eyes deep-set; superciliary
hairs long; whiskers thick and bushy; no beard; facial angle large;
cheek-pouches small but distinct, not observable even when filled, being
concealed by the bushy whiskers; thumbs short; great-toes long; very small
callosities; tail half as long as the body. Larynx with the usual two wide
lateral sacs and a middle pouch extending forward about three inches under
the skin of the neck, communicating with the larynx by a large opening.
Entire upper surface black, mixed with yellow,--the hairs being black,
ringed with brownish-yellow bars. Face, cheeks, and lips black; shoulders,
fore-limbs and hind-limbs (washed with yellowish), black, from the absence
of the yellow bars, which predominate on the back and sides; under side of
the body black, speckled with white; chin and throat white; no white thigh
patches; tail, black.
FEMALE.--Differs from the male in being smaller, and in having the rump,
the upper and lower sides of the base of the tail, the region round the
anus, and the posterior aspect of the upper part of the thighs and arms
strongly tinged with reddish-brown. The lower side of the body and inner
sides of the limbs whitish--the hairs towards their extremities being
ringed with black and greyish-yellow. It has been described as
_Cercopithecus erythrarchus_ of Peters and other writers.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Gold Coast (_Pel_); also said to have been
obtained on the Congo. East Africa: Mozambique; believed to abound about
Cape Corrientes (_Peters_). Quilimane and the Lower Zambesi are further
given as habitats both by Dr. Peters and Sir J. Kirk. Mr. H. H. Johnston,
H.M. Commissioner in Nyasa Land, has sent it from the Milanji Plateau,
where it ranges from 3,000 to 6,000 feet above the sea. This species was at
one time supposed, but quite erroneously, to come from Madagascar.
PLATE XXIX.
[Illustration: BOUTOURLINI'S GUENON.]
{69}HABITS.--This Monkey is very frequently brought alive to Europe, and
almost all that we know of its habits has been obtained from observing it
in captivity. Colonel Sykes, who first brought this species to England and
described it, says that "its manners in captivity are grave and sedate. Its
disposition is gentle, but not affectionate; and though free from that
capricious petulance and mischievous irascibility characteristic of so many
of the African species, still it quickly resents irritating treatment, and
evinces its resentment by very smart blows with its anterior hands. It
never bit any person on board ship, but so seriously lacerated three
Monkeys, its fellow passengers, that two of them died from the wounds. It
readily ate meat, and would choose to pick a bone even when plentifully
supplied with vegetables and dried fruits." Another individual, seen by Mr.
Ogilby, exhibited the same antipathy to other Monkeys.
XXIV. BOUTOURLINI'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS BOUTOURLINII.
(_Plate XXIX._)
_Cercopithecus boutourlinii_, Giglioli, Zool. Anz., x., p. 510 (1887);
Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, pp. 256, 441.
_Cercopithecus albigularis_, Giglioli, Ann. Mus. Genov. (2), vi., p. 8
(1888).
CHARACTERS.--MALE.--Body-hairs long and rough; upper surface black, with
pale fulvous annellations, except on a line between the shoulders, which is
nearly black; ears nearly nude, with an inner hairy pencil; nose, upper
lip, chin, and throat, pure white; rest of the under surface and of the
limbs and tail black, {70}except the base of the tail, which has ringed
hairs like the back all round. Length of body, 21 inches; of tail, 24
inches. (_Sclater._)
FEMALE.--Nearly similar, but smaller, and having the hairs less ringed on
the back and the head. (_Sclater._)
Distinguished from _C. albigularis_ by its white nose and upper lips, black
under surface, and blacker limbs.
DISTRIBUTION.--North-east Africa: Kaffa, a province to the south of Shoa;
and Gimma, a province in Central Abyssinia, to the south of Gojan.
XXV. CAMPBELL'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS CAMPBELLI.
_Cercopithecus campbelli_, Waterh., P. Z. S., 1838, p. 61; Fraser, Zool.
Typ., pl. iii. (1848); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 544 (1841); Wagner in
Schreber Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 47 (1855); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182;
id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 24 (1870); Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii.,
p. 82 (1876); Jentink, Notes, Leyden Mus., x., p. 9 (1888); Sclater, P.
Z. S., 1893, p. 251.
_Cercopithecus burnetti_, Gray, Ann. N. H., x., p. 256 (1842).
CHARACTERS.--Fur long, longer on the hinder part of the back than on the
front, separated along the back--the hairs black with broad yellow rings.
Face bluish-black; lips flesh-coloured; band across the forehead white,
washed with rufous--the hairs tipped with black; head as far as the nape of
the neck, yellowish-brown; the fore part of the back brownish-black, the
lower part of the back, the outer side of the hind-legs, the fore-legs, and
basal third of the tail olive-black, washed with yellow; the long hair on
the cheeks and side of the neck, which partly conceals the ears,
greyish-white, ringed towards the tips with black and {71}yellow; the inner
side of the ears furnished with long yellow-flecked grey hairs; the chest,
throat, under side of the body, inner side of limbs and fore part of the
thighs white; posterior two-thirds of the tail yellowish-grey, the hairs
ringed with black and faded yellow, those of the under side with brown and
grey; tip of the tail with a small black tuft.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: from Sierra Leone to the Gold Coast.
HABITS.--This is the commonest Monkey, both in the interior and on the
coast of this region of Africa. It frequents the moderate-sized trees of
the forest in troops of fifty or more in number; and it occasionally even
takes to the water of its own accord.
XXVI. THE SAMANGO GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS SAMANGO.
_Cercopithecus samango_, Sundev. Öfvers. K. Vet.-Akad. Förh. Stockh., i.,
p. 160 (1844); Wagner in Schreber Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 44 (1855);
Peters, Reis. Mossamb., Säugeth., p. 4; Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182;
id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 24 (1870); Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii.,
p. 79 (1876; in part); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 251.
CHARACTERS.--Distinguished by the dirty white tint along the basal half of
the tail, except along the median line of the upper side, which is black;
end of the tail black. Back entirely blackish-olive--the hairs being
yellowish-olive, ringed with black; inner side of the limbs, and entire
under surface from the arms to the chin, dirty white; outer surface of the
arms black, of the legs grey; the feet black; ears covered with whitish
hairs.
DISTRIBUTION,--South and East Africa: Natal and Mozambique; extending to
Angola in the west.
{72}XXVII. THE WHITE-LIPPED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS LABIATUS.
_Cercopithecus labiatus_, Geoffr., C. R., xv., p. 1038 (1842); id., Dict.
d'Hist. Nat., iii., p. 302 (1849); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 256.
_Cercopithecus samango_, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 79 (1876; in
part).
CHARACTERS.--Fur thick; a bunch of long hairs directed backwards on the
cheeks; inner aspect of the ears covered with reddish-grey hairs; upper
side of the body dark grey, speckled with pale olive-yellow; top of the
head black, speckled with yellowish-green; forehead and jaws
greenish-yellow, speckled with black; a black spot on the face above the
commissure of the lips; rest of the lips and region of the mouth white;
outer side of the fore-limbs, hands, and feet black; outer side of the
hind-limbs greyish-brown; under side of the body faded white; inner side of
the limbs ashy-grey; round the anus and the greater part of the under side
of the tail, pale yellowish-brown; upper side of the tail, for same
distance, reddish-black; remainder black.
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITS.--Unknown.
XXVIII. THE RUMP-SPOTTED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS OPISTHOSTICTUS.
_Cercopithecus opisthostictus_, Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 725.
CHARACTERS.--Back black, speckled with pale grey; head darker; back of the
neck, shoulders, external aspect of the hands and feet, and the tail
(except at its base), black; a small spot on the lower back on each side of
the tail rufous; under side blackish. Length of body, 24 inches; of tail,
25 inches. (_Sclater._)
{73}DISTRIBUTION.--British Central Africa: near Lake Mweru.
HABITS.--Unknown. The skin of this Monkey is used by the natives to form
dresses, and from specimens of these, collected by Mr. A. Sharpe, H.B.M.
Vice-Consul in Southern Nyasa Land, during his journey from the north end
of Lake Nyasa to Lake Mweru and the Luapula, this species has been
described by Dr. P. L. Sclater.
XXIX. STAIRS' GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS STAIRSI.
_Cercopithecus stairsi_, Sclater, P. Z. S., 1892, p. 580, pl. xl.; 1893,
pp. 252, 443, and 612.
