New Subspecies of the Rodent Baiomys from Central America
by Robert L. Packard · English · Gutenberg #41327 · 36,023 chars · public domain (US)
The Project Gutenberg eBook of New Subspecies of the Rodent Baiomys from Central America
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States,
you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located
before using this eBook.
Title: New Subspecies of the Rodent Baiomys from Central America
Author: Robert L. Packard
Release date: November 9, 2012 [eBook #41327]
Most recently updated: October 23, 2024
Language: English
Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/41327
Credits: Produced by Dianna Adair, Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and
the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
http://www.pgdp.net
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW SUBSPECIES OF THE RODENT BAIOMYS FROM CENTRAL AMERICA ***
UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS
MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Volume 9, No. 15, pp. 397-404
December 19, 1958
New Subspecies of the Rodent Baiomys
From Central America
BY
ROBERT L. PACKARD
UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
LAWRENCE
1958
UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,
Robert W. Wilson
Volume 9, No. 15, pp. 397-404
Published December 19, 1958
UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
Lawrence, Kansas
PRINTED IN
THE STATE PRINTING PLANT
TOPEKA, KANSAS
1958
27-5660
New Subspecies of the Rodent Baiomys From Central America
BY
ROBERT L. PACKARD
The southern pygmy mouse, _Baiomys musculus_, is known as far north as
the Mexican states of Jalisco, Michoacán, south of the Mesa Central,
east to central Veracruz (see Hooper, 1952a:90), and south to western
Nicaragua (see Goodwin, 1942:161). Previously, two subspecies have been
recognized from the southern part of the known range of this species:
_B. m. nigrescens_, blackish mice from Chiapas, México, and Guatemala,
and _B. m. grisescens_, grayish-brown mice from Honduras and western
Nicaragua. Study of recently acquired specimens from Guatemala, El
Salvador, and Nicaragua reveals two additional subspecies.
For the loan of comparative material, I am grateful to the United States
National Museum (USNM) and the American Museum of Natural History
(AMNH). Unless otherwise indicated, specimens are in the University of
Kansas Museum of Natural History. Measurements are as taken by Hooper
(1952b:10). Postpalatal length is the distance from the posterior margin
of the hard palate to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum. Unless
otherwise noted, statistical significance as used in this paper is at
the 95 per cent confidence limit or higher.
The two heretofore undescribed subspecies are characterized below and
may be known as:
=_Baiomys musculus handleyi_=, new subspecies
_Type._--Adult female, USNM No. 275604 (Biological Surveys
Collection), skin and skull; from Sacapulas, El Quiché, Guatemala;
obtained on April 24, 1947, by Charles O. Handley, Jr., original
number 991.
_Distribution._--Known only from the type locality; probably
inhabits parts of the east-west drainage of the Río Negro.
_Diagnosis._--General ground color of upper parts between Wood
Brown and Buffy Brown (all capitalized color terms are those of
Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C.,
1912), dorsal parts of fore- and hind-feet, and ankles white; in
region of median venter, throat, and chin, hairs white to base; in
lateral regions hairs Neutral Gray at base; dorsal hairs below tips
Avellaneous, Neutral Gray at base; guard hairs black-tipped; tail
white below, brownish above; nasals truncate anteriorly;
frontalparietal suture forming an obtuse angle with median-parietal
suture; alveolar-length of upper molar tooth-row and tail long.
_Comparisons._--From _Baiomys musculus nigrescens_ (paratypes, from
the Valley of Comitán, Chiapas, México), found to the north, _B. m.
handleyi_ differs in: color paler dorsally and ventrally; fore- and
hind-feet whitish instead of dusky to sooty; hairs in region of
facial vibrissae white instead of brown; tail bicolored instead of
unicolored; anterior tips of nasals square, not rounded;
frontoparietal suture forming obtuse angle with median parietal
suture instead of a right angle; tail and alveolar length of upper
molar tooth-row significantly larger (see table 1); zygomatic
breadth, breadth of braincase, occipitonasal length, least
interorbital constriction, and length of rostrum all averaging
larger (see table 2).
From _Baiomys musculus grisescens_ (paratypes, from Comayabuela,
Honduras) to the south, _B. m. handleyi_ differs in: buff-colored
hairs in dorsal and ventral region lacking; fore- and hind-feet
white, not flesh-colored with gray overtones; tail bicolored, not
unicolored; face paler, lacking buff-brown coloration; anterior
tips of nasals squared rather than flaring; tail and upper molar
tooth-row significantly longer (see Table 1); hind foot, ear from
notch, and rostrum longer; braincase averaging broader (see Table
2).
