Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, "Kelly, Edward" to "Kite"
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Title: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, "Kelly, Edward" to "Kite"
Author: Various
Release date: September 15, 2012 [eBook #40769]
Most recently updated: October 23, 2024
Language: English
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, 11TH EDITION, "KELLY, EDWARD" TO "KITE" ***
Transcriber's notes:
(1) Numbers following letters (without space) like C2 were originally
printed in subscript. Letter subscripts are preceded by an
underscore, like C_n.
(2) Characters following a carat (^) were printed in superscript.
(3) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective
paragraphs.
(4) Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not
inserted.
(5) [root] stands for the root symbol; [alpha], [beta], etc. for greek
letters.
(6) The following typographical errors have been corrected:
ARTICLE KENSINGTON: "... N.W. by Hammersmith, and extending N. to
the boundary of the county of London." 'Hammersmith' amended from
'Hammerssmith'.
ARTICLE KIEL: "... all situated about 5 m. from the head of the
harbour at the place (Friedrichsort) where its shores approach one
another, make it a place of great strategic strength." 'strength'
amended from 'stength'.
ARTICLE KILBARCHAN: "Two miles south-west is a great rock of
greenstone called Clochoderick, 12 ft. in height, 22 ft. in length,
and 17 ft. in breadth." 'Clochoderick' amended from
'Clochoderrick'.
ARTICLE KILKENNY, STATUTE OF: "Moreover English and not Breton law
was to be employed, and no Irishman could legally be received into
a religious house, nor presented to a benefice." 'received' amended
from 'receivd'.
ARTICLE KING-BIRD: "... Euscarthmus may suggest a titmouse, Elaenia
perhaps a willow-wren ..." 'Elaenia' amended from 'Elainea'.
ARTICLE KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF: "The last-mentioned
supplements the epilogue in xvii. 7-23, forms a solemn conclusion
to the history of the northern kingdom, and is apparently aimed at
the Samaritans." 'epilogue' amended from 'eqilogue'.
ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA
A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE
AND GENERAL INFORMATION
ELEVENTH EDITION
VOLUME XV, SLICE VII
Kelly, Edward to Kite
ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:
KELLY, EDWARD KIAOCHOW BAY
KELLY, SIR FITZROY KICKAPOO
KELLY, HUGH KIDD, JOHN
KELLY, MICHAEL KIDD, THOMAS
KELP KIDD, WILLIAM
KELSO KIDDERMINSTER
KELVIN, WILLIAM THOMSON KIDNAPPING
KEMBLE (English actors) KIDNEY DISEASES
KEMBLE, JOHN MITCHELL KIDWELLY
KEMÉNY, ZSIGMOND KIEF
KEMP, WILLIAM KIEL
KEMPE, JOHN KIELCE (government in Poland)
KEMPEN KIELCE (town of Poland)
KEMPENFELT, RICHARD KIEPERT, HEINRICH
KEMPT, SIR JAMES KIERKEGAARD, SÖREN AABY
KEMPTEN KIEV (government of Russia)
KEN, THOMAS KIEV (city of Russia)
KEN (river of India) KILBARCHAN
KENA KILBIRNIE
KENDAL, DUKEDOM OF KILBRIDE, WEST
KENDAL, WILLIAM HUNTER KILDARE (county of Ireland)
KENDAL (town of England) KILDARE (town of Ireland)
KENDALL, HENRY CLARENCE KILHAM, ALEXANDER
KENEALY, EDWARD VAUGHAN HYDE KILIA
KENG TUNG KILIAN, ST
KENILWORTH KILIMANJARO
KENITES KILIN
KENMORE KILKEE
KENMURE, WILLIAM GORDON KILKENNY (county of Ireland)
KENNEDY (Scottish family) KILKENNY (city of Ireland)
KENNEDY, BENJAMIN HALL KILKENNY, STATUTE OF
KENNEDY, THOMAS FRANCIS KILLALA
KENNEDY, WALTER KILLALOE
KENNEL KILLARNEY
KENNETH KILLDEER
KENNETT, WHITE KILLIECRANKIE
KENNEY, JAMES KILLIGREW, SIR HENRY
KENNGOTT, GUSTAV ADOLPH KILLIGREW, THOMAS
KENNICOTT, BENJAMIN KILLIN
KENNINGTON KILLIS
KENORA KILLYBEGS
KENOSHA KILLYLEAGH
KENSETT, JOHN FREDERICK KILMAINE, CHARLES EDWARD
KENSINGTON KILMALLOCK
KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF KILMARNOCK
KENT, JAMES KILMAURS
KENT, WILLIAM KILN
KENT (kingdom of Britain) KILPATRICK, NEW, or EAST
KENT (county of England) KILPATRICK, OLD
KENTIGERN, ST KILRUSH
KENTON KILSYTH
KENT'S CAVERN KILT
KENTUCKY KILWA
KENYA KILWARDBY, ROBERT
KENYON, LLOYD KENYON KILWINNING
KEOKUK KIMBERLEY, JOHN WODEHOUSE
KEONJHAR KIMBERLEY (town of South Africa)
KEONTHAL KIMERIDGIAN
KEPLER, JOHANN KIMHI
KEPPEL, AUGUSTUS KEPPEL KIN
KEPPEL, SIR HENRY KINCARDINESHIRE
KER, JOHN KINCHINJUNGA
KERAK KIND
KERALA KINDERGARTEN
KERASUND KINDI
KÉRATRY, AUGUSTE HILARION KINEMATICS
KERBELA KINETICS
KERCH KING, CHARLES WILLIAM
KERCKHOVEN, JAN VAN DEN KING, CLARENCE
KERGUELEN ISLAND KING, EDWARD
KERGUELEN'S LAND CABBAGE KING, EDWARD
