A Synopsis of the Birds of North America
by John James Audubon · English · Gutenberg #42832 · 867,716 chars · public domain (US)
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Title: A Synopsis of the Birds of North America
Author: John James Audubon
Release date: May 28, 2013 [eBook #42832]
Most recently updated: October 23, 2024
Language: English
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Transcriber's note:
Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
Complicated fractions appear in several places. For example,
3-((7-1/2)/12). This should be read as three and seven and
one-half twelfths.
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Each plate had one or more illustrations pertinent to the
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A SYNOPSIS OF THE BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA.
by
JOHN JAMES AUDUBON, F.R.SS. L. & E.
Member of Various Scientific Associations in Europe and America.
Edinburgh:
Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh;
Longman, Rees, Brown, Green, and Longman,
London.
MDCCCXXXIX.
Printed by Neill and Co. Old Fishmarket Edinburgh.
PREFACE.
I have been induced to present this Volume to the Public by two
considerations. The figures and descriptions contained in the works
entitled "The Birds of America," and "Ornithological Biography, or an
Account of the Habits of the Birds of the United States," having been
issued in the miscellaneous manner which was thought best adapted to
the occasion, or which was rendered necessary by circumstances, seemed
to require a systematic index, in which the nomenclature should be
corrected, and the species arranged agreeably to my present views.
This Synopsis, then, will afford a methodical catalogue of all the
species hitherto discovered in the vast regions, extending from the
northern confines of Mexico to the Polar Seas, and which have been
described, and, with few exceptions, depicted in the works above
named. Another important object has been to present an arrangement of
these birds, so characterized, that a person desirous of studying
them, might, without much difficulty, be enabled to discover their
names, and trace some of the most important features in their
organization.
The species are disposed into genera and families; and, although the
location of the groups is not such as, in all respects, to satisfy
me, the arrangement will, I trust, be found in some degree useful. It
will be seen that, although I have adopted many of the modern groups,
I have not sectioned our birds on so minutely divided a scale as that
employed by some recent writers. Besides the characters of the
Families, Genera, and Species, which are given with considerable
detail, I have presented a short account of the Geographical
Distribution of the species, and references to the principal authors
by whom they have been described. I am confident that these notices
will suffice to enable the student to determine with certainty any
species that may come under his consideration, and that the
information respecting its habits, which he will find in the works
referred to, will afford him at least sufficient knowledge to form a
basis for the more extended observation which he may contemplate. To
the name of the genus I have appended that of the author by whom it
has been instituted; and with the specific names I have dealt in the
same manner, giving as authorities the individuals who first employed
them, although they may have referred them to different genera. It is
probable that many errors have been made in this department; but I
shall be happy to see them corrected, as my wish is to do justice to
all.
On this occasion I have again to acknowledge the benefit derived from
the aid of my friend Mr Macgillivray, whose general knowledge of
ornithology, and perfect candour, have rendered his advice peculiarly
valuable.
J. J. AUDUBON.
Edinburgh, _1st July 1839_.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page
FAMILY I. VULTURINÆ. VULTURINE BIRDS, 1
Genus 1. Cathartes. Turkey-Vulture, 1
II. FALCONINÆ. FALCONINE BIRDS, 3
1. Polyborus. Caracara, 4
2. Buteo. Buzzard, 5
3. Aquila. Eagle, 8
4. Haliaetus. Sea-Eagle, 9
5. Pandion. Osprey, 11
6. Elanus. Elanus, 12
7. Ictinia. Ictinia, 13
8. Nauclerus. Swallow-tailed Hawk, 14
9. Falco. Falcon, 15
10. Astur. Hawk, 17
11. Circus. Harrier, 19
III. STRIGINÆ. OWLS, 20
1. Surnia. Day-Owl, 21
2. Ulula. Night-Owl, 23
3. Strix. Screech-Owl, 24
4. Syrnium. Hooting-Owl, 26
5. Otus. Eared-Owl, 27
6. Bubo. Horned-Owl, 29
IV. CAPRIMULGINÆ. GOATSUCKERS, 30
1. Caprimulgus. Goatsucker, 31
2. Chordeiles. Night-Hawk, 32
V. CYPSELINÆ. SWIFTS, 33
1. Chætura. Spine-Tail, 33
VI. HIRUNDINÆ. SWALLOWS, 34
1. Hirundo. Swallow, 34
VII. MUSCICAPINÆ. FLYCATCHERS, 37
1. Milvulus. Swallow-Tail, 37
2. Muscicapa. Flycatcher, 39
3. Ptilogonys. Ptilogonys, 45
4. Culicivora. Gnat-Catcher, 46
VIII. SYLVICOLINÆ. WOOD-WARBLERS, 47
1. Myiodioctes. Flycatching-Warbler, 48
2. Sylvicola. Wood-Warbler, 50
3. Trichas. Ground-Warbler, 63
4. Helinaia. Swamp-Warbler, 66
5. Mniotilta. Creeping-Warbler, 70
IX. CERTHIANÆ. CREEPERS, 71
1. Certhia. Tree-Creeper, 72
2. Troglodytes. Wren, 73
X. PARINÆ. TITS, 77
1. Parus. Tit, 78
XI. SYLVIANÆ. WARBLERS, 80
1. Regulus. Kinglet, 81
2. Sialia. Blue Bird, 83
XII. TURDINÆ. THRUSHES, 85
1. Cinclus. Dipper, 86
2. Orpheus. Mocking-Bird, 86
3. Turdus. Thrush, 88
XIII. MOTACILLINÆ. WAGTAILS, 92
1. Seiurus. Wood-Wagtails, 92
2. Anthus. Pipit, 94
XIV. ALAUDINÆ. LARKS, 95
1. Alauda. Lark, 96
XV. FRINGILLINÆ. FINCHES, 97
1. Plectrophanes. Lark-Bunting, 98
2. Emberiza. Bunting, 100
3. Niphæa. Snow-Bird, 106
4. Spiza. Painted-Bunting, 107
5. Ammodramus. Shore-Finch, 109
6. Peucæa. Pinewood-Finch, 112
7. Linaria. Linnet, 113
8. Carduelis. Goldfinch, 115
9. Fringilla. Finch, 118
10. Pipilo. Ground-Finch, 123
11. Erythrospiza. Purple-Finch, 124
12. Corythus. Pine-Finch, 126
13. Loxia. Crossbill, 127
14. Corydalina. Lark-Finch, 129
15. Pitylus. Cardinal Grosbeak, 131
16. Coccoborus. Song-Grosbeak, 132
17. Coccothraustes. Grosbeak, 134
18. Pyranga. Red-Bird, 135
XVI. AGELAINÆ. MARSH-BLACKBIRDS, 137
1. Dolichonyx. Rice-Bird, 138
2. Molothrus. Cow-Bird, 139
3. Agelaius. Marsh-Blackbird, 139
4. Icterus. Hangnest, 142
5. Quiscalus. Crow-Blackbird, 145
XVII. STURNINÆ. STARLINGS, 147
1. Sturnella. Meadow-Starling, 148
XVIII. CORVINÆ. CROWS, 149
1. Corvus. Crow, 150
2. Pica. Magpie, 151
3. Garrulus. Jay, 153
4. Nucifraga. Nutcracker, 155
XIX. LANIINÆ. SHRIKES, 156
1. Lanius. Shrike, or Butcher-Bird, 157
XX. VIREONINÆ. GREENLETS, 159
1. Vireo. Greenlet, 159
XXI. PIPRINÆ. MANAKINS, 162
1. Icteria. Chat, 163
XXII. AMPELINÆ. CHATTERERS, 163
1. Bombycilla. Waxwing, 164
XXIII. SITTINÆ. NUTHATCHES, 166
1. Sitta. Nuthatch, 166
XXIV. TROCHILINÆ. HUMMINGBIRDS, 168
1. Trochilus. Hummingbird, 169
2. Selasphorus. Ruffed-Hummingbird, 171
XXV. ALCEDINÆ. KINGFISHERS, 172
1. Alcedo. Kingfisher, 172
XXVI. PICINÆ. WOODPECKERS, 174
1. Picus. Woodpecker, 175
XXVII. CUCULINÆ. CUCKOOS, 186
1. Coccyzus. American Cuckoo, 186
XXVIII. PSITTACINÆ. PARROTS, 188
1. Centurus., 188
XXIX. COLUMBINÆ. PIGEONS, 189
1. Columba. Dove, 190
2. Starnænas. Ground Dove, 193
3. Ectopistes. Long-tailed Dove, 194
XXX. PAVONINÆ. PAVONINE BIRDS, 195
1. Meleagris. Turkey, 196
XXXI. PERDICINÆ. PARTRIDGES, 198
1. Ortyx. American Partridge, 198
XXXII. TETRAONINÆ. GROUSE, 201
1. Tetrao. Grouse, 201
2. Lagopus. Ptarmigan, 206
XXXIII. RALLINÆ. RAILS, 209
1. Gallinula. Gallinule, 209
2. Fulica. Coot, 211
3. Ortygometra. Crake-Gallinule, 212
4. Rallus. Rail, 214
5. Aramus. Courlan, 216
XXXIV. GRUINÆ. CRANES, 218
1. Grus. Crane, 218
XXXV. CHARADRIINÆ. PLOVERS, 219
1. Charadrius. Plover, 220
2. Aphriza. Surf-Bird, 225
3. Strepsilas. Turnstone, 226
4. Hæmatopus. Oyster-catcher, 228
XXXVI. SCOLOPACINÆ. SNIPES, 229
1. Tringa. Sandpiper, 230
2. Phalaropus. Phalarope, 238
3. Lobipes. Lobefoot, 240
4. Totanus. Tatler, 241
5. Limosa. Godwit, 246
6. Scolopax. Snipe, 247
7. Microptera. Bogsucker, 250
8. Recurvirostra. Avocet, 251
9. Himantopus. Stilt, 252
10. Numenius. Curlew, 253
XXXVII. TANTALINÆ. IBISES, 256
1. Ibis. Ibis, 256
2. Tantalus. Tantalus, 258
3. Platalea. Spoonbill, 259
XXXVIII. ARDEINÆ. HERONS, 261
1. Ardea. Heron, 261
XXXIX. ANATINÆ. DUCKS, 267
1. Phœnicopterus. Flamingo, 268
2. Anser. Goose, 270
3. Cygnus. Swan, 273
4. Anas. Duck, 275
5. Fuligula. Sea-Duck, 284
XL. MERGINÆ. MERGANSERS, 298
1. Mergus. Merganser, 297
XLI. PELECANINÆ. PELICANS, 300
1. Phalacrocorax. Cormorant, 301
2. Plotus. Anhinga, 305
3. Tachypetes. Frigate Bird, 306
4. Pelecanus. Pelican, 308
5. Sula. Gannet, 310
6. Phaeton. Tropic Bird, 312
XLII. LARINÆ. GULLS, 313
1. Rhynchops. Skimmer, 313
2. Sterna. Tern, 315
3. Larus. Gull, 322
XLIII. PROCELLARINÆ. FULMARS, 330
1. Lestris. Jager, 331
2. Diomedea. Albatross, 333
3. Procellaria. Fulmar, 335
4. Puffinus. Shearwater, 337
5. Thalassidroma. Petrel, 339
XLIV. ALCINÆ. AUKS, 341
1. Mormon. Puffin, 342
2. Alca. Auk, 344
3. Phaleris. Phaleris, 345
4. Mergulus. Sea-Dove, 348
5. Uria. Guillemot, 349
XLV. COLYMBINÆ. DIVERS AND GREBES, 351
1. Colymbus. Diver, 352
2. Podiceps. Grebe, 355
SYNOPSIS.
FAMILY I. VULTURINÆ. VULTURINE BIRDS, OR VULTURES.
Bill of moderate length, stout, cerate; upper mandible with the tip
elongated and decurved; lower mandible rounded and thin-edged at the
end. Head rather small, or of moderate size, ovato-oblong, and with
part of the neck destitute of feathers. Eyes of moderate size, without
projecting ridges. External aperture of ears rather small and simple.
Skin over the fore part of the neck bare or merely downy. Tarsus
rather stout, bare, and shorter than the middle toe; hind toe much
smaller than the second; anterior toes connected at the base by a web;
claws large, moderately curved, rather acute. Plumage full and rather
compact. Wings very long, subacuminate. Œsophagus excessively wide,
and dilated into a crop; stomach rather large, somewhat muscular, with
a soft rugous epithelium; intestine of moderate length and width;
cœca extremely small. The young when fledged have the head and
upper part of the neck generally covered with down. Eggs commonly two.
GENUS I. CATHARTES, Illiger. TURKEY-VULTURE.
Bill of moderate length, rather slender, somewhat compressed; upper
mandible with its dorsal outline nearly straight and declinate to the
end of the large cere, then decurved, the edges a little festooned,
rather thick, the tip descending and rather obtuse; lower mandible
with the angle long and rather narrow, the dorsal line ascending and
slightly convex, the back broad, the edges sharp, towards the end
decurved. Nostrils oblong, large, pervious. Head oblong. Tongue deeply
concave or induplicate, its edges serrate with reversed papillæ.
Œsophagus dilated into an enormous crop; stomach moderately
muscular; duodenum convoluted. Head and upper part of neck denuded,
being only sparingly covered with very short down. Wings very long and
extremely broad; third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest, first
much shorter. Tail of moderate length, nearly even. Tarsus short,
rather stout, roundish, reticulate. Hind toe very small, second a
little shorter than fourth, third very long, all scutellate for more
than half their length. Claws strong, arched, compressed, obtuse.
1. 1. Cathartes Californianus, Lath. Californian
Turkey-Vulture.--Turkey-Buzzard.
Plate CCCCXXVI. Adult.
Nostrils small, elliptical, occupying only the posterior half of the
nasal groove; feathers of the ruff and breast lanceolate and
acuminate; primaries finely acuminate, fourth and fifth longest; tail
rather short, even. Adult with the head bare and yellowish-red, the
plumage brownish-black, the secondaries grey, tipped with white, their
coverts large, tipped with the same. Young with the head downy and
dusky, the plumage blackish-brown, the feathers edged with light
brown, the secondary coverts tipped with brownish-white.
_Male_, length 50. _Female_, length 55.
California and Columbia Rivers. Resident in the south.
Cathartes Californianus, Bonap. Syn. p. 22.
Californian Vulture, Nuttall, Man. vi. p. 39.
Californian Vulture, Cathartes Californianus, Aud. v. v. p.
240.
2. 2. Cathartes Aura, Linn. Red-headed
Turkey-Vulture.--Turkey-Buzzard. Turkey-Vulture.
Plate CLI. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Young fledged.
Nostrils very large, elliptical, occupying the whole nasal cavity;
feathers of the ruff and breast ovate, rounded; skin over the crop
bare; tail rounded. Adult with the skin of the head and neck wrinkled
and blood-red, the horny part of the bill yellowish-white; the plumage
blackish-brown, deepest on the neck and under parts; feet
flesh-coloured, tinged with yellow. Young when fledged with the skin
of the head and neck dull flesh-coloured and more downy, the horny tip
of the bill light blue, the plumage nearly as in the adult, but the
wing-coverts and secondaries spotted with whitish.
_Male._--Length 32, extent of wings 76.
From Texas to Pennsylvania. Inland westward to the Columbia River.
Resident.
Turkey-Vulture or Turkey-Buzzard, Vultur Aura, Wils. v. ix. p.
96.
Cathartes Aura, Bonap. Syn. p. 22.
Cathartes Aura, Turkey-Vulture, Rich. & Swains. F. Bor. Amer.
v. ii. p. 4.
Turkey-Vulture or Turkey-Buzzard, Nuttal, Man. v. ii. p. 43.
Turkey-Buzzard, Cathartes Aura, Aud. v. ii. p. 296; v. v. p.
339.
3. 3. Cathartes atratus, Wils. Black-headed Turkey-Vulture.--Black
Vulture. Carrion Crow.
Plate CVI. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.
Nostrils very large, oblong, occupying the whole nasal cavity;
feathers of the neck short, very broad, abruptly rounded, advancing
farther on the hind part; skin over the crop feathered; tail even.
Adult with the skin of the head and neck corrugated, dusky, the horny
part of the bill greyish-yellow, the plumage bluish-black, feet
yellowish-grey. Young when fledged with the head and neck closely
covered with dusky down; the plumage blackish-brown.
_Male_, length 26, extent of wings 54.
From Texas to New Jersey. Up the Mississippi to the Ohio. Columbia
River. Resident.
Black Vulture or Carrion Crow, Vultur atratus, Wils. Amer.
Orn. v. ix. p. 104.
Cathartes Iota, Bonap. Syn. p. 23.
Black Vulture or Carrion Crow, Cathartes Iota, Nuttal, Man. v.
i. p. 46.
Black Vulture or Carrion Crow, Aud. v. ii. p. 33; v. v. p.
345.
Cathartes atratus, Black Vulture, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor.
Amer. v. ii. p. 6.
FAMILY II. FALCONINÆ. FALCONINE BIRDS.
Bill short, stout, cerate; upper mandible with the tip elongated and
decurved; lower mandible rounded and thin-edged at the end. Head
rather large, broadly ovate, feathered. Eyes large, with prominent
superciliary ridges. External aperture of ears of moderate size, and
simple. Tarsus longer than the middle toe; claws very large, much
curved, extremely acute. Plumage full and generally compact. Wings
very long and broad. Œsophagus excessively wide and dilated into a
crop; stomach large, somewhat membranous, its muscular fasciculi being
placed in a single series; intestine short and rather wide, or very
long and slender; cœca extremely small. The young, when fledged,
generally having the lower parts longitudinally streaked. Eggs from
two to six, ovate, or roundish. Nest on trees, rocks, or the ground.
GENUS I. POLYBORUS, Vieill. CARACARA.
Bill large, high, rather long, much compressed; cere large, covered
with hair-like feathers; upper outline convex and declinate to the
edge of the cere, then decurved; edge of upper mandible slightly
arched and nearly even, tip of lower compressed and rounded. Nostrils
elliptical, oblique, in the anterior part of the cere near the ridge.
Eyelids and space anterior to the eye denuded, as is the skin over the
crop. Feet rather long; tarsi anteriorly scutellate, sharp-edged and
scaly behind; toes rather long, broadly scutellate, the first much
shorter than the second; claws long, little curved, that of the middle
toe being only slightly arched. Wings long, rounded, the third and
fourth quills longest, the first five having the inner web cut out.
Tail rather long, rounded.
4. 1. Polyborus Braziliensis, Gmel. Brazilian Caracara.--Caracara
Eagle.
Plate CLXI. Young.
Adult with the upper part of the head and nape brownish-black, the
throat and ear-coverts yellowish-white; the upper parts finely barred
with brown and dull white, the rump and tail lighter, the latter with
a large terminal brown band; the lower parts similarly barred with
reddish-white and brown. Young with the upper part of the head brown,
streaked with dusky, the hind neck and part of the breast pale
yellowish-red longitudinally variegated with brown; the middle of the
back, scapulars, wing-coverts and secondaries dark brown, as are the
hind part of the breast and the tibiæ; the tail nearly as in the
adult.
_Male_, 23-1/2, 48.
Texas and Florida. Resident.
Caracara Eagle Polyborus vulgaris, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p.
350; v. v. p. 351.
GENUS II. BUTEO, Bechst. BUZZARD.
Bill short, with the upper outline nearly straight and declinate to
the edge of the cere, then decurved, the sides rapidly sloping, the
edges with a slight festoon, the tip trigonal, acute; lower mandible
with the dorsal line convex and ascending, the edges arched, at the
end deflected, the tip rounded. Head large, roundish, flattened above.
Nostrils, obovate, nearer the ridge than the margin. Neck rather
short. Body full. Feet short, robust; tarsi roundish, anteriorly
feathered half-way down, and scutellate, posteriorly also scutellate;
toes of moderate length, scaly for half their length; claws long,
arched, compressed, acuminate. Plumage full and rather blended. Space
between the bill and eye covered with bristly feathers. Wings long,
broad, the fourth quill longest, the first and seventh or eighth about
equal; the first four abruptly cut out on the inner web. Tail rather
long, broad, slightly rounded. Cere and feet yellow; bill light blue
at the base, black at the tip, in all the American species.
5. 1. Buteo Harrisii, Aud. Harris's Buzzard.
Plate CCCXCII. Female.
Bill higher and feet more robust than in the other species. Wings much
rounded, the first quill four inches shorter than the fourth, which is
longest, the seventh longer than the second. Chocolate-brown;
wing-coverts and tibial feathers brownish-red; upper tail-coverts,
base and end of tail white.
_Female_, 24, wing 15-1/4.
Mississippi. Extremely rare. Migratory.
Louisiana Hawk, Falco Harrisii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 30.
6. 2. Buteo vulgaris, Willoughby. Common Buzzard.
Plate CCCLXXII. Female.
Upper parts chocolate-brown; primaries black toward the end, part of
their inner webs white, barred with brownish-black; tail with about
ten dusky bars on a reddish-brown ground, the last dark bar broader;
eyelids whitish; throat white, longitudinally streaked with dusky;
the rest of the lower parts yellowish or brownish-white, barred with
brown. This species is subject to much variation in colour.
_Female_, 23 inches, wing 17.
Rocky Mountains, Columbia River, and Fur Countries.
Buteo vulgaris, Common Buzzard, Rich. & Sw. F. Bor. Amer. v.
ii. p. 47.
Common Buzzard, Falco buteo, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 108.
7. 3. Buteo borealis, Gmel. Red-tailed Buzzard.--Red-tailed Hawk.--Hen
Hawk.
Plate LI. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.
Male with the upper part of the head and hind neck light
greyish-brown, the back and scapulars dark brown, the latter broadly
margined with brownish-white; smaller wing-coverts chocolate-brown;
larger, lighter, tipped with white; primary quills blackish-brown,
secondaries lighter, tipped with brownish-white, all barred with
blackish; upper tail-coverts whitish, barred with brown; tail bright
yellowish-red, with a narrow bar of black near the end, and tipped
with whitish. Lower parts yellowish-white, the fore part of the breast
with linear, guttiform, or sagittate spots; feathers of the leg and
tarsus pale reddish-yellow. Female similar to the male, but with the
upper parts darker, the lower nearly white, there being only a few
narrow streaks on the sides of the breast. Young with the upper parts
brown, streaked with yellowish-red, the tail-coverts yellowish-white
barred with brown, the tail light greyish-brown, barred with dark
brown and tipped with white; lower parts yellowish-white, with oblong
longitudinal brown spots; the feathers of the sides and tibiæ barred
with the same.
_Male_, 20-1/2, 46. _Female_, 24.
From Texas northward to the Fur Countries, and westward to the base of
the Rocky Mountains. Resident.
Red-tailed Hawk, Falco borealis, Wils. Am. Orn. v. vi. p. 76.
Adult.
American Buzzard or White-breasted Hawk, Falco leverianus,
Wils. Am. Orn. v. vi. p. 78.
Buteo borealis, Red-tailed Buzzard, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor.
Amer. v. ii. p. 50.
Red-tailed Hawk or Buzzard, Falco borealis, Nutt. Man. v. i.
p. 102.
Red-tailed Hawk, Falco borealis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. 1. p. 265;
v. v. p. 378.
8. 4. Buteo Harlani, Aud. Harlan's Buzzard.--Black Warrior.
Plate LXXXVI. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.
Size of Common Buzzard, which it resembles in form and proportion.
General colour of plumage deep chocolate-brown, glossed with
greyish-blue; inner webs of quills white, those of the primaries
barred with dusky toward the end; tail lighter than the back, rather
narrowly barred with brownish-black, and tipped with brownish-red;
lower parts paler, anteriorly streaked, posteriorly barred with
brownish-black; lower wing-coverts whitish, spotted with deep brown.
_Male_, 21, 45. _Female_, 22.
Louisiana. Extremely rare.
Black Warrior, Falco Harlani, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 441. v.
v. p. 380.