CHARACTERS.--ADULT MALE.--Face black, except a ring round the eyes, which
is flesh-coloured; ridge of the nose and a band above the eyes from ear to
ear black, surmounted by another band of long erect yellowish-white hairs;
ears naked; whiskers bushy, greyish-white, washed with greenish-yellow; on
each side of the forehead a bright chestnut band is carried over the head
behind the ears; back of the head, nape, and anterior part of the back
grey, variegated by black lines and washed with yellowish; back of the
shoulders dark grey; back, especially the lower part, yellowish-grey, with
a rufous patch on the rump above the tail; external surface of the arms
blackish-grey; hands black; outside of the legs grey; feet not so black as
the hands; anal region, and about three inches of the base of the tail
rufous-yellow; scrotum dark indigo blue; throat, under surface of body, and
inner side of limbs milky white; the whole of the hair of the upper parts
minutely grizzled. Length of body, 18 inches; tail injured. (_Sclater._)
YOUNG FEMALE.--Differs from the male in being lighter in colour; back below
the nape, sides, thighs, legs, and upper {74}surface of the basal third of
the tail ochre yellow, washed with rufous; shoulders and fore-limbs grey;
hands and feet black, under side of the body and inner side of the limbs
and the throat (where the hairs are long) milky white; terminal two-thirds
of the tail blackish-grey, darker at the tip.
The chestnut auricular spots in both sexes of this species distinguish it
from all others.
DISTRIBUTION.--The Zambesi Delta. The typical specimen (which is the female
above described) was given, as Dr. Sclater tells us in his original account
of this beautiful species, by Mr. Hillier, at Chindi, to Dr. Moloney (of
Lieut. Stairs' Expedition). The latter brought it home alive, and presented
it in 1892 to the Zoological Society's Gardens, where it lived till the
beginning of 1893. The type specimen is now in the British Museum. A second
specimen, the adult male (described above) was presented to the Society in
June, 1893, by Mr. F. Hintz, whose brother had brought it from Mozambique,
and had had it in captivity for eight years.
HABITS.--Unknown.
XXX. MOLONEY'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS MOLONEYI.
_Cercopithecus moloneyi_, Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 252, pl. xvii.
CHARACTERS.--Related to _C. samango_, but larger; hairs long above,
olivaceous, speckled with black; head darker; a broad band covering the
middle and lower back, and the base of the upper side of the tail
rufous--the hairs ringed with black; arms, externally from the shoulders
down to the hands, and internally on the lower part of the fore-arm, black;
outer aspect of the thighs and legs blackish-grey, washed posteriorly with
yellowish; tail, except at the very tip, deep black; the face, lips,
{75}and ears naked, and black; a fulvous band across the forehead above the
eyes; sides of the head fulvous, speckled with black; throat, creamy
yellow; under side of body pale fulvous, the hairs ringed with black; the
inside of the arms, thighs, and upper part of the legs greyish fulvous;
feet black. Length of body, 28 inches; of tail, 26 inches.
DISTRIBUTION.--British Central Africa. Procured from the natives of
N-Konde, and brought from Karonga, at the north end of Lake Nyasa, by Dr.
Moloney.
HABITS.--Unknown.
XXXI. SCHLEGEL'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS NEGLECTUS.
_Cercopithecus leucocampyx_ (nec Fischer), Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus.,
p. 22 (1870).
_Cercopithecus neglectus_, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 70 (1876);
Giglioli, Zool. Anz., x., p. 510 (1887); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 253.
CHARACTERS.--General colour greyish-brown, finely grizzled; under side of
body black; crown, outside of limbs and base of tail black; anterior aspect
of thighs and a band across the haunches white.
Distinguished from the true _C. leucampyx_ by the colour of the front of
the thighs, and by its banded haunch.
_Distribution._--The White Nile, where it was obtained by Consul Petherick.
XXXII. THE DIADEM GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS LEUCAMPYX.
_Simia leucampyx_, Fischer, Syn. Mamm., p. 20 (1829).
{76}_Le Diane femelle_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat., Mamm., livr. xlii. (June,
1824).
_Cercopithecus diadematus_, Geoffr. in Bélang., Voy. Zool. p. 51 (1834).
_Cercopithecus leucampyx_, Martin, Mamm. An., p. 529 (1841); Geoffr.,
Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat., iii., p. 304 (1849); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii.,
p. 83 (1876); Giglioli, Zool. Anz., x., p. 510 (1887); Sclater, P. Z. S.,
1893, p. 253 ([female]).
_Cercopithecus pluto_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1848, p. 56, pl. iii.; 1868, p.
182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 23 (1870); Wagner in Schreb.
Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 48 (1855); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1870, p. 670, 1871,
p. 36, 1892, p. 97.
CHARACTERS.--Face, nose, and lips black; whiskers rounded and bushy; no
beard; fur long and harsh; form robust and powerful; whiskers grizzled, the
hairs ringed with black and white; across the forehead, over the eyes, a
broad white bar (or diadem); the back beyond the shoulders, the sides and
haunches, and the posterior aspect of the thighs, grizzly-grey, the hairs
ringed with numerous greenish-white and black bars; tail grey at its base,
rest black; a few yellowish hairs on the callosities, but all the rest of
the body deep black. Length of body, 23 inches; of tail, 21.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Angola, and the Congo, to Nyasa Land.
HABITS.--Unknown.
V. CERCOPITHECI AURICULATI.
The following three species form the fifth group of the Guenons,
distinguished by their yellowish or rufous ear-tufts, and the three black
lines over the forehead.
PLATE XXX.
[Illustration: ERXLEBEN'S GUENON.]
{77}XXXIII. ERXLEBEN'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS GRAYI.
_Cercopithecus grayi_, Fraser, Cat. Knowsl. Coll., p. 8 (1850); Gray, P.
Z. S., 1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 22 (1870); Sclater,
P. Z. S., 1893, p. 256.
_Cercopithecus erxlebenii_, Dahlb. et Puch., Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856,
p. 96; 1857, p. 196; Dahlb., Zool. Stud., p. 109, pl. 5 (1856); Gray, P.
Z. S., 1868, p. 182; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 23 (1870; in part);
Sclater, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 36; 1893, p. 254; 1894, p. 484.
_Cercopithecus pogonias_, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 82 (part).
(_Plate XXX._)
CHARACTERS.--Face and ears naked, flesh-coloured; whiskers commencing under
the eyes, bushy, yellow; the ears with a rufous or yellow tuft internally;
head yellow, but interrupted by three broad black streaks, extending from
above each eye and from the nose to the back of the head; back, anterior
aspect of the thighs, and the sides yellowish rufous, darker towards the
lower back--the hairs ringed with black and yellow, upper surface and
entire terminal third of the tail black. Under surface of the body, inner
side of the limbs, anterior aspect of the thighs and legs, and the under
side of the basal two-thirds of the tail, yellow or rufous yellow; region
of the anus white; external aspect of the fore-limbs black; the hands and
feet black.
A female specimen of this species which lived for some years in the
menagerie of Lord Derby at Knowsley, and died in 1836, is now in the Derby
Museum, Liverpool. It is the type of _C. grayi_, with which _C. erxlebeni_
is identical.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: River Congo.
{78}XXXIV. THE BEARDED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS POGONIAS.
_Cercopithecus pogonias_, Bennett, P. Z. S., 1833, p. 67; Wagner in
Schreber Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 43 (1855); Lesson, Spec. Mamm., p. 74
(1840); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 543 (1841); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182;
id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 23 (1870); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p.
254; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 82 (1876).
CHARACTERS.--Similar to _C. grayi_, but differs in the yellow forehead
being interrupted in the middle by only a few black hairs, and not by a
streak; the whiskers paler; the back part of the head, the fore part of the
back, and the sides grizzled, the hairs being black, ringed with white;
while down the middle of the back to the base of the tail runs a broad
black stripe.
DISTRIBUTION.--Fernando Po.
XXXV. THE BLACK-FOOTED GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS NIGRIPES.
_Cercopithecus nigripes_, Du Chaillu, Pr. Bost. N. H. Soc., vii., p. 360
(1860); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 182; Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 254.
_Cercopithecus erxlebenii_, var. _nigripes_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit.
Mus., p. 23 (1870).
_Cercopithecus pogonias_, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 182 (1876).
CHARACTERS.--Very similar to _C. pogonias_, but differs in being darker,
and in having the dorsal stripe wider and more diffused lower down. It is
probably only a variety of the preceding.
DISTRIBUTION.--Gaboon, where it was discovered by Du Chaillu.
{79}XXXVI. WOLF'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS WOLFI.
_Cercopithecus wolfi_, Meyer, Notes, Leyden Mus., xiii., p. 63 (1891);
id., P. Z. S., 1894, p. 83, pl. vii.; Sclater, P. Z. S, 1893, p. 258.