KERKUK KING, HENRY
KERMADEC KING, RUFUS
KERMAN (province of Persia) KING, THOMAS
KERMAN (city of Persia) KING, WILLIAM (Anglican divine)
KERMANSHAH KING, WILLIAM (English poet)
KERMES KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING
KERMESSE KING (title)
KERN, JAN HENDRIK KING-BIRD
KERNEL KING-CRAB
KERNER, JUSTINUS CHRISTIAN KINGFISHER
KERRY KINGHORN
KERSAINT, ARMAND DE COETNEMPREN KINGLAKE, ALEXANDER WILLIAM
KERVYN DE LETTENHOVE, BRUNO KINGLET
KESHUB CHUNDER SEN KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF
KÉSMÁRK KING'S BENCH, COURT OF
KESTREL KINGSBRIDGE
KESWICK KING'S COUNTY
KESWICK CONVENTION KINGSDOWN, THOMAS PEMBERTON LEIGH
KET, ROBERT KING'S EVIL
KETCH, JOHN KINGSFORD, WILLIAM
KETCHUP KINGSLEY, CHARLES
KETENES KINGSLEY, HENRY
KETI KINGSLEY, HENRY
KETONES KING'S LYNN
KETTELER, WILHELM EMMANUEL KING'S MOUNTAIN
KETTERING KINGSTON, ELIZABETH
KETTLE, SIR RUPERT ALFRED KINGSTON, WILLIAM HENRY GILES
KETTLEDRUM KINGSTON (Ontario, Canada)
KEUPER KINGSTON (New York, U.S.A.)
KEW KINGSTON (Pennsylvania, U.S.A.)
KEWANEE KINGSTON-ON-THAMES
KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER KINGSTON-UPON-HULL, EARLS AND DUKES OF
KEY, THOMAS HEWITT KINGSTOWN
KEY (for lock) KING-TÊ CHÊN
KEYBOARD KINGUSSIE
KEYSTONE KING WILLIAM'S TOWN
KEY WEST KINKAJOU
KHABAROVSK KINKEL, JOHANN GOTTFRIED
KHAIRAGARH KINNING PARK
KHAIREDDIN KINNOR
KHAIRPUR KINO
KHAJRAHO KINORHYNCHA
KHAKI KINROSS-SHIRE
KHALIFA, THE KINSALE
KHALIL IBN AHMAD KINTORE
KHAMGAON KIOTO
KHAMSEH KIOWAS
KHAMSIN KIPLING, RUDYARD
KHAMTIS KIPPER
KHAN KIPPIS, ANDREW
KHANDESH, EAST and WEST KIRBY, WILLIAM
KHANDWA KIRCHER, ATHANASIUS
KHANSA KIRCHHEIM-UNTER-TECK
KHAR KIRCHHOFF, GUSTAV ROBERT
KHARAGHODA KIRCHHOFF, JOHANN WILHELM ADOLF
KHARGA KIRGHIZ
KHARKOV (government of Russia) KIRIN
KHARKOV (town of Russia) KIRK, SIR JOHN
KHARPUT KIRKBY, JOHN
KHARSAWAN KIRKCALDY
KHARTUM KIRKCALDY OF GRANGE, SIR WILLIAM
KHASI AND JAINTIA HILLS KIRKCUDBRIGHT
KHASKOY KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE
KHATTAK KIRKE, PERCY
KHAZARS KIRKEE
KHEDIVE KIRKINTILLOCH
KHERI KIRK-KILISSEH
KHERSON (government of Russia) KIRKSVILLE
KHERSON (town of Russia) KIRKWALL
KHEVENHÜLLER, LUDWIG ANDREAS KIRRIEMUIR
KHEVSURS KIRSCH
KHILCHIPUR KIR-SHEHER
KHINGAN KIRWAN, RICHARD
KHIVA (kingdom of Asia) KISFALUDY, KÁROLY
KHIVA (town in Western Asia) KISH
KHNOPFF, FERNAND JEAN MARIE KISHANGARH
KHOI KISHINEV
KHOJENT KISHM
KHOKAND KISKUNFÉLEGYHÁZA
KHOLM KISLOVODSK
KHONDS KISMET
KHORASAN KISS
KHORREMABAD KISSAR
KHORSABAD KISSINGEN
KHOTAN KISTNA (river of India)
KHOTIN KISTNA (district of India)
KHULNA KIT
KHUNSAR KITAZATO, SHIBASABURO
KHURJA KIT-CAT CLUB
KHYBER PASS KITCHEN
KIAKHTA KITCHENER, HORATIO HERBERT KITCHENER
KIANG-SI KITE
KIANG-SU
KELLY, EDWARD (1854-1880), Australian bushranger, was born at Wallan
Wallan, Victoria. His father was a transported Belfast convict, and his
mother's family included several thieves. As boys he and his brothers
were constantly in trouble for horse-stealing, and "Ned" served three
years' imprisonment for this offence. In April 1878, an attempt was made
to arrest his brother Daniel on a similar charge. The whole Kelly family
resisted this and Ned wounded one of the constables. Mrs Kelly and some
of the others were captured, but Ned and Daniel escaped to the hills,
where they were joined by two other desperadoes, Byrne and Hart. For two
years, despite a reward of £8000 offered jointly by the governments of
Victoria and New South Wales for their arrest, the gang under the
leadership of Kelly terrorized the country on the borderland of Victoria
and New South Wales, "holding up" towns and plundering banks. Their
intimate knowledge of the district, full of convenient hiding-places,
and their elaborate system of well-paid spies, ensured the direct
pecuniary interest of many persons and contributed to their long
immunity from capture. They never ill-treated a woman, nor preyed upon
the poor, thus surrounding themselves with an attractive atmosphere of
romance. In June 1880, however, they were at last tracked to a wooden
shanty at Glenrowan, near Benalla, which the police surrounded, riddled
with bullets, and finally set on fire. Kelly himself, who was outside,
could, he claimed, easily have escaped had he not refused to desert his
companions, all of whom were killed. He was severely wounded, captured
and taken to Beechworth, where he was tried, convicted and hanged in
October 1880. The total cost of the capture of the Kelly gang was
reckoned at £115,000.