Black Buzzard, Falco Harlani, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 105.
9. 5. Buteo lineatus, Gmel. Red-breasted Buzzard.--Chicken Hawk,
Red-shouldered Hawk, Winter Hawk.
Plate LVI. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female. Adult.
Plate LXXI. Young male.
Adult with the head, neck, and back light yellowish-red,
longitudinally spotted with dark brown; smaller wing-coverts deep
yellowish-red, with the centre brown; larger coverts and secondary
quills dusky, broadly barred with white; primary quills
brownish-black, barred with white; tail brownish-black, narrowly
banded and tipped with white. Lower parts of the neck and lower
wing-coverts light yellowish-red, the former longitudinally lined with
dusky and faintly barred with whitish, the rest of the lower parts
barred with light red and reddish-white. Young with the upper parts
deep brown, the tail-coverts, tail, and quills barred with
brownish-white; the lower parts white, longitudinally streaked and
spotted with brown.
_Male_, 21-1/2, 44.
From Texas to Nova Scotia, and westward to the Missouri. Very
abundant. Resident.
Red-shouldered Hawk, Falco lineatus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vi.
p. 86. Young.
Winter Falcon, Falco hyemalis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 73.
Adult.
Falco hyemalis, Bonap. Syn. p. 33.
Winter Falcon or Red-shouldered Hawk, Falco hyemalis, Nutt.
Man. v. i. p. 106.
Red-shouldered Hawk, Falco lineatus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p.
296; v. v. p. 380.
Winter Hawk, Falco hyemalis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 364.
Young.
10. 6. Buteo Pennsylvanicus, Wils. Broad-winged Buzzard.
Plate XCI. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.
General colour of upper parts umber-brown; quills blackish-brown, the
greater part of their inner webs whitish, with narrow dusky bands;
tail with three very broad bands of dark brown; alternating with two
broad white bands, and the tips brownish-white; cheeks reddish-brown,
with a dark mystachial band; lower parts yellowish-white, barred with
light brown, that colour predominating anteriorly. Female similar,
lighter above, more tinged with red beneath, where the spots are
larger and more irregular. Young with the upper parts brown, streaked
and spotted with white; the tail light greyish-brown, with seven dusky
bars; lower parts yellowish-white, longitudinally marked with
linear-oblong brown spots.
_Male_, 16, 38. _Female_, 19.
From Maryland to Nova Scotia. Rare in the interior.
Broad-winged Hawk, Falco Pennsylvanicus, Wils. Amer. Ornith.
v. vi. p. 92.
Falco Pennsylvanicus, Bonap. Syn. p. 29.
Broad-winged Hawk, Falco Pennsylvanicus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p.
105.
Broad-winged Hawk, Falco Pennsylvanicus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i.
p. 461, v. v. p. 377.
11. 7. Buteo lagopus, Vigors. Rough-legged Buzzard.
Plate CCCCXXII. Fig. 1. Old Male. Fig. 2. Young, first
winter.
Plate CLXVI. Male. Middle age.
Tarsi feathered in their whole length. Adult male with the general
colour of the plumage blackish-brown; the forehead and a large patch
on the hind neck white, streaked with blackish-brown; all the feathers
of the back, the scapulars, the wing-coverts, the quills, and the
tail-feathers, white toward the base, and more or less barred with
whitish-grey, or brown; axillar feathers, some of those on the sides,
and some of the tibial feathers, with the lower tail-coverts similarly
marked; the white forming a conspicuous patch on the under surface of
the wing, occupying the greater part of the primaries as well as part
of the inner webs of the secondaries; tail brownish-black, barred with
greyish-white, there being six black bands on the middle feathers, the
last very broad. Female of a uniform dark chocolate-brown, the tail
banded, and the same parts white as in the male. Young with the head
and neck streaked with umber-brown, and yellowish-white; back
umber-brown, variegated with light reddish-brown and yellowish-white;
quills dark brown towards the end, the outer webs of the first tinged
with grey, the base of all white, that colour extending farther on the
secondaries, of most of which, and of some of the primaries, the inner
web is irregularly barred with brown; tail white at the base, brown
toward the end, with a broad subterminal bar of brownish-black, the
tips brownish-white; middle and hind part of the breast, with the
sides, brownish-black, the rest of the lower parts pale yellowish-red,
streaked or barred with dusky.
_Male_, 21-1/2, 51-1/2. _Female_, 23.
From Maryland northward. Columbia River. Not met with in the interior.
Migratory. Not very abundant.
Black Hawk, Falco niger, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vi. p. 82. Adult.
Falco lagopus, Bonap. Syn. p. 32. Young.
Falco Sanci-Johannis, Bonap. Syn. p. 32. Adult.
Buteo lagopus, Rough-legged Buzzard, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor.
Amer. v. ii. p. 52.
Rough-legged Falcon, Falco lagopus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p.
59, Young; v. v. p. 216, Adult and Young.
GENUS III. AQUILA, Briss. EAGLE.
Bill rather short, deep, compressed; upper mandible with the dorsal
outline nearly straight and sloping at the base, beyond the cere
decurved, the sides sloping and slightly convex, the edges nearly
straight, with a slight convexity and a shallow sinus close to the
strong subtrigonal tip; lower mandible with the dorsal outline convex,
the tip obliquely truncate. Head large, roundish, flattened above.
Nostrils oval, oblique, nearer the ridge than the margin. Neck rather
short. Body very large. Feet rather short, very robust; tarsi
roundish, feathered to the toes; which are rather short, united at the
base by short webs, covered above with a series of angular scales, and
towards the end with a few large scutella; claws long, curved,
rounded, flat beneath, acuminate. Plumage compact, imbricated, glossy;
feathers of the head and neck narrow and pointed; space between the
bill and eye covered with small bristle-pointed feathers disposed in a
radiating manner. Wings long, the fourth quill longest; the first
short; the outer six abruptly cut out on the inner web. Tail rather
long, ample, rounded.
12. 1. Aquila Chrysaetos, Linn. Golden Eagle.
Plate CLXXXI. Female.
General colour of the plumage dark brown glossed with purple; occiput,
hind part and sides of the neck, light brownish-yellow; wing-coverts
light brown; primary quills brownish-black, secondary with the coverts
brown, those next the body more or less mottled with brownish-white,
excepting at the ends; tail dark brown, lighter towards the base, with
a few irregular whitish markings; feathers of the legs and tarsi, and
lower tail-coverts, light yellowish-brown. Young with the basal
three-fourths of the tail white.
_Male_, 32, 70. _Female_, 38, 84.
From Pennsylvania northward. Never seen far in the interior. Resident.
Falco fulvus, Bonap. Syn. p. 25.
Aquila Chrysaetos, Golden Eagle, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer.
v. ii. p. 12.
Ring-tailed Eagle, Falco fulvus, Wils. Amer. Ornith. v. vii.
p. 13.
Royal or Golden Eagle, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 62.
Golden Eagle, Falco Chrysaetos, Aud. Ornith. Biog. v. ii. p.
464.
GENUS IV. HALIAETUS, Savigny. SEA-EAGLE.
Bill rather short, very deep, compressed; upper mandible with the
dorsal outline nearly straight at the base, beyond the cere decurved,
the sides sloping, the edges nearly straight, with a slight obtuse
process, and a shallow sinus close to the strong trigonal tip; lower
mandible, with the dorsal outline slightly convex, the tip obliquely
truncate. Head large, oblong, flattened above. Nostrils oblong,
oblique, near the ridge. Neck of moderate length. Body very large.
Feet rather short, very robust; tarsi roundish, covered anteriorly
with the transverse scutella, posteriorly with large, laterally with
small scales; toes robust, free, scutellate above; claws large,
curved, rounded, flat beneath, acuminate. Plumage compact, imbricated;
feathers of the head and neck narrow and pointed; space between the
bill and eye barish, being sparsely covered with bristle-like
feathers, disposed in a radiating manner. Wings long, the second and
third quills longest, the outer five cut out abruptly on the inner
web. Tail rather long, rounded. Duodenum convoluted.
13. 1. Haliaetus Washingtoni, Aud. Washington Sea-Eagle.
Plate XI. Male.
Tarsus and toes uniformly scutellate in their whole length. Bill
bluish-black, cere yellowish-brown, feet orange-yellow, claws
bluish-black. Upper part of the head, hind neck, back, scapulars,
rump, tail-coverts, and posterior tibial feathers blackish-brown,
glossed with a coppery tint; throat, fore-neck, breast, and belly
light brownish-yellow, each feather with a central blackish-brown
streak; wing-coverts light greyish-brown, those next the body becoming
darker; primary quills dark brown, deeper on their inner webs;
secondaries lighter, and on their outer webs of nearly the same light
tint as their coverts; tail uniform dark brown.
_Male_, 43, 122.
From Louisiana northward. Exceedingly rare. The specimen figured
procured in Kentucky. One seen in Labrador.
Bird of Washington, Falco Washingtonii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i.
p. 58.
14. 2. Haliaetus leucocephalus, Linn. White-headed Sea-Eagle.--Bald
Eagle.
Plate XXXI. Adult Male. Plate CXXVI. Young.
Male. Tarsus with a few scutella; toes terminally scutellate. Male
with the bill, cere, iris, and feet yellow; the head, the neck for
half its length, the rump, upper and lower tail-coverts, and tail
white; the rest of the plumage chocolate-brown, the terminal margins
of all the feathers pale greyish-brown. Female similar. Young with the
bill brownish-black, iris dark brown, feet yellow; the general colour
of the plumage very dark chocolate, uniform, the feathers without
edgings, all white at the base, that colour appearing more or less on
the hind part, and more especially on the fore part and sides of the
neck, and on the sides of the body and lower wing-coverts; quills and
tail-feathers brownish-black, tinged with grey toward the base; the
latter with the greater part of the inner webs, and a portion of the
outer brownish-white, freckled with dusky. In more advanced stages the
colours of the plumage vary considerably in different individuals. The
general tint continues brown for several years, a variable and often a
large proportion of white, or brownish-white, appearing on the neck,
the lower part of the body, the sides, and under the wings, the tail
meanwhile gradually becoming white in freckled patches, some have a
large patch of brownish-white across the breast. When the feathers are
new, they are of a glossy deep brown, but when old and worn they
present a bleached appearance, and the upper parts are often patched
with pale brown or brownish-white. On account of these circumstances,
individuals of different ages, and shot at different periods of the
year, differ so much from each other in appearance, that one might,
without a very extended comparison, conceive that in a collection of
specimens, there might be several species. The bill remains dark until
the head and tail become white; the anterior tarsal scutella differ
from none to six, the posterior from nine to twelve; those on the hind
toe are four, on the middle toe from nine to thirteen.
_Male_, 34, 84.
Throughout North America. Resident in the south and west.
Bald Eagle, Falco Haliaetus, Wils. Amer. Ornith. v. iv. p. 89.
Adult.
Sea Eagle, Falco ossifragus, Wils. Amer. Ornith. v. vii. p.
16. Young.
Falco leucocephalus, Bonap. Synops. p. 26.
Aquila leucocephala, White-headed Eagle, Swains. & Rich. F.
Bor Amer. v. ii. p. 15.
White-headed or Bald Eagle, Falco leucocephalus, Nutt. Man. v.
i. p. 72.
White-headed Eagle, Falco leucocephalus, Aud. Ornith. Biog. v.
i. p. 160, v. ii. p. 160, v. v. p. 354.
GENUS V. PANDION, Sav. OSPREY.
Bill short, as broad as deep at the base, the sides convex, the dorsal
outline straight at the base, decurved towards the end; upper mandible
with a festoon on the edges at the curvature, the tip trigonal, very
acute; lower mandible with the edges slightly arched, the tip obtusely
truncate. Nostrils oval, oblique, large, half-way between the ridge
and the cere. Legs rather long; tarsus very short, remarkably thick,
covered all round with hexagonal scales; toes also remarkably thick,
the outer versatile larger than the inner, all scutellate only towards
the end, and covered beneath with prominent, conical, acuminate
scales; claws long, curved, convex beneath, tapering to a fine point.
Plumage compact, imbricated; feathers of the head and neck narrow,
acuminate; of the tarsus short and very narrow, without the elongated
external tufts seen in all the other genera. Tail rather long, a
little rounded. Intestine extremely long and slender, its greatest
width 2-1/4 twelfths, the smallest 1/2 twelfth.
15. 1. Pandion Haliaetus. Common Osprey.--Fish Hawk. Fishing Eagle.
Plate LXXXI. Adult male.
Bill bluish-black, cere light blue, feet pale greyish-blue tinged
anteriorly with yellow. General colour of upper parts deep
umber-brown, the tail barred with whitish on the inner webs; the upper
part of the head and neck white, the middle part of the crown dark
brown; a broad band of the latter colour from the bill down the side
of the neck; lower parts white, the neck streaked with light brown;
anterior tibial feather tinged with brown. Young with the feathers of
the upper parts broadly tipped with brownish-white, the lower pure
white.
_Male_, 23, 54. _Female_, 25-1/2, 58.
From Texas northward, and throughout the interior, as well as along
the north-west coast. Resident in the south.
Fish Hawk, Falco Haliaetus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 13.
Falco Haliaetus, Bonap. Syn. p. 26.
Fish Hawk or Osprey, Falco Haliaetus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p.
415, v. v. p. 362.
GENUS VI. ELANUS, Sav. ELANUS.
Bill short, small, very wide at the base, much compressed toward the
end; upper mandible with the dorsal line convex and declinate to the
end of the cere, then decurved, the sides slightly convex, the tip
narrow and acute, the edges with a distinct festoon, lower mandible
with the angle very wide and long, the dorsal line very short, and
slightly convex, the tip obliquely truncate, and narrow. Nostrils
elliptical, rather large, about half-way between the cere and ridge.
Head rather large, broad, flattened above; neck short; body compact.
Legs rather short; tarsus very short, stout, roundish, feathered
anteriorly for half its length, the rest covered with small roundish
scales; toes short, thick, scaly, with a few terminal scutella; claws
long, curved, conical, rounded beneath, acute. Plumage very soft, and
rather blended. Wings very long and pointed, the second quill longest.
Tail of moderate breadth, long, emarginate, and rounded.
16. 1. Elanus dispar, Temm. Black-shouldered Elanus.
Plate CCCLII. Male and Female.
Ash-grey above; head, tail, and lower parts white, with a large
bluish-black patch on the wing above, and a smaller beneath; feet
orange-yellow. Young with the upper parts brownish-grey, the larger
feathers tipped with white, the patches on the wings brownish-black.
_Male_, 14, 40. _Female_, 16-3/4, 41-1/2.
From Texas to North Carolina. Rare. Never far inland. Migrates
southward.
Black-winged Hawk, Falco melanopterus, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v.
ii.
Falco melanopterus, Bonap. Syn. p. 31. Falco dispar, App. p.
435.
Black-shouldered Hawk, Falco dispar, Aud. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p.
397.
GENUS VII. ICTINIA, Vieillot. ICTINIA.
Bill very short, wide at the base, much compressed toward the end;
upper mandible with the dorsal line decurved in its whole length, the
sides slightly convex, the tip narrow and acute, the edges with an
obtuse lobe; lower mandible with the angle very wide, the dorsal line
ascending and convex, the tip rather broad and obliquely truncate.
Nostrils round, lateral, with a central papilla. Head rather large,
roundish, broad, flattened; neck short, body compact. Legs rather
short; tarsus stout, covered anteriorly with scutella; toes scutellate
above, scabrous beneath, with pointed papillæ; claws rather long,
curved, acuminate, flattened beneath. Plumage rather compact. Wings
very long, the third quill longest. Tail long, emarginate.
This genus is easily distinguished from Elanus; the tarsi and toes
being scutellate in this, and scaly in that; and the festoon on the
upper mandible is much more prominent in Ictinia, while the nostrils,
instead of being elliptical, are round, as in the Falcons.
17. 1. Ictinia plumbea, Gmel. Mississippi Ictinia.--Mississippi Kite.
Plate CXVII. Male and Female.
Head, secondary quills, and lower parts light ash-grey; back and wing
coverts dark leaden-grey; primaries black, margined externally with
deep red; tail bluish-black; scutella dark purplish-red.
_Male_, 14, 36. _Female_, 15.
From Texas, where it is abundant, to North Carolina; up the
Mississippi to Natchez. Migratory.
Mississippi Kite, Falco Mississippiensis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v.
iii. p. 80.
Falco plumbeus, Bonap. Syn. p. 90.
Mississippi Kite, Falco plumbeus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p.
108, v. v. p. 374.
GENUS VIII. NAUCLERUS, Vig. SWALLOW-TAILED-HAWK.
Bill short, wide at the base, much compressed toward the end; upper
mandible with the dorsal line decurved from the base, the sides
slightly convex, the edges with a slight festoon, the tip narrow and
acute; lower mandible with the angle very wide, the dorsal line
straightish, the tip rounded and declinate. Nostrils round, with a
central papilla. Head rather large, roundish, flattened; neck short;
body compact. Feet short; tarsus very short, thick, scaly all round;
toes scutellate above, scabrous beneath, with pointed papillæ; claws
rather long, curved, acuminate. Plumage blended, glossy. Wings
extremely long, pointed, the third quill longest; secondaries short.
Tail extremely long, very deeply forked.
18. 1. Nauclerus furcatus, Linn. Common Swallow-tailed Hawk.
Plate LXXII. Male.
Head, neck all round, and lower parts white; back, wings, and tail
black, glossed with blue and purple; feet light blue, tinged with
green; claws flesh-coloured.
_Male_, 22, 47. _Female_, 25, 51-1/2.
From Texas to North Carolina. Rather abundant. Up the Mississippi and
Ohio to Louisville. Accidental in Pennsylvania. Migratory.
Swallow-tailed Hawk, Falco furcatus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vi.
p. 70.
Falco furcatus, Bonap. Syn. p. 31.
Swallow-tailed Hawk, Falco furcatus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p.
368. v. v. p. 371.
GENUS IX. FALCO, Linn. FALCON.
Bill short, robust; its upper outline decurved from the base; cere
short, bare; edge of upper mandible with a festoon and a prominent
angular process. Nostrils round, with an internal ridge, ending in a
central tubercle. Feet strong; tarsi moderate, reticulate; toes long,
broadly scutellate, the anterior webbed at the base; claws long, well
curved, very acute. Wings long, pointed; second quill longest, first
and third nearly equal; outer toe abruptly cut out on the inner web.
Tail rather long, nearly even.
19. 1. Falco Islandicus, Lath. Iceland or Jer Falcon--Gyr Falcon.
Labrador Falcon.
Plate CCCLXVI. Adult Female. Plate CXCVI. Young Male and
Female.
Tooth-like process of the bill generally obsolete in old, festoon
slight in young birds; tail from three to four inches longer than the
wings. Adult white, with slate-grey sagittate spots above, the bill
pale blue, the cere and feet yellow. Younger birds light grey, the
feathers white on the edges; the bill and cere light blue, the feet
greyish-blue. Young brownish-grey above, the feathers margined and
spotted with reddish-white, the lower parts yellowish-white,
longitudinally streaked with dusky.
_Male_, 22-1/2, 49. _Female_, 23-1/2, 51-1/4.
Breeds in the extreme north, and in Labrador. In winter, migrates
southward as far as Maine.
Falco Islandicus, Jer Falcon, Rich. & Swains. F. Bor. Amer. v.
ii. p. 27.
Gyr Falcon, Falco Islandicus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 51.
Iceland or Jer Falcon, Falco Islandicus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v.
iv. p. 466. Adult Female.
Iceland or Jer Falcon, Falco Islandicus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v.
ii. p. 552. Young Male and Female.
20. 2. Falco peregrinus, Gmel. Peregrine Falcon.--Large-footed Hawk.
Duck Hawk. Wandering Falcon.
Plate XVI. Adult Male and Female.
Wings, when closed, of nearly the same length as the tail. Adult male
with the upper parts greyish-black, excepting the head and hind neck
barred with light greyish-blue, lower parts white, the breast and
sides transversely spotted with black. Female with the upper parts
darker than those of the male, the lower yellowish or reddish-white,
with larger dusky spots on the breast and sides, and oblong streaks on
the neck. Young blackish-brown above, the breast of the male
yellowish-white, of the female pale yellowish-red, with broad
longitudinal dusky streaks. In all stages, a large mystachial patch,
black in adult, brown in young birds.
_Male_, 16-1/2, 30. _Female_, 19-1/2, 36.
Breeds in the northern parts, visiting the southern and western in
winter as far as Texas.
Great-footed Hawk, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ix. p. 120.
Falco peregrinus, Bonap. Synops. p. 27.
Common or Wandering Falcon, Falco peregrinus, Nuttall, Man. v.
i. p. 53.
Great-footed Hawk, Falco peregrinus, Aud. Amer. Orn. v. i. p.
85; v. v. p. 365.
Falco peregrinus, Peregrine Falcon, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor.
Amer. v. ii. p. 23.
21. 3. Falco columbarius, Linn. Pigeon Falcon.--Pigeon Hawk.
Plate LXXV. Young Male and Female. Plate XCII. Adult Male.
Wings from two to three inches shorter than the tail, on the middle
feathers of which are five, on the lateral six broad whitish bands.
Adult male with the cere greenish-yellow, the feet pale orange, the
upper parts light bluish-grey, each feather with a black central line;
lower parts reddish or yellowish white, the breast and sides with
large oblong brown spots; tibial feathers light red, streaked with
blackish-brown. Female with the cere and legs greenish-yellow, the
upper parts dark greyish-brown, the lower pale red, spotted as in the
male. Young with the head light reddish-brown, streaked with dusky,
the upper parts brownish-grey, the feathers margined and spotted with
pale red, throat white, lower parts pale red, streaked with brown. The
tail-bands vary from pale red to white.
This species is so nearly allied to _Falco Æsalon_, that it is
extremely difficult to distinguish many individuals. The number and
form of the scutella differ; but the most certain distinctive
character is found in the light-coloured bands of the tail, which are
more numerous in the Merlin, there being seven on its middle, and nine
on its lateral tail-feathers.
_Male_, 10-3/4, 27. _Female_, 14, 30.
From Texas northward. Breeds in the Labrador and Arctic regions.
Abundant. Migratory.
Pigeon Hawk, Falco columbarius, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p.
107.
Falco columbarius, Bonap. Syn. p. 38.
Pigeon Hawk, Falco columbarius, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 60.
Little Corporal Hawk, Falco temerarius, Nutt. Man. v. i. p.
61. Adult Male.
Falco columbarius, Pigeon Hawk, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer.
v. ii. p. 35.
Falco Æsalon, Merlin, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p.
37.
Pigeon Hawk, Falco columbarius, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 466;
Young, v. i. p. 381, Male; v. v. p. 368.
22. 4. Falco sparverius, Linn. Sparrow Falcon.--Sparrow Hawk.
Plate CXLII. Male and Female.
Male with the upper part of the head and wing-coverts light
greyish-blue, seven black spots round the head, and a light red patch
on the crown; back light red, spotted with black; tail red, with a
broad subterminal black band. Female with the head nearly as in the
male, the back, wing-coverts, and tail, banded with light red and
dusky. Young similar to the female, but with more red on the head,
which is streaked with dusky.
_Male_, 12. _Female_, 12.
Generally distributed. Resident in the south. Abundant.
American Sparrow-Hawk, Falco sparverius, Wils. Amer. Orn. v.
ii. p. 117.
Falco sparverius, Bonap. Syn. p. 27.
American sparrow-hawk, Falco sparverius, Nutt. Man. v. i. p.
58.
Falco sparverius, Little Rusty-crowned Falcon, Swains. & Rich.
F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 31.
American Sparrow-Hawk, Falco sparverius, Aud. Orn. Biog. v.
ii. p. 246; v. v. p. 370.
GENUS X. ASTUR, Cuv. HAWK.