CHARACTERS.--Face, except the lips, which are flesh-colour, and the
temples, greyish-black; a yellowish-white bar across the forehead from ear
to ear; whiskers greyish-yellow; ear-tufts reddish-brown; upper surface
dark slate-grey; sides blue-grey, the hairs barred with several pale rings,
and tipped with black; dorsal stripe, narrowing towards the tail,
olive-yellowish, brighter on the crown, and brownish-yellow towards the
tail; basal half of the tail above, ashy-grey, below white; an
orange-yellow patch on the sides; chin, sides of neck, under surface of
body and inner side of limbs white; belly washed slightly with orange;
shoulders and outer aspect of the fore-limb, black--the hairs ringed with
grey; on the hinder edge of the fore-arms an ochre-coloured stripe; outer
side of thighs and legs bright red-brown, becoming orange on their anterior
and posterior internal margin. Length of body, 18¼ inches; of tail, 24
inches.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: the exact locality is unknown.
VI. CERCOPITHECI BARBATI.
The members of this group are distinguished by possessing a beard and a
frontal crest.
XXXVII. THE DIANA GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS DIANA.
_Simia diana_, Linn., Syst. Nat., i., p. 38 (1766).
{80}_Cercopithecus diana_, Erxleb., Syst. Regne An., p. 30 (1777);
Desmar., Mamm., p. 60 (1820); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 523 (1841);
Geoffr., Dict. Hist. Nat., iii., p. 304 (1849); Wagner in Schreb.
Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 48 (1855); Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 22
(1870; pt.); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 92 (1876; pt.); Jentink,
Notes, Leyd. Mus., x., p. 12; Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 254.
_Cercopithecus diana_, var. _ignita_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p.
22 (1870).
CHARACTERS.--Face black. Sides of face with long bushy whiskers,
terminating on the chin in a pointed white beard a few inches long; across
the forehead run two arched lines of erect hairs, the lower black, the
upper white; top of the head, back of the neck, shoulders, the sides,
middle of belly, ashy-grey--the hairs being white and black ringed, and
white-tipped; outside of limbs darker, the hands black; tail grey, the tip
black; neck, chest, and anterior part of the arms white; from the middle of
the back a deep chestnut spot extends, and widens to the root of the tail;
from the base of the tail, the outer aspect of the thighs, white; posterior
part of under side of body and inner side of thighs, orange-yellow, or
orange red, or bright red bay (_C. ignita_ of Gray). Length of body, 18
inches; of tail, 24 inches.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: from Liberia to the Congo.
HABITS.--This beautiful and graceful Monkey is not uncommon in captivity,
and nearly all we know of its habits has been obtained from such specimens.
"Like the rest of its tribe," writes Mr. Martin, "it is gentle, lively,
active, and familiar while young, but as age advances it becomes reserved
and treacherous.... Its frontal crest of white hairs, and its white peaked
beard 'of formal cut,' give a singular aspect to its physiognomy. This
latter ornament it has been observed, so Mr. Ogilby states, to be
solicitous in keeping neat and clean; when about to drink it takes the
beard in its hand with amazing gravity, and holds it back in order to
prevent it from dipping into the fluid."
PLATE XXXI.
[Illustration: DE BRAZZA'S GUENON.]
{81}XXXVIII. THE PALATINE GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS PALATINUS.
_Le Roloway_ ou _la Palatine_, Buff., Hist. Nat. Suppl., xv., p. 77
(1789).
_Cercopithecus roloway_, Erxleb., Syst. Régn. An., p. 42 (1777); Geoffr.,
Dict. Hist. Nat., iii., p. 304 (1849); Fisch., Synop. Mamm., p. 20
(1829).
_Cercopithecus palatinus_, Wagner, in Schreb. Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 47
(1855); Scl., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 257.
_Cercopithecus diana_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 22 (1870; pt.);
Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 92 (1876; pt.).
CHARACTERS.--Very similar to _C. diana_, but differs in having the back
very dark brown, nearly black, instead of chestnut; the head, flanks,
thighs, limbs dark grey; where the belly in _C. diana_ is black, in _C.
palatinus_ it is white.
DISTRIBUTION.--Gold Coast.
XXXIX. DE BRAZZA'S GUENON. CERCOPITHECUS BRAZZÆ.
(_Plate XXXI._)
_Cercopithecus brazzæ_, Milne-Edwards, Rev. Sc. (3), xii., p. 15 (1886);
Sclater, P. Z. S., 1893 pp. 255, 443, pl. xxxiii.
CHARACTERS.--Top of head, back, sides of face, outside of thighs, and root
of tail pale fulvous, densely ringed with black; a frontal band, of dense
erect hairs, chestnut, {82}white-tipped, bordered behind by a broad black
band from ear to ear; ears nearly naked; upper part of nose and a narrow
line above the eyes, in front of the chestnut band, black; lower nose and
upper lip white; a longish white beard on the chin and throat; belly dark
fulvous, the hairs densely ringed with black; hands and feet black; inner
side of thighs, arms, and a streak along the posterior aspect of the
thighs, white; tail, except at its base, black. Length, 21 inches; tail, 22
inches. (_Sclater._) Nearly related to _C. neglectus_.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Upper Congo.
VII. CERCOPITHECI TRITUBERCULATI.
This section of the Family contains but one species, distinguished by the
posterior lower molars having only three, instead of four, tubercles to
their crowns. On this account it has been considered by some systematists
to be the type of a distinct genus, _Miopithecus_.
XL. THE TALAPOIN. CERCOPITHECUS TALAPOIN.
(_Plate XXXII._)
_Talapoin_, Buff., Hist. Nat., xiv., p. 287, pl. xl. (1766).
_Cercopithecus talapoin_, Erxleb., Syst. Régn. Anim., p. 36, no. 15
(1777), Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 93 (1812); Desm., Mamm., p. 56;
Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 534 (1841); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 71
(1876).
_Simia talapoin_, Gm., Syst. Nat., i., p. 101 (1788); Schreber, Säugeth.,
i., p. 101, no. 18, pl. 17; Fischer, Synops. Mamm., p. 21 (1829).
_Cercopithecus pileatus_, Desm., Mamm., p. 57 (1820; nec Shaw).
_Miopithecus talapoin_, Geoffr., Dict. Nat. Hist., iii., p. 308 (1849);
Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 20 (1870).
PLATE XXXII.
[Illustration: THE TALAPOIN.]
{83}_Miopithecus capillatus_, Geoffr., C. R., xv., p. 720 (1842.)
_Simia melarhinus_, Schinz, Synop. Mamm., i., p. 47 (1844).
CHARACTERS.--Small in size; head globular; muzzle very short; eyes large;
ears very expanded; nose but slightly protruding, with oblong nostrils
opening laterally, the septum thick; hands short, fingers united by a web.
Skull large; superciliary ridges and orbits also large; posterior molar in
both jaws small; those in the lower jaw only three-cusped (two cusps in
front, one behind); anterior and median lower molars four-cusped.
Naked skin round the eyes orange; upper lip yellow; whiskers directed
downward, bright straw-yellow; upper eyelids white; nose black; ears naked,
black; frontal hairs erect, forming a distinct curved crest. Fur speckled
olive-green--the hairs grey at the roots, olive-green in the middle and
black-tipped; fur darker on the body, paler and more washed with yellow on
the outer side of the body and upper side of the hands and feet. Under
surface of the body and the inside of the limbs white; tail ashy-grey.
Length of body, 13½ inches.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Gaboon.
HABITS.--Nothing is known of the habits of this rare species, which is the
smallest of the Guenons.
THE GUEREZAS AND LANGURS.--SUB-FAMILY SEMNOPITHECINÆ.
The members of this Sub-family are characterised, externally, by having
elongated slender bodies, with their hind pair of limbs longer than their
front pair, and a very long tail. {84}Internally their digestive organs
differ from those of the _Cercopithecinæ_, the stomach being three times as
large as that organ in any Guenon of the same size. Instead of being a
simple rounded sac, it is elongate and composed of several pouches. These
compartments are quite different, however, from those seen in a Ruminant's
stomach, such as that of the Ox. In the latter, each of the various
divisions is differently constructed, and its mucous membrane is peculiarly
modified; in the Guenon it is divided into two portions, the left of which
forms a very considerable cavity, while the right is long and narrow. Two
great, strong, muscular bands run along its entire length, one along the
greater, the other along the lesser, curvature, like the muscles of the
great intestine, forming a series of large cells. (_Otto._) In addition to
this, the whole organ is twisted upon itself, so that the entrance and exit
regions come to be close together. Its mucous membrane is throughout of the
same character and form. The cæcum has no _appendix vermiformis_, or
worm-shaped tube, which is the representative (as in Man) of the elongate
cæcum found among the Lemuroids, as among most of the Mammals. The muzzle
in this Sub-family is very short, and the nose is generally, but slightly,
prominent. There are ischial callosities, but no cheek-pouches among the
Langurs, though small ones have been described in certain of the Guerezas
(_Colobus_). When laryngeal sacs are present they are formed of a single
sac with a median aperture into the windpipe, in the space below its
superior opening; it may have large prolongations down the front of the
neck, as far indeed as the arm-pits.