See F. A. Hare, _The Last of the Bushrangers_ (London, 1892).
KELLY, SIR FITZROY (1796-1880), English judge, was born in London in
October 1796, the son of a captain in the Royal Navy. In 1824 he was
called to the bar, where he gained a reputation as a skilled pleader. In
1834 he was made a king's counsel. A strong Tory, he was returned as
member of parliament for Ipswich in 1835, but was unseated on petition.
In 1837 however he again became member for that town. In 1843 he sat for
Cambridge, and in 1852 was elected member for Harwich, but, a vacancy
suddenly occurring in East Suffolk, he preferred to contest that seat
and was elected. He was solicitor-general in 1845 (when he was
knighted), and again in 1852. In 1858-1859 he was attorney-general in
Lord Derby's second administration. In 1866 he was raised to the bench
as chief baron of the exchequer and made a member of the Privy Council.
He died at Brighton on the 18th of September 1880.
See E. Foss, _Lives of the Judges_ (1870).
KELLY, HUGH (1739-1777), Irish dramatist and poet, son of a Dublin
publican, was born in 1739 at Killarney. He was apprenticed to a
staymaker, and in 1760 went to London. Here he worked at his trade for
some time, and then became an attorney's clerk. He contributed to
various newspapers, and wrote pamphlets for the booksellers. In 1767 he
published _Memoirs of a Magdalen, or the History of Louisa Mildmay_ (2
vols.), a novel which obtained considerable success. In 1766 he
published anonymously _Thespis; or, A Critical Examination into the
Merits of All the Principal Performers belonging to Drury Lane Theatre_,
a poem in the heroic couplet containing violent attacks on the principal
contemporary actors and actresses. The poem opens with a panegyric on
David Garrick, however, and bestows foolish praise on friends of the
writer. This satire was partly inspired by Churchill's _Rosciad_, but
its criticism is obviously dictated chiefly by personal prejudice. In
1767 he produced a second part, less scurrilous in tone, dealing with
the Covent Garden actors. His first comedy, _False Delicacy_, written in
prose, was produced by Garrick at Drury Lane on the 23rd of January
1768, with the intention of rivalling Oliver Goldsmith's _Good-Natured
Man_. It is a moral and sentimental comedy, described by Garrick in the
prologue as a sermon preached in acts. Although Samuel Johnson described
it as "totally void of character," it was very popular and had a great
sale. In French and Portuguese versions it drew crowded houses in Paris
and Lisbon. Kelly was a journalist in the pay of Lord North, and
therefore hated by the party of John Wilkes, especially as being the
editor of the _Public Ledger_. His _Thespis_ had also made him many
enemies; and Mrs Clive refused to act in his pieces. The production of
his second comedy, _A Word to the Wise_ (Drury Lane, 3rd of March 1770),
occasioned a riot in the theatre, repeated at the second performance,
and the piece had to be abandoned. His other plays are: _Clementina_
(Covent Garden, 23rd of February 1771), a blank verse tragedy, given out
to be the work of a "young American Clergyman" in order to escape the
opposition of the Wilkites; _The School for Wives_ (Drury Lane, 11th of
December 1773), a prose comedy given out as the work of Major
(afterwards Sir William) Addington; a two-act piece, _The Romance of an
Hour_ (Covent Garden, 2nd of December 1774), borrowed from Marmontel's
tale _L'Amitié à l'épreuve_; and an unsuccessful comedy, _The Man of
Reason_ (Covent Garden, 9th of February 1776). He was called to the bar
at the Middle Temple in 1774, and determined to give up literature. He
failed in his new profession and died in poverty on the 3rd of February
1777.
See _The Works of Hugh Kelly, to which is prefixed the Life of the
Author_ (1778); Genest, _History of the Stage_ (v. 163, 263-269, 308,
399, 457, 517). Pamphlets in reply to _Thespis_ are: "Anti-Thespis
..." (1767); "The Kellyad ..." (1767), by Louis Stamma; and "The
Rescue or Thespian Scourge ..." (1767), by John Brown-Smith.
KELLY, MICHAEL (1762-1826), British actor, singer and composer, was the
son of a Dublin wine-merchant and dancing-master. He had a musical
education at home and in Italy, and for four years from 1783 was engaged
to sing at the Court Theatre at Vienna, where he became a friend of
Mozart. In 1786 he sang in the first performance of the _Nozze di
Figaro_. Appearing in London, at Drury Lane in 1787, he had a great
success, and thenceforth was the principal English tenor at that
theatre. In 1793 he became acting-manager of the King's Theatre, and he
was in great request at concerts. He wrote a number of songs (including
"The Woodpecker"), and the music for many dramatic pieces, now fallen
into oblivion. In 1826 he published his entertaining _Reminiscences_, in
writing which he was helped by Theodore Hook. He combined his
professional work with conducting a music-shop and a wine-shop, but with
disastrous financial results. He died at Margate on the 9th of October
1826.