Bill short, robust; its upper outline sloping, and nearly straight at
the base, then decurved; cere short, bare above; edge of upper
mandible with a festoon, succeeded by a broad sinus. Nostrils
elliptical. Feet of moderate length; tarsi moderate or slender,
feathered at least one-third of their length, broadly scutellate
before and behind; first and second toes strongest and equal, third
much longer, and connected at the base by a web with the third, which
is shortest; claws long, well curved, acuminate. Wings very broad, of
moderate length, much rounded, fourth and fifth quills longest, first
much shorter, outer four abruptly cut out on the inner web. Tail long,
much exceeding the wings, rounded.
Those of more slender form, with proportionally longer tails and
tarsi, are separated by many authors to form a group, to which the
name of _Accipiter_ and _Nisus_ are given.
23. 1. Astur palumbarius, Linn. Gos Hawk.
Plate CXLI. Fig. 1. Adult Male. Fig. 2. Young.
Adult male dark bluish-grey above, the tail with four broad bands of
blackish-brown, the upper part of the head greyish-black; a white
band, with black lines, over the eyes; lower parts white, narrowly
barred with grey, and longitudinally streaked with dark brown. Young
brown above, the feathers edged with reddish-white, the head and hind
neck pale red, streaked with blackish-brown, the lower parts
yellowish-white, with oblong longitudinal dark brown spots.
_Male_, 24, 47.
From Maryland, northward. From Kentucky, northward. Migratory.
Ash-coloured or Black-capped Hawk, Falco atricapillus, Wils.
Amer. Ornith. v. vi. p. 80.
Falco palumbarius, Bonap. Syn. p. 28.
American Goshawk, Falco atricapillus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 85.
Accipiter (Astur) Palumbarius, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer.
v. ii. p. 39.
Goshawk, Falco palumbarius, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 241.
24. 2. Astur Cooperi, Bonap. Cooper's Hawk.
Plate CXLI. Fig. 3. Adult Male. Plate XXXVI. Young Male and
Female.
Tail rounded, tarsi moderately stout. Adult male dull bluish-grey
above; the tail with four broad bands of blackish-brown, and tipped
with white; the upper part of the head greyish-black; lower parts
transversely barred with light red and white, the throat white,
longitudinally streaked. Female similar, with the bands on the breast
broader. Young umber-brown above, more or less spotted with white, the
tail with four blackish-brown bars; lower parts white, each feather
with a longitudinal narrow, oblong, brown spot.
_Male_, 20, 36. _Female_, 22, 38.
From Louisiana northward, and all over the interior, in winter. Some
breed in the United States. Columbia River.
Cooper's Hawk, Falco Cooperii. Bonap. Amer. Orn. Young.
Falco Cooperii, Bon. Syn. App. p. 433. Young.
Stanley Hawk, Falco Stanleii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 245.
Adult Male.
Stanley Hawk, Falco Stanleii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 186.
Young.
25. 3. Astur fuscus, Gmel. Sharp-shinned Hawk.
Plate CCCLXXIV. Adult Male and Female.
Tail even, tarsi extremely slender. Adult male bluish-grey above; the
tail with four broad bands of blackish-brown, and tipped with white;
upper part of head darker; lower parts transversely barred with light
red and white, the throat white, longitudinally streaked. Female
similar, more tinged with yellow beneath, and with the bands on the
breast broader. Young umber-brown above, more or less spotted with
white, the tail with four dark brown bars; lower parts white, each
feather with a longitudinal narrow, oblong, brown spot. Miniature of
_Falco Cooperii_, and intimately allied to _Astur Nisus_.
_Male_, 11-1/4, 20-1/2. _Female_, 14, 26.
Generally distributed. Not very abundant. Migratory.
Slate-coloured Hawk, Falco Pennsylvanicus, Wils. Amer. Ornith.
v. vi. p. 13. Adult Male.
Sharp-shinned Hawk, Falco velox, Wils. Amer. Ornith. v. vi. p.
116. Young Female.
Falco velox, Bonap. Syn. p. 29.
Falco fuscus, Bonap. Syn. Append. p. 433.
Accipiter Pennsylvanicus, Slate-coloured Hawk, Swains. & Rich.
F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 44.
American Brown or Slate-coloured Hawk, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p.
87.
Sharp-shinned or Slate-coloured Hawk, Falco fuscus, Aud. Amer.
Orn. v. iv. p. 522. Adult.
GENUS XI. CIRCUS, Bechst. HARRIER.
Bill short, compressed; upper mandible with the dorsal line sloping to
beyond the cere, then decurved, the sides sloping, the edge with a
festoon a little anterior to the nostril, the tip acute; lower
mandible with the dorsal line ascending and convex, the tip rounded.
Nostrils large, ovato-oblong, with an oblique ridge from their upper
edge. Head of moderate size, oblong, neck rather short; body slender.
Legs long and slender; tarsi long, compressed, anteriorly and
posteriorly scutellate; toes slender, scutellate unless at the base;
claws long, compressed, moderately curved, flat beneath, acuminate.
Plumage very soft; a distinct ruff of narrow feathers from behind the
eye on each side to the chin, the aperture of the ear being very
large. Wings long, much rounded, the fourth quill longest; outer four
quills with their inner webs sinuate. Tail straight, long, slightly
rounded. Quills and tail-feathers covered with velvety down.
26. 1. Circus cyaneus, Linn. Common Harrier.
Plate CCCLVI. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female. Fig. 3. Young.
Adult male light ash-grey; abdomen, tail-coverts, lower wing-coverts,
inner webs of secondary quills and tail-feathers, white, primaries
black toward the end. Female umber-brown above, head, hind neck and
scapulars, streaked with light red; tail-coverts white; tail banded
with light red; lower parts light yellowish-red, the neck streaked
with brown. Young like the female, but lighter.
_Male_, 19-3/4, 44. _Female_, 20-1/2, 46-3/4.
Breeds from Texas northward. Columbia River.
Marsh Hawk, Falco uliginosus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vi. p. 67.
Young Female.
Falco cyaneus, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 30.
Hen-Harrier or Marsh Hawk, Nutt. Man. v. ii. p. 109.
Marsh Hawk, Falco cyaneus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 396.
Buteo (Circus) cyaneus? var? Americanus, American Hen-Harrier,
Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 55.
FAMILY III. STRIGINÆ. OWLS.
Bill very short, strong, cerate; upper mandible with the tip elongated
and decurved; lower mandible with the end rounded and thin-edged. Head
extremely large, owing to the wide separation of the tables of the
cranium, roundish, more or less vertically flattened behind,
feathered. Eyes excessively large, with prominent superciliary ridges,
and encircled by series of decomposed feathers. External aperture of
ear always very large, frequently excessive, simple or operculate.
Tarsus short, very short, or of moderate length, always feathered, as
are the toes, of which the outer is versatile, the first shorter than
the second, the anterior free; claws very long, slender, curved,
extremely acute. Plumage very full and soft. Wings long, broad,
rounded, the second, third, and fourth quills longest, the filaments
of the outer more or less enlarged and recurved at the end. Tail
broad, rather short or of moderate length, of twelve feathers.
Œsophagus very wide, without crop or dilatation; stomach very
large, round, somewhat membranous, its muscular fasciculi being placed
in a single series; intestine short and wide; cœca large, oblong,
obtuse, narrowed at the base. Young at first covered with
light-coloured down, when fledged, with the face darker than that of
adults. Eggs white, somewhat globular or broadly ovate, from four to
six. Nests rudely constructed, in hollow trees, on branches, in
buildings, or on the ground.
GENUS I. SURNIA, Dumeril. DAY-OWL.
Bill very short, strong, its upper outline decurved from the base;
lower mandible abruptly rounded, with a sinus on each side. Nostrils
elliptical, rather large. Aperture of ear elliptical, simple, not more
than half the height of the head. Feet strong; tarsi very short or of
moderate length. Plumage rather dense; facial disks incomplete above.
Wings very large, the third quill longest, the first with the
filaments thickened and a little free, but scarcely recurved at the
end. Tail varying in length.
27. 1. Surnia funerea, Gmel. Hawk Day-Owl.--Hawk Owl.
Plate CCCLXXVIII. Male and Female.
Tail long, much rounded, the lateral feathers two inches shorter than
the middle. Upper part of head brownish-black, closely spotted with
white, hind neck black, with two broad longitudinal bands of white
spots; rest of upper parts dark brown, spotted with white; tail with
eight transverse bars of white, the feathers tipped with the same;
facial disks greyish-white, margined with black; lower parts
transversely barred with brown and dull white.
_Male_, 15-3/4, 31-1/2. _Female_, 17-1/2.
From New Jersey on the east, and from Columbia River on the west,
northward; but not in the central plains. Migratory.
Hawk Owl, Strix hudsonica, Wils. v. vi. p. 64.
Strix funerea, Bonap. Syn. p. 35.
Hawk Owl, Strix funerea, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 115.
28. 2. Surnia nyctea, Linn. Snowy Day-Owl.--Snowy Owl.
Plate CXXI. Male and Female.
Tail rather long, moderately rounded; plumage white; head and back
spotted; wings, tail, and lower parts barred with dusky brown. Young
pure white. Individuals vary much in markings.
_Male_, 21, 53. _Female_, 26, 65.
From South Carolina on the east, and Columbia River on the west,
northward. Migratory.
Snowy Owl, Strix nyctea, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 116.
Snowy Owl, Strix nyctea, Aud. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 135: v. v.
p. 382.
29. 3. Surnia passerina, Linn. Passerine Day-Owl.--Little Night Owl.
Plate CCCCXXXII. Fig. 3. Female.
Tail rather short, arched, nearly even; wings almost as long as the
tail, the outer four quills cut out on the inner web, the outer five
sinuated on the outer; filaments of the first free and slightly
recurved, as are those of the second and third beyond the sinus.
General colour of upper parts chocolate-brown, the feather of the head
with an oblong median white mark; hind neck with very large white
spots, forming a conspicuous patch; on the back most of the feathers
with a single large subterminal roundish spot, as is the case with the
scapulars and wing-coverts, most of which, however, have two or more
spots; quills with marginal reddish-white spots on both webs, the
third with six on the outer and four on the inner, with two very faint
pale bars toward the end; the tail similarly marked with four bands of
transversely oblong, reddish-white spots; feathers of the anterior
part of the disk whitish, with black shafts, of the lower part
whitish, of the hind part brown tipped with greyish-white; a broad
band of white crossing the throat, and curving upwards on either side
to the ear; a patch of white on the lower part of the fore-neck;
between these a brownish-grey band. Lower parts dull yellowish-white,
each feather with a broad longitudinal band of chocolate-brown;
abdomen and lower tail-coverts unspotted; tarsal feathers dull white.
_Female_, 10-1/2; wing from flex. 6-1/4; tail 3-1/2.
From Nova Scotia eastward. Rather rare.
Little Night Owl, Strix passerina, Aud. v. v. p. 269.
31. 5. Surnia cunicularia, Gmel. Burrowing Day-Owl.
Plate CCCCXXXII. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.
Feet rather long, slender; tarsus covered with short soft feathers, of
which the shafts only remain toward the lower part; toes short, their
upper surface covered with bristles or the shafts of feathers; tail
short, arched, narrow, slightly rounded. Bill greyish-yellow; claws
black. General colour of upper parts light yellowish-brown, or
umber-brown, spotted with white; the quills with triangular
reddish-white spots from the margins of both webs, there being five on
each web of the first; the tail similarly barred, there being on the
middle feathers four double spots, and the tips of all white. Face
greyish-white; throat and ruff white, succeeded by a mottled brown
band, beneath which is a patch of white; the rest of the lower parts
yellowish-white, with broad bars of light reddish-brown, which are
closer on the sides of the breast; abdomen, lower tail-coverts, and
legs without spots.
_Male_, 10, 24. _Female_, 11.
Prairies west of the Mississippi. Abundant.
Burrowing Owl, Strix cunicularia, Say, in Long's Exped. v. i.
p. 200.
Burrowing Owl, Strix cunicularia, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. i. p.
68.
Burrowing Owl, Strix cunicularia, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p.
264.
Burrowing Owl, Strix cunicularia, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 118.
30. 4. Surnia passerinoides, Temm. Columbian Day-Owl.
Plate CCCCXXXII. Fig. 4, 5. Male.
Tail of moderate length, straight, slightly rounded; wings rather
short, much rounded, fourth quill longest, outer three abruptly cut
out on the inner web, the first with its filaments thickened but not
recurvate, those of the second and third also thickened toward the
end. General colour of the upper parts olivaceous brown; the head with
numerous small, roundish, yellowish-white spots margined with dusky,
of which there are two on each feather; the rest of the upper parts
marked with larger, angular, whitish spots; the quills generally with
three small and five large white spots on the outer and inner webs;
the tail barred with transversely oblong white spots, of which there
are seven pairs on the middle feathers. Facial disk brown, spotted
with white; throat white, then a transverse brown band, succeeded by
white; the lower parts white, with longitudinal brownish-black
streaks, the sides brown, faintly spotted with paler. Young with the
upper parts rufous, the head with fewer and smaller white spots; those
on the lower part of the hind neck very large; the back, scapulars,
and wing-coverts unspotted; the wings marked as in the adult, but with
pale red spots in the outer, and reddish-white on the inner webs; the
tail with only five bands of spots; the lower parts white,
longitudinally streaked with light red, of which colour are the sides
of the body and neck, and a band across the throat.
_Male_, 7, wing 3-((7-1/2)/12).
Columbia River.
Cheveche chevechoide, Strix passerinoides, Temm. Pl. Col. 344.
Little Columbian Owl, Strix passerinoides, Aud. Orn. Biog. v.
v. p. 271.
GENUS II. ULULA. NIGHT-OWL.
Bill short, strong, very deep, its upper outline decurved from the
base; lower mandible abruptly rounded, with a notch on each side.
Nostrils broadly elliptical, rather large. Conch of ear very large,
elliptical, extending from the base of the lower jaw to near the top
of the head, with an anterior semicircular operculum in its whole
length. Feet rather short, strong; tarsi and toes covered with very
soft downy feathers. Plumage full, and very soft; facial disks
complete. Wings rather long, very broad, much rounded, the third quill
longest; the filaments of the first, half of the second, and the
terminal part of the third, free and recurved. Tail of moderate
length, arched, slightly rounded.
32. 1. Ulula Tengmalmi, Gmel. Tengmalm's Night-Owl.
Plate CCCLXXX. Male and Female.
General colour of upper parts greyish-brown tinged with olive;
feathers of the head with an elliptical central white spot; those of
the neck with a larger spot; scapulars with two or four large round
spots near the end, and some of the dorsal feathers and wing-coverts
with single spots on the outer web; all the quills margined with white
spots on both webs, arranged in transverse series, there being six on
the outer web of the third; on the tail five series of transversely
elongated white spots. Disk yellowish-white, anteriorly black; ruff
yellowish-white, mottled with dusky; throat brown, chin white; lower
parts yellowish-white, longitudinally streaked with brown; some of the
feathers of the sides with two white spots; tarsal and digital
feathers greyish-yellow, with faint transverse brown bars.
_Male_, 11, wing 6-10/12. _Female_, 12.
From Maine on the east, and from Columbia River on the west,
northward.
Strix Tengmalmi, Tengmalm's Owl, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer.
v. ii. p. 94.
Tengmalm's Owl, Strix Tengmalmi, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p.
559.
33. 2. Ulula Acadica, Gmel. Acadian Night-Owl.--Little Owl. Saw-whet.
Plate CXCIX. Male and Female.
General colour of upper part olivaceous brown; scapulars and some of
the wing-coverts spotted with white; the first six primary quills
obliquely barred with white; tail darker, with two narrow white bars;
upper part of head streaked with greyish-white; disks pale
yellowish-grey; ruff white, spotted with dusky. Lower parts whitish,
the sides and breast marked with broad elongated patches of
brownish-red.
_Male_, 7-1/2, 17. _Female_, 8-1/2, 18.
From North Carolina on the east, and from Columbia River on the west,
northward.
Little Owl, Strix passerina, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 61.
Strix acadica, Bonap. Syn. p. 38.
Strix acadica, American Sparrow Owl, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor.
Amer. v. ii. p. 97.
Acadian Owl, Strix acadica, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 137.
Little or Acadian Owl, Strix acadica, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii.
p. 567: v. v. p. 397.
GENUS III. STRIX, Linn. SCREECH-OWL.
Bill short, compressed, deep, strong; upper mandible with its dorsal
outline straight to the end of the cere, then curved, the sides
nearly flat and erect, the tip deflected, with a rounded but
sharp-edged point; lower mandible with the dorsal line convex, the
sides convex, the edges arched, the tip obliquely truncate. Conch of
the ear semicircular, extending from over the anterior angle of the
eye to the middle of the lower jaw; aperture large, somewhat square,
with an anterior operculum fringed with feathers. Legs rather long,
tarsus long, feathered, scaly at the lower part; toes large, the first
short, the inner nearly as long as the middle, all with series of
small tuberculiform oblong scales, intermixed with a few bristles, and
three broad scutella at the end. Claws arched, long, extremely sharp,
the edge of the third thin and transversely cracked in old birds.
Plumage very soft and downy; facial disks complete. Wings long, ample,
rounded; the first quill with the filaments recurved. Tail rather
short, even.
34. 1. Strix Americana, Aud. American Screech-Owl.--Barn Owl.
Plate CLXXI. Male and Female.
Feathers margining the operculum with the shaft and webs undeveloped.
Bill pale greyish-yellow; claws and scales brownish-yellow. General
colour of upper parts greyish-brown, with light yellowish-red
interspersed, produced by very minute mottling; each feather having
toward the end a central streak of deep brown, terminated by a small
oblong greyish-white spot; wings similarly coloured; secondary coverts
and outer edges of primary coverts with a large proportion of light
brownish-red; quills and tail transversely barred with brown; lower
parts pale brownish-red, fading anteriorly into white, each feather
having a small dark brown spot at the tip.
Closely allied to _Strix flammea_, but larger, and differing somewhat
in colour, being generally darker, with the ruff red. A character by
which they may always be distinguished is found in the operculum, the
feathers margining which are in the present species reduced to their
tubes, the shafts and filaments being wanting, whereas in the European
species each tube bears a very slender shaft, about half an inch long,
and furnished with about half a dozen filaments on each side.
_Male_, 17, 42. _Female_, 18, 46.
Southern States. Breeds from Texas to North Carolina. Never seen in
the interior, or to the north. Rather common.
White or Barn Owl, Strix flammea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vi. p.
57.
Strix flammea, Bonap. Synops. p. 38.
White or Barn Owl, Strix flammea, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 139.
Barn Owl, Strix flammea, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 403: v. v.
p. 388.
GENUS IV. SYRNIUM, Cuv. HOOTING-OWL.
Bill short, stout, broad at the base; upper mandible with its dorsal
outline convex to the end of the cere, then curved, the sides sloping
and nearly flat, the tip compressed, decurved, acute; lower mandible
small, with the dorsal line convex, the tip narrow, the edges decurved
toward the end. Nostrils large, elliptical. Conch of the ear of medium
size, and furnished with an anterior semicircular operculum, beset
with slender feathers. Legs rather short; tarsi very short, and with
the toes feathered. Claws slightly curved, long, slender, compressed,
acuminate. Plumage very soft and downy; facial disks complete. Wings
very large, much rounded, the outer quill with the tips of the
filaments separated and recurved, as are those of the terminal portion
of the next; the outer six with the inner webs sinuate. Tail broad,
rounded.
35. 1. Syrnium cinereum, Linn. Great Cinereous Hooting-Owl.--Cinereous
Owl.
Plate CCCLI. Female.
Upper parts greyish-brown, variegated with greyish-white in irregular
undulated markings; the feathers on the upper part of the head with
two transverse white spots on each web; the smaller wing-coverts of a
darker brown, and less mottled than the back; the outer scapulars with
more white on their outer webs; primaries blackish-brown toward the
end, in the rest of their extent marked with a few broad light grey
oblique bands, dotted and undulated with darker; tail similarly
barred; ruff-feathers white toward the end, dark brown in the centre;
disks on their inner sides grey, with black tips, in the rest of their
extent greyish-white, with six bars of blackish-brown very regularly
disposed in a concentric manner; lower parts greyish-brown, variegated
with greyish and yellowish-white; feet barred with the same.
_Female_, 30-1/2, 48-1/2.
From Massachusetts on the east, and Columbia River on the west,
northward. Migratory.
Great Grey or Cinereous Owl, Strix cinerea, Nutt. Man. v. i.
p. 128.
Cinereous Owl, Strix cinerea, Swain. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v.
ii. p. 77.
Great Cinereous Owl, Strix cinerea, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p.
364.
36. 2. Syrnium nebulosum, Linn. Barred Hooting-Owl. Barred Owl.
Plate XLVI. Male.
General colour of upper parts light reddish-brown; face and greater
part of the head brownish-white; the feathers of the latter broadly
marked with brown, of which a narrow band passes from the bill along
the middle of the head; feathers of the back and most of the
wing-coverts largely spotted with white; primary coverts, quills, and
tail, barred with light brownish-red; wings and tail tipped with
greyish-white; lower parts pale brownish-red, longitudinally streaked
with brown, excepting the neck and upper part of the breast, which are
transversely marked, the abdomen, which is yellowish-white, and the
tarsal feathers, which are light reddish.
_Male_, 18, 40.
From Texas to Nova Scotia. Resident in the south and west. Very
abundant.
Barred Owl, Strix nebulosa, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 61.
Strix nebulosa, Bonap. Syn. p. 38.
Barred Owl, Strix nebulosa, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 133.
Barred Owl, Strix nebulosa, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 242: v.
v. p. 386.
GENUS V. OTUS, Cuv. EARED-OWL.
Bill short, stout, broader than high at the base, compressed toward
the end; upper mandible with its dorsal line slightly curved from the
base, toward the end decurved, the ridge broad at the base, narrowed
anteriorly, the sides convex toward the tip, which is acute, and
descends obliquely; lower mandible straight, with the dorsal line very
short and slightly convex, the back and sides convex, the edges toward
the end decurved, and with a slight sinus on each side, the tip
obliquely truncate. Nostrils large, oblique, oblong. Conch of extreme
size; extending from the level of the forehead over the eye to the
chin in a semilunar form, with an anterior semicircular flap in its
whole length, the aperture large, of a rhomboidal form. Feet of
moderate length, and stout; tarsi short, feathered, as are the toes;
the first shortest, the second and fourth nearly equal; claws long,
curved in the fourth of a circle, extremely acute, the first and
second rounded beneath. Plumage extremely soft and downy, facial
disks complete, ruff distinct. Two small tufts of elongated feathers
on the head. Wings long and broad; the second quill longest; the outer
in its whole length, the second toward the end, and the first alular
feather, with the filaments disunited and recurved at the ends. Tail
rather short, a little rounded.
37. 1. Otus vulgaris, Fleming. Common Eared-Owl.--Long-eared Owl.
Tufts elongated; general colour of plumage buff, mottled and spotted
with brown and greyish-white; dirty whitish anteriorly, with the tips
black, posteriorly reddish-white; ruff mottled with red and black;
upper part of head minutely mottled with whitish, brownish-black, and
light red; the tufts light reddish toward the base, brownish-black in
the centre toward the end, the inner edge white, dotted with dark
brown; upper parts buff, variegated with brown and whitish-grey,
minutely mottled or undulatingly barred; first row of coverts tipped
with white; quills and scapulars pale grey barred with dark brown, the
primaries buff toward the base externally. Tail with ten bars on the
middle and eight on the outer feathers; lower parts with more buff and
fewer spots than the upper, each feather with a long dark brown
streak, and several irregular transverse bars; legs and toes pure
buff.
_Male_, 14-1/2, 38. _Female_, 16, 40.
From Maryland eastward, and Kentucky westward to the Missouri. Rather
rare. Resident.
Long-eared Owl, Strix Otus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vi. p. 52.
Strix Otus, Bonap. Syn. p. 37.