The frontal region of the skull is rounded, and the facial angle is
comparatively large. The ascending portion of the hinder part of each half
of the lower jaw is high, and its {85}hindmost molar on each side has five
cusps to its crown. Their breast-bone is very narrow. The vertebræ forming
the tail are much elongated. All have the central (_os centrale_) bone in
the _carpus_ (or wrist).
The posterior lobes of the cerebrum project beyond the cerebellum and
conceal it; they are very short among the Langurs. The principal grooves
and foldings seen in the human brain are represented, and there is a
perfectly distinct _hippocampus minor_--an eminence in the cavity of the
posterior lobe, which was for a long time supposed to be a character
peculiar to the human brain, and the presence or absence of which was once
a celebrated cause of difference between certain distinguished anatomists.
The food of the _Semnopithecinæ_--of which they consume a large bulk at a
time--consists chiefly of leaves and young shoots of trees. For this
purpose their sacculated stomach forms a necessary receptacle and store for
their food during their hasty collection of it.
The Sub-family practically consists of but two genera--_Colobus_ and
_Semnopithecus_. One species, forming a third genus (_Nasalis_), is closely
related to the latter. The _Colobi_ are confined to Africa, and the
_Semnopitheci_--of which there are a large number of species--inhabit the
mainland of India, the Malayan Peninsula, and the neighbouring Archipelago
as far east only as _Wallace's line_, which runs between the islands of
Bali and Lombock, and northwards to the east of Borneo.
THE GUEREZAS. GENUS COLOBUS.
_Colobus_, Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm., p. 69 (1811).
The Guerezas are a group of Monkeys entirely confined to the African
continent. The character which especially {86}distinguishes them from the
Langurs, which (with the exception of the monotypic Nosed Monkeys of
Borneo) form the remaining members of the Sub-family, is the condition of
their thumbs. In these animals the thumb is practically absent, being
either quite invisible externally, or presenting merely a tubercle, which
may or may not have a nail upon it. The hands are long and straight, and
the nails of the fingers are compressed and pointed. In these animals the
body is slender, though somewhat more robust than in _Semnopithecus_. The
face is naked or covered only with a sparse and soft down, the nostrils
being separated by a wide division. From this feature these Monkeys have
been described by some naturalists as Platyrrhine or Megarrhine. The ears
are rounded above, with the posterior upper angle pointed or square, and
generally naked, but they are sometimes haired or tufted inside. All the
Guerezas have a specially elongated tail, which is often tufted at the end.
Their fur is long and slightly harsher than that of the Langurs, but it is
not ringed with differently coloured bands. Their callosities are large and
naked.
The skulls in _Colobus_ and _Semnopithecus_ are very similar in shape; but
those of the former are often longer, larger, and have a greater cranial
capacity than those of the _Semnopitheci_. The muzzle is short, and the
hind molar of the lower jaw has five tubercles. The thumbs, even when
apparently absent, are represented under the skin by a single bone, the
ungual phalanx, which articulates directly with the metacarpal bone. The
Guerezas differ from the Guenons in having very small cheek-pouches and no
laryngeal sacs. Their stomach is transversely sacculated like the upper
part of the great intestine in the human body.
The Guerezas, which represent the Langurs in Asia, inhabit {87}Tropical
Africa, ranging from Abyssinia and Zanzibar in the east, to Senegambia,
Angola, and perhaps the island of Fernando Po on the west--between about
15° N. lat. on the eastern and 12° on the western side, to 10° S. lat. They
live in small troops in the forest, both on the plains and on the
mountains, their food consisting of fruits, but principally of leaves,
which they eat in large quantities, as the peculiar and capacious form of
their storehouse-like stomach, in lieu of cheek-pouches, would indicate.
Of their habits in their native state very little indeed is known, for they
prefer to keep to the great trees of the forests far from human habitation;
while, owing to their very delicate constitution enabling them to resist
for a very short period the rigours of a climate cooler than their own,
scarcely anything has been learnt of them in captivity. The beautiful skins
of many of the species form a considerable article of commerce in Europe
and America to adorn the costumes of the most refined and cultivated
ladies, who vie for their possession with the semi-nude and barbarous
warriors of Equatorial Africa, by whom they are also used as ornaments for
their persons and for decorations for their weapons.
I. VAN BENEDEN'S GUEREZA. COLOBUS VERUS.
_Colobus verus_, Van Bened., Bull. Acad. Sc., Brux., v., p. 344, pl. 13
(1838); Less., Spec. Mamm., p. 70 (1840); Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 503
(1841); Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 17, no. 4 (1851); Wagner, in
Schreber, Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 37 (1855); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p.
182; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 28 (1876).
_Semnopithecus_ (_Colobus_) _olivaceus_, Wagner, in Schreber's Säugeth.
Suppl., i., p. 309 (1840).
{88}_Colobus cristatus_, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3), xvii., p. 77
(1866); id., P. Z. S., 1886, p. 182, pl. xv.; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit.
Mus., p. 19, et Suppl., p. 128 (1870).
_Procolobus verus_, Rochebr., Faun. Sénég., Mamm. Suppl., p. 97, pl. 1
(1887).
CHARACTERS.--Body stout; limbs robust; head oval, the muzzle slightly
prominent; face and ears naked, brownish-black; thumb entirely absent;
callosities large. Hair on the top of the head, forming a median crest,
reddish-olive; whiskers, directed backward, pale yellow; over the eyes a
frontal bar of the same colour, coalescing with the whiskers opposite the
eyes; upper part of body to base of tail and down to the knees, covered
with short dark olive-brown hair, finely ringed with black, and washed with
rufous on the back of the neck and on the outside of the thighs; the tail
long and thin, olive-brown or brownish-grey; shoulders, flanks, and outer
surface of the limbs, pale greyish-green; upper sides of the hands and feet
reddish-brown; throat, chest (the hair of which is elongated), under
surface of the body and inner side of the limbs, ashy-grey. Length of
body, 21 inches; of tail, 24¼.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa. Forests of Fanti and Ashanti.
II. THE RED-CRESTED GUEREZA. COLOBUS RUFOMITRATUS.
_Colobus rufomitratus_, Peters, M. B. Akad. Berl., 1879, p. 829, pl. iA.
and ii.
_Tropicolobus rufomitratus_, Rochebr., Faun. Sénég., Mamm., Suppl., p.
102 (1887).
CHARACTERS.--Body thick-set and covered with short hair; face {89}and ears
naked and brownish-black, the long superciliary hairs and the transverse
crest, from ear to ear, black; front and back of the head to the nape of
the neck brownish-red; cheeks and chin dark grey; back, from the nape of
the neck, flanks, outer and hinder surfaces of the limbs, and the feet,
dark brownish-olive; front of the shoulder, of the arm and part of the
fore-arm, and the front of the thighs, pale reddish-yellow; breast, under
side of the body and inner side of the limbs, of the same colour, but
paler; tail coloured like the back, the tip tufted, brownish-black. Length
of body, 26¾ inches; tail, 27¾.
DISTRIBUTION.--This very rare species lives in East Africa. Forests at
Muniuni, near Mombasa.
III. KIRK'S GUEREZA. COLOBUS KIRKI.
_Colobus kirkii_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 180, pl. xv.; id., Cat.
Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 127 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 25
(1876); Kirk, Ann. and Mag. N. H. (5), xiii., p. 307 (1884).
_Guereza kirkii_, Trouess., Consp. Mamm., p. 14 (1879).
_Piliocolobus kirki_, Rochebr., Faun. Sénég., Mamm. Suppl., p. 112, pl.
vi. (1887).
CHARACTERS.--Face and ears naked, bluish-black; tip of the nose
greyish-white; head, with long divergent hairs, forming a kind of cap, bent
backwards over the forehead; crown of head, back, and tail, reddish-brown,
paler towards the extremity; the nape, shoulders, arms, outer and anterior
aspects of the fore-arms, the centre of the outer aspect of the thighs and
legs, and the hands and feet, black; forehead, cheeks, chest, front aspect
of the shoulders, the whole of the under side of the body, {90}and the
inner side of the limbs, white; anterior aspect of the lower part of the
arm, the hind-margin of the fore-arms, and the anterior and posterior
aspects of the thighs and legs, greyish-white. (_Gray._) Length of body,
25½ inches; of tail, 31 inches.