KELP (in M.E. _culp_ or _culpe_, of unknown origin; the Fr. equivalent
is _varech_), the ash produced by the incineration of various kinds of
sea-weed (_Algae_) obtainable in great abundance on the west coasts of
Ireland and Scotland, and the coast of Brittany. It is prepared from the
deep-sea tangle (_Laminaria digitata_), sugar wrack (_L. saccharina_),
knobbed wrack (_Fucus nodosus_), black wrack (_F. serratus_), and
bladder wrack (_F. vesiculosus_). The Laminarias yield what is termed
"drift-weed kelp," obtainable only when cast up on the coasts by storms
or other causes. The species of _Fucus_ growing within the tidal range
are cut from the rocks at low water, and are therefore known as
"cut-weeds." The weeds are first dried in the sun and are then collected
into shallow pits and burned till they form a fused mass, which while
still hot is sprinkled with water to break it up into convenient pieces.
A ton of kelp is obtained from 20 to 22 tons of wet sea-weed. The
average composition may vary as follows: potassium sulphate, 10 to 12%;
potassium chloride, 20 to 25%; sodium carbonate, 5%; other sodium and
magnesium salts, 15 to 20%; and insoluble ash from 40 to 50%. The
relative richness in iodine of different samples varies largely, good
drift kelp yielding as much as 10 to 15 lb. per ton of 22½ cwts., whilst
cut-weed kelp will not give more than 3 to 4 lb. The use of kelp in
soap and glass manufacture has been rendered obsolete by the modern
process of obtaining carbonate of soda cheaply from common salt (see
IODINE).
KELSO, a police burgh and market town of Roxburghshire, Scotland, on the
left bank of the Tweed, 52 m. (43 m. by road) S.E. of Edinburgh and 10¼
m. N.E. of Jedburgh by the North British railway. Pop. (1901), 4008. The
name has been derived from the Old Welsh _calch_, or Anglo-Saxon
_cealc_, "chalk", and the Scots _how_, "hollow," a derivation more
evident in the earlier forms Calkon and Calchon, and illustrated in
Chalkheugh, the name of a locality in the town. The ruined abbey,
dedicated to the Virgin and St John the Evangelist, was founded in 1128
by David I. for monks from Tiron in Picardy, whom he transferred hither
from Selkirk, where they had been installed fifteen years before. The
abbey, the building of which was completed towards the middle of the
13th century, became one of the richest and most powerful establishments
in Scotland, claiming precedence over the other monasteries and
disputing for a time the supremacy with St Andrews. It suffered damage
in numerous English forays, was pillaged by the 4th earl of Shrewsbury
in 1522, and was reduced to ruins in 1545 by the earl of Hertford
(afterwards the Protector Somerset). In 1602 the abbey lands passed into
the hands of Sir Robert Ker of Cessford, 1st earl of Roxburghe. The
ruins were disfigured by an attempt to render part of them available for
public worship, and one vault was long utilized as the town gaol. All
excrescences, however, were cleared away at the beginning of the 19th
century, by the efforts of the Duke of Roxburghe. The late Norman and
Early Pointed cruciform church has an unusual ground-plan, the west end
of the cross forming the nave and being shorter than the chancel. The
nave and transepts extend only 23 ft. from the central tower. The
remains include most of the tower, nearly the whole of the walls of the
south transept, less than half of the west front with a fragment of the
richly moulded and deeply-set doorway, the north and west sides of the
north transept, and a remnant of the chancel. The chancel alone had
aisles, while its main circular arches were surmounted by two tiers of
triforium galleries. The predominant feature is the great central tower,
which, as seen from a distance, suggests the keep of a Norman castle. It
rested on four Early Pointed arches, each 45 ft. high (of which the
south and west yet exist) supported by piers of clustered columns. Over
the Norman porch in the north transept is a small chamber with an
interlaced arcade surmounted by a network gable.
The Tweed is crossed at Kelso by a bridge of five arches constructed in
1803 by John Rennie. The public buildings include a court house, the
town hall, corn exchange, high school and grammar school (occupying the
site of the school which Sir Walter Scott attended in 1783). The public
park lies in the east of the town, and the race-course to the north of
it. The leading industries are the making of fishing tackle,
agricultural machinery and implements, and chemical manures, besides
coach-building, cabinet-making and upholstery, corn and saw mills, iron
founding, &c. James and John Ballantyne, friends of Scott, set up a
press about the end of the 18th century, from which there issued, in
1802, the first two volumes of the _Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border_;
but when the brothers transferred their business to Edinburgh printing
languished. The _Kelso Mail_, founded by James Ballantyne in 1797, is
now the oldest of the Border newspapers. The town is an important
agricultural centre, there being weekly corn and fortnightly cattle
markets, and, every September, a great sale of Border rams.
Kelso became a burgh of barony in 1634 and five years later received
the Covenanters, under Sir Alexander Leslie, on their way to the
encampment on Duns Law. On the 24th of October 1715 the Old Pretender
was proclaimed James VIII. in the market square, but in 1745 Prince
Charles Edward found no active adherents in the town.
About 1 m. W. of Kelso is Floors or Fleurs Castle, the principal seat
of the duke of Roxburghe. The mansion as originally designed by Sir
John Vanbrugh in 1718 was severely plain, but in 1849 William Henry
Playfair converted it into a magnificent structure in the Tudor style.