Long-eared Owl, Strix Otus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 130.
Long-eared Owl, Strix Otus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 573.
38. 2. Otus brachyotus, Linn. Short-tufted Eared-Owl.--Short-Eared
Owl.
Tufts inconspicuous, general colour of plumage buff variegated with
dark brown; eye surrounded by a ring of brownish-black, much broader
behind; anterior half of disk white, with the tips black, posterior
yellowish; anterior auricular ruff white, posterior yellowish, each
feather with an oblong dark brown spot; upper parts buff,
longitudinally streaked with dark brown; scapulars and wing-coverts
spotted and banded in large patches, many with a large yellowish-white
spot on the outer web near the end; quills buff, with two or three
dark brown bands; tail similar, with five broad dark bands, the tip
yellowish-white; on the middle feathers, the light-coloured spaces
have a brown central patch; lower parts pale buff, whitish behind, the
neck with oblong, the breast and sides with linear dark brown streaks;
chin, feet, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts unspotted.
_Male_, 15, 40. _Female_, 17, 45.
From Texas eastward. Columbia River. Common. Migratory.
Short-eared Owl, Strix brachyotos, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p.
64.
Strix brachyotos, Bonap. Syn. p. 37.
Short-eared Owl, Strix brachyotos, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 132.
Short-eared Owl, Strix brachyotos, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p.
273.
GENUS VI. BUBO, Cuvier. HORNED-OWL.
Bill short, stout, broader than high at the base, compressed toward
the end; upper mandible with its dorsal line curved from the base, the
edges with a slight festoon, the tip trigonal, very acute; lower
mandible with the dorsal line convex, the tip obliquely truncate.
Nostrils broadly elliptical, aperture of ear elliptical, less than
half the height of the head, without operculum. Feet of ordinary
length; tarsi and toes feathered. Plumage full and very soft; facial
disks complete; a tuft of elongated feathers on each side of the crown
of the head. Wings ample, the first quill short, the fourth longest.
Tail of ordinary length, rounded.
39. 1. Bubo Virginianus, Gmel. Virginian Horned-Owl.--Great
Horned-Owl.
Plate LXI. Male and Female.
Upper part of the head brownish-black, mottled with light brown, the
tufts of the same colour, margined with brown; face brownish-red, with
a circle of blackish-brown; upper parts undulatingly banded and
minutely mottled with brownish-black and yellowish-red, behind tinged
with grey; wings and tail light brownish-yellow, barred and mottled
with blackish-brown and light brownish-red; chin white; upper part of
throat light reddish, spotted with black, a band of white across the
middle of fore neck; its lower part and the breast light
yellowish-red, barred with deep brown, as are the lower parts
generally; several longitudinal brownish-black patches on the lower
fore neck; tarsal feathers light yellowish-red, obscurely barred.
_Male_, 23, 56. _Female_, 25, 60.
From Texas northward. Resident. Not rare in the south.
Great Horned-Owl, Strix Virginiana, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vi. p.
52.
Strix Virginiana, Bonap. Syn. p. 37.
Great Horned-Owl or Cat Owl, Strix Virginiana, Nutt. Man. v.
i. p. 124.
Great Horned-Owl, Strix Virginiana, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p.
313; v. v. p. 393.
40. 2. Bubo Asio, Linn. Mottled Horned-Owl.
Plate XCVII. Adult and Young.
Adult with the upper parts pale brown, spotted and dotted with
brownish-black; a pale grey line from the base of the upper mandible
over each eye; quills light brownish-grey, barred with brownish-black,
their coverts dark brown, secondary coverts with the tip white; throat
yellowish-grey, lower parts light grey, patched and sprinkled with
brownish-black; tail-feathers tinged with red. Young with the upper
parts light brownish-red, each feather with a central blackish-brown
line; tail and quills barred with dull brown; a line over the eye, and
the tips of the secondary coverts reddish-white; breast and sides
light yellowish-grey, spotted and lined with brownish-black and bright
reddish-brown, the rest of the lower parts yellowish-grey, the tarsal
feathers pale yellowish-red.
_Male_, 10, 22. _Female_, 10, 23.
From Texas eastward. Columbia River. Resident. Abundant.
Mottled Owl, Strix nævia, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p. 16.
Adult.
Red Owl, Strix Asio, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 83. Young.
Mottled and Red Owl, Strix Asio, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 120.
Little Screech Owl, Strix Asio, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 486;
v. v. p. 392.
FAMILY VI CAPRIMULGINÆ. GOATSUCKERS.
Mouth opening to beneath the centre of the eyes; bill much depressed,
generally feeble, the horny part being small; upper mandible with the
tip somewhat decurved. Nostrils elliptical, prominent, marginate. Eyes
extremely large. Aperture of ear elliptical, very large. Head of
extreme breadth, depressed; body very slender. Feet very small; tarsus
partially feathered, scaly; anterior toes webbed at the base; hind toe
small, and versatile, all scutellate above; claw of third toe
generally elongated, with the inner margin thin and pectinate. Plumage
very soft and blended. Wings very long, the second and third quills
longest. Tail long, of ten feathers. Œsophagus rather wide, without
crop; stomach very large, roundish, its muscular coat very thin, and
composed of a single series of strong fasciculi; epithelium very hard,
with longitudinal rugæ; intestine short and wide; cœca large,
oblong, narrow at the base; cloaca globular. Trachea of nearly uniform
width, without inferior laryngeal muscles. Nest on the ground, or in
hollow trees. Eggs generally two. Young covered with down. Very nearly
allied in some respects to the Owls.
GENUS I. CAPRIMULGUS, Linn. GOATSUCKER.
Bill feeble, gape extending to beneath the posterior angle of the eye.
Nostrils elliptical, prominent. Wings long, pointed, the second quill
longest; tail long. Claw of middle toe pectinate. Along the base of
the bill on each side, a series of feathers having very strong shafts,
terminating in an elastic filamentous point, and with the barbs or
lateral filaments extremely slender, distant, and not extended beyond
the middle of the shaft. Plumage very soft and blended. Wings long and
pointed, the second quill longest; tail long, rounded.
41. 1. Caprimulgus Carolinensis, Gmel. Carolina
Goatsucker.--Chuck-will's-widow.
Plate LII. Male and Female.
Bristles with lateral filaments; tail slightly rounded. Head and back
dark brown, minutely mottled with yellowish-red, and longitudinally
streaked with black; three bands of the latter colour, from the lower
mandible diverging along the head; a yellowish-white line over the
eye; wings barred with yellowish-red and brownish-black, and minutely
sprinkled with the latter colour, as are the wing-coverts, which,
together with the scapulars, are largely spotted with black, and
tinged with grey; tail similarly barred and dotted; terminal half of
the inner webs of the three outer feathers white, their extremities
light red; lower parts dull reddish-yellow, sprinkled with dusky; a
band of whitish feathers barred with black on the fore neck. Female
like the male, but without white on the tail.
_Male_, 12-3/4, 26. _Female_, 13-1/4, 30.
From Texas to North Carolina. Up the Mississippi to Natchez. Resident
in the Floridas.
Chuck-will's-widow, Caprimulgus Carolinensis, Wils. Amer. Orn.
v. vi. p. 95.
Caprimulgus Carolinensis, Bonap. Syn. p. 61.
Chuck-will's-widow, Caprimulgus Carolinensis, v. i. p. 612.
Chuck-will's-widow, Caprimulgus Carolinensis, Aud. Orn. Biog.
v. i. p. 273; v. v. p. 401.
42. 2. Caprimulgus vociferus, Wils. Whip-poor-will Goatsucker.
Bristles without lateral filaments; tail much rounded. General colour
of upper parts dark brownish-grey, streaked and minutely sprinkled
with brownish-black; quills and coverts dark brown, spotted in bars
with light brownish-red; four middle tail-feathers like those of the
back, the three lateral white in their terminal half; throat and
breast similar to the back, with a transverse band of white on the
fore neck, the rest of the lower parts paler and mottled. Female like
the male, but with the lateral tail-feathers reddish-white toward the
tip only, and the band across the fore neck pale yellowish-brown.
_Male_, 9-1/2, 19. _Female._
From Texas to Lake Huron, and the base of the Rocky Mountains. A few
remain in winter in Florida.
Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus vociferus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v.
p. 71.
Caprimulgus vociferus, Bonap. Syn. p. 62.
Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus vociferus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i.
p. 422; v. v. p. 405.
Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus vociferus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p.
614.
GENUS II. CHORDEILES, Swainson. NIGHT-HAWK.
Mouth opening to beneath the centre of the eyes; bill extremely small;
upper mandible with the tip decurved, and a deep lateral groove.
Nostrils oblong, prominent, marginate. Eyes very large. Aperture of
ear elliptical, very large. Head very large, depressed, but less so
than in Caprimulgus. Claw of middle toe pectinate. No bristles at the
base of the upper mandible. Wings very long, pointed, with the first
quill longest, and the secondaries very short. Tail emarginate.
43. 1. Chordeiles Virginianus, Briss. Virginian Night-Hawk.--Bat.
Crapaud volant.
Plate CXLVII. Male and Female.
Upper parts brownish-black, mottled with white and pale reddish-brown;
a conspicuous white bar extending across the inner web of the first,
and the whole breadth of the next four quills; tail-feathers barred
with brownish-grey, the four outer on each side plain brownish-black
towards the end, with a large white spot; sides of the head and fore
neck mottled like the back; a broad white band, in the form of the
letter V reversed on the throat and sides of the neck; the rest of the
lower parts greyish-white, transversely undulated with dark brown.
Female similar, with the dark parts more brown, the white more tinged
with red, the band on the throat brownish-white, and the white spots
on the tail-feathers wanting.
_Male_, 9-1/2, 23-1/2. _Female_, 9-3/4, 23-3/4.
From Texas northward. Columbia River. Throughout the interior.
Migratory. Very abundant.
Night-Hawk, Caprimulgus Americanus, Wils. Amer. Ornith. Biog.
v. v. p. 65.
Caprimulgus Virginianus, Bonap. Syn. p. 62.
Caprimulgus (Chordeiles) Virginianus, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor.
Amer. v. i. p. 62.
Night-Hawk, Caprimulgus Americanus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 619.
Night-Hawk, Caprimulgus Virginianus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p.
273; v. v. p. 406.
FAMILY V. CYPSELINÆ. SWIFTS.
Mouth opening to beneath the hind part of the eyes; bill extremely
short, very broad at the base, compressed at the end; upper mandible
decurved at the point, the edge inflected, with an indistinct sinus.
Nostrils basal, approximate, oblong. Head large and depressed; neck
short; body rather slender. Feet extremely short; tarsus rounded,
destitute of scutella; toes extremely short, the three anterior nearly
equal; hind toe very small, and versatile; claws strong, compressed,
arched, very acute. Plumage compact; no bristles at the base of the
upper mandible; wings extremely elongated, falciform, the first quill
longest; tail of ten feathers. Œsophagus of moderate width, without
crop; stomach oblong, moderately muscular, with a dense rugous
epithelium; intestine short, and rather wide; no cœca. No inferior
laryngeal muscles. Nest in crevices or holes, or attached to high
places. Eggs elongated, white.
GENUS I. CHÆTURA, Stephens. SPINE-TAIL.
All the characters as above. Tarsus bare, longer than the middle toe,
which scarcely exceeds the outer. Tail short, even, the shafts very
strong, and prolonged into acuminate points.
44. 1. Chætura pelasgia, Linn. American Spine-tail.--Chimney Swallow.
American Swift.
Brownish-black, lighter on the rump, with a slight greenish gloss on
the head and back; throat greyish-white, lower parts greyish-brown,
tinged with green; loral space black, and a greyish-white line over
the eye. Female similar to the male.
_Male_, 4-1/4, 12.
Extends as far eastward as Nova Scotia. Abundant. Migratory.
Chimney Swallow, Hirundo pelasgia, Wils. Amer. Ornith. v. v.
p. 48.
Cypselus pelasgius, Bonap. Syn. p. 63.
Chimney Swift or Swallow, Cypselus pelasgius, Nutt. Man. v. i.
p. 609.
Chimney Swallow or American Swift, Cypselus pelasgius, Aud.
Ornith. Biog. v. ii. p. 329; v. v. p. 419.
FAMILY VI. HIRUNDINÆ. SWALLOWS.
Bill very short, much depressed and very broad at the base, compressed
toward the tip; upper mandible with the dorsal line convex, the edges
overlapping, with a small notch close to the slightly decurved tip.
Head broad, depressed; neck very short, body moderate. Feet very
short, tarsus very short, anteriorly scutellate; toes of moderate
size; first large, all scutellate in their whole length; claws rather
strong, compressed, well curved, acute. Plumage soft, blended, glossy.
No bristles at the base of the bill. Wings extremely long, narrow,
pointed, somewhat falciform; secondaries very short. Tail generally
emarginate, of twelve feathers. Mouth extremely wide; œsophagus
rather wide, without crop; stomach elliptical or roundish, muscular,
with a dense rugous epithelium; cœca very small. Four pairs of
inferior laryngeal muscles. Nest in holes in banks, buildings, or
trees, or attached to the surface of these objects. Eggs from four to
six, white, plain, or spotted.
GENUS I. HIRUNDO, Linn. SWALLOW.
Characters as above; tail emarginate or forked.
45. 1. Hirundo purpurea, Linn. Purple Martin.
Plate XXIII. Male and Female.
Bill rather stout; wings as long as the tail, which is deeply
emarginate. Plumage silky, shining, purplish-black, with steel blue
reflections; quills and tail-feathers brownish-black; tarsi and toes
purplish-black. Female with the upper parts paler, and tinged with
grey, the lower light grey, longitudinally streaked with black.
_Male_, 7-1/2, 16. _Female_, 7-4/12, 15-9/12.
From the Texas northward. Rocky Mountains, and all intermediate
districts. Migratory.
Purple Martin, Hirundo purpurea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 58.
Hirundo purpurea, Bonap. Syn. p. 64.
Purple Martin, Hirundo purpurea, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 598.
Purple Martin, Hirundo purpurea, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 115;
v. v. p. 408.
46. 2. Hirundo bicolor. Vieill. White-bellied Swallow.
Plate XCVIII. Male and Female.
Wings a little longer than the tail, which is deeply emarginate. Upper
parts steel blue, with green reflections, lower white; feet
flesh-coloured. Female similar to the male.
_Male_, 5-1/4, 10. _Female._
From Texas northward. Columbia River, and all intermediate districts.
Winters in Florida and Louisiana.
Green-blue or White-bellied Swallow, Hirundo viridis, Wils.
Amer. Ornith. v. iii. p. 44.
Hirundo bicolor, Bonap. Syn. p. 65.
White-bellied Swallow, Hirundo bicolor, Nutt. Man. v. i. p.
605.
White-bellied Swallow, Hirundo bicolor, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i.
p. 491; v. v. p. 417.
47. 3. Hirundo fulva, Vieill. Cliff-Swallow,--Republican Swallow.
Bill shorter than in the last species; wings of the same length as the
tail, which is slightly emarginate. Upper part of head, back, and
smaller wing-coverts black with bluish-green reflections; forehead
white, generally tinged with red; loral space and a band on the lower
part of the forehead black; chin, throat, and sides of the neck deep
brownish-red; a patch of black on the fore-neck; rump light
yellowish-red; lower parts greyish-white, anteriorly tinged with red.
Female similar to the male. Young dark greyish-brown above,
reddish-white beneath.
_Male_, 5-1/2, 12. _Female_, 5-4/12, 12-3/4.
From Kentucky northward. Abundant from New York to Nova Scotia.
Columbia River. Rocky Mountains. Migratory.
Fulvous or Cliff Swallow, Hirundo fulva, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v.
i. p. 63.
Hirundo fulva, Bonap. Syn. p. 64.
Fulvous or Cliff Swallow, Hirundo fulva, Nutt. Man. v. i. p.
603.
Republican or Cliff Swallow, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 353; v.
v. p. 415.
48. 4. Hirundo rustica, Linn. Chimney-Swallow.--Barn-Swallow.
Plate CLXXIII. Male and Female.
Tail very deeply forked, the lateral feathers much exceeding the
wings. Forehead and throat bright chestnut; upper parts and a band on
the fore-neck glossy deep steel-blue; quills and tail brownish-black
glossed with green; the latter with a white spot on the inner web of
each of the feathers, except the two middle. Female similar to the
male. Young less deeply coloured, the forehead and throat pale red,
the band on the fore-neck dusky tinged with red; lateral tail-feathers
not exceeding the wings.
_Male_, 7, 13. _Female_, 6-5/12, 12-9/12.
Throughout North America, Europe, and Africa. Migratory.
Barn Swallow, Hirundo Americana, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 34.
Hirundo Americana, American Barn Swallow, Swains. & Rich. F.
Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 329.
Hirundo rufa, Bon. Syn. p. 64.
Barn Swallow, Hirundo rufa, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 601.
Barn Swallow, Hirundo rustica, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 413;
v. v. p. 411.
49. 5. Hirundo thalassina, Swains. Violet-green Swallow.
Plate CCCLXXXV. Fig. 4. Male. Fig. 5. Female.
Bill narrower than in the preceding species; wings extremely long,
extending far beyond the tail, which is emarginate. Upper part of head
deep green, gradually shaded into the dark purple of the hind neck;
back rich grass-green, rump and upper tail-coverts carmine purple; a
line over the eye, cheeks, and all the lower parts pure white,
excepting the wing-coverts, which are light grey. Female with the
upper part of the head and hind neck light greyish-brown, glossed with
green; the back as in the male, the rump greyish-brown; lower parts
white, anteriorly tinged with grey.
_Male_, 4-10/12, wing 4-6/12.
California, Rocky Mountains, and Oregon Territory. Migratory.
Hirundo thalassinus, Swains. Syn. of Mex. Birds, Phil. Mag.
for 1827, p. 365.
Violet-green Swallow, Hirundo thalassina, Aud. Orn. Biog. v.
iv. p. 597.
50. 6. Hirundo riparia, Linn. Bank Swallow.
Plate CCCLXXXV. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female. Fig. 3. Young.
Tail slightly forked, margin of first quill smooth, tarsus with a tuft
of feathers behind; upper parts greyish-brown, lower whitish, with a
dusky band across the fore part of the neck. Young with the feathers
of the upper parts margined with reddish-white.
_Male_, 5, 11. _Female_, 4-7/8.
From Texas northward. Rocky Mountains. Columbia River. Migratory; but
vast numbers winter in Florida.
Bank Swallow or Sand Martin, Hirundo riparia, Wils. Amer. Orn.
v. v. p. 46.
Hirundo riparia, Bonap. Syn. p. 65.
Hirundo riparia, Sand Martin, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v.
ii. p. 333.
Bank Swallow or Sand Martin, Hirundo riparia, Nutt. Man. v. i.
p. 607.
Bank Swallow or Sand Martin, Hirundo riparia, Aud. Orn. Biog.
v. iv. p. 584.
51. 7. Hirundo serripennis, Aud. Rough-winged Swallow.
Tail slightly emarginate, margin of first quill rough with the strong
decurved tips of the filaments, tarsus bare; upper parts
greyish-brown, lower pale greyish-brown, white behind. Very nearly
allied to the last in form and colour, but readily distinguishable by
drawing the finger along the edge of the wing, when the stiff
projecting tips of the filaments are felt like the edge of a fine saw.
_Male_, 5-3/4, 12-1/2.
Louisiana and South Carolina. Migratory.
Rough-winged Swallow, Hirundo serripennis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v.
iv. p. 593.
FAMILY VII. MUSCICAPINÆ. FLYCATCHERS.
Bill depressed, triangular, compressed at the end, upper mandible
notched, lower with the point slightly ascending. Head rather large,
depressed; neck short; body rather slender. Feet generally short;
tarsus short, slender, with very broad scutella; toes four, free; the
hind toe not proportionally large; claws arched, compressed, acute.
Plumage soft and blended. Wings long, with the first quill generally
long, the outer three longest. Tail various. Tongue flattened,
sagittate, bristly at the tip; œsophagus wide, without crop;
stomach elliptical, moderately muscular, with the lateral muscles
distinct, the epithelium thin, dense, longitudinally rugous; intestine
short; cœca extremely small; cloaca globular. Trachea simple;
inferior laryngeal muscles, forming on each side a large pad, but not
divisible into several portions as in the singing birds. Nests
regularly formed, cup-shaped. Eggs from four to six.
GENUS I. MILVULUS, Swains. SWALLOW-TAIL.
Bill moderate, rather stout, straight, broad at the base, gradually
compressed toward the end; upper mandible with the dorsal outline a
little convex, the edges sharp and nearly perpendicular, with a very
small notch close to the small deflected tip; lower mandible with the
ridge very broad at the base, the sides rounded, the tip minute and
ascending. Nostrils basal, broadly elliptical. Head rather large,
depressed; neck short; body rather slender. Feet rather short; tarsus
short, slender, compressed, with very broad scutella, some of which
almost meet behind; toes free, the hind toe not proportionally larger,
all scutellate above; claws of moderate size, arched, compressed,
acute. Plumage soft and blended. Wings long, second quill longest,
first almost as long as third, the three outer abruptly notched near
the attenuated tip. Tail extremely elongated and forked, the middle
feathers being of ordinary length, the lateral longest.
52. 1. Milvulus Tyrannus, Linn. Prairie Swallow-tail.--Fork-tailed
Flycatcher.
Plate CLXVIII. Male.
Tail more than twice the length of the body; upper part of head and
cheeks deep black, the feathers of the crown bright yellow at the
base; back ash-grey, rump bluish-black; wings and tail brownish-black,
the lateral feathers of the latter with the outer web white for half
its length; lower parts white.
_Male_, 14-1/4, 14.
In Louisiana, very rare. Accidental in New Jersey.
Fork-tailed Flycatcher, Muscicapa Savana, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v.
i. p. 1.
Muscicapa Savana, Bonap. Syn. p. 67.
Fork-tailed Flycatcher, Muscicapa Savana, Nutt. Man. v. i. p.
274.
Forked-tailed Flycatcher, Muscicapa Savana, Aud. Orn. Biog. v.
ii. p. 387.
53. 2. Milvulus forficatus, Gmel. Red-shouldered
Swallow-tail.--Swallow-tailed Flycatcher.
Plate CCCLIX. Fig. 3. Male.
Tail longer than the body; upper part of the head, cheeks, and hind
neck ash-grey; back brownish-grey, rump dusky; anterior wing-coverts
scarlet, quills brownish-black, tail-feathers deep black, the three
outer on each side rose-coloured to near the end; lower parts white
before, rose-coloured behind.
_Male_, 11, wing 5-1/8.
Arkansas. Rare in Louisiana.
Swallow-tailed Flycatcher, Muscicapa forficata, Bonap. Amer.
Orn. v. i. p. 15.
Muscicapa forficata, Bonap. Syn. p. 275.
Swallow-tailed Flycatcher, Muscicapa forficata, Nutt. Man. v.
i. p. 275.
Swallow-tailed Flycatcher, Muscicapa forficata, Aud. Orn.
Biog. v. iv. p. 426.
GENUS II. MUSCICAPA, Linnæus. FLYCATCHER.
Bill moderate, or rather long, stout, straight, broad at the base,
gradually compressed toward the end; upper mandible with the dorsal
outline sloping, the edges sharp and overlapping, with a very small
notch close to the small deflected tip; lower mandible with the ridge
very broad at the base, the sides rounded, the tip minute and
ascending. Nostrils basal, roundish. Head rather large, depressed;
neck short; body rather slender. Feet short; tarsus very short,
slender, with six very broad scutella, three of which almost meet
behind; toes free, the hind toe large, all scutellate above; claws
rather long, very slender, arched, finely pointed. Plumage soft and
blended. Wings long, second and third quills longest; outer primaries
generally attenuated at the end. Tail long, even, or emarginate.
* Bill large. Head with a vermilion patch, outer quills
attenuated. Tyrannus of authors.