DISTRIBUTION.--Island of Zanzibar. This Monkey was first sent to Europe by
Sir John Kirk in 1868. Its discoverer, writing in 1884, says that even in
1868 the Monkey was rare, but was still to be found in many of the wooded
districts of that island. He writes: "I am not aware that it has been found
in Pemba Island or on the mainland; and now I discover that, if not
extinct, it has become so rare as not to be procurable, even when I sent
the hunters over the island. I have a report that it exists still in one
spot, which they could not reach. I believe that two specimens were sent to
Germany some time ago; but it looks as if the animal will be lost to
science. This is due to the destruction of forest and jungle over the
island."
"_Colobus kirkii_," writes Mr. H. H. Johnston, in 1886, "had disappeared
from nearly every part of the island of Zanzibar, but a rumour prevailed
that it still lingered on a clump of forest as yet unvisited by hunters.
Thither Sir John sent his _chasseurs_ to report on the Monkey's existence.
After a week's absence they returned, triumph illumining their swarthy
lineaments. 'Well, did you find them?' asked the British Consul General.
'Yes,' replied the men with glee, 'and we killed them every one!' wherewith
twelve Monkey-corpses were flung upon the floor, and _Colobus kirki_ joined
the Dodo, the Auk, the Rhytina and the Moa, in the limbo of species
extinguished by the act of man."
PLATE XXXIII.
[Illustration: BAY GUEREZA.]
{91}IV. THE BAY GUEREZA. COLOBUS FERRUGINEUS.
(_Plate XXXIII._)
_Simia ferruginea_, Shaw, Gen. Zool., i., p. 59 (1800); Desm., Mamm., p.
53 (1820); Fischer, Synops. Mamm., p. 13 (1829).
_Colobus ferrugineus_, Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm., p. 69 (1811);
Gervais, H. N. Mamm., i., p. 66 (1854); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 181;
Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 27 (1876); Rochebr., Faun. Sénég., Mamm.,
p. 25 (1883-5); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1890, p. 590, pl. xlviii.
_Colobus ferruginosus_, Geoffr., Ann. Mus., xix., p. 92 (1812); Martin,
Mammif. Anim., p. 498 (1841).
_Colobus temminckii_, Kuhl, Beitr., Zool., p. 7 (1820); Desm., Mamm., p.
53 (1820); Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1835, p. 99; Martin, _op. cit._, p. 499
(1841).
_Colobus pennantii_, Waterh., P. Z. S., 1838, p. 57; Martin, op. cit., p.
501; Geoffr., Dict. H. N., iv., p. 209 (1849); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p.
181, var. 2.
_Colobus ferruginea_, Less., Spec. Mamm., p. 68 (1840); Gray, Cat.
Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 18 (1870).
_Colobus fuliginosus_, Ogilby, Cat. Mamm. Z. S., p. 97 (1839); Is.
Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Prim., p. 17 (1851); Temm., Esquiss. Zool., p. 24
(1853); Dahlb., Consp. Mamm. p. 95 (1857).
_Colobus rufo-fuliginosus_, Ogilby, Cat. Mamm. Z. S., p. 270 (1839).
_Colobus rufo-niger_, Ogilby, Cat. Mamm. Z. S., p. 273 (1839); Martin,
_op. cit._, p. 500 (1841); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 181, var. 1.
_Piliocolobus ferrugineus_, Rochebr., Faun. Sénég., Mamm. Suppl., p. 105,
pl. iii. (1887).
{92}_Piliocolobus bouvieri_, Rochebr., _tom. cit._, p. 108, pl. iv.
_Piliocolobus tholloni_, Rochebr., _tom. cit._, p. 110, pl. v.
CHARACTERS.--Body robust, covered with rather long hairs; face naked,
blackish-blue, except the tip of the nose, corners of the mouth and edge of
lower lips, which are flesh-colour; ears naked, blackish-blue; nose short
and somewhat prominent; frontal hairs erect, directed forward, black; top
and back of the head as far as the nape, black; back, sides, outer aspect
of the thighs, base and upper surface of the tail, bluish or olive-black,
with whitish hairs mingled on the shoulders and thighs; sides of the face
from the middle of the cheek backwards to a point behind (enclosing the
ears), neck, chin, and throat, the under surface of body, as well as the
whole of the limbs (except the outer aspect of the thighs), and the under
surface of the tail, rich rufous; tips of the fingers and toes black.
Length of body, 29 inches; of tail, 31 inches. The hairs are all uniformly
coloured. The thumb is often fairly well developed, and may have a nail.
This species is extremely variable in the coloration of its fur; the back
in some varieties is rufous, the cheeks and throat may be sandy-yellow or
white, and the under side whitish or white, and the outside of the
fore-limbs may be black, or agreeing in colour with the outside of the
thighs. The well-developed _foetus_ shows no signs of the varied coloration
of later life, but is quite white.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa. Not uncommon along the whole West Coast.
HABITS.--Like many of the other species of the genus, this species keeps to
the tops of the highest trees of the forest. Its food consists of fruits
and leaves.
{93}V. THE BLACK GUEREZA. COLOBUS SATANAS.
_Colobus satanas_, Waterhouse, P. Z. S., 1838, p. 58; Martin, Mammif.
Anim., p. 497 (1841); Gervais, H. N. Mamm., p. 65 (1854); Sclater, P. Z.
S., 1860, p. 246; Reichenb., Naturg. Affen, p. 88 (1862); Is. Geoffr.,
Dict. H. N., iv., p. 208 (1849); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 181; id., Cat.
Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 17 (1870); Schleg, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 27
(1876); Matschie, S.B. Ges. Natur. Fr. Berlin (1892), p. 226.
_Semnopithecus anthracinus_, Leconte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1857,
p. 10.
_Guereza satanas_, Truess. Consp. Mamm., p. 10 (1879).
_Stachycolobus satanas_, Rochebr. Faun. Sénég. Suppl. Mamm., p. 114, pl.
vii. (1887).
CHARACTERS.--Fur very long, coarse; face naked, black; ears rounded, black;
superciliary and frontal hairs very long; hairs of the cheeks long, very
coarse, and directed backwards; fur entirely and uniformly black on the
body and tail; hairs on tail short; tip not tufted. Length of body, 40
inches; of tail, 59½ inches.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa. Forests of Senegambia, Sierra Leone, Gaboon,
and the Congo. This is one of the commonest species in West Africa.
VI. THE URSINE GUEREZA. COLOBUS URSINUS.
_? Full-bottom Monkey_, Pennant, Quad., i., p. 197, pl. 24 (1781).
_? Colobus polycomus_, Illig., Prodr., p. 69 (1811).
{94}_Colobus ursinus_, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1835, p. 98; Less. Spec. Mamm.,
p. 70 (1840); Martin, Mammif. Anim., p. 495 (1841); Fraser, Zool. Typ.,
pl. i. (1849); Is. Geoffr., Dict. H. N., iv., p. 208 (1849); Sclater, P.
Z. S., 1860, p. 245; Reichenb. Naturg. Affen, p. 86 (1862); Schl., Mus.
Pays-Bas, vii., p. 24 (1876).
_Colobus personatus_, Temm., Mus. Lugd., _fide_ Reichenb. _t.c._, p. 88
(1862).
_Colobus polycomus_, var., Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 18 (1870);
Rochebr., Faun. Sénég., Suppl. Mamm., p. 117, pl. viii. (1887), Matschie
S.B. Ges. Natur. Fr. Berlin, 1892, p. 227.
_Guereza ursinus_, Trouess., Consp. Mamm., p. 10 (1879).
CHARACTERS.--Body large; fur long and glossy; face and ears naked and
black; fur on neck, shoulders, and along the back forming a mantle; fur
over the whole of the body and limbs deep black; front and back of head,
auricular region, sides of the neck and throat, greyish-white, mingled with
greyish-black; the tail long, short-haired, white at the extremity.
YOUNG.--White, with a few scattered black hairs; tail well tufted.
DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: Sierra Leone.
N. B.--Sinoe is the most easterly region whence skins come to the coast.
HABITS.--This species is often found alone, not in large troops. It is more
rare in collections than _C. ferrugineus_.
VII. THE WHITE-THIGHED GUEREZA. COLOBUS VELLEROSUS.
_Semnopithecus vellerosus_, Is. Geoffr. in Bélang. Voy. Mamm., p. 37
(1830).
{95}_Semnopithecus bicolor_, Wesmael, Bull. Acad. Sc. Brux., ii., p. 236
(1835).