On the peninsula formed by the junction of the Teviot and the Tweed
stood the formidable castle and flourishing town of Roxburgh, from
which the shire took its name. No trace exists of the town, and of the
castle all that is left are a few ruins shaded by ancient ash trees.
The castle was built by the Northumbrians, who called it Marchidum, or
Marchmound, its present name apparently meaning Rawic's burgh, after
some forgotten chief. After the consolidation of the kingdom of
Scotland it became a favoured royal residence, and a town gradually
sprang up beneath its protection, which reached its palmiest days
under David I., and formed a member of the Court of Four Burghs with
Edinburgh, Stirling and Berwick. It possessed a church, court of
justice, mint, mills, and, what was remarkable for the 12th century,
grammar school. Alexander II. was married and Alexander III. was born
in the castle. During the long period of Border warfare, the town was
repeatedly burned and the castle captured. After the defeat of Wallace
at Falkirk the castle fell into the hands of the English, from whom it
was delivered in 1314 by Sir James Douglas. Ceded to Edward III. in
1333, it was regained in 1342 by Sir Alexander Ramsay of Dalhousie,
only to be lost again four years later. The castle was finally retaken
and razed to the ground in 1460. It was at the siege that the king,
James II., was killed by the explosion of a huge gun called "the
Lion." On the fall of the castle the town languished and was finally
abandoned in favour of the rising burgh of Kelso. The town, whose
patron-saint was St James, is still commemorated by St James's Fair,
which is held on the 5th of every August on the vacant site, and is
the most popular of Border festivals.
Sandyknowe or Smailholm Tower, 6 m. W. of Kelso, dating from the 15th
century, is considered the best example of a Border Peel and the most
perfect relic of a feudal structure in the South of Scotland. Two m.
N. by E. of Kelso is the pretty village of Ednam (Edenham, "The
Village on the Eden"), the birthplace of the poet James Thomson, to
whose memory an obelisk, 52 ft. high, was erected on Ferney Hill in
1820.
KELVIN, WILLIAM THOMSON, BARON (1824-1907), British physicist, the
second son of James Thomson, LL.D., professor of mathematics in the
university of Glasgow, was born at Belfast, Ireland, on the 26th of June
1824, his father being then teacher of mathematics in the Royal
Academical Institution. In 1832 James Thomson accepted the chair of
mathematics at Glasgow, and migrated thither with his two sons, James
and William, who in 1834 matriculated in that university, William being
then little more than ten years of age, and having acquired all his
early education through his father's instruction. In 1841 William
Thomson entered Peterhouse, Cambridge, and in 1845 took his degree as
second wrangler, to which honour he added that of the first Smith's
Prize. The senior wrangler in his year was Stephen Parkinson, a man of a
very different type of mind, yet one who was a prominent figure in
Cambridge for many years. In the same year Thomson was elected fellow of
Peterhouse. At that time there were few facilities for the study of
experimental science in Great Britain. At the Royal Institution Faraday
held a unique position, and was feeling his way almost alone. In
Cambridge science had progressed little since the days of Newton.
Thomson therefore had recourse to Paris, and for a year worked in the
laboratory of Regnault, who was then engaged in his classical researches
on the thermal properties of steam. In 1846, when only twenty-two years
of age, he accepted the chair of natural philosophy in the university of
Glasgow, which he filled for fifty-three years, attaining universal
recognition as one of the greatest physicists of his time. The Glasgow
chair was a source of inspiration to scientific men for more than half a
century, and many of the most advanced researches of other physicists
grew out of the suggestions which Thomson scattered as sparks from his
anvil. One of his earliest papers dealt with the age of the earth, and
brought him into collision with the geologists of the Uniformitarian
school, who were claiming thousands of millions of years for the
formation of the stratified portions of the earth's crust. Thomson's
calculations on the conduction of heat showed that at some time between
twenty millions and four hundred millions, probably about one hundred
millions, of years ago, the physical conditions of the earth must have
been entirely different from those which now obtain. This led to a long
controversy, in which the physical principles held their ground. In 1847
Thomson first met James Prescott Joule at the Oxford meeting of the
British Association. A fortnight later they again met in Switzerland,
and together measured the rise of the temperature of the water in a
mountain torrent due to its fall. Joule's views of the nature of heat
strongly influenced Thomson's mind, with the result that in 1848
Thomson proposed his absolute scale of temperature, which is
independent of the properties of any particular thermometric substance,
and in 1851 he presented to the Royal Society of Edinburgh a paper on
the dynamical theory of heat, which reconciled the work of N. L. Sadi
Carnot with the conclusions of Count Rumford, Sir H. Davy, J. R. Mayer
and Joule, and placed the dynamical theory of heat and the fundamental
principle of the conservation of energy in a position to command
universal acceptance. It was in this paper that the principle of the
dissipation of energy, briefly summarized in the second law of
thermodynamics, was first stated.
Although his contributions to thermodynamics may properly be regarded as
his most important scientific work, it is in the field of electricity,
especially in its application to submarine telegraphy, that Lord Kelvin
is best known to the world at large. From 1854 he is most prominent
among telegraphists. The stranded form of conductor was due to his
suggestion; but it was in the letters which he addressed in November and
December of that year to Sir G. G. Stokes, and which were published in
the _Proceedings of the Royal Society_ for 1855, that he discussed the
mathematical theory of signalling through submarine cables, and
enunciated the conclusion that in long cables the retardation due to
capacity must render the speed of signalling inversely proportional to
the square of the cable's length. Some held that if this were true ocean
telegraphy would be impossible, and sought in consequence to disprove
Thomson's conclusion. Thomson, on the other hand, set to work to
overcome the difficulty by improvement in the manufacture of cables, and
first of all in the production of copper of high conductivity and the
construction of apparatus which would readily respond to the slightest
variation of the current in the cable. The mirror galvanometer and the
siphon recorder, which was patented in 1867, were the outcome of these
researches; but the scientific value of the mirror galvanometer is
independent of its use in telegraphy, and the siphon recorder is the
direct precursor of one form of galvanometer (d'Arsonval's) now commonly
used in electrical laboratories. A mind like that of Thomson could not
be content to deal with any physical quantity, however successfully from
a practical point of view, without subjecting it to measurement.