54. 1. Muscicapa verticalis, Say. Arkansaw Flycatcher.
Plate CCCLIX. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.
The outer five primaries much attenuated toward the end, the first
more so, the fifth least, the third longest, but the outer four nearly
equal; tail almost even. Upper parts ash-grey, the back tinged with
yellow; a patch of bright vermilion on the top of the head;
wing-coverts and quills chocolate-brown; upper tail-coverts and tail
black, the outer web of the lateral feathers yellowish-white; throat
greyish-white, sides and fore part of neck ash-grey, the rest of the
lower parts pure yellow. Female similar.
_Male_, 9, 15-1/2.
Columbia River, Rocky Mountains, and across to Texas. Accidental in
Louisiana. Migratory.
Tyrannus verticalis, Say Long's Exped. v. ii. p. 60.
Arkansaw Flycatcher, Muscicapa verticalis, Bonap. Amer. Orn.
v. i. p. 18.
Muscicapa verticalis, Bonap. Syn. p. 67.
Arkansaw Flycatcher, Muscicapa verticalis, Nutt. Man. v. i. p.
273.
Arkansaw Flycatcher, Muscicapa verticalis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v.
iv. p. 422; v. v.
55. 2. Muscicapa dominicensis, Brisson. Pipiry Flycatcher.
Plate CLXXII. Male.
The outer six primaries attenuated at the end, the first more so, the
sixth least; the third longest, but the second almost equal, the
fourth and fifth very little shorter, the first much longer than the
seventh; tail emarginate. Upper parts dull ash-grey, shaded with brown
posteriorly; a concealed patch of bright vermilion on the top of the
head; wing-coverts, quills and tail chocolate-brown, margined with
brownish-white; lower parts anteriorly ash-grey, behind greyish-white
tinged with yellow, lower wing-coverts pale sulphur yellow. Female
similar.
_Male_, 8-7/8, 14-3/8.
Florida Keys; and southern parts of South Carolina. Abundant.
Migratory.
Tyrannus griseus, Vieill., Ois. d'Amer. pl. 46.
Pipiry Flycatcher, Muscicapa dominicensis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v.
ii. p. 392.
56. 3. Muscicapa Tyrannus, Linn. Tyrant Flycatcher,--King Bird.
Plate LXXIX. Male and Female.
The outer two primaries attenuated at the end, the second longest, the
first longer than the third; tail even. Upper parts dark bluish-grey,
the head greyish-black, with a bright vermilion patch margined with
yellow; quills, coverts, and tail-feathers brownish-black, the former
margined with dull white; the latter largely tipped with white; lower
parts greyish-white, the breast pale grey. Female duller, the upper
parts tinged with brown, the lower more dusky.
_Male_, 8-1/2, 14-1/2.
North America generally. Migratory. A few winter in South Florida.
Lanius Tyrannus, Linn. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 136.
Tyrant Flycatcher, Muscicapa Tyrannus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i.
p. 66.
Muscicapa Tyrannus, Bonap. Syn. p. 66.
King-bird or Tyrant Flycatcher, Muscicapa Tyrannus, Nutt. Man.
v. i. p. 265.
Tyrant Flycatcher, Muscicapa Tyrannus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i.
p. 403; v. v. p. 420.
** Bill large. Head plain, crested, quills not attenuated.
57. 4. Muscicapa crinita, Linn. Great Crested Flycatcher.
Plate CXXIX. Male.
Third quill longest, first and sixth equal; upper parts dull
greenish-olive; quills and coverts dark brown, the primaries margined
with light red, the secondaries with yellowish-white, of which there
are two bars across the wing, formed by the tips of the secondary
coverts and first row of small coverts; inner webs of the
tail-feathers, except the two middle, light red; margins of inner webs
of quills tinged with the same; fore-neck and sides of the head
greyish-blue, the rest of the lower parts yellow. Female similar.
_Male_, 8-1/2, 13.
From Texas northward, generally distributed. Abundant. Migratory.
Great Crested Flycatcher, Muscicapa crinita, Wils. Amer. Orn.
v. ii. p. 75.
Muscicapa crinita, Bonap. Syn. p. 67.
Great Crested Flycatcher, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 271.
Great Crested Flycatcher, Muscicapa crinita, Aud. Orn. Biog.
v. ii. p. 176; v. v. p. 423.
58. 5. Muscicapa Cooperi, Nuttall. Cooper's Flycatcher.--Olive-sided
Flycatcher.
Wing pointed, second quill longest, first longer than third, tail
emarginate, the three first primaries very slightly attenuated at the
ends; upper parts, cheeks, and sides of the neck, dusky brown, tinged
with greyish-olive, the head darker; quills and tail blackish-brown,
the secondaries margined with brownish-white; downy feathers on the
sides of the rump white; lower parts greyish-white, the sides dusky
grey. Young similar to adult.
_Male_, 7-1/2, 12-3/4.
From Texas northward along the Atlantic. Never seen far in the
interior. Columbia River. Migratory.
Olive-sided Flycatcher or Pe-pe, Muscicapa Cooperi, Nutt. Man.
v. i. p. 282.
Tyrannus borealis, Northern Tyrant, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor.
Amer. v. ii. p. 141.
Olive-sided Flycatcher, Muscicapa Cooperi, Aud. Orn. Biog. v.
ii. p. 422; v. v. p. 422.
* Bill more slender. Tyrannula of authors.
59. 6. Muscicapa Saya, Bonap. Say's Flycatcher.
Plate CCCLIX. Fig. 4. Male. Fig. 5. Female.
Third quill longest, second and fourth scarcely shorter, first a
little longer than sixth; tail very slightly emarginate; upper parts
greyish-brown; upper tail-coverts and tail brownish-black; wings of a
darker tint than the back, the feathers margined with brownish-white;
a dusky spot before the eye; fore part and sides of neck light
greyish-brown, shaded with pale brownish-red on the breast and
abdomen; lower wing-coverts reddish-white.
_Male_, 7, wing 4-2/12.
Arkansas. Columbia River. Fur Countries. Never seen along the
Atlantic. Abundant. Migratory.
Say's Flycatcher, Muscicapa Saya, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. i. p.
20.
Muscicapa Saya, Bonap. Syn. p. 67.
Tyrannula Saya, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 142.
Say's Flycatcher, Muscicapa Saya, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 277.
Say's Flycatcher, Muscicapa Saya, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p.
428.
60. 7. Muscicapa nigricans, Swains. Rocky Mountain Flycatcher.
Plate CCCCXXXIV. Fig. 6. Male.
Third quill longest, second and fourth little shorter, first and sixth
about equal; tail very slightly emarginate; head, hind neck, fore part
of back, fore neck, a portion of the head, and sides, dark
sooty-brown; the rest of the upper parts greyish-brown; secondary
coverts tipped, and secondaries margined with greyish-white, of which
colour is the great part of the outer web of the lateral
tail-feathers; middle of breast, abdomen, and lower tail-coverts
white; lower wing-coverts greyish-brown, edged with white.
_Male_, 7, wing 3-((7-1/2)/12).
Mexico and California. Rare. Migratory.
Tyrannula nigricans, Swains. Syn. of Mex. Birds, Phil. Mag. N.
S. v. i. p. 367.
Rocky Mountain Flycatcher, Muscicapa nigricans, Aud. Orn.
Biog. v. v. p. 302.
61. 8. Muscicapa Phœbe, Lath. Short-legged Pewit Flycatcher.
Plate CCCCXXXIV. Fig. 5. Male.
Second quill longest, third almost equal, first and fourth nearly
equal; tail slightly emarginate; upper parts dark olivaceous brown;
the head darker, wings and tail blackish-brown, secondary coverts
tipped with brownish-white, and secondary quills margined with the
same; outer edges of lateral tail-feathers pale brownish-grey; fore
part of neck, breast, and sides light dusky grey tinged with olive,
abdomen pale dull yellow, lower tail-coverts brownish-grey margined
with yellowish-white.
_Male_, 6-9/12, wing 3-1/4.
Columbia River. Fur Countries. Labrador. Rare. Migratory.
Tyrannula Richardsonii, Swainson's Short-legged Pewit, Swains.
& Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 146.
Short-legged Pewee Flycatcher, Muscicapa Richardsonii, Aud.
Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 299.
62. 9. Muscicapa acadica, Gmel. Small Green-crested Flycatcher.
Plate CXLIV. Male and Female.
Bill broad and much depressed; second quill longest, third a little
shorter, first shorter than fourth; tail scarcely emarginate, upper
parts dull greenish-olive, the head darker; wings and tail
dusky-brown; two bands of dull pale yellow on the wing, the secondary
quills broadly edged and tipped with the same; a narrow ring of
yellowish-white round the eye; throat greyish-white; sides of neck and
fore part of breast greyish-olive, the rest of the lower parts
yellowish-white.
_Male_, 5-1/2, 8-1/2.
From Texas northward. Migratory.
Small Green Crested Flycatcher, Muscicapa querula, Wils. Amer.
Orn. v. ii. p. 77.
Small Pewee, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 288.
Muscicapa acadica, Bonap. Syn. p. 68.
Small Green-Crested Flycatcher, Muscicapa acadica, Aud. Orn.
Biog. v. ii. p. 256; v. v. p. 427.
63. 10. Muscicapa fusca, Gmel. Pewee Flycatcher.
Plate CXX. Male and Female.
Wing much rounded, third quill longest, fourth scarcely shorter, but
considerably longer than second, first intermediate between sixth and
seventh; tail emarginate; upper parts dull olive, the head much
darker; quills and tail dusky brown, secondaries and their coverts
edged with pale brown; outer tail-feathers whitish on the outer edge,
unless toward the tip; lower parts dull yellowish white, the breast
tinged with grey.
_Male_, 7, 9-1/2.
Throughout the United States, and northward. Spends the winter in vast
numbers in the southern parts.
Pewit Flycatcher, Muscicapa nunciola, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii.
p. 78.
Muscicapa fusca, Bonap. Syn. p. 68.
Pewit Flycatcher or Phœbe, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 278.
Pewee Flycatcher, Muscicapa fusca, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p.
122; v. v. p. 424.
64. 11. Muscicapa virens, Linn. Wood Pewee Flycatcher.
Plate CXV. Male.
Slightly crested; second quill longest, first shorter than third and
longer than sixth; tail deeply emarginate; upper parts dusky olive,
upper part of head much darker; a pale greyish ring round the eye; two
bands of greyish-white on the wings, secondaries margined with the
same; quills and tail-feathers blackish-brown; throat and breast
ash-grey tinged with green, the rest of the lower parts pale
greenish-yellow.
_Male_, 6-1/2, 11.
Throughout the United States. British Provinces. Labrador.
Newfoundland. Rocky Mountains. Columbia River. Migratory.
Wood Pewee, Muscicapa rapax, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 81.
Wood Pewee, Muscicapa virens, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 285.
Muscicapa virens, Bonap. Syn. p. 68.
Wood Pewee, Muscicapa virens, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 93; v.
v. p. 425.
65. 12. Muscicapa Traillii, Aud. Traill's Flycatcher.
Plate XLV. Male.
Slightly crested; wing rounded, with the third quill longest, second
and fourth almost equal, first a little longer than sixth; tail
slightly rounded, and faintly emarginate; upper parts dusky olive,
upper part of head much darker; a pale greyish ring round the eye; two
bands of greyish-white on the wings, secondaries margined with the
same; throat and breast ash-grey, the rest of the lower parts shaded
into pale yellow.
_Male_, 5-3/4, 8-1/2.
Arkansas. Columbia River. Migratory.
Traill's Flycatcher, Muscicapa virens, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i.
p. 236; v. v. p. 426.
66. 13. Muscicapa pusilla, Swains. Least Pewee Flycatcher.
Plate CCCCXXXIV. Fig. 1. Adult.
Third quill longest, fourth scarcely shorter, second nearly
one-twelfth shorter, and exceeding the first by three and a quarter
twelfths; tail slightly emarginate; upper parts light greenish-brown;
loral band whitish, a narrow pale ring surrounding the eye; wings
olive-brown, with two bands of dull white, secondaries margined with
the same; tail olive-brown, the lateral feathers lighter, the outer
web pale brownish-grey; fore part of neck and a portion of the breast
and sides ash-grey, the rest of the lower parts pale yellow.
_Male_, 5-2/12, wing 2-5/12.
Columbia River. Fur countries. Labrador. Newfoundland. Rare in the
Atlantic States.
Tyrannula pusilla, Little Tyrant Flycatcher, Swains. & Rich.
F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 144.
Little Tyrant Flycatcher, Muscicapa pusilla, Aud. Orn. Biog.
v. v. p. 288.
67. 14. Muscicapa minuta, Wils. Small-headed Flycatcher.
Plate CCCCXXXIV. Fig. 2. Male.
Wings short, the second quill longest; tail of moderate length, even;
general colour of upper parts light greenish-brown; wings and tail
dark olive-brown, the outer feathers of the latter with a terminal
white spot on the inner web; a narrow white ring surrounding the eye;
two bands of dull white on the wing; sides of the head and neck
greenish-yellow, the rest of the lower parts pale yellow, gradually
fading into white behind.
_Male_, 5, 8-2/8.
Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. Exceedingly rare. Migratory.
Small-headed Flycatcher, Muscicapa minuta, Wils. Amer. Orn. v.
vi. p. 62.
Sylvia minuta, Bonap. Syn. p. 86.
Small-headed Sylvan Flycatcher, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 296.
68. 15. Muscicapa Ruticilla, Linn. Redstart Flycatcher.--American
Redstart.
Plate XL. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.
Second and third quills equal and longest, fourth longer than first;
tail rounded. Male with the head, neck all round, fore part of breast,
and back, glossy bluish-black; sides of the breast, lower
wing-coverts, a patch on the wings formed by the margins of the
primaries and the basal half of most of the secondaries, together with
three-fourths of both webs of the outer four tail-feathers on each
side, and the outer web of the next, bright orange-red; abdomen and
lower tail-coverts white. Female with the upper parts yellowish-brown,
the head grey, the quills greyish-brown, the tail darker, the parts
yellow which in the male are bright orange; the rest of the lower
parts white, tinged with yellow. Young similar to the female, more
grey above, and with less yellow beneath.
_Male_, 5, 6-1/2. _Female._
Throughout the United States. Abundant. Migratory.
American Redstart, Muscicapa Ruticilla, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i.
p. 103.
Muscicapa Ruticilla, Bonap. Syn. p. 68.
American Redstart, Muscicapa Ruticilla, Aud. Amer. Orn. v. i.
p. 202; v. v. p. 428.
American Redstart, Muscicapa Ruticilla, Nutt. Man. v. i. p.
291.
GENUS V. PTILOGONYS, Swains. PTILOGONYS.
Bill short, rather strong, somewhat triangular, depressed at the base,
a little compressed at the end; upper mandible with the dorsal line
convex at the end, the nasal groove wide, the sides convex toward the
end, with a distinct notch, the tip short, rather obtuse; lower
mandible with the angle rather long and wide, the dorsal line
ascending and convex, the sides convex toward the end, the tip small,
with a slight notch behind. Nostrils linear, oblong, partially
concealed by the feathers. Head ovato-oblong; neck rather short; body
slender. Feet short, and rather slender; tarsus shorter than the
middle toe with its claw, compressed, covered anteriorly with a long
plate and three inferior scutella; toes free, the outer only adherent
at the base; hind toe rather large, stouter, outer a little longer
than inner; claws moderate, arched, much compressed, laterally
grooved, acute. Plumage soft and blended; slight bristles at the base
of the upper mandible, and the feathers in the angle of the lower jaw
bristle-tipped and curved forward. Wings long, rounded; first quill
very small, fourth longest. Tail very long, straight, emarginate, and
rounded, of twelve feathers.
This genus seems to connect the Thrushes with the Flycatchers.
69. 1. Ptilogonys Townsendi, Aud. Townsend's Ptilogonys.
Plate CCCCXIX. Fig. 2. Female.
General colour dull brownish-grey; quills and coverts dusky brown;
edge of wing dull white; basal part of primaries pale yellow, of
secondaries ochre-yellow; edges of all the quills dull greyish-white;
secondaries with a faint patch of light brownish-grey on the outer web
toward the end; middle tail-feathers greyish-brown, the rest
blackish-brown, the outer with an oblique white space, including, from
the tip, a considerable portion of the inner web, and more than
two-thirds of the outer; the next with a white patch at the end; lower
parts paler than the upper; lower tail and wing-coverts broadly tipped
with dull white, some of the inner wing-coverts white.
_Female_, 8-1/4, wing, 4-1/2.
Columbia River.
Townsend's Ptilogonys, Ptilogonys Townsendi, Aud. Orn. Biog.
v. v. p. 206.
GENUS IV. CULICIVORA, Swains. GNAT-CATCHER.
Bill of moderate length, depressed at the base, rapidly attenuated,
becoming very slender toward the end; upper mandible with the ridge
distinct, the tip extremely narrow and deflected, the edges
overlapping, the notch distinct, but very small; lower mandible with
the angle of moderate length, the ridge narrowed towards the end, the
edges inclinate, the tip acute. Nostrils oblong, exposed. Head ovate;
neck short; body slender. Feet of moderate length, tarsus longer than
the middle toe, extremely slender, with the upper scutella indistinct;
toes very small, extremely compressed; hind toe proportionally very
large; outer adherent at the base. Claws well arched, extremely
compressed, laterally grooved, acute. Plumage very soft and blended.
Wings of moderate length, concave; the first quill about a third of
the length of the second, fourth longest, third and fifth little
shorter. Tail long, slender, much rounded.
70. 1. Culicivora cœrulea, Lath. Blue-grey Gnat-catcher.
Plate LXXXIV. Male and Female.
Upper parts bright blue, deeper on the head, paler on the
tail-coverts; a narrow black band on the forehead, extending over the
eyes; wings brownish-black, margined with blue, some of the
secondaries with bluish-white; tail glossy black, the outer feather on
each side nearly all white, the next with its terminal half, and the
third with its tip of that colour; lower parts greyish-white. Female
similar, but with the tints duller, and the black band on the head
wanting.
_Male_, 4-1/2, 6-1/2.
From Texas northward. Abundant. Migratory.
Blue-grey Flycatcher, Muscicapa cœrulea, Wils. Amer. Orn.
v. ii. p. 164.
Sylvia cœrulea, Bonap. Syn. p. 85.
Blue-grey Sylvan Flycatcher, Muscicapa cœrulea, Nutt. Man.
v. i. p. 297.
Blue-grey Flycatcher, Muscicapa cœrulea, Aud. Orn. Biog. v.
i. p. 431.
FAMILY VIII. SYLVICOLINÆ. WOOD-WARBLERS.
Bill short, or of moderate length, rather slender, somewhat conical,
considerably broader than high at the base, gradually compressed
toward the end; upper mandible with its dorsal outline straight until
near the end, the point very narrow, the notches very slight; lower
mandible with the angle rather short and narrow, the dorsal line
straight, the edges somewhat involute, the tip acute. Head moderate,
ovate; neck short; body rather slender. Feet of moderate length;
tarsus longer than the middle toe, slender, much compressed, with
eight anterior scutella, of which the upper are blended; toes rather
small, or of moderate size, hind toe proportionally stout, outer
adherent for a short way at the base; claws moderate, much compressed,
arched, acute. Plumage generally soft and blended. Wings of moderate
length. Tail of moderate length, of twelve feathers. Tongue of
moderate length, sagittate, tapering. Œsophagus of moderate width,
without dilatation, proventriculus bulbiform; stomach of moderate
size, roundish or elliptical, moderately muscular, with the muscles
distinct; epithelium dense, longitudinally rugous; intestine short,
rather wide; cœca very small; cloaca oblong. Trachea simple; with
four pairs of inferior laryngeal muscles.
GENUS I. MYIODIOCTES, Aud. FLYCATCHING-WARBLER.
Bill of moderate length, stoutish, straight, considerably broader than
high, compressed toward the end; upper mandible with the ridge
distinct, the dorsal line convex toward the end, the edges sharp and
overlapping, with a very faint notch close to the slightly deflected
tip; lower mandible with the ridge indistinct, the sides rounded, the
edges somewhat involute, the tip narrow, not ascending. Nostrils
basal, oblong. Head ovate, of moderate size; neck short; body rather
slender. Feet of moderate length; tarsus pretty stout, much
compressed; scutella blended, excepting the lower three; toes of
moderate length, very slender, the hind toe proportionally large, the
third and fourth united at the base, all scutellate. Claws moderate,
extremely compressed, well arched, very acute. Bristles at the base of
the bill elongated but slender. Wings of moderate length, the second
and third quills longest, the first scarcely shorter than the fourth.
Tail moderate, slightly rounded. Name from [Greek: Myia], an insect,
[Greek: Diôchtês], a pursuer.
71. 1. Myiodioctes mitratus, Lath. Hooded Flycatching-Warbler.--Hooded
Flycatcher. Hooded Warbler.
Plate CX. Male and Female. Plate IX. Young.
Third quill longest, second longer than fourth, which slightly exceeds
the first; tail slightly emarginate and rounded. Male with the
forehead, sides of the head, breast, sides, abdomen, lower wing and
tail coverts, rich pure yellow; hind head and neck all round black;
upper parts yellowish-olive; wings and tail dusky brown, margined with
yellowish-olive, an oblique patch of white on the inner webs of the
three outer tail-coverts. Female with the forehead, the sides of the
head, the throat, and all the lower parts yellow, the hind part of the
head dusky, the upper part as in the male. Young similar to the
female, but with the tints a little duller.
_Male_, 5-1/2, 8.
From Texas to Virginia. In the interior, as far as Memphis on the
Mississippi. Rather common. Migratory.
Hooded Flycatcher, Muscicapa cucullata, Wils. Amer. Orn. v.
iii. p. 101.
Sylvia mitrata, Bonap. Syn. p. 79.
Hooded Warbler, Sylvia mitrata, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 66.
Adult Male and Female; v. v. p. 465.
Selby's Flycatcher, Muscicapa Selbyii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i.
p. 46. Young.
72. 2. Myiodioctes canadensis, Linn. Spotted Canadian Flycatching
Warbler.--Canadian Flycatcher. Canada Warbler.
Plate CIII. Male and Female.
Third quill longest, scarcely exceeding the second, fourth slightly
shorter, first intermediate between the fourth and fifth; tail
rounded. Male with the upper parts ash-grey; the feathers of the wings
and tail brown, edged with grey; the head spotted with black; loral
space, a band beneath the eye, proceeding down the side of the neck,
and a belt of triangular spots across the lower part of the fore neck,
black; the lower parts, and a bar from the nostril over the eye, pure
yellow; lower wing and tail-coverts white. Female similar to the male,
but with the black spots on the neck smaller and fainter. Young
similar to the female, with the tints paler, and the neck unspotted.
_Male_, 5-1/4, 9.
From Kentucky northward. Not found in the Atlantic districts.
Migratory.
Motacilla canadensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 27.
Canada Flycatcher, Muscicapa canadensis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v.
iii. p. 100.
Sylvia pardalina, Bonap. Syn. p. 79.
Canada Flycatcher, Muscicapa canadensis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v.
ii. p. 17.
73. 3. Myiodioctes Bonapartii, Aud. Bonaparte's Flycatching Warbler.
Plate V. Male.
Bristles longer than in the last, second quill longest; tail very
long, nearly even; upper parts light greyish-blue; quills dusky brown,
their outer webs greyish-blue, the two outer margined with white;
middle tail-feathers and edges of the rest like the back; lower parts
and a band on the forehead ochre-yellow, with a few faint dusky spots
on the lower part of the fore neck. This species differs from the last
chiefly in being of a more elongated form, in having the bristles much
longer, the upper parts of a much lighter tint; in wanting the black
band down the side of the neck, and the yellow band over the eye, the
bill is straighter and more pointed, and the outer primaries are edged
with white.
_Male_, 5-1/4.
Louisiana. Only one specimen ever found.