_Remarks._--The occurrence of these pale mice in the Río Negro Valley
was first noted by Goodwin (1934:39, 40) when he referred specimens from
Sacapulas and Chanquejelve, Guatemala, to _B. m. musculus_. Hooper (_op.
cit._:92-94) correctly assigned specimens from the southern coast and
eastern part of Chiapas to _B. m. nigrescens_. The continued assignment
of specimens from Sacapulas, Guatemala, to the subspecies _musculus_
produces a hiatus both in the range of _B. m. nigrescens_ and _B. m.
musculus_. Twenty-four specimens, 14 from 1 mi. S Rabinal, and 10 from
1/2 mi. N, 1 mi. E Salama, Guatemala, are intergrades between _handleyi_
and _grisescens_, but show more resemblance to the latter and,
therefore, are referred to that subspecies. To the north, _handleyi_
intergrades with _nigrescens_. The specimen from Chanquejelve is an
intergrade between the two subspecies just mentioned.
Osgood suggested (1909:259) that the degree of relative humidity might
in some way control color of pelage in this species. Relative humidity
and its subsequent effect on other related environmental factors indeed
may account for the superficial resemblance of _B. m. musculus_ to _B.
m. handleyi_ (although _handleyi_ averages paler throughout than the
paratypical series of _musculus_). Both subspecies inhabit relatively
arid country. According to Goodwin (_op. cit._:39 and Plate 5, Fig. 1),
and Handley (_in verbis_), the Río Negro Valley in the vicinity of
Sacapulas is extremely hot, dry, and rather isolated. Extremes of
climate there may exceed those in the arid habitat occupied by _B. m.
musculus_. The resemblance between these two subspecies may result from
nearly parallel selective forces that have given rise to two distinct
subspecies. _B. m. handleyi_ may have developed _in situ_.
_Specimens examined._--Total 49, from the type locality, including
the type (12, USNM; 37, AMNH).
=_Baiomys musculus pullus_=, new subspecies
_Type._--Adult female, skin and skull, University of Kansas Museum
of Natural History, No. 71605, from 8 mi. S Condega, Esteli,
Nicaragua; obtained on July 15, 1956, by A. A. Alcorn, original No.
4218.
_Distribution._--West-central Nicaragua, from Matagalpa northwest
into the valley of the Río Esteli, east as far as Jinotega.
_Diagnosis._--Dorsum Fuscus-Black (see remarks),
individual dorsal hairs being black-tipped with a subterminal
Ochraceous-Buff band, Neutral Gray at base; some hairs on dorsum
all black to Neutral Gray at base; hair on sides Neutral Gray
tinged with blackish; facial region blackish becoming more buffy
ventrally; vibrissae black; tail unicolored Chaetura Black; fore-
and hind-feet whitish to dusky-white; mid-ventral region of belly
white to as far anteriorly as region of throat, hairs being white
to base; in region of anus and throat, hairs white-tipped, Neutral
Gray at base; tail long; upper molar tooth-row short as in _B. m.
nigrescens_; zygoma bowed as in _B. m. grisescens_.
_Comparisons._--From _B. m. grisescens_ (paratypes from
Comayaguela, Honduras), _B. m. pullus_ differs in: dorsal
ground-color and tail darker; sides and distal region of belly
grayish instead of buffy-brown, thus making white stripe in region
of belly distinct; average length of body and tail significantly
longer, thus, total length greater; length of hind foot averaging
longer (68 per cent confidence limits); alveolar length of upper
molar tooth-row significantly shorter; occipitonasal and rostral
length averaging longer; zygomatic spread and interorbital region
narrower; length of incisive foramina, depth of cranium,
postpalatal length, and breadth of braincase all averaging larger
(see table 2).
From _B. m. nigrescens_ (paratypes from Valley of Comitán), _B. m.
pullus_ differs in: dorsal ground-color slightly darker; facial
region grayish, not sooty; mid-ventral white stripe present on
belly and becoming grayish laterally; tail darker and less hairy,
average length significantly longer; body, occipitonasal length of
skull, incisive foramina, and postpalatal length averaging smaller;
hind foot shorter; zygomatic spread, interorbital region and
braincase broader (see table of measurements); cranium deeper.