_Colobus leucomeros_, Ogilby, P. Z. S., 1837, p. 69; Martin, Mammif.
Anim., p. 497 (1841).
_Colobus ursinus_, Temm., Esquiss. Zool. Guin., p. 21 (1853).
_Colobus vellerosus_, Is. Geoffr., Dict. H. N., iv., p. 116 (1849); id.,
Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 17 (1851); Gervais, H. N. Mamm., i., p. 65
(1854); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1860, p. 246; Reichenb., Naturg. Affen, p. 87
(1862); Matschie, S.B. Ges. Natur. Fr. Berlin, 1892, p. 226.
_Colobus bicolor_, Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 181; id., Cat. Monkeys Brit.
Mus., p. 18 (1870); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 26 (1876);
Rochebr., Faun. Sénég., Mamm., p. 24 (1885).
_Guereza vellerosus_, Truess. Consp. Mamm., p. 10 (1879).
_Pterycolobus vellerosus_, Rochebr., _op. cit._, Suppl. Mamm., p. 125,
pl. x. (1887).
CHARACTERS.--Hair on the back, flanks, and loins, very long and silky; the
fur everywhere deep black, excepting a frontal band, which coalesces with
the long hair of the auricular region and sides of the neck, which are
white, as well as the chin, the throat, a spot on each side of the
buttocks, the external and posterior aspects of the thighs, and the
short-haired tail, which is tufted at the tip; the thumbs very short, but
distinct, and having a flat nail. Length of body, 28½ inches; of tail, 31
inches.
The young are similar in coloration to the adults, but the hair is not
elongated.
{96}DISTRIBUTION.--West Africa: from the Gold Coast to Senegambia, where it
is not uncommon.
VIII. THE ANGOLAN GUEREZA. COLOBUS ANGOLENSIS.
_Colobus angolensis_, Sclater, P. Z. S., 1860, p. 245; Reichenb., Naturg.
Affen, p. 88 (1862); Gray, P. Z. S., 1868, p. 181; id., Cat. Monkeys
Brit. Mus., p. 18 (1870); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, p. 24 (1876); Rochebr.,
Faun. Sénég., Suppl. Mamm., p. 119; Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb., 1889, p. 10;
Matschie, S.B. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 1892, p. 226.
_Colobus palliatus_, Peters, M. B. Akad. Berl., 1868, p. 637; id., op.
cit., 1879, p. 830, pl. iv.A.; Gray, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4) iii., p. 171
(1869); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 68; Matschie, S.B. Ges. Natur. Fr.
Berlin, 1892, p. 227.
_Guereza angolensis_ et _G. palliatus_, Trouess. Consp. Mamm., pp. 10 and
20 (1879).
CHARACTERS.--Face and ears naked, black; hair radiating round the face,
long, and directed backward, especially on the temples and sides of the
face, and on the shoulders, where it forms a lengthy mantle; hairs on the
top of the head shorter than on the back. General colour deep glossy black,
except the frontal band over the eyes, the temporal hairs, whiskers and
mantle, which are white. Tail long and black, except for the terminal
third, which is white, and has a thick tufted tip; a white spot on the
perinæum. Length of body, 23½ inches; of tail, 34 inches.
DISTRIBUTION.--East Africa: the valley of the Pangani. Said to extend to
Angola on the south-west coast.
{97}IX. RUPPELL'S GUEREZA. COLOBUS GUEREZA.
_Colobus guereza_, Rüpp, Neue Wirbelth. Saügeth., p. 1, pl. 1 (1835);
Lesson, Spec. Mamm., p. 68 (1840); Martin, Mammif. An., p. 494 (1841);
Is. Geoffr., Dict. H. N., iv., p. 117 (1849); id., Cat. Méth. Primates,
p. 17 (1851); Temm., Esquiss. Zool. Guin., p. 23 (1853); Dahlb., Zool.
Stud., i., p. 95 (1857); Sclater, P. Z. S., 1860, p. 246; Gray, P. Z. S.,
1868, p. 182; Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii., p. 25 (1876); Thomas, P. Z. S.,
1885, p. 219; Matschie, S. B. Gesell. Natur. Fr. Berlin, 1892, p. 225, et
seqq.
_Guereza rueppelli_, Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 19 (1870);
Rochebr., Faun. Sénégamb., i., Mamm., p. 25 (1885); id., t.c., suppl., p.
129, pl. xi. (1887).
_Guereza guereza_, Trouess., Consp. Mamm., p. 10 (1879.)
_Guereza occidentalis_, Rochebr., _op. cit._, Suppl., p. 140, pl. xiii.
(1887).
CHARACTERS.--Face thinly covered with greyish-white hairs; nose and upper
lip black; ears, naked, black; a bar across the forehead, expanding on the
sides of the head, throat, sides of the neck, and chin, white; from the
shoulders a mantle of long white silky hairs extending down each side and
meeting on the lower back, so as to hang down over the sides of the body,
the hips, and thighs; the outside of the latter greyish-white; the hinder
third of the tail tufted and white, each hair ringed with numerous fine
bands of brown; the whole of the rest of the body deep shining black.
Length of the body, 28 inches; of the tail, 28½.
DISTRIBUTION.--This remarkably beautiful Monkey inhabits North-Eastern
Africa, where it is not uncommon in the {98}provinces of Godjan and the
kingdom of Shoa. Dr. Blanford, however, did not hear of it during his
journey with the British army to Magdala. It is found also in the
neighbourhood of Mount Kilimanjaro, and was shot in the forested plains
near the coast by Mr. H. H. Johnston. The form of this species which has
been described under the name of _C. occidentalis_ is more or less confined
to the south of Lulongo, in the Upper Congo, between 6° N. latitude and 12°
East longitude.
HABITS.--The "Guereza," as the natives of Abyssinia name this species,
lives in small troops in the very highest trees of the forest, in the
neighbourhood of streams. It is very active and lively, and quite harmless
in disposition. The food of this _Colobus_ consists of wild fruits,
insects, and such like, which it searches for throughout the day only,
retiring during the night. "The _Colobus_ Monkey," observes Mr. H. H.
Johnston, "is almost the only one that quite avoids the neighbourhood of
Man; the other genera frequent the vicinity of native plantations, and
doubtless profit by the abundance of cultivated food." The skin of this
Monkey is in great request among the Masai warriors both for dresses,
capes, and caps, the long white mantle of the creature forming a most
ornamental costume; and also to cover their shields with.
X. THE WHITE-TAILED GUEREZA. COLOBUS CAUDATUS.
_Colobus guereza caudatus_, Thomas, P. Z. S., 1885, p. 219, pl. xii.;
Johnston, Kilimanj. Exped., pp. 174, 388, 389, fig. 72; Matschie, S. B.
Gesell. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1892, p. 225.
_Guereza caudatus_, Rochebr., Faun. Sénég. Suppl., Mamm., p. 136, pl.
xii.
(_Plate XXXIV._)
PLATE XXXIV.
[Illustration: THE WHITE-TAILED GUEREZA.]
{99}CHARACTERS.--Very similar to _C. guereza_, but "characterised by having
the white brush of the tail very much larger and finer than is the case in
the true Abyssinian _C. guereza_. In the latter animal the proximal 12-16
inches of the tail is short-haired and quite black, only the terminal 8-12
inches being white and tufted, so that the white mantle hangs down from the
body and hides only about one-third of the black part of the tail."
(_Oldfield Thomas._) In _Colobus caudatus_, Mr. Thomas adds, only some
three or four inches of the base of the tail are black, and the remainder
(with the hairs about 20 or 21 inches) is developed into a magnificent
white brush, of which individual hairs are from seven to nine inches in
length. The hairs of the white body-mantle--washed like the tail with
yellowish cream-colour--entirely cover the black at the base of the tail,
the white of the latter and of the mantle being quite continuous.
DISTRIBUTION.--East Africa; very common all round the base of Mount
Kilimanjaro, as Mr. Johnston--who discovered the species--reports. On Mount
Kenia Dr. Gregory, of the British Museum, during his adventurous and
remarkable journey, met with it at a great altitude. It has also been found
at Kisongo, south-east of Lake Victoria and in Uniamuezi, where Sir Richard
Burton obtained it.
HABITS.--The habits of the White-tailed Guereza are very similar to those
of the foregoing; but it would appear to be much more of a mountain-loving
animal than the latter. A creature so strikingly--even
glaringly--ornamented might be supposed to be a very conspicuous object
among its native forests. Dr. Gregory, however, has informed the present
writer that, notwithstanding its distinctive coloration when examined in
{100}the hand, he found it very difficult to detect it in its home amid the
forest-trees at high altitudes, where all the branches are clothed with
long grey-beard lichens, with which its fur very closely harmonizes. Mr. H.