Bonaparte's Flycatcher, Muscicapa Bonapartii, Aud. Orn. Biog.
v. i. p. 27.
74. 4. Myiodioctes formosus, Wils. Kentucky Flycatching
Warbler.--Kentucky Warbler.
Plate XXXVIII. Male and Female.
Third quill longest, second scarcely shorter, first longer than
fourth, the outer three being nearly equal. Tail slightly emarginate
and slightly rounded. Male with the upper part of the head and a band
from the base of the upper mandible under the eye and down the side of
the neck black; a streak from the nostril over the eye, and all the
lower parts bright yellow; the upper parts yellowish-olive; wings
brown, the feathers margined with yellowish-olive; tail light
greenish-brown. Female similar, without the black band on the cheek
and neck, and the black of the head less extended.
_Male_, 5-1/2, 8.
Valley of the Mississippi, and Kentucky. Migratory.
Kentucky Warbler, Sylvia formosa, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p.
85.
Sylvia formosa, Bonap. Syn. p. 34.
Kentucky Warbler, Sylvia formosa, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p.
196.
75. 5. Myiodioctes Wilsonii, Bonap. Wilson's Flycatching Warbler.
Plate CXXIV. Male and Female.
Wings short, the second and third quills longest and about equal, the
first much shorter than the fourth and a little longer than the fifth;
tail even. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts yellowish-green; crown
glossy bluish-black, bordered on the forehead and over the eyes with
a broad band of bright yellow, of which colour are all the lower
parts; wings and tail dusky brown, the feathers margined with
yellowish-green. Female similar to the male, but with the black of the
crown of much less extent. Young similar to the female, without black
on the head.
_Male_, 4-1/2, 6-3/4.
From Texas northward, Columbia River, and intervening regions. Not in
the Fur Countries. Rather rare. Migratory.
Green Black-capt Flycatcher, Muscicapa pusilla, Wils. Amer.
Orn. v. iii. p. 103.
Sylvia Wilsonii, Bonap. Syn. p. 86.
Green Black-capt Warbler, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 149.
Green Black-capped Flycatcher, Muscicapa Wilsonii, Aud. Orn.
Biog. v. ii. p. 148.
GENUS II. SYLVICOLA, Swainson. WOOD-WARBLER.
Bill short, straight, rather strong, tapering, scarcely broader than
high at the base, compressed toward the end; upper mandible with its
dorsal outline declinate and nearly straight, the tip slightly
declinate, the edges overlapping, with a slight notch; lower mandible
with the angle short and rounded, the dorsal line straight, the sides
convex, the edges a little inclinate, the tip narrow. Nostrils basal,
oval or oblong, partially concealed by the feathers. Head of ordinary
size; neck short; body rather slender. Feet of ordinary length, rather
slender; tarsus longer than the middle toe, much compressed, covered
anteriorly with seven scutella, very sharp behind; toes of moderate
length, slender, free, the outer united as far as the second joint,
the hind toe proportionally large; claws moderate, well arched, much
compressed, laterally grooved, very acute. Plumage soft and blended.
Bristles at the base of the upper mandible feeble. Wings rather long,
little curved, pointed; the second quill longest, the first and third
slightly shorter. Tail rather long, emarginate.
76. 1. Sylvicola coronata, Lath. Yellow-crowned
Wood-Warbler.--Yellow-crowned Warbler. Yellow-rump Warbler.
Second quill longest, third scarcely shorter, first longer than
fourth; tail slightly emarginate. Male with the upper parts deep
ash-grey, streaked with black; crown, rump, and a patch on the sides
of the body, rich yellow: secondary coverts, and first row of small
coverts tipped with white, which forms two bars on the wing; quills
dark brown, margined with light greyish-brown; tail feathers
brownish-black, margined with ash-grey, the outer three on each side
with a white patch on the inner web near the end; a slender white line
over the eye; feathers of the eyelids white; lore and cheek black;
throat white; lower neck, fore part of breast and sides variegated
with black, the tips of the feathers being white; the rest of the
lower parts white. Female without the yellow spot on the crown,
although the feathers there are tinged with that colour at the base;
the upper parts tinged with light brown, the yellow spots on the sides
and rump paler.
_Male_, 5-1/4, 8-1/2.
From Texas northward, and throughout the interior. Extremely common.
Migratory.
Yellow-rump Warbler, Sylvia coronata, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii.
p. 138.
Sylvia coronata, Bonap. Syn. p. 78.
Yellow-crowned Warbler, or Myrtle Bird, Sylvia coronata, Nutt.
Man. v. i. p. 361.
Yellow-rump Warbler, Sylvia coronata, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii.
p. 303.
77. 2. Sylvicola Auduboni, Townsend. Audubon's
Wood-Warbler,--Audubon's Warbler.
Plate CCCXCV. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.
Outer four quills nearly equal, second longest; tail slightly
emarginate. Male with the upper parts bluish ash-grey, streaked with
black; crown, rump, upper part of throat, and a patch on the sides of
the body, rich yellow; first row of small coverts largely tipped, and
secondary coverts broadly margined and tipped with white, which thus
forms a conspicuous patch on the wing; quills and tail brownish-black,
narrowly margined with greyish-white; a patch of white on the inner
webs of all the tail-feathers, but on the central reduced to a mere
edging; a small white spot on each of the eyelids; loral space and
cheek black; lower part of neck anteriorly, fore part of breast, and
sides, variegated with black and white or ash-grey, the latter colours
margining the feathers; the rest of the lower parts white. Female
without the yellow spot on the crown, although the feathers there are
tinged with that colour at the base; upper parts light brownish-grey,
streaked with dusky; lower parts whitish, tinged with brown, and
streaked with dusky; throat and rump yellow, but of a lighter tint
than in the male, and but slight indications of the yellow patch on
the sides; there is much less white on the wings, and the white
patches on the tail-feathers are of less extent.
In size, form, and proportion, this species and _Sylvicola coronata_
are almost precisely similar; and their colours are almost exactly
alike, the only remarkable difference in this respect being, that the
throat of the present species is yellow, while that of the former is
white.
_Male_, 5-3/4, wing, 3-1/12.
Columbia River, northward. Common. Migratory.
Sylvia Audubonii, Audubon's Warbler, Townsend, Journ. Acad.
Nat. Sc., Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 190.
Audubon's Warbler, Sylvia Audubonii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p.
52.
78. 3. Sylvicola striata, Lath. Black-poll Wood-Warbler.
Plate CXXXIII. Male and Female.
First and second quills equal and longest, third a little shorter;
tail emarginate. Male with the upper parts bluish ash-grey, streaked
with black; the upper part of the head deep black; the secondary
coverts and first row of small coverts largely tipped with white;
quills and tail-feathers blackish-brown; primaries narrowly edged with
greenish-yellow, secondaries broadly with white; three outer
tail-feathers with a patch of white on the inner web at the end;
cheeks and lower parts white; a band of black spots from the base of
the lower mandible down the side of the neck and body. Female with the
upper parts oil-green, streaked with black; the rump and upper
tail-coverts plain and edged with grey; white wing-bands tinged with
yellow; cheeks yellowish-grey, mottled with dusky, lower parts dull
white, tinged with yellow and reddish the sides of the neck and body
with fainter dark streaks. Young like the female.
_Male_, 5-1/4, 8-1/2.
From Texas to Labrador, where it breeds. Columbia River. Common.
Migratory.
Black-poll Warbler, Sylvia striata, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p.
40.
Sylvia striata, Bonap. Syn. p. 81.
Sylvicola striata, Black-poll Warbler, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor.
Amer. v. ii. p. 218.
Black-poll Warbler, Sylvia striata, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 383.
Black-poll Warbler, Sylvia striata, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p.
201.
79. 4. Sylvicola pensilis, Lath. Yellow-throated Wood-Warbler.
Plate LXXXV. Male.
Outer three quills almost equal, second quill longest, fourth shorter
than first; tail slightly emarginate. Male with the upper parts light
greyish-blue; the forehead black, the crown spotted with the same; a
white line over the eye; secondary coverts and first row of small
coverts largely tipped with white; quills greyish-black, margined with
light greyish-blue; tail-feathers of the same colour, the outer three
with a patch of white on the inner web at the end; loral space, a band
under the eye, ear-coverts, a band down the side of the neck, and
numerous oblong spots on the sides of the body, black; throat bright
yellow; rest of lower parts white. Female similar, but with the tints
paler.
_Male_, 5-1/2, 8-1/2.
From Texas to New Jersey. In the interior along the Mississippi to
Natchez. Common. Migratory.
Yellow-throated Warbler, Sylvia flavicollis, Wils. Amer. Orn.
v. ii. p. 64.
Sylvia pensilis, Bonap. Syn. p. 79.
Yellow-throated Warbler, Sylvia pensilis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v.
i. p. 434.
80. 5. Sylvicola castanea, Wils. Bay-breasted
Wood-Warbler.--Bay-breasted Warbler.
Plate LXIX. Male and Female.
Outer three quills almost equal, fourth considerably shorter; tail
slightly emarginate. Male with the upper part of the head, the fore
neck, and the sides, chestnut-red; forehead and cheeks, including a
small space over the eye, deep black, behind which is a transverse
patch of yellowish-white on the sides of the neck; back bluish
ash-grey, streaked with black; tips of the secondary coverts and first
row of small coverts white; quills and tail-feathers brownish-black
edged with grey, the outer three of the latter with a white patch on
the inner web near the end; middle of breast, abdomen, and lower
tail-coverts, white, tinged with reddish. Female similar to the male,
but with the tints fainter, especially the chestnut of the head and
throat, which are converged into light brownish-red.
_Male_, 5-1/4, 11.
From Texas northward. Rather common. Migratory.
Bay-breasted Warbler, Sylvia castanea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii.
p. 97.
Sylvia castanea, Bonap. Syn. p. 80.
Bay-breasted Warbler, Sylvia castanea, Nutt. Man. v. i. p.
382.
Bay-breasted Warbler, Sylvia castanea, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i.
p. 358.
81. 6. Sylvicola icterocephala, Lath. Chestnut-sided
Wood-Warbler.--Chestnut-sided Warbler.
Plate LIX. Male and Female.
Outer three quills nearly equal, second slightly longer; tail slightly
emarginate. Male with the upper part of the head light yellow, a small
part of the forehead white; loral space and two bands proceeding from
it, one over and behind the eye, the other downwards, black; upper
parts bluish ash-grey, tinged behind with greenish-yellow, and
streaked with black; secondary coverts and first row of small coverts
largely tipped with pale yellow; quills and tail-feathers
brownish-black, primaries edged with greyish-white, secondaries with
yellowish-green; outer three tail-feathers on each side with a white
patch on the inner web at the end; lower parts white, sides of the
neck and body deep chestnut. Female similar, but with the chestnut on
the sides less extended, and the yellow on the head tinged with green.
_Male_, 5-1/4, 8.
From Texas northward. Rather common. Migratory.
Chestnut-sided Warbler, Sylvia icterocephala, Wils. Amer. Orn.
v. i. p. 99.
Sylvia icterocephala, Bonap. Syn. p. 80.
Chestnut-sided Warbler, Sylvia icterocephala, Nutt. Man. v. i.
p. 380.
Chestnut-sided Warbler, Sylvia icterocephala, Aud. Orn. Biog.
v. i. p. 806.
82. 7. Sylvicola pinus, Lath. Pine-creeping Wood-Warbler.
Plate CXI. Male and Female. Plate XXX. Young Male.
Wings of moderate length, with the outer three quills almost equal,
the first and second longest; tail emarginate. Male with the upper
parts light yellowish-green, inclining to olive, the rump brighter; a
streak over the eye, the eyelids, throat, breast, and sides, bright
yellow, with a greenish tinge, the rest of the lower parts white;
wings and tail blackish-brown; secondary coverts and first row of
small coverts largely tipped with dull white; primaries edged with
whitish, secondaries with brownish-grey; outer two tail-feathers with
a patch of white on the inner web near the end. Female with the upper
parts yellowish-brown tinged with grey, the lower parts of paler and
duller tints than in the male. Young similar to the female.
_Male_, 5, 8.
From Texas to Maine. Very abundant. Resident in the Southern and
Middle States.
Pine Creeping Warbler, Sylvia pinus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii.
p. 25.
Sylvia pinus, Bonap. Syn. p. 81.
Pine Warbler, Sylvia pinus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 387.
Pine Creeping Warbler, Sylvia pinus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p.
232.
Vigors's Warbler, Sylvia Vigorsii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p.
153. Young.
83. 8. Sylvicola parus, Wils. Hemlock Warbler.
Plate CXXXIV. Male and Female. Plate LXXXVIII. Young.
Wings of moderate length, with the outer two quills almost equal, the
first longest, the third little shorter; tail very slightly
emarginate. Male with the upper parts yellowish-green, spotted with
dusky, the head greenish-yellow; secondary coverts and first row of
small coverts largely tipped with white; quills and tail-feathers
blackish-brown; primaries narrowly edged with greenish-white,
secondaries broadly with white; outer two tail-feathers with the
greater part white; a bright yellow streak over the eye; a dusky band
on the lore and behind the eye; fore neck and breast bright yellow,
the rest of the lower parts white, the sides streaked with black.
Female similar to the male, but rather paler. Young with the upper
parts light olive-brown; a pale line over the eye, which is encircled
by a narrow line of whitish; wings and tail dark brown, the former
with two brownish-white bands, the quills edged with brownish-white,
the two outer tail-feathers with a white patch on the inner web; the
lower parts dull white, tinged on the neck with yellow, on the sides
with greyish-brown.
_Male_, 5-1/2, 8-1/2.
Middle districts. Rather common. Migratory.
Hemlock Warbler, Sylvia parus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p. 114.
Male.
Autumnal Warbler, Sylvia autumnalis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii.
p. 65. Young.
Sylvia parus, Bonap. Syn. p. 82.
Sylvia autumnalis, Bonap. Syn. p. 74.
Hemlock Warbler, Sylvia parus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 205.
Adult.
Autumnal Warbler, Sylvia autumnalis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p.
447.
84. 9. Sylvicola virens, Lath. Black-throated Green Wood-Warbler.
Plate CCCXCIX. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.
Outer three quills almost equal, second very slightly longer; tail
slightly emarginate. Male with the upper parts very light
yellowish-green; the anterior part of the forehead, a band over the
eye, the cheeks, and the sides of the neck, bright yellow; the fore
part of the neck, anterior part of the sides, and some spots on the
hind parts of the latter, black; the rest of the lower parts white,
partially tinged with yellow; quills and tail-feathers brownish-black;
secondary coverts and first row of small coverts largely tipped with
white, quills margined with greyish-white, as are the tail-feathers,
of which the greater part of the outer three, and a patch on the inner
web of the fourth, are white. Female with the upper parts similar, but
with less yellow on the forehead; ear-coverts greenish; the yellow
band over the eye less bright, the yellow on the sides of the neck of
less extent; the lower parts dull yellowish-white, the sides streaked
with dusky.
_Male_, 4-10/12, wing, 2-1/2. _Female_, 4-1/2, wing, 2-((5-1/2)/12).
From Texas to Newfoundland. Abundant. Migratory.
Black-throated Green Warbler, Sylvia virens, Wils. Amer. Orn.
v. ii. p. 127.
Sylvia virens, Bonap. Syn. p. 80.
Black-throated Green Warbler, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 376.
Black-throated Green Warbler, Sylvia virens, Aud. Orn. Biog.
v. iv. p. 70.
85. 10. Sylvicola maritima, Wils. Cape May Wood-Warbler.
Plate CCCCXIV. Male and Female.
Wings pointed, first quill longest, the second a quarter of a twelfth
shorter, the third a twelfth shorter; tail slightly emarginate. Male
with the upper part of the head and fore part of the back
yellowish-olive, streaked with black; the rump, throat, and a collar
scarcely meeting behind, yellow; ear-coverts and a band over the eye
yellowish-red, loral space paler; a white patch on the wing, formed by
the first row of small coverts and the outer edges of the secondary
coverts; quills and tail-feathers blackish-brown, edged with dull
greyish-white, the secondaries more broadly; tail-feathers edged with
yellow at the base, the outer three with a white patch on the inner
web near the end; lower parts yellow, streaked with black, abdomen and
lower tail-coverts white, the latter tinged with yellow. Female
similar to the male, with the tints duller, the dusky streaks on the
upper parts very faint, the rump greenish-yellow, the ear-coverts dull
yellow, the white of the abdomen more extended, and the black streaks
on the breast less distinct.
_Male_, 5-1/2, 8-1/2.
New Jersey, and Blue Mountains of Vermont. Exceedingly rare.
Cape May Warbler, Sylvia maritima, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p.
99.
Sylvia maritima, Bonap. Syn. p. 79.
Cape May Warbler, Sylvia maritima. Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 156.
Cape May Warbler, Sylvia maritima, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p.
156.
86. 11. Sylvicola cœrulea, Wils. Cœrulean Wood-Warbler.
Plate XLVIII. Males. Plate XLIX. Young Male.
Wings long, with the outer three quills nearly equal, the first and
second longest; tail slightly emarginate, upper parts of a fine light
blue, brighter on the head, the back marked with longitudinal streaks
of blackish; a narrow band of black from the forehead along the lore
to behind the eye; two conspicuous white bands on the wings, formed by
the tips of the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts;
quills black, margined with pale blue; tail-feathers black, edged with
blue, all with a white patch on the inner web near the end; lower
parts white, with a band of dark bluish-grey across the fore neck, and
oblong spots of the same along the sides. Female with the upper parts
light bluish-green, the lower and a streak over the eye very pale
yellow. Young of both sexes like the female.
_Male_, 4-1/2, 8.
From Texas to Nova Scotia. Columbia River. Rather common. Migratory.
Cœrulean Warbler, Sylvia cœrulea, Wils. Amer. Orn. v.
ii. p. 141. Male.
Blue-green Warbler, Sylvia rara, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p.
119. Young.
Sylvia azurea, Bonap. Syn. p. 85.
Sylvia rara, Bonap. Syn. p. 82.
Cœrulean Warbler, Sylvia azurea, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. ii.
p. 27. Female.
Azure Warbler, Sylvia azurea, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 255,
Male; v. v. p. 456.
Blue-green Warbler, Sylvia rara, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 258.
Young Male.
87. 12. Sylvicola Blackburniæ, Lath. Blackburnian
Wood-Warbler.--Blackburnian Warbler.
Plate CXXXV. Male. Plate CCCXCIX. Fig. 3. Female.
Outer three quills nearly equal, first generally longest; tail
slightly emarginate. Male black above, streaked with white; a small
patch on the top of the head, a band from the base of the upper
mandible over the eye, passing down the neck and curving forwards, and
a small band under the eye, orange-yellow; lore and a patch behind the
eye black; quills black, the outer margined with grey, the inner with
white, of which there is a large patch on the wing, including the
inner secondary coverts, and the tips of the outer, with those of the
first row of small coverts; three outer tail-feathers on each side
white, excepting an oblong portion toward the end, the next also
partially white; throat and fore part of breast rich reddish-orange;
breast dull yellow, the rest white; the sides of the neck and body
streaked with black. Female with the upper parts light olivaceous,
each feather dusky in the centre, the other parts as in the male, but
the tints much paler, the spot on the top of the head greenish-yellow,
the feathers tipped with dusky, the band over the eye pale yellow,
that on the lore and ear-coverts brown, the fore part of the neck
yellow, and the sides less strongly streaked than black.
_Male_, 4-3/4, 7-3/4. _Female_, 4-8/12, wing 2-((7-1/2)/12).
From Texas northward. Rather rare. Migratory.
Blackburnian Warbler, Sylvia Blackburniæ, Wils. Amer. Orn. v.
iii. p. 67.
Sylvia Blackburniæ, Bonap. Syn. p. 80.
Blackburnian Warbler, Sylvia Blackburniæ, Nutt. Man. v. i. p.
379.
Blackburnian Warbler, Sylvia Blackburniæ, Aud. Orn. Biog. v.
ii. p. 208; v. v. p. 78.
88. 13. Sylvicola æstiva, Gmel. Yellow-Poll Warbler.
Plate XCV. Male. Plate XXXV. Young Male and Female.
Outer four quills nearly equal, second longest; tail emarginate. Male
with the upper parts pale yellowish-green, the rump greenish-yellow,
the fore part of the head, cheeks, throat, sides of the neck and lower
parts pure yellow, the breast and sides streaked with brownish-red;
feathers of the wings deep brown, primaries margined with
yellowish-green, secondaries, their coverts, and the first row of
small coverts with yellow; tail-feathers brown, with the greater part
of the inner webs and a portion of the outer yellow, excepting the
middle two. Female similar, but with the colours less bright, and the
streaks on the breast and sides obsolete. Young with the upper parts
yellowish-green, tinged with brown, forehead, sides of head, and lower
parts deep yellow.
_Male_, 4-3/4, 8.
From Texas northward, and throughout the interior. Abundant.
Migratory.
Blue-eyed Warbler, Sylvia citrinella, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii.
p. 111.
Sylvia æstiva, Bonap. Syn. p. 83.
Yellow-poll Warbler, Sylvia æstiva, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p.
476. Adult Male.
Children's Warbler, Sylvia Childrenii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i.
p. 180. Young.
89. 14. Sylvicola Rathbonii, Aud. Rathbone's Wood-Warbler.
Plate LXV. Male and Female.
Wings of ordinary length, the second quill longest; tail nearly even.
The general colour of the plumage bright yellow, the upper parts
olivaceous; quills and tail wood-brown, the former yellow on the outer
web, the latter margined externally with the same. Female similar.
_Male_, 4-1/2.
Mississippi. Only one pair seen.
Rathbone Warbler, Sylvia Rathbonia, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p.
333.
90. 15. Sylvicola petechia, Lath. Yellow Red-poll Wood-Warbler.
Plate CLXIII. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Young Male.
Plate CLXIV. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.
Wings of ordinary length, with the outer three quills almost equal,
the second longer than the first, which slightly exceeds the fourth;
tail emarginate. Male with the crown of the head deep brownish-red,
the upper parts yellowish-olive, streaked with brown, the rump
greenish-yellow, without streaks; quills dusky brown, primaries edged
with whitish, secondaries with yellowish; tail feathers dusky brown,
margined with greenish-yellow, the outer two with a white patch on the
inner web at the end, sometimes the outer white on both webs at the
end; a bright yellow streak from the nostril over the eye; lore dusky;
ear-coverts brownish-red; lower parts yellow, the sides of the neck,
its lower part, and the sides of the body, streaked with deep red.
Female similar to the male, but with the tints duller and paler, the
red of the head scarcely apparent, and the fore-neck very faintly
streaked. Young dull light greenish-brown, tinged with grey, the head
streaked with dusky; lower parts yellowish-grey, the sides of the neck
and body, with the breast, faintly streaked with greyish-brown.
_Male_, 4-1/2, 8-1/2.
From Texas northward. Very abundant. Spends the winter in all the
Southern States.
Yellow Red-poll Warbler, Sylvia petechia, Wils. Amer. Orn. v.
vi. p. 19.
Sylvia petechia, Bonap. Syn. p. 83; S. palmarium, p. 78.
Sylvicola petechia, Yellow Red-poll Warbler, Swain. & Rich. F.
Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 215.
Yellow Red-poll Warbler, Sylvia petechia, Nutt. Man. v. i. p.
364.
Yellow Red-poll Warbler, Sylvia petechia, Aud. Orn. Biog. v.
ii. p. 259, Adult Male and Young; p. 360, Adult Male and
Female.
91. 16. Sylvicola Americana, Lath. Blue Yellow-backed
Wood-Warbler,--Yellow-backed Warbler,--Blue Yellow-back Warbler.
Plate XV. Male and Female.