Thomson's work in connexion with telegraphy led to the production in
rapid succession of instruments adapted to the requirements of the time
for the measurement of every electrical quantity, and when electric
lighting came to the front a new set of instruments was produced to meet
the needs of the electrical engineer. Some account of Thomson's
electrometer is given in the article on that subject, while every modern
work of importance on electric lighting describes the instruments which
he has specially designed for central station work; and it may be said
that there is no quantity which the electrical engineer is ordinarily
called upon to measure for which Lord Kelvin did not construct the
suitable instrument. Currents from the ten-thousandth of an ampere to
ten thousand amperes, electrical pressures from a minute fraction of a
volt to 100,000 volts, come within the range of his instruments, while
the private consumer of electric energy is provided with a meter
recording Board of Trade units.
When W. Weber in 1851 proposed the extension of C. F. Gauss's system of
absolute units to electromagnetism, Thomson took up the question, and,
applying the principles of energy, calculated the absolute electromotive
force of a Daniell cell, and determined the absolute measure of the
resistance of a wire from the heat produced in it by a known current. In
1861 it was Thomson who induced the British Association to appoint its
first famous committee for the determination of electrical standards,
and it was he who suggested much of the work carried out by J. Clerk
Maxwell, Balfour Stewart and Fleeming Jenkin as members of that
committee. The oscillatory character of the discharge of the Leyden jar,
the foundation of the work of H. R. Hertz and of wireless telegraphy
were investigated by him in 1853.
It was in 1873 that he undertook to write a series of articles for _Good
Words_ on the mariner's compass. He wrote the first, but so many
questions arose in his mind that it was five years before the second
appeared. In the meanwhile the compass went through a process of
complete reconstruction in his hands a process which enabled both the
permanent and the temporary magnetism of the ship to be readily
compensated, while the weight of the 10-in. card was reduced to
one-seventeenth of that of the standard card previously in use, although
the time of swing was increased. Second only to the compass in its value
to the sailor is Thomson's sounding apparatus, whereby soundings can be
taken in 100 fathoms by a ship steaming at 16 knots; and by the
employment of piano-wire of a breaking strength of 140 tons per square
inch and an iron sinker weighing only 34 lb., with a self-registering
pressure gauge, soundings can be rapidly taken in deep ocean. Thomson's
tide gauge, tidal harmonic analyser and tide predicter are famous, and
among his work in the interest of navigation must be mentioned his
tables for the simplification of Sumner's method for determining the
position of a ship at sea.
It is impossible within brief limits to convey more than a general idea
of the work of a philosopher who published more than three hundred
original papers bearing upon nearly every branch of physical science;
who one day was working out the mathematics of a vortex theory of matter
on hydrodynamical principles or discovering the limitations of the
capabilities of the vortex atom, on another was applying the theory of
elasticity to tides in the solid earth, or was calculating the size of
water molecules, and later was designing an electricity meter, a dynamo
or a domestic water-tap. It is only by reference to his published papers
that any approximate conception can be formed of his life's work; but
the student who had read all these knew comparatively little of Lord
Kelvin if he had not talked with him face to face. Extreme modesty,
almost amounting to diffidence, was combined with the utmost kindliness
in Lord Kelvin's bearing to the most elementary student, and nothing
seemed to give him so much pleasure as an opportunity to acknowledge the
efforts of the humblest scientific worker. The progress of physical
discovery during the last half of the 19th century was perhaps as much
due to the kindly encouragement which he gave to his students and to
others who came in contact with him as to his own researches and
inventions; and it would be difficult to speak of his influence as a
teacher in stronger terms than this.
One of his former pupils, Professor J. D. Cormack, wrote of him: "It is
perhaps at the lecture table that Lord Kelvin displays most of his
characteristics.... His master mind, soaring high, sees one vast
connected whole, and, alive with enthusiasm, with smiling face and
sparkling eye, he shows the panorama to his pupils, pointing out the
similarities and differences of its parts, the boundaries of our
knowledge, and the regions of doubt and speculation. To follow him in
his flights is real mental exhilaration."
In 1852 Thomson married Margaret, daughter of Walter Crum of
Thornliebank, who died in 1870; and in 1874 he married Frances Anna,
daughter of Charles R. Blandy of Madeira. In 1866, perhaps chiefly in
acknowledgment of his services to trans-Atlantic telegraphy, Thomson
received the honour of knighthood, and in 1892 he was raised to the
peerage with the title of Baron Kelvin of Largs. The Grand Cross of the
Royal Victorian Order was conferred on him in 1896, the year of the
jubilee of his professoriate. In 1890 he became president of the Royal
Society, and he received the Order of Merit on its institution in 1902.