H. Johnston, in describing Mandara's soldiers, says: "On their heads were
crescents made of ostrich feathers, or caps of the _Colobus_ Monkey-skin.
This last-mentioned animal also supplied them with mantles of long black
and white fur, and contributed the heavily-plumed tails which these Çaga
soldiers fixed on to that portion of their body where tails should rightly
appear, if man had not dispensed with such appendages."
"The 'Polume,' as Dr. Livingstone calls this species, is in Uniamuezi known
as the 'Mbega,' and is admired on account of its polished black skin and
snowy-white mane. It is a cleanly animal, ever occupied in polishing its
beautiful garb, which, according to the Arabs, it tears to pieces when
wounded, lest the hunter should profit by it. The 'Mbega' lives in trees,
seldom descending to the ground, and feeds upon fruits and young leaves."
(_Burton._)
THE LANGURS. GENUS SEMNOPITHECUS.
_Semnopithecus_, F. Cuv., Hist. Nat. Mammif. (1821).
_Presbytis_, Eschsch. Kotzeb. Entdeck. Reis., iii., p. 196 (1821).
The members of this genus have thin and elongated bodies, long limbs, and a
very long and slender tail. The head is rounded, and shorter than in the
Guenons; the muzzle short, depressed, and but little prominent. The thumb,
although shorter than that digit among the Guenons and Macaques, is present
in all the species, and forms a good prehensile finger with a flat nail.
The hands and feet are long and narrow, and {101}the finger-nails convex;
the great-toe is thick and well-developed. The callosities are small as
compared with the Guenons; the fur is abundant, and generally long, soft,
and often glossy; and over the eyes they have usually a ridge of stiff
hairs projecting in front. The members of this genus, as already observed,
have no cheek-pouches; they have, however, a large laryngeal sac formed and
situated as described above (p. 84).
The skull is round; the eye-sockets large, with a very prominent
superciliary ridge projecting over them; the space between the eyes is
broad, and the lower jaw is deep. The upper molars are four-cusped, and the
posterior lower molar five-cusped.
The Langurs are, when young, good tempered and easily tamed; but when old
they become sulky and ill-natured. They live chiefly in forest regions, in
troops of considerable size. "This genus is spread over almost the whole of
the Oriental region wherever the forests are extensive. They extend along
the Himalayas to beyond Simla, where a species has been observed at an
altitude of 11,000 feet, playing among fir-trees laden with snow-wreaths.
On the west side of India they are not found to the north of the 14th
parallel of latitude. On the east they extend into Arakan, and to Borneo
and Java, but not apparently into Cambodia. Along the eastern extension of
the Himalayas they again occur in Eastern Thibet, a remarkable species (_S.
roxellana_) having been discovered at Moupin (about lat. 32° N.), in the
highest forests, where the winters are severe and where the vegetation is
wholly that of the Palæarctic region." (_Wallace._)
The total number of Monkeys inhabiting the islands of the Eastern
Archipelago is, according to the most recent census, as follows: In
Sumatra, 12; Banka, 4; Borneo, 14; Java, 5; Celebes, 2; Natuna, Bali,
Lombock, Flores, Sumbawa, and Timor, 1 each; the Philippine and Sulu
Archipelagos, 1 each.
{102}I. BARBE'S LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS BARBII.
_Presbytis barbei_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xvi., p. 734 (1847); id., Cat.
Mamm. As. Soc. Mus., p. 14 (1863); id., Mamm. Burma, p. 11 (1875).
_Semnopithecus barbei_, Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 12
(1878); id., Cat. Mus. Calc., p. 48; Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm.,
p. 39 (1891).
CHARACTERS.--Nearly related to _S. obscurus_. Hair on the side of the head,
and in front of the ears, long, projecting outwards; that on the top of the
head long and directed backwards; beard short; face almost nude,
bluish-black; lips thinly furnished with short yellowish hairs. General
colour of the body everywhere black, except on the shoulders, the
fore-limbs to the wrist, the joint of the legs, the back and sides of the
head, and tail, which are washed with pale grey. Length of body, 19½
inches; of tail, 29 inches. The adult female is similar in coloration to
the male. In the skull the orbits are rounded, and the inter-orbital region
elongated. Dr. Anderson observes: "The differences which exist in certain
dimensions between the skulls of well-authenticated examples of the two
sexes are far greater than are generally found in the same sexes of
different species."
DISTRIBUTION.--Northern Tippera hills; Assam; and Mount Mooleyit, in
Tenasserim. Dr. Anderson observed it in the Valley of the Tapeng, in the
centre of the Kachin hills in Upper Burma, and in the defile of the
Irawaddy.
HABITS.--This species inhabits the thick forest, and is found in troops of
from thirty to fifty individuals, distributed, according to Dr. Anderson,
over three or four high forest-trees overhanging the mountain streams. It
is generally tame and fearless.
{103}II. THE BONNETED LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS PILEATUS.
_Semnopithecus pileatus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xii., p. 174 (1843);
xiii., p. 467 (1844); Wagner in Schreb. Säugeth. Suppl., v., p. 30, pl.
xxvi., fig. 3 (1855); Hutton, P. Z. S., 1867, p. 946; Schl., Mus.
Pays-Bas, vii., p. 57 (1876); Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 13
(1878); id., Cat. Mus. Calc., p. 40; Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm.,
p. 37, fig. 9 (1891).
_Presbytis pileatus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xvi., p. 735 (1847); id.,
Cat. Mamm. As. Soc. Mus., p. 12 (1863); id., Mamm. Burma, p. 11 (1875).
_Semnopithecus potenziani_, Bp., C. R., xliii., p. 412 (1856).
_Presbytis chrysogaster_, Licht.; Peters, P. Z. S., 1866, p. 429; Blyth,
Mamm. Burma, p. 10 (1875).
_Semnopithecus chrysogaster_, Licht.; Peters, M. B. Akad. Berl., 1879, p.
830, pl. iv.b; id., P. Z. S., 1866, p. 429; Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind.,
Mamm., p. 38 (1891).
CHARACTERS.--Nearly allied to _S. entellus_. Face flattened and black;
muzzle long and broad; head without a crest; some long superciliary hairs
projecting in front, black; whiskers long, running down to the chin, and
projecting outwards and backwards, partly concealing the ears, and of a
reddish-yellow colour; beard short, also reddish-yellow; hair on the top of
the head longer than on the back of the head and temples, black or dark
ashy-grey, washed, especially on the front of the head, with rufous; neck,
back, upper part of arm, lower portion of the fore-arm, outside of the
thighs, and tail (except the tufted tip, which is black), ashy-grey--all
these parts being slightly washed with rufous; hands and feet, black;
remainder of the limbs rufous; throat, chest, and fore part of the under
surface, rich {104}orange-yellow, paler on the hind part of the belly and
on the inner side of the limbs. Length of body, 18 inches; of tail, 28½
inches, and with the tuft, 31 inches. Cranium globular; supra-orbital
ridges not prominent.
The young have the fur soft, silky, and rather long, and are much paler
than the adults, and of a soft delicate grey, yellowish-white taking the
place of the rufous colour of the adults. (_Anderson._)
DISTRIBUTION.--Northern Assam, Arracan, Upper Burma, and Tenasserim. Dr.
Anderson observed a troop of this species at Tsingu Myo on the left bank of
the Irawaddy, at the lower end of the first defile.
HABITS.--This species lives in small troops in the forest. When young it is
of a mild disposition; but, when fully adult, the males are ill-natured and
fierce.
III. THE HANUMAN LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS ENTELLUS.
_L'entelle_, Audeb., Singes, Fam. V., sect. ii., fig. 2 (1797).
_Simia entellus_, Dufresne, Bull. Soc. Philom., i., p. 49 (1797).
_Cercopithecus entellus_, Latr., Hist. Nat. Buff., xxxvi., p. 283 (1809).
_Semnopithecus entellus_, Desm., Dict. Class. H. Nat., vii., p. 568
(1825); Sykes, P. Z. S., 1831, p. 199; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xii.
(1843), p. 169; xiii. (1844), p. 470; Hutton, P. Z. S., 1867, p. 944;
Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 14 (1870); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas,
vii., p. 60 (1876); Anderson, Rep. Zool. Exped. Yun-nan p. 15 (1878; with
full synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 27 (1891).
_Semnopithecus anchises_, Elliot; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xiii. (1844), p.
470; xvi. (1847), p. 733.