_Remarks._--_B. m. pullus_ is the darkest dorsally of any subspecies of
this species. Dalquest (1953:156) pointed out that preserved specimens
of one of the subspecies of the northern pygmy mouse, _Baiomys taylori
taylori_, tended to fade considerably over a period of four years.
Post-mortem changes in color also are apparent in the southern species
_musculus_. For example, the series of specimens from 8 mi. S of
Condega, and 9 mi. NNW Esteli, Nicaragua, have faded from near Chaetura
Black to the present Fuscous-Black in a period of two years. The most
notable change in color came after the first six months of preservation.
Allowing for this fading, the several color differences between
_pullus_, _nigrescens_ and _grisescens_ are, nevertheless, distinctive.
TABLE 1.--ANALYSIS OF VARIATION IN ADULTS OF FOUR SUBSPECIES OF BAIOMYS
MUSCULUS (measurements in millimeters)
===============+========+========+=========+========+==========
Number | | Length | Length | Length | Upper
of adults | Total | of | of | of | molar
averaged | length | body | tail | hind | length
| | | | foot |(alveolar)
---------------+--------+--------+---------+--------+----------
| _Baiomys musculus handleyi_
| Sacapulas, El Quiché, Guatemala
|
9 Av | 121.44 | 70.77 | 50.67 | 15.33 | 3.48
Max | 128.00 | 77.00 | 54.00 | 16.00 | 3.60
Min | 115.00 | 66.00 | 49.00 | 15.00 | 3.40
2xStand. error | 3.60 | 3.22 | 1.26 | .44 | .05
---------------+--------+--------+---------+--------+----------
| _Baiomys musculus pullus_
| 8 mi. S Condega, Nicaragua
|
17 Av | 117.29 | 70.42 | 47.18 | 15.47 | 3.13
Max | 121.00 | 74.00 | 50.00 | 17.00 | 3.20
Min | 111.00 | 66.00 | 44.00 | 14.00 | 3.00
2xStand. error | 1.27 | 1.51 | .75 | .35 | .03
---------------+--------+--------+---------+--------+----------
| _Baiomys musculus grisescens_
| Comayaguela, Honduras
|
7 Av | 103.71 | 59.00 | 44.71 | 14.57 | 3.31
Max | 118.00 | 68.00 | 50.00 | 15.00 | 3.40
Min | 97.00 | 51.00 | 42.00 | 13.00 | 3.20
2xStand. error | 5.50 | 4.16 | 2.40 | .78 | .06
---------------+--------+--------+---------+--------+----------
| _Baiomys musculus nigrescens_
| Valley of Comitán
|
11 Av | 115.00 | 72.09 | 42.91 | 15.31 | 3.15
Max | 120.00 | 77.00 | 45.00 | 16.00 | 3.40
Min | 108.00 | 69.00 | 39.00 | 14.50 | 2.90
2xStand. error | 2.12 | 1.59 | 1.0 | .23 | .10
---------------+--------+--------+---------+--------+----------
Geographically, _pullus_ is partly isolated by the Cerros De Villaguaire
and the Cerros El Zapotillo to the west and the Cerros De
Azaculapa to the north. Certain individuals of a series of specimens,
referable to _B. m. nigrescens_, from 1 mi. NW San Salvador
and 1 mi. S Los Planes, El Salvador, are intermediate in coloration
between that subspecies and _pullus_. Three of 28 specimens
from El Salvador possess the mid-ventral white stripe.