A list of the degrees and other honours which he received during the
fifty-three years he held his Glasgow chair would occupy as much space
as this article; but any biographical sketch would be conspicuously
incomplete if it failed to notice the celebration in 1896 of the jubilee
of his professorship. Never before had such a gathering of rank and
science assembled as that which filled the halls in the university of
Glasgow on the 15th, 16th and 17th of June in that year. The city
authorities joined with the university in honouring their most
distinguished citizen. About 2500 guests were received in the university
buildings, the library of which was devoted to an exhibition of the
instruments invented by Lord Kelvin, together with his certificates,
diplomas and medals. The Eastern, the Anglo-American and the Commercial
Cable companies united to celebrate the event, and from the university
library a message was sent through Newfoundland, New York, Chicago, San
Francisco, Los Angeles, New Orleans, Florida and Washington, and was
received by Lord Kelvin seven and a half minutes after it had been
despatched, having travelled about 20,000 miles and twice crossed the
Atlantic during the interval. It was at the banquet in connexion with
the jubilee celebration that the Lord Provost of Glasgow thus summarized
Lord Kelvin's character: "His industry is unwearied; and he seems to
take rest by turning from one difficulty to another--difficulties that
would appal most men and be taken as enjoyment by no one else.... This
life of unwearied industry, of universal honour, has left Lord Kelvin
with a lovable nature that charms all with whom he comes in contact."
Three years after this celebration Lord Kelvin resigned his chair at
Glasgow, though by formally matriculating as a student he maintained his
connexion with the university, of which in 1904 he was elected
chancellor. But his retirement did not mean cessation of active work or
any slackening of interest in the scientific thought of the day. Much of
his time was given to writing and revising the lectures on the wave
theory of light which he had delivered at Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, in 1884, but which were not finally published till 1904. He
continued to take part in the proceedings of various learned societies;
and only a few months before his death, at the Leicester meeting of the
British Association, he attested the keenness with which he followed the
current developments of scientific speculation by delivering a long and
searching address on the electronic theory of matter. He died on the
17th of December 1907 at his residence, Netherhall, near Largs,
Scotland; there was no heir to his title, which became extinct.
In addition to the Baltimore lectures, he published with Professor P.
G. Tait a standard but unfinished _Treatise on Natural Philosophy_
(1867). A number of his scientific papers were collected in his
_Reprint of Papers on Electricity and Magnetism_ (1872), and in his
_Mathematical and Physical Papers_ (1882, 1883 and 1890), and three
volumes of his _Popular Lectures and Addresses_ appeared in 1889-1894.
He was also the author of the articles on "Heat" and "Elasticity" in
the 9th edition of the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_.
See Andrew Gray, _Lord Kelvin_ (1908); S. P. Thompson, _Life of Lord
Kelvin_ (1910), which contains a full bibliography of his writings.
(W. G.; H. M. R.)
KEMBLE, the name of a family of English actors, of whom the most famous
were Mrs Siddons (q.v.) and her brother John Philip Kemble, the eldest
of the twelve children of ROGER KEMBLE (1721-1802), a strolling player
and manager, who in 1753 married an actress, Sarah Wood.
JOHN PHILIP KEMBLE (1757-1823), the second child, was born at Prescot,
Lancashire, on the 1st of February 1757. His mother was a Roman
Catholic, and he was educated at Sedgeley Park Catholic seminary, near
Wolverhampton, and the English college at Douai, with the view of
becoming a priest. But at the conclusion of the four years' course he
discovered that he had no vocation for the priesthood, and returning to
England he joined the theatrical company of Crump & Chamberlain, his
first appearance being as Theodosius in Lee's tragedy of that name at
Wolverhampton on the 8th of January 1776. In 1778 he joined the York
company of Tate Wilkinson, appearing at Wakefield as Captain Plume in
Farquhar's _The Recruiting Officer_; in Hull for the first time as
Macbeth on the 30th of October, and in York as Orestes in Ambrose
Philips's _Distressed Mother_. In 1781 he obtained a "star" engagement
at Dublin, making his first appearance there on the 2nd of November as
Hamlet. He also achieved great success as Raymond in _The Count of
Narbonne_, a play taken from Horace Walpole's _Castle of Otranto_.
Gradually he won for himself a high reputation as a careful and finished
actor, and this, combined with the greater fame of his sister, led to an
engagement at Drury Lane, where he made his first appearance on the 30th
of September 1783 as Hamlet. In this rôle he awakened interest and
discussion among the critics rather than the enthusiastic approval of
the public. But as Macbeth on the 31st of March 1785 he shared in the
enthusiasm aroused by Mrs Siddons, and established a reputation among
living actors second only to hers. Brother and sister had first appeared
together at Drury Lane on the 22nd of November 1783, as Beverley and Mrs
Beverley in Moore's _The Gamester_, and as King John and Constance in
Shakespeare's tragedy. In the following year they played Montgomerie and
Matilda in Cumberland's _The Carmelite_, and in 1785 Adorni and Camiola
in Kemble's adaptation of Massinger's _A Maid of Honour_, and Othello
and Desdemona. Between 1785 and 1787 Kemble appeared in a variety of
rôles, his Mentevole in Jephson's _Julia_ producing an overwhelming
impression. On the 8th of December 1787 he married Priscilla Hopkins
Brereton (1756-1845), the widow of an actor and herself an actress.