{105}_Presbytis entellus_, Gray, Hand-List Brit. Mus., p. 4 (1843; in
part); Blyth., _op. cit._, xvi., pp. 732, 1271, pl. liv., fig. 1 1847;
id., Cat. Mamm. As. Soc. Mus., p. 11 (1863); Jerdon, Mamm. Ind., p. 4
(1867).
_Semnopithecus albogularis_, Müll. u. Schl., Verh. Nat. Gesch., 1839-44,
p. 58 (_fide Anderson_).
CHARACTERS.--Nearly allied to _S. schistaceus_. Crestless; hair on top of
head radiating in all directions; ears large, whiskers short, not
concealing the ears; prominent supra-orbital projecting hairs, black; face,
ears, hands, and feet black. Head, body, limbs, and tail--which is a fourth
longer than the body--pale yellowish-brown, darker on the shoulders and the
outside of the limbs; under surface paler.
FEMALE.--Smaller than the male.
DISTRIBUTION.--According to Dr. Anderson, this species ranges from the
Deccan northwards to the south bank of the Ganges; its distribution to the
north-west, west, and south being uncertain.
HABITS.--"Few, if any, wild animals," observes Dr. Blanford, "afford better
opportunities for observation than the Hanuman Monkey of Northern and
Central India. Generally protected and looked upon as sacred by many of the
Hindu inhabitants, it has no fear of Man, and may be found in groves near
villages, or even on the village trees, as often as in the depths of the
forest. In many parts of India it is a common occurrence to see these
Monkeys on the roofs of houses. They frequently pilfer food from the
grain-dealers' shops, whilst the damage they inflict on gardens and fields,
renders them a great nuisance to the natives. They feed on fruit and grain,
but especially on {106}leaves and young shoots. They live in the high trees
of the forest and near to water, or in rocky hills, in moderately-sized
troops composed of males, females, young, and infants clasping their
mothers. An old male is occasionally found solitary. Two communities often
enter into deadly combat for possession of some fruit grove, an interesting
account of one of which is given by Mr. J. Hughes in the 'Proceedings of
the Asiatic Society of Bengal' for 1884." They are at all times very
active. "Their voice," continues Dr. Blanford, whose account we have
condensed, "is loud and is often heard, especially in the morning and
evening. The two commonest sounds emitted by them are a loud, joyous,
rather musical call, a kind of whoop generally uttered when they are
bounding from tree to tree, and a harsh guttural note, denoting alarm or
danger. The latter is the cry familiar to the tiger hunter, among whose
best friends is the Hanuman. Safely ensconced on a lofty tree, or jumping
from one tree to another as the tiger moves, the Monkey by gesture and cry
points out the position of its deadly enemy in the bushes or grass beneath,
and swears at him heartily."
The Hanuman is of very tender constitution, and cannot bear up against
great changes of climate and temperature and necessarily of elevation; it
is, therefore, entirely restricted to the warm lowland regions. There is,
according to Captain T. Hutton, no true migration of this species from the
upper to the lower districts of Bengal, as has been stated. "I am
inclined," writes this observer, "to restrict its range, somewhat loosely
perhaps, to between 10° and 25° N. lat. and 75° to 88° E. long., forming
with the line drawn across the country from Allahabad to Boondee, a
triangular range entirely south of the rivers Jumna and Ganges."
{107}IV. THE HIMALAYAN LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS SCHISTACEUS.
_Semnopithecus entellus_ (nec Dufr.), Hodgs., P. Z. S., 1834, p. 95;
Ogilby, Madr. Journ., xii., p. 144 (1840).
_Semnopithecus schistaceus_, Hodgs., J. A. S. Beng., ix., p. 1212 (1840);
Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, vii. p. 6 (1876); Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan,
p. 16 (1878; with full synonymy); Blanford, Faun. Brit. India, Mamm., p.
30 (1891).
_Semnopithecus nepalensis_, Hodg., J. A. S. Beng., ix., 1840, p. 1212.
_Presbytis entellus_ (nec Dufr.), Gray, Cat. Hodgs. Mamm. Nepal, p. 1
(1846); id., Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., pp. 14 and 15 (1870).
_Presbytis schistaceus_, Blyth, Cat. Mamm. As. Soc. Mus., p. 11 (1863);
Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 6 (1867); Blanford, J. A. S. Beng., xli., 1872,
p. 32.
CHARACTERS.--Fur long; hair radiating on the crown; hair of cheeks long,
hiding the small ears; tail slightly tufted; top and sides of head pale
yellow, or whitish; face and ears, palms and soles black; back, sides,
outside of limbs, tail, hands, and feet, dark slaty, or greyish-brown,
sometimes washed with purple.
Aged specimens are grey or white on the head; young ones often have the
feet darker than the adult.
Facial portion of the skull longer and the superciliary ridges less
projected forward than in _S. entellus_. The nasal bones project beyond a
line from the supra-orbital ridge to the front border of the
pre-maxillaries; in _S. entellus_ they do not project beyond it.
DISTRIBUTION.--The Himalayas, from Kashmir to Bhutan from {108}5,000 to
12,000 feet above the sea, this species taking the place in those high
altitudes of the lowland _S. entellus_.
HABITS.--Similar to those of the Hanuman. According to Dr. Blanford, Capt.
Hutton has observed it near Simla, at 11,000 feet, sporting amongst the
fir-trees that were loaded with snow-wreaths at the time. "But," writes Dr.
Anderson, "there is no evidence that any species of Monkey in the Himalaya
is naturally resident at those heights at which snow annually lies, as was
supposed by Hodgson, and it is the rarity of their occurrence at these high
elevations, and during winter, that has directed so much attention to their
hibernal wanderings. In the summer, they are much more widely distributed
than in the winter, when, as a rule, they are driven to lower heights and
into the warmer valleys."
V. THE MADRAS LANGUR. SEMNOPITHECUS PRIAMUS.
_Semnopithecus priam_, Elliot, MSS.; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xiii, p. 470
(1844).
_Semnopithecus pallipes_, Blyth, Ann. and Mag. N. H., 1844, p. 312.
_Presbytis priamus_, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., xvi., pp. 732, 1271, pl. liv.
(1847); xx., p. 313 (1851); id., Cat. Mamm. As. Soc. Mus., p. 12 (1863);
Kelaart, Prod. Faun. Zeylan., p. 3 (1852); Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 7
(1867).
_Semnopithecus albipes_, Is. Geoffr., Cat. Méth. Primates, p. 14 (1851);
Gray, Cat. Monkeys Brit. Mus., p. 15 (1870); Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped.
Yun-nan, p. 18 (1878).
_Semnopithecus priamus_, Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Mamm., p. 31 (1891);
Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 19 (1878; with full synonymy).
{109}_Presbytis thersites_, Tennent, Ceylon, p. 132, plate, fig. 1
(1860).
CHARACTERS.--Nearly allied to _S. entellus_. Hair on head indistinctly
radiated; back of head crested longitudinally; supra-orbital hairs very
long and projecting forward; ears large, not hidden by the whiskers. Fur
long; face and ears black; back, sides, outer aspect of fore-limbs, upper
part of the thigh, and the tail, ashy-grey, or earthy-brown, sometimes
slightly washed with purple; sides of the head, nape, lower half of the
thighs, hands, and feet, yellowish, as also the under surface of the body
and inside of the limbs. Length of body, 21 inches; tail, 28 inches.
DISTRIBUTION.--The Coromandel coast of India, ascending to 6,000 feet;
Ceylon, from the north as far as the Kandyan hills in the south.
HABITS.--The same as those of _S. entellus_ and _S. schistaceus_.
This species inhabits the northern and eastern provinces of Ceylon, and the
wooded hills which occur in these portions of the island. In appearance it
differs both in size and in colour from the common Wanderoo, being larger
and more inclined to grey; and in habits it is much more reserved. At
Jaffna, and in other parts of the island, where the population is
comparatively numerous, these Monkeys become so familiarised with the
presence of Man as to exhibit the utmost daring and indifference. A flock
of them will take possession of a Palmyra palm; and so effectually can they
crouch and conceal themselves among the leaves that, on the slightest
alarm, the whole party becomes invisible in an instant. The presence of a
Dog, however, excites such an irrepressible curiosity that, in order to
watch his movements, they never fail to betray themselves. {110}They may be
frequently seen congregated on the roof of a native hut.
The Singhalese have the impression that the remains of a Monkey are never
to be found in the forest; a belief which they have embodied in the proverb
that "he who has seen a white Crow, the nest of a paddi bird, a straight
coco-nut tree, or a dead Monkey, is certain to live for ever." This piece
of folk-lore has evidently reached Ceylon from India, where it is believed
that persons dwelling on the spot where a Hanuman Monkey, _Semnopithecus
entellus_, has been killed, will die, and t
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