Bill much attenuated; outer three quills nearly equal, first or second
longest; tail almost even, with the feathers pointed. Male with the
upper parts light blue, the fore part of the back yellowish-green; two
broad bands of white on the wing, formed by the tips of the secondary
coverts, and first row of small coverts; quills and tail-feathers
dusky, margined with blue; a white spot on the outer three of the
latter; loral space black; both eyelids with a white spot; throat
yellow, with whitish patches, a lunular band of blackish on the fore
neck; breast yellow, spotted with dull orange, the rest of the lower
parts yellowish, fading into white, the sides pale greyish-blue.
Female similar but paler; the loral band wanting; throat, fore neck,
and breast yellow, without the black lunule.
Although the bill of this species is much attenuated, it is not
essentially different in form from that of S. Blackburniæ, and others
of this genus; the wings are similar to those of the rest, and there
seems no reason for setting it apart to form a genus, as has been done
by Bonaparte.
_Male_, 4-1/6, 6-1/2.
From Texas, generally distributed. Exceedingly abundant. Migratory.
Blue Yellow-back Warbler, Sylvia pusilla, Wils. Amer. Orn. v.
iv. p. 17.
Sylvia Americana, Bonap. Syn. p. 33.
Blue Yellow-backed Warbler, Sylvia Americana, Aud. Orn. Biog.
v. i. p. 78.
92. 17. Sylvicola Townsendi, Nutt. Townsend's Wood-Warbler.
Plate CCCXCIII. Fig. 1. Male.
Wings of moderate length, rather pointed, with the second and third
quills longest, the first and second nearly equal and very little
shorter; tail scarcely emarginate. Upper parts light greenish-olive,
more yellow behind, all the feathers dusky in the centre; cheeks,
ear-coverts, and throat black; a band over the eye, a broader band on
the side of the neck, and the fore part of the breast bright yellow;
the rest of the lower parts white, but the sides marked with oblong
dusky spots; wings blackish-brown; the secondary coverts and first row
of small coverts largely tipped with white, the quills margined with
light grey; tail-feathers blackish-brown, edged with grey; outer two
on each side almost entirely white, the next with a small white spot.
_Male_, 4-10/12, wing 2-8/12.
Columbia River, northward. Migratory.
Sylvia Townsendi, Townsend's Warbler, Towns. Journ. Acad. Nat.
Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 191.
Townsend's Warbler, Sylvia Townsendi, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p.
36.
93. 18. Sylvicola occidentalis, Towns. Hermit Wood-Warbler.
Plate CCCXCV. Fig. 3. Male. Fig. 4. Female.
Wings of moderate length, the outer three quills almost equal, the
third longest; tail slightly emarginate. Male with the upper parts
bluish-grey, spotted with black; the upper part of the head, which is
similarly spotted, the cheeks, and sides of the neck, bright yellow;
throat black; breast and abdomen white; ground and tail-feathers
greyish-dusky; two white bands on the wing formed by the tips of the
secondary coverts and first row of small coverts; two outer
tail-feathers on each side almost entirely white. Female with the
upper parts of a duller grey, the yellow of the head less extended and
not so bright; throat whitish, spotted with dusky.
_Male_, 3-5/12, wing 2-8/12.
Columbia River. Migratory.
Sylvicola occidentalis, Hermit Wood-Warbler, Towns. Journ.
Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 190.
Hermit Warbler, Sylvia occidentalis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p.
55.
94. 19. Sylvia nigrescens, Towns. Black-throated Grey Wood-Warbler.
Plate CCCXCV. Figs. 5 and 6. Male.
Wings of moderate length, with the outer three quills nearly equal,
the second longest, the first shorter than the fourth; tail slightly
rounded and emarginate. Male with the upper parts bluish ash-grey, the
middle of the back and tail-coverts streaked with black; the upper
part of the head and neck, the loral space and cheeks, and the fore
part of the neck, with a small portion of the breast black; a band
from the nostril to near the eye yellow; a band over the eye, and
another from the lower mandible along the side of the neck white;
breast and abdomen white, the sides tinged with grey, and streaked
with black; wings blackish-brown, with two white bands formed by the
tips of the secondary coverts and first row of small coverts; quills
edged with light grey; tail blackish-brown, the two outer feathers on
each side almost entirely white, the next with a white patch on the
inner web.
_Male_, 5, wing 2-8/12.
Columbia River. Migratory.
Sylvia nigrescens, Black-throated Grey Warbler, Journ. Acad.
Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 191.
Black-throated Grey Warbler, Sylvia nigrescens, Aud. Orn.
Biog. v. v. p. 57.
95. 20. Sylvicola canadensis, Linn. Canada or Black-throated Blue
Wood-Warbler.
Plate CLV. Male. Plate CXLVIII. Female and Young.
Wings rather long, with the third quill longest, the second almost
equal, the fourth longer than the first; tail even. Male dull light
blue above, white beneath; frontal band, cheeks, throat, and sides,
black; a white patch on the wing formed by the bases of the primaries;
outer three tail-feathers with a patch of white on the inner web near
the end, all the rest with a touch of the same. Female greenish-olive
above, light dull-yellow below, with a less extended white patch on
the wing, the white on the tail unconspicuous. Young similar to the
female.
_Male_, 5, 7-1/2.
From Texas northward. Migratory. Abundant.
Motacilla canadensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. v. i. p. 334.
Black-throated Blue Warbler, Sylvia canadensis, Wils. Amer.
Orn. v. ii. p. 115. Male.
Sylvia canadensis, Bonap. Syn. p. 84. Male.
Black-throated Blue Warbler, Sylvia canadensis, Nutt. Man. v.
i. p. 398. Male.
Black-throated Blue Warbler, Sylvia canadensis, Aud. Orn.
Biog. v. ii. p. 309. Male.
Pine-swamp Warbler, Sylvia pusilla, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p.
100. Young.
Sylvia sphagnosa, Bonap. Syn. p. 85. Young.
Pine-swamp Warbler, Sylvia sphagnosa, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 406.
Young.
Pine-swamp Warbler, Sylvia sphagnosa, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii.
p. 279. Female and Young.
96. 21. Sylvicola maculosa, Lath. Blue-headed Yellow-rumped
Wood-Warbler.--Black-and-Yellow Warbler.
Plate CXXIII. Male and Female. Plate L. Young.
Wings of moderate length, the outer four quills nearly equal, the
second and third longest and equal, the fourth longer than the first;
tail almost even. Upper part of head and hind neck ash-grey; eyelids,
and a band over the eye, white; part of forehead, loral space, and a
broad band down the side of the neck, with the fore part of the back,
and upper tail-coverts deep black; lower parts and rump bright yellow;
the lower part of the throat, the breast and sides, spotted with
black; wings and tail-feathers brownish-black, edged with grey; two
white bands on the wing; all the tail-feathers, except the middle two,
with a large patch of white on the inner web, at about two-thirds of
their length. Young yellowish-grey above, with the head light grey,
the rump yellow; lower parts of a duller yellow, with only faint dusky
streaks on the sides.
_Male_, 5, 7-1/2.
From Texas northward. Very abundant. Migratory.
Black-and-Yellow Warbler, Sylvia magnolia, Wils. Amer. Orn. v.
iii. p. 63. Adult.
Sylvia maculosa, Bonap. Syn. p. 78.
Black-and-Yellow Warbler, Sylvia maculosa, Nutt. Man. v. i. p.
370.
Sylvicola maculosa, Yellow-rump Warbler, F. Bor. Amer. v. ii.
p. 213.
Black-and-Yellow Warbler, Sylvia maculosa, Aud. Orn. Biog. v.
ii. p. 145, Adult; v. i. p. 260, Young; v. v. p. 458.
97. 22. Sylvicola discolor, Vieill. Prairie Wood-Warbler.
Plate XIV. Male and Female.
Wings rather short, with the outer four quills nearly equal, the
second and third longest; tail emarginate and rounded. Male with the
upper parts yellowish-green, the back spotted with chestnut-red; lower
parts, and a band over the eye, bright yellow; two bands of dull
yellow on the wing; outer four tail-feathers with a white patch on the
inner web; a small streak before and behind the eye, one on the cheek,
a spot on the side of the neck, and oblong markings on the sides,
black. Female similar, but paler, especially beneath, and without the
black streaks on the side of the head.
_Male_, 5, 7.
From Texas to Massachusetts. Migratory. Abundant.
Prairie Warbler, Sylvia minuta, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p.
87.
Sylvia discolor, Bonap. Syn. p. 83.
Prairie Warbler, Sylvia discolor, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 294.
Prairie Warbler, Sylvia discolor, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 76.
98. 23. Sylvicola montana, Wils. Blue-Mountain Warbler.
Plate CCCCXXXIV. Fig. 3. Male.
No bristles at the base of the bill; wings rather short, the third and
fourth quills longest; tail much rounded. Upper parts light
greenish-olive; a band across the forehead, one over the eye, the
cheeks, throat, fore part and sides of neck bright yellow; the rest of
the lower parts yellowish-white, the sides marked with narrow
longitudinal dusky streaks; wings dusky brown, all the feathers edged
with yellowish-white, the secondary quills more broadly, the first row
of small coverts and the secondary coverts tipped with white, forming
two conspicuous bands; tail brownish-black, the feathers edged with
yellowish-green, the two outer on each side white in their terminal
half.
_Male_, 4-1/12, wing 2-6/12.
Blue Mountains. Only one individual seen.
Blue-Mountain Warbler, Sylvia montana, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v.
p. 113.
Sylvia tigrina, Bonap. Syn. p. 83; but not of Gmelin or
Latham, as the figure of Edwards, to which reference is
made, has the tail not rounded, but emarginate.
99. 24. Sylvicola agilis, Wils. Connecticut Wood Warbler.--Connecticut
Warbler.
Plate CXXXVIII. Male and Female.
Wings long, with the first quill longest, and exceeding the first
secondary by eleven-twelfths of an inch; middle toe and claw longer
than the tarsus; tail of moderate length, nearly even, with acuminate
feathers. Male olive-green above; a ring of yellowish-white round the
eye; the head, neck all round, and part of the breast ash-grey, the
sides greyish-green; the rest of the lower parts bright yellow. Female
olive-green above, yellow beneath, the sides of the neck and a band
across the breast tinged with brown.
_Male_, 5-3/4, 8.
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut. Very rare. Migratory.
Connecticut Warbler, Sylvia agilis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. v. p.
64.
Sylvia agilis, Bonap. Syn. p. 84.
Connecticut Warbler, Sylvia agilis, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 399.
This species forms a connecting link between _Sylvicola_ and
_Trichas_, having the long pointed wings of the former, and the
general appearance of the latter, which it resembles, especially in
its tail, which is neither emarginate, nor marked with the white spots
seen on that of almost all the other Sylvicolæ, but which do not exist
in the genus Trichas. Some of the Sylvicolæ are, in like manner,
assimilated to Myiodoctes, and others to Vermivora. Of the former may
be mentioned, _Sylvicola Auduboni_ and _S. coronata_; of the latter,
_S. Blackburniæ_.
GENUS III. TRICHAS, Swains. GROUND-WARBLER.
Bill of moderate length, similar in form to that of Sylvicola,
differing only in being a little decurved. The general form does not
differ materially from that of Sylvicola, the head being ovate and of
moderate size, the neck short, the body rather slender; the feet of
moderate length, slender; tarsus slender, much compressed, longer
than the middle toe with its claw, anteriorly covered with eight
scutella, of which the upper are blended; toes of moderate size, hind
toe proportionally large, lateral toes equal, fourth adherent at the
base; claws rather long, arched, much compressed, laterally grooved,
very acute. Plumage soft and blended. Wings rather short, convex,
considerably rounded, the third and fourth quills longest, the fifth
little shorter. Tail of moderate length, rounded, always plain, or
without white spots.
100. 1. Trichas Macgillivrayi, Aud. Macgillivray's
Ground-Warbler.--Macgillivray's Warbler.
Plate CCCXCIX. Fig. 4. Male. Fig. 5. Female.
Wings rather short, the second quill longest, the fourth longer than
the first, the tail long, considerably rounded, its feathers rounded;
tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw. Male olive-green above;
the head, hind part, and sides of the neck bluish-grey; the fore neck
and part of the breast greyish-black, lunulated with greyish-white; a
black loral band; a conspicuous white spot on each eyelid; the lower
parts bright yellow. Female olive-green above, yellow beneath, the
sides of the neck and a band across the breast ash-grey.
_Male_, 5-1/4, 6-1/2. _Female_, 5, wing 2-((4-1/2)/12).
Columbia River. Common.
Macgillivray's Warbler, Sylvia Macgillivrayi, Aud. Orn. Biog.
v. v. p. 75.
101. 2. Trichas Philadelphia, Wils. Mourning Ground-Warbler.--Mourning
Warbler.
Wings of moderate length, with the second quill longest, the fourth
shorter than the first; the tail long, considerably rounded, its
feathers scarcely pointed; tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw.
Male olive-green above, the head, hind part and sides of the neck,
bluish-grey; the fore neck and part of the breast deep black,
lunulated with white; a blackish loral band, margins of eyelids dusky
grey; the lower parts bright yellow. Female olive-green above, yellow
beneath, the sides of the neck and a band across the breast ash-grey,
the throat yellowish-white.
_Male_, 5, 8.
New Jersey and Blue Mountains of Vermont. Rare. Migratory.
Mourning Warbler, Sylvia Philadelphia, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii.
p. 101.
Sylvia Philadelphia, Bonap. Syn. p. 85.
Mourning Warbler, Sylvia Philadelphia, Nutt. Man. v. i. p.
404.
Mourning Warbler, Sylvia Philadelphia, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v.
p. 79.
102. 3. Trichas Marilandica, Linn. Maryland Ground-Warbler.--Maryland
Yellow-throat. Yellow-breasted Warbler.
Plate XXIII. Male and Female. Plate XXIV. Young Male.
Wings rather short, with the third and fourth quills longest, fifth
longer than second, first and sixth equal; tail considerably rounded,
the lateral feathers being three-twelfths shorter than the middle.
Male with a broad band of black across the forehead, including the
loral space and eyes, and terminating in a rather pointed form behind
the ear-coverts; over this band a narrow one of very pale blue, or
bluish-white; upper parts yellowish-green, on the head slightly tinged
with red; quills and tail-feathers wood-brown, margined with
yellowish-green; the edge of the wing and the margin of the outer
primary yellow; fore part of neck bright yellow, as is the anterior
part of the breast and the lower tail-coverts, the rest pale, the
sides shaded with dull yellowish-brown; the axillaries and some of the
lower wing-coverts white. Female with the upper parts lighter, the
lower less bright, tinged with reddish-brown, the head of pale
brownish-red, without the bands so conspicuous in the male. Young
similar to the female, the males with a black mystachial band.
_Male_, 4-3/4, 6-1/2.
From Texas northward to Nova Scotia, and throughout the interior;
Columbia River.
Maryland Yellow-throat, Sylvia Marilandica, Wils. Amer. Orn.
v. i. p. 88, Male; v. ii. p. 163, Female.
Sylvia Marilandica, Bonap. Syn. p. 85.
Maryland Yellow-throat, Nutt. Man. v. i.
Yellow-breasted Warbler, or Maryland Yellow-throat, Sylvia
Trichas, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 121, Adult; v. v. p.
463.
Roscoe's Yellow-throat, Sylvia Roscoe, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i.
p. 124. Young.
103. 4. Trichas Delafieldii, Aud. Delafield's Ground-Warbler.
Wing rather long, much rounded, with the third and fourth quills
longest, sixth longer than second, first and tenth about equal; tail
much rounded, the lateral feathers being half an inch shorter than the
middle. Male with a band of black across the forehead, including the
loral space and eyes, and terminating on the ear-coverts; upper part
of head light greyish-blue, tinged behind with green; the rest of the
upper parts dull yellowish-green; quills and tail-feathers wood-brown
on the inner webs, the edge of the wing and margin of the outer
primary yellow; all the lower parts rich yellow, excepting the sides,
which are shaded into dull greenish-yellow.
_Male_, 5-1/4, wing, 2-5/12.
North California.
Delafield's Yellow-throat, Sylvia Delafieldii, Aud. Orn. Biog.
v. v. p. 307.
GENUS IV. HELINAIA, Aud. SWAMP-WARBLERS.
Bill rather long, being nearly of the same length as the head,
straight, or slightly decurved, tapering to a very acute point, much
compressed; the upper mandible with the ridge distinct, the sides
declinate and flat at the base, the edges somewhat inflected beyond
the middle, the notch obsolete; lower mandible with the dorsal line
straight, the edges involute, the tip extremely acute. Nostrils
oblong; exposed. Feet of moderate length; tarsus about equal to the
middle toe and claw, slender, much compressed, with the upper scutella
blended; toes slender; claws rather long, moderately arched, slender,
much compressed, laterally grooved, extremely acute, plumage soft and
blended. Bristles obsolete. Wings rather long, somewhat pointed, the
outer three nearly equal, the second longest. Tail of moderate length,
nearly even.--Name from [Greek: Helos], a swamp, and [Greek: Naiô], to
inhabit.
104. 1. Helinaia Swainsonii, Aud. Swainson's Swamp-Warbler.
Plate CXCVIII. Male.
Bill as long as the head, much compressed; wings rather long, second
and third quills equal and longest; tail even; upper parts
olive-brown, the head strongly tinged with red; lower parts and a band
over the eye pale yellowish-grey, the feathers on the cheeks tipped
with brown, the sides of the neck and body more grey, the abdomen
whitish.
_Male_, 5-1/4, 8-1/2.
South Carolina to Massachusetts. Very rare. Migratory.
Swainson's Warbler, Sylvia Swainsonii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii.
p. 568; v. v. p. 462.
105. 2. Helinaia vermivora, Lath. Worm-eating Swamp-Warbler.
Plate XXXIV. Male and Female.
Bill nearly as long as the head, less compressed than in the last;
wings rather long, second quill longest, first and third equal; tail
very slightly rounded. Upper parts light olive-green; head and lower
parts pale brownish-yellow, the former with four longitudinal black
bands; throat and abdomen nearly white.
_Male_, 5-1/2, 8-1/2.
From Texas northwards, and in the interior to the Missouri. Not very
abundant. Migratory.
Worm-eating Warbler, Sylvia vermivora, Wils. Amer. Orn. v.
iii. p. 74.
Sylvia vermivora, Bonap. Syn. p. 86.
Worm-eating Warbler, Sylvia vermivora, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i.
p. 177; v. v. p. 460.
106. 3. Helinaia Protonotarius, Lath. Prothonotary Swamp-Warbler.
Plate III. Male and Female.
Bill nearly as long as the head; first quill longest; tail even. Male
with the head, neck, breast, and sides rich yellow, abdomen and lower
tail-coverts white; hind neck and fore part of back greenish-yellow,
rump, tail-coverts, smaller wing-coverts and margin of the quills and
tail-feathers light greyish-blue; the latter, except the middle,
having the greater part of their inner webs white.
_Male_, 5-1/2, 8-1/2.
From Texas eastward to Nova Scotia. In the interior to Kentucky.
Saskatchewan. Rather rare. Migratory.
Prothonotary Warbler, Sylvia Protonotarius, Wils. Amer. Orn.
v. iii. p. 72.
Sylvia Protonotarius, Bonap. Syn. p. 86.
Prothonotary Warbler, Sylvia Protonotarius, v. i. p. 410.
Prothonotary Warbler, Sylvia Protonotarius, Aud. Orn. Biog. v.
i. p. 22; v. v. p. 460.
107. 4. Helinaia chrysoptera, Linn. Golden-winged Swamp-Warbler.
Plate CCCCXIV. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.
Bill slightly shorter than the head, tapering to an acute point; wings
with the second and third quills equal and longest, the fourth and
first about equal; tail even. Male light ash-grey above, greyish-white
beneath; upper part of head, and a patch on the wing, formed by the
first row of small coverts and the secondary coverts, bright yellow; a
band from the bill to the eye, continued under it, and including the
ear-coverts, black, as is the throat; a white band from the upper
mandible over the eye, and another from the lower mandible down the
neck. Female with the tints less bright, the back tinged with green,
the side of the head and the throat grey, and the white bands on the
head narrower and less extended.
_Male_, 5-1/4, 7-5/8. _Female_, 5, 7-1/4.
From Texas to Nova Scotia. In the interior to Kentucky. Rather rare.
Migratory.
Golden-winged Warbler, Sylvia chrysoptera, Wils. Amer. Orn. v.
ii. p. 113.
Sylvia chrysoptera, Bonap. Syn. p. 87.
Golden-winged Warbler, Sylvia chrysoptera, Nutt. Man. v. i. p.
411.
Golden-winged Warbler, Sylvia chrysoptera, Aud. Orn. Biog. v.
v. p. 154.
108. 5. Helinaia Bachmanii, Aud. Bachman's Swamp-Warbler.
Plate CLXXXV. Male and Female.
Bill nearly as long as the head, slightly decurved, much attenuated;
outer four quills nearly equal, second longest, tail even. Male with
the upper parts yellowish-green, the feathers of the crown black, with
greyish margin; the hind neck grey; forehead, a line over the eye,
cheeks, chin, sides of neck, flexure of wing, lower wing-coverts, and
breast, yellow; sides greenish-grey, lower tail-coverts white; a patch
of black, enlarging beneath, on the fore neck; quills and tail
greyish-brown; a patch of white on each of the tail-feathers,
excepting the middle. Female with the tints fainter, the forehead
yellowish-green, the fore neck dusky.
_Male_, 4-1/12, 6-1/4. _Female_, 3-10/12.
South Carolina. Rare. Migratory.
Bachman's Warbler, Sylvia Bachmanii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p.
483.
109. 6. Helinaia carbonata, Aud. Carbonated Swamp-Warbler.
Plate LX. Male.
Bill shorter than the head, straight, very acute; wing with the second
quill longest; tail slightly emarginate. Male with the upper part of
the head black; fore part of back, smaller wing-coverts, and sides
dusky green, spotted with black; a line over the eye, the sides of the
neck, throat, the rest of the lower parts, and the rump yellow.
_Male_, 4-3/4.
Kentucky. Only two specimens procured. Migratory.
Carbonated Warbler, Sylvia carbonata, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p.
308.
110. 7. Helinaia peregrina, Wils. Tennessee Swamp-Warbler.
Plate CLIV. Male.
Bill shorter than the head, straight, very acute; wing with the second
and third quills longest; tail nearly even. Upper parts
yellowish-olive, the head darker; lower parts cream-coloured, fading
behind into white; a pale yellow line over the eye; quills and
tail-feathers dusky, the primaries margined with whitish, the
secondaries with greenish-yellow.
_Male_, 4-1/2, 8.
Florida to New York, and in the interior to Kentucky. Rare. Migratory.
Tennessee Warbler, Sylvia peregrina, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii.
p. 83.
Sylvia peregrina, Bonap. Syn. p. 87.
Tennessee Warbler, Sylvia peregrina, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 412.
Tennessee Warbler, Sylvia peregrina, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p.
307.
111. 8. Helinaia solitaria, Wils. Blue-winged Yellow Swamp-Warbler.
Plate XX. Male and Female.
Bill shorter than the head, straightish, very acute; wings with the
outer four quills almost equal, the second longest; tail nearly even.
Forehead, crown, and lower parts bright yellow; hind part of the head,
neck, and back light green, rump greenish-yellow; lore black; wings
and tail greyish-blue, the feathers margined with greyish-white; two
bands of white on the wing, formed by the tips of the first row of
small coverts and the secondary coverts; tail-feathers, except the
middle, with a patch of white on the inner web. Young with the upper
parts, including the forehead, yellowish-green, the lower pale
greenish-yellow.
_Male_, 4-3/4, 7.
From Texas to Massachusetts. In the interior, to Kentucky. Rather
rare. Migratory.
Blue-winged Yellow Warbler, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ii. p. 109.
Sylvia solitaria, Bonap. Syn. p. 87.
Blue-winged Yellow Warbler, Sylvia solitaria, Nutt. Man. v. i.
p. 410.
Blue-winged Yellow Warbler, Sylvia solitaria, Aud. Orn. Biog.
v. i. p. 102.