TABLE 2.--CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS (in millimeters) OF ADULTS OF FOUR
SUBSPECIES OF BAIOMYS MUSCULUS
Table headings:
Col A: Occipitonasal length
Col B: Zygomatic breadth
Col C: Postpalatal length
Col D: Least interorbital breadth
Col E: Length of incisive foramena
Col F: Length of rostrum
Col G: Breadth of braincase
Col H: Depth of cranium
================+======+======+======+======+======+=====+=====+=====
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H
----------------+------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+-----
| _Baiomys musculus handleyi_,
| Sacapulas, El Quiché, Guatemala
Number |
of specimens | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8
Type 275604 ♀ | | | | | | | |
USNM | 20.0 | 10.4 | 7.3 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 7.3 | 9.7| 7.1
Average | 19.6 | 10.5 | 6.9 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 7.2 | 9.8| 7.1
Maximum | 20.7 | 11.0 | 7.4 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 7.7 | 10.2| 7.2
Minimum | 18.8 | 10.2 | 6.4 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 7.0 | 9.7| 6.8
| | | | | | | |
----------------+------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+-----
| _Baiomys musculus pullus_,
| 8 mi. S Condega, Esteli, Nicaragua
|
Number | | | | | | | |
of specimens | 17 | 17 | 15 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17
Type 71605 ♀ KU | 19.2 | 10.2 | 6.8 | 3.8 | 4.3 | 6.8 | 9.5| 7.0
Average | 19.3 | 10.2 | 7.0 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 7.0 | 9.6| 7.0
Maximum | 19.8 | 10.6 | 7.3 | 4.1 | 4.6 | 7.4 | 10.0| 7.3
Minimum | 18.9 | 9.7 | 6.8 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 6.5 | 9.3| 6.8
----------------+------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+-----
| _Baiomys musculus grisescens_,
| Comayaguela, Guatemala
|
Number |
of specimens | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7
Average | 19.7 | 10.5 | 6.9 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 7.1 | 9.6 | 6.9
Maximum | 20.3 | 10.9 | 7.2 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 7.3 | 9.9 | 7.1
Minimum | 19.2 | 10.2 | 6.7 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 6.8 | 9.3 | 6.8
----------------+------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+-----
| _Baiomys musculus nigrescens_,
| Valley of Comitán, Chiapas, México
|
Number |
of specimens | 14 | 14 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14
Average | 19.5 | 10.1 | 7.1 | 3.8 | 4.4 | 6.9 | 9.3 | 6.9
Maximum | 20.3 | 11.1 | 7.4 | 4.0 | 4.6 | 7.4 | 9.6 | 7.3
Minimum | 19.1 | 9.8 | 6.7 | 3.6 | 4.2 | 6.6 | 9.0 | 6.7
----------------+------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+-----
Albert Alcorn wrote in his itinerary that some of the type series
were taken shortly after lunch (I assume this would mean near
noon) near a small creek, and that the specimens from 9 mi. NNW
Esteli were trapped in wood piles and rock piles about dusk.
_Specimens examined._--Total (all from Nicaragua) 36 as follows: Esteli:
type locality, 22 (including the type); 8 mi. NNW Esteli, 3; 9 mi. NNW
Esteli, 8. Jinotega: 1 mi. NW Jinotega, 1; San Rafael Del Norte, 1 AMNH.
Matagalpa: Matagalpa, 1 AMNH.
LITERATURE CITED
DALQUEST, W. W.
1953. Mammals of the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí. Louisiana State
Univ. Studies, Biol. Sci. Ser. No. 1:1-229, 1 fig., December 28.
GOODWIN, G. G.
1934. Mammals collected by A. W. Anthony in Guatemala, 1924-1928.
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 68:1-60, 5 pls., December 12.
HOOPER, E. T.
1952a. Notes on the pygmy mouse (Baiomys), with description of a new
subspecies from Mexico. Jour. Mamm., 33:90-97, February 18.
1952b. A systematic review of the harvest mice (Genus Reithrodontomys)
of Latin America. Misc. Publ., Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., 77:1-255,
9 pls., January 16.
OSGOOD, W. T.
1909. Revision of the mice of the American Genus Peromyscus. N. Amer.
Fauna, 28:1-285, 8 pls., 12 figs., April 17.
_Transmitted August 25, 1958._
* * * * *
Transcriber's Note
Variations of spelling as presented in the paper have been retained
fuscus; fuscous
foramen; foramena
comayabuela; comayaguela
Bold text is represented like =this=
Italic text is represented like _this_
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW SUBSPECIES OF THE RODENT BAIOMYS FROM CENTRAL AMERICA ***
Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.
Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may
do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
license, especially commercial redistribution.
START: FULL LICENSE
THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.
Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person
or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg License when
you share it without charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country other than the United States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg work (any work
on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg™ License included with this eBook or online
at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws
of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg work in a format
other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg electronic works
provided that:
• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg works calculated using the method
you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
to the owner of the Project Gutenberg trademark, but he has
agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation.”
• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™
works.
• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
receipt of the work.
• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.
1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.
1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.
1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right
of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.
1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.
Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg
Project Gutenberg is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.
Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.
The Foundation’s business office is located at 41 Watchung Plaza #516,
Montclair NJ 07042, USA, +1 (862) 621-9288. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.
The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state
visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.
International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.
Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.
Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.
This website includes information about Project Gutenberg,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
Showing first 200,000 characters. Full text: gutenberg.org/ebooks/41327