112. 9. Helinaia celata, Say. Orange-crowned Swamp-Warbler.
Plate CLXXVIII. Male and Female.
Bill shorter than the head, very much attenuated; wings with the outer
four quills almost equal, the second longest; tail even. Male with the
upper parts dull green, the rump yellowish-green; a patch of dull
reddish-orange on the crown, concealed by the grey tips of the
feathers; lower parts dull olivaceous yellow; lower tail-coverts light
yellow; quills and tail-feathers greyish-brown, edged with
yellowish-green. Female similar, with the orange on the crown duller.
Young with the lower parts paler, and without red on the head.
This species and the next seem to form the transition from the
Sylvicolinæ to the Reguli, as _Mniotilta varia_ does to the Certhiæ.
_Male_, 5-1/2, 7-11/12.
In summer from Texas to Nova Scotia. Winters in the southern states.
Columbia River. Rather common.
Sylvia celata, Say, Long's Exped. v. i. p. 169.
Sylvia celata, Bonap. Syn. p. 38.
Orange-crowned Warbler, Sylvia celata, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. i.
p. 45.
Orange-crowned Warbler, Sylvia celata, Nutt. Man. v. i. p.
413.
Orange-crowned Warbler, Sylvia celata, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii.
p. 449.
113. 10. Helinaia rubricapilla, Wils. Nashville Swamp-Warbler.
Plate LXXXIX. Male and Female.
Bill shorter than the head, very much attenuated; wings with the
outer four quills almost equal, the second longest; tail slightly
emarginate. Upper part of the head, cheeks, hind part and sides of
neck light bluish-grey; a patch of dull red on the crown, concealed
by the grey tips of the feathers; upper parts of the body
yellowish-green, lower parts greenish-yellow; quills and tail-feathers
greyish-brown, edged with yellowish-green, the primaries with
greyish-white. Female similar but paler, and with faint indications of
red on some of the feathers on the crown. Young similar to the female.
_Male_, 4-1/2, 7.
Texas to Massachusetts. Inland to Kentucky. Columbia River. Rare.
Migratory.
Nashville Warbler, Sylvia rubricapilla. Wils. Amer. Orn. v.
iii. p. 120.
Sylvia rubricapilla, Bonap. Syn. p. 87.
Nashville Warbler, Sylvia rubricapilla, Nutt. Man. v. i. p.
412.
Nashville Warbler, Sylvia rubricapilla, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i.
p. 450.
GENUS V. MNIOTILTA, Vieill. CREEPING-WARBLER.
Bill rather long, straight, very slender, nearly as broad as high at
the base, much compressed toward the end; upper mandible with the
dorsal line very slightly convex, the edges a little inflected toward
the end, the notches obsolete, the tip acute; lower mandible with the
dorsal line straight, the sides convex, the edges involute, the tip
attenuated. General form slender. Feet of moderate length, very
slender; tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw, much compressed,
the upper scutella blended; toes rather long, extremely compressed,
the first very long, the second shorter than the third, which is
adherent at the base, claws rather long, well arched, extremely
compressed, and acute. Plumage very soft and blended. Bristles
obsolete. Wings long, with the second and third quills longest and
about equal, the first slightly shorter, and exceeding the fourth.
Tail of moderate length, nearly even. This genus connects the
Sylvicolinæ with the Certhianæ.
114. 1. Mniotilta varia, Linn. Black-and-white Creeping Warbler.
Plate XC. Male.
Male with the plumage white, variegated with glossy black,
longitudinally disposed; a band along the middle of the head and hind
neck, a streak over the eyes, a band along the sides of the neck, two
bars on the wings, the middle of the breast and abdomen, with a patch
at the end of the outer two tail-feathers, white. Female with the
upper parts similar, but with the black less deep, the lower parts
greyish-white, the sides and lower tail-coverts marked with black.
Young light brownish-grey above, paler beneath, with the abdomen
white.
_Male_, 5-1/2, 7-1/2.
Generally distributed. Migratory.
Black-and-white Creeper, Certhia varia, Wils. Amer. Orn. v.
iii. p. 23.
Sylvia varia, Bonap. Syn. p. 81.
Black-and-white Creeper, Certhia varia, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i.
p. 452; v. v. p. 471.
FAMILY IX. CERTHIANÆ. CREEPERS.
Bill of moderate length or rather long, slender, slightly arched, much
compressed, acute; upper mandible with its dorsal outline convex or
arched, the ridge narrow, the notches slight or obsolete, lower
mandible with the angle rather long and narrow, the dorsal line
straight or slightly decurved, the edges inclinate, the tip acute.
Head moderate, ovate; neck short, body slender. Feet of moderate
length, or rather short; tarsus about the same length as the middle
toe, compressed, with eight anterior scutella, toes of moderate
length, much compressed, hind toe proportionally long, outer adherent
at the base; claws rather long, extremely compressed, arched, acute.
Wings short or of moderate length. Tail of twelve feathers, generally
much rounded. Tongue slender, emarginate and papillate at the base,
very narrow, tapering to a lacerated point. Œsophagus of moderate
width, without crop; proventriculus bulbiform; stomach of moderate
size, oblong, or elliptical, moderately muscular, with the muscles
distinct; epithelium dense, longitudinally rugous; intestine short,
rather wide; cœca very small; cloaca globular. Trachea simple, with
four pairs of inferior laryngeal muscles.
GENUS I. CERTHIA, Linn. TREE-CREEPER.
Bill about the same length as the head, very slender, arched, much
compressed, acute; upper mandible with the dorsal line arched, the
ridge narrow, the sides sloping at the base, nearly erect in the rest
of their extent, the edges sharp, arched, without notch, the tip
acute; lower mandible with the angle rather long, narrow, and pointed,
the outline decurved, the sides erect and convex, the edges inclinate,
the tip acute. Nostrils linear-oblong, operculate. Head ovate; neck
short; body slender. Feet rather short, very slender, tarsus rather
shorter than the middle toe, very slender, much compressed; toes
extremely compressed; the first comparatively large, longer than the
middle toe, including the claw; the inner toe shorter than the outer;
claws long, moderately arched, slender, extremely compressed,
laterally grooved, acute, that of the hind toe very long. Plumage
long, loose, very soft. Bristles obsolete. Wings of moderate length,
very broad; the first quill very short, the fourth and fifth longest.
Tail long, graduated, of twelve moderately stiff pointed feathers.
115. 1. Certhia familiaris, Linn. Brown Tree-Creeper.
Plate CCCCXV. Male and Female.
Upper parts reddish-brown, the head darker, the rump light
brownish-red; all the feathers with a central dull whitish streak;
wings deep brown, the coverts tipped, the secondaries barred at the
base with dull yellow, of which a broad band, in the midst of a
brownish-black space, crosses both webs of the quills, excepting
the inner webs of the outer four, and the outer webs of the outer
three; most of the quills also with a greyish-yellow patch along
the outer web toward the tip, which is dull white; tail-feathers
yellowish-brown; with shafts of a lighter tint, the webs darker toward
the end; a silvery white band over the eye; cheeks dark brown; lower
parts silvery white, sides tinged with brown.
_Male_, 5-1/2, 8-1/2.
From Louisiana to Maryland, and in the interior to Kentucky, during
winter. From Pennsylvania eastward to Nova Scotia, in summer, breeding
in all the intermediate parts. Common.
Brown Creeper, Certhia familiaris, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p.
122.
Certhia familiaris, Bonap. Syn. p. 280.
Brown Creeper, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 585.
Brown Creeper, Certhia familiaris, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p.
158.
GENUS II. TROGLODYTES, Cuv. WREN.
Bill of moderate length, or nearly as long as the head, slender,
slightly arched, much compressed toward the end; upper mandible with
the dorsal line slightly convex, the edges a little inflected toward
the end, the notches slight, the tip rather acute; lower mandible with
the angle rather long and narrow, the outline slightly decurved, the
sides erect and convex, the edges inclinate, the tip acute. Nostrils
oblong, operculate, exposed. Head oblong; neck short; body slender.
Feet of ordinary length, rather strong; tarsus longer than the middle
toe, compressed, with eight anterior distinct scutella; toes of
moderate size, the third and fourth united at the base, the first very
large, the lateral nearly equal; claws rather long, moderately arched,
much compressed, very acute. Plumage soft and blended. Bristles
obsolete. Wings of moderate length, or short, convex, much rounded;
the first quill very small, the fourth and fifth longest. Tail rather
short, rounded, of twelve slightly arched, weak, rounded feathers.
116. 1. Troglodytes obsoletus, Say. Rock-Wren.
Plate CCCLX. Fig. 4. Female.
Upper parts dull yellowish-brown, and, excepting the rump, barred with
greyish-brown; wings similarly barred, excepting the primaries;
secondary coverts with a small white spot near the tip; tail-coverts
and two middle tail-feathers barred with dusky; the rest broadly
tipped with pale yellowish-red, undulated with dusky, behind which is
a broad band of brownish-black, the remaining or basal part banded
like the central feathers, the outer with four reddish-white spots or
bars on the outer web, the intervals being brownish-black, and a spot
of white on the inner web; lower parts greyish-white, tinged with
sienna, the sides inclining to yellowish-red; lower tail-coverts
barred with dusky.
_Female_, 6, wing 2-11/12.
Rocky Mountains and Columbia River. Abundant. Migratory.
Troglodytes obsoleta, Say, Long's Exped.
Troglodytes obsoleta, Bonap. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 6.
Rocky Mountain Wren, Troglodytes obsoleta, Nutt. Man. v. i. p.
435.
Rock Wren, Troglodytes obsoletus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p.
443.
117. 2. Troglodytes ludovicianus, Bonap. Great Carolina Wren.
Plate LXXVIII. Male and Female.
Bill stouter than in the last, nearly as long as the head; wing with
the fourth and fifth quills longest; tail much rounded; upper parts
brownish-red; a yellowish-white streak over the eye, extending far
down the neck, and edged above with dark brown; a broader band of
reddish-brown behind the eye; quills, coverts, and tail barred with
blackish-brown; secondary and first row of small coverts tipped with
white, shafts of the latter also white; throat greyish-white, lower
parts light reddish-buff, deeper behind; lower tail-coverts white,
barred with black. Female lighter above, tinged with grey beneath,
without white on the wing-coverts.
_Male_, 5-1/2, 7-1/2.
From Texas to New York, along the Atlantic coast. In the interior to
the Missouri, and up the Ohio to Pittsburgh. Resident in the Southern
States. Abundant.
Great Carolina Wren, Certhia Caroliniana, Wils. Amer. Orn. v.
ii. p. 61.
Troglodytes ludovicianus, Bonap. Syn. p. 93.
Great Carolina Mocking Wren, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 429.
Great Carolina Wren, Troglodytes ludovicianus, Aud. Orn. Biog.
v. i. p. 399; v. v. p. 466.
118. 3. Troglodytes Bewickii, Aud. Bewick's Wren.
Plate XVIII. Male.
Bill more slender than that of the last, nearly as long as the head,
slightly arched; wing very short, with the fifth quill longest, but
little exceeding the fourth and sixth; tail rather long, graduated.
Upper parts dusky brown tinged with grey; lower greyish-white, the
sides tinged with brown; a band of yellowish-white from the upper
mandible over the eye to half-way down the neck; quills and
wing-coverts barred with dusky, as are the tail-coverts and two middle
tail-feathers; outer web of the lateral tail-feathers, and the
terminal portions of the others whitish, barred with black, their
middle parts black, toward the base barred with reddish-brown.
_Male_, 5, 6-1/2.
From Louisiana to Columbia River on the one hand, and to Pennsylvania
on the other, principally on high grounds. Not very common. Migratory.
Bewick's Wren, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 434.
Bewick's Wren, Troglodytes Bewickii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p.
96; v. v. p. 467.
119. 4. Troglodytes Americanus, Aud. Wood-Wren.
Plate CLXXIX. Male.
Bill of moderate length, nearly straight; wings short, with the third,
fourth, and fifth quills almost equal, the fourth longest; tail rather
long, much rounded. Upper parts dark reddish-brown, duller and tinged
with grey on the head, indistinctly barred with dusky; lower parts
brownish-grey, faintly barred on the fore neck, breast, and sides, the
abdomen and lower tail-coverts distinctly barred; feathers of the
cheeks light grey tipped with brown, wings and tail undulatingly
banded with blackish-brown.
_Male_, 4-7/8, 6-3/4.
Northern parts of Vermont and Maine, during summer. Winters in South
Carolina. Not very rare.
Wood-Wren, Troglodytes Americana. Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p.
452; v. v. p. 469.
120. 5. Troglodytes ædon, Vieill. House-Wren.
Plate LXXXIII. Male, Female, and Young.
Bill of moderate length, nearly straight, a little stouter than that
of the last; wings short, with the third, fourth, and fifth quills
almost equal, the fourth longest; tail rather short, much rounded.
Upper parts dull reddish-brown, darker on the head, brighter on the
tail-coverts, indistinctly barred with dusky; lower parts
brownish-grey, faintly barred on the fore neck and breast, the sides,
abdomen, and lower tail-coverts distinctly barred; feathers of the
cheeks grey, tipped with brown; wings and tail undulatingly banded
with blackish-brown. This species differs from the last in being
considerably smaller, in having the bill shorter and stouter, the
lower parts more tinged with brown; but the colouring of the two is
extremely similar.
_Male_, 4-1/2, 5-1/2.
From Maryland to Nova Scotia, and across the continent to the Columbia
River. Very abundant. Migratory.
House Wren, Sylvia domestica, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p. 129.
Troglodytes ædon, Bonap. Syn. p. 92.
House Wren, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 422.
Troglodytes ædon, House Wren, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v.
ii. p. 316.
House Wren, Troglodytes ædon, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 427; v.
v. p. 470.
121. 6. Troglodytes hyemalis, Vieill. Winter-Wren.
Plate CCCLX. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female. Fig. 3. Young.
Bill of moderate length, nearly straight; wings shortish, with the
fourth quill longest; tail short, much rounded. Upper parts
reddish-brown, faintly barred with dusky, darker on the head, brighter
on the tail-coverts, quills, and tail; lower parts pale reddish-brown,
the sides and abdomen barred with brownish-black and greyish-white;
fore neck and breast more faintly barred; lower wing-coverts and
axillars greyish-white, barred with dusky, lower tail-coverts
brownish-red, barred with dusky, and having the tip white; a whitish
streak over the eye; cheeks brown, spotted with brownish-white;
secondary coverts, and first small coverts, each with a white spot at
the tip, forming two inconspicuous bands; wing-coverts and quills
banded with blackish-brown and brownish-red; tail with twelve dusky
bands.
This species is very nearly allied to _Troglodytes Europæus_.
_Male_, 3-7/8, 6-((1-1/2)/12). _Female_, 3-5/8, 5-3/8.
Generally distributed in the middle and southern districts during
winter. Breeds from Pennsylvania northwards to Hudson's Bay. Columbia
River.
Winter-Wren, Sylvia Troglodytes, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p.
139.
Troglodytes europæus, Bonap. Syn. p. 93.
Troglodytes hyemalis, Winter Wren, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor.
Amer. v. ii. p. 318.
Winter-Wren, Troglodytes hyemalis, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 427.
Winter-Wren, Troglodytes hyemalis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p.
430.
122. 7. Troglodytes Parkmanii, Aud. Parkman's Wren.
Bill rather long, slightly arched (much longer, stouter, and more
curved than that of the last species); wings of moderate length, with
the fourth quill longest; tail rather long, much rounded, (half an
inch longer, and more rounded). Upper parts reddish-brown, faintly
barred with dusky; lower parts dull brownish-white, sides barred with
brownish-black and greyish-white, fore neck and breast with scarcely
any markings, lower wing-coverts and axillars greyish-white, obscurely
barred with dusky.
Length, 4-2/12, wing 2-1/4.
Columbia River. Not very rare.
Parkman's Wren, Troglodytes Parkmanii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v.
p. 310.
123. 8. Troglodytes palustris, Wils. Marsh Wren.
Plate C. Male and Female.
Bill rather long, slightly arched; wings short, with the fourth quill
longest. Upper parts dark brown, the sides of the head deeper, the
fore part of the back brownish-black, longitudinally and conspicuously
streaked with white, the quills externally margined with lighter
brown, the tail barred with dark brown; a white line over the eye,
extending down the neck; the sides of the latter mottled with light
brown and grey; the lower parts of a silvery greyish-white; abdominal
feathers and lower tail-coverts tipped with brown. Female differs only
in having the black of the back of a less deep tint, the white lines
less conspicuous, and the lower parts of a duller white.
_Male_, 5, 6-1/4.
Breeds from Texas to Massachusetts, along all the shores of the
Atlantic. Resident in Louisiana. Occurs accidentally far in the
interior.
Marsh-Wren, Troglodytes palustris, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. p.
58.
Troglodytes palustris, Bonap. Syn. p. 93.
Marsh-Wren, Troglodytes palustris, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 439.
Troglodytes palustris, Marsh Wren, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor.
Amer. v. ii. p. 319.
Marsh-Wren, Troglodytes palustris, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p.
500; v. v. p. 467.
124. 9. Troglodytes brevirostris, Nutt. Short-billed Marsh-Wren.
Plate CLXXV. Male and Female.
Bill comparatively very short, nearly straight; wings short, very
convex, with the third, fourth, and fifth quills almost equal. Upper
parts blackish-brown, each feather with a brownish-white line along
the shaft, and the outer edge toward the end reddish-brown; quills
dusky, the outer webs barred with pale yellowish-brown; upper
tail-coverts and tail similarly barred; a pale yellowish streak over
the eye; throat and central part of the breast greyish-white, the rest
of the lower parts pale reddish-brown, the sides under the wings
faintly barred with dusky.
_Male_, 4-3/8, 5-5/8.
Resident during winter from Texas to South Carolina. In spring
proceeds as far eastward as Massachusetts, breeding in all the
fresh-water marshes.
Short-billed Marsh-Wren, Troglodytes brevirostris, Nutt. Man.
v. i. p. 436.
Nuttall's Short-billed Marsh-Wren, Troglodytes brevirostris,
Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 427; v. v. p. 469.
FAMILY X. PARINÆ. TITS.
Bill very short or of moderate length, straight, strong, compressed,
rather sharp; both mandibles with the dorsal line sloping and slightly
convex, the sides convex, the edges sharp; notches obsolete. Nostrils
basal, roundish, concealed by the feathers. Head rather large,
roundish; neck short; body short, and rather full. Feet of moderate
length, rather stout; tarsus rather short, compressed, with eight
distinct scutella; toes large, the three anterior united as far as the
second joint, the hind toe much stronger and flattened beneath; claws
rather long, stout, arched, much compressed, acute. Plumage very soft,
blended, and full. Feathers at the base of the bill directed forwards.
Wings of moderate length, much rounded, with the first quill very
small, the fourth and fifth longest. Tail rather long, slender, of
twelve narrow rounded feathers. Tongue emarginate and papillate at the
base, abrupt at the tip, with four bristles. Œsophagus narrow,
without dilatation; proventriculus oblong; stomach a rather strong
oblong gizzard, with the muscles distinct, the epithelium dense, thin,
longitudinally rugous; intestine short, of moderate width; cœca
very small; cloaca oblong. Trachea simple, with four pairs of inferior
laryngeal muscles.
GENUS I. PARUS, Linn. TIT.
Bill short, stout; upper mandible with the dorsal line slightly
decurved toward the end, the edges overlapping, with a slight lobe or
festoon near the base, destitute of notch, rather acute; lower
mandible with the dorsal outline slightly convex, the edges direct,
the tip rather acute. Nostrils roundish, covered by bristly feathers.
Head rather large, roundish; neck short. Feet proportionally large;
tarsus of moderate length; hind toe very large and strong, the two
lateral nearly equal, the outer adherent at the base; claws large,
much compressed, very acute. Wings of moderate length, convex. Tail
long, or of moderate length, rounded or graduated, of twelve rather
narrow feathers.
125. 1. Parus bicolor, Linn. Tufted Titmouse.--Crested Titmouse. Great
Chicadee.
Plate XXXIX. Male and Female.
Bill very stout; feathers of the upper part of the head elongated into
a crest; tail long, slightly rounded; upper parts leaden-blue,
forehead black, lower parts greyish-white, the sides light red.
_Male_, 6-1/2, 9.
From Texas, where it breeds, to the Fur Countries, generally
distributed eastward of the Rocky Mountains. Resident in the middle,
southern, and western districts. Abundant.
Crested Titmouse, Parus bicolor, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. i. p.
187.
Parus bicolor, Bonap. Syn. p. 100.
Tufted Titmouse, Parus bicolor, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 236.
Crested Titmouse, Parus bicolor, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 199;
v. v. p. 472.
126. 2. Parus atricapillus, Linn. Black-cap Tit.--Black-cap Titmouse,
or Chicadee.
Plate CCCLIII. Fig. 3. Male. Fig. 4. Female.
Bill moderately stout; tail long, emarginate, and rounded. Upper part
of the head and hind neck, with a large patch on the fore neck, black;
cheeks and sides of the neck white; back yellowish-grey; quills and
tail-feathers dark greyish-brown, margined with bluish-white; the
secondaries broadly edged with white; lower parts pale yellowish-red,
the breast white.
_Male_, 5-1/8, 8-1/4.
From Maryland eastward and northward to Lat. 65°. In Kentucky during
winter. Never in the southern parts.
Black-capt Titmouse, Parus atricapillus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v.
i. p. 134.
Parus atricapillus, Bonap. Syn. p. 100.
Black-capt Titmouse, Nutt. Man. p. 241.
Black-capt Titmouse, Parus atricapillus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v.
iv. p. 374.
127. 3. Parus Carolinensis, Aud. Carolina Tit.
Plate CLX. Male and Female.
Bill very short, moderately stout; tail rather long, emarginate, and
rounded. Upper part of the head and hind neck, with a large patch on
the fore neck, black; cheeks and sides of the neck greyish-white; back
yellowish-grey; quills and tail-feathers dark greyish-brown, margined
with bluish-white, secondaries not conspicuously; lower parts
greyish-white, tinged with yellow. This species is very similar to the
last, but much inferior in size.
_Male_, 4-1/4, 6.
Breeds from Texas to New Jersey. Rather abundant. Resident.
Carolina Titmouse, Parus Carolinensis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii.
p. 341; v. v. p. 474.
128. 4. Parus Hudsonicus, Lath. Hudson's Bay Tit.
Plate CXCIV. Male, Female, and Young.
Bill short, moderately stout; tail long, emarginate, and considerably
rounded. Upper parts dull light brown, tinged with grey; fore neck
black; cheeks and sides of the neck white; breast and abdomen white,
sides light yellowish-brown.
_Male_, 5, 7.
Northern parts of Maine, during winter. Breeds from New Brunswick to
Labrador and Hudson's Bay. Common. Migratory.
Parus Hudsonicus, Lath. Ind. Orn. v. ii. p. 566.
Hudson's Bay Titmouse, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 543.
129. 5. Parus rufescens, Towns. Chestnut-backed Tit.
Plate CCCLIII. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.
Bill moderately stout; tail rather long, emarginate, scarcely rounded;
upper part of head and hind neck dark brown, fore neck of a deeper
tint of the same; cheeks and sides of neck white; back, rump, and
sides of the body under the wings bright chestnut; the rest of the
lower parts greyish-white.
_Male_, 4-1/2, wing, 2-3/8.
Columbia River. Abundant. Resident.
Parus rufescens, Chestnut-backed Titmouse, Towns. Journ. Acad.
Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, v. vii. p. 190.
Chestnut-backed Titmouse, Parus rufescens, Aud. Orn. Biog. v.
iv. p. 371.
130. 6. Parus minimus, Towns. Chestnut-crowned Tit.
Plate CCCLIII. Fig. 5. Male. Fig. 6. Female.
Upper mandible with its outline more arched, the tip acute
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