Kemble's appointment as manager of Drury Lane in 1788 gave him full
opportunity to dress the characters less according to tradition than in
harmony with his own conception of what was suitable. He was also able
to experiment with whatever parts might strike his fancy, and of this
privilege he took advantage with greater courage than discretion. His
activity was prodigious, the list of his parts including a large number
of Shakespearian characters and also a great many in plays now
forgotten. In his own version of _Coriolanus_, which was revived during
his first season, the character of the "noble Roman" was so exactly
suited to his powers that he not only played it with a perfection that
has never been approached, but, it is said, unconsciously allowed its
influence to colour his private manner and modes of speech. His tall and
imposing person, noble countenance, and solemn and grave demeanour were
uniquely adapted for the Roman characters in Shakespeare's plays; and,
when in addition he had to depict the gradual growth and development of
one absorbing passion, his representation gathered a momentum and
majestic force that were irresistible. His defect was in flexibility,
variety, rapidity; the characteristic of his style was method,
regularity, precision, elaboration even of the minutest details, founded
on a thorough psychological study of the special personality he had to
represent. His elocutionary art, his fine sense of rhythm and emphasis,
enabled him to excel in declamation, but physically he was incapable of
giving expression to impetuous vehemence and searching pathos. In
Coriolanus and Cato he was beyond praise, and possibly he may have been
superior to both Garrick and Kean in Macbeth, although it must be
remembered that in it part of his inspiration must have been caught from
Mrs Siddons. In all the other great Shakespearian characters he was,
according to the best critics, inferior to them, least so in Lear,
Hamlet and Wolsey, and most so in Shylock and Richard III. On account of
the eccentricities of Sheridan, the proprietor of Drury Lane, Kemble
withdrew from the management, and, although he resumed his duties at the
beginning of the season 1800-1801, he at the close of 1802 finally
resigned connexion with it. In 1803 he became manager of Covent Garden,
in which he had acquired a sixth share for £23,000. The theatre was
burned down on the 20th of September 1808, and the raising of the prices
after the opening of the new theatre, in 1809, led to riots, which
practically suspended the performances for three months. Kemble had been
nearly ruined by the fire, and was only saved by a generous loan,
afterwards converted into a gift, of £10,000 from the duke of
Northumberland. Kemble took his final leave of the stage in the part of
Coriolanus on the 23rd of June 1817. His retirement was probably
hastened by the rising popularity of Edmund Kean. The remaining years of
his life were spent chiefly abroad, and he died at Lausanne on the 26th
of February 1823.
See Boaden, _Life of John Philip Kemble_ (1825); Fitzgerald, _The
Kembles_ (1871).
STEPHEN KEMBLE (1758-1822), the second son of Roger, was rather an
indifferent actor, ever eclipsed by his wife and fellow player,
Elizabeth Satchell Kemble (c. 1763-1841), and a man of such portly
proportions that he played Falstaff without padding. He managed theatres
in Edinburgh and elsewhere.
CHARLES KEMBLE (1775-1854), a younger brother of John Philip and
Stephen, was born at Brecon, South Wales, on the 25th of November 1775.
He, too, was educated at Douai. After returning to England in 1792, he
obtained a situation in the post-office, but this he soon resigned for
the stage, making his first recorded appearance at Sheffield as Orlando
in _As You Like It_ in that year. During the early period of his career
as an actor he made his way slowly to public favour. For a considerable
time he played with his brother and sister, chiefly in secondary parts,
and this with a grace and finish which received scant justice from the
critics. His first London appearance was on the 21st of April 1794, as
Malcolm to his brother's Macbeth. Ultimately he won independent fame,
especially in such characters as Archer in George Farquhar's _Beaux'
Stratagem_, Dorincourt in Mrs Cowley's _Belle's Stratagem_, Charles
Surface and Ranger in Dr Benjamin Hoadley's _Suspicious Husband_. His
Laertes and Macduff were hardly less interesting than his brother's
Hamlet and Macbeth. In comedy he was ably supported by his wife, Marie
Therèse De Camp (1774-1838), whom he married on the 2nd of July 1806.
His visit, with his daughter Fanny, to America during 1832 and 1834,
aroused much enthusiasm. The later period of his career was clouded by
money embarrassments in connexion with his joint proprietorship in
Covent Garden theatre. He formally retired from the stage in December
1836, but his final appearance was on the 10th of April 1840. For some
time he held the office of examiner of plays. In 1844-1845 he gave
readings from Shakespeare at Willis's Rooms. He died on the 12th of
November 1854. Macready regarded his Cassio as incomparable, and summed
him up as "a first-rate actor of second-rate parts."
See _Gentleman's Magazine_, January 1855; _Records of a Girlhood_, by
Frances Anne Kemble.
ELIZABETH WHITLOCK (1761-1836), who was a daughter of Roger Kemble, made
her first appearance on the stage in 1783 at Drury Lane as Portia. In
1785 she married Charles E. Whitlock, went with him to America and
played with much success there. She had the honour of appearing before
President Washington. She seems to have retired about 1807, and she died
on the 27th of February 1836. Her reputation as a tragic actress might
have been greater had she not been Mrs Siddons's sister.
FRANCES ANNE KEMBLE (Fanny Kemble) (1800-1893), the actress and author,
was Charles Kemble's elder daughter; she was born in London on the 27th
of November 1809, and educated chiefly in France. She first appeared on
the stage on the 25th of October 1829 as Juliet at Covent Garden. Her
attractive personality at once made her a great favourite, her
popularity enabling her father to recoup his losses as a manager. She
played all the principal women's parts, notably Portia, Beatrice and
Lady Teazle, but Julia in Sheridan Knowles's _The Hunchback_, especially
written for her, was perhaps her greatest success. In 1832 she went with
her father to America, and in 1834 she married there a Southern planter,
Pierce Butler. They were divorced in 1849. In 1847 she returned to the
stage, from which she had retired on her marriage, and later, following
her father's example, appeared with much success as a Shakespearian
reader. In 1877 she returned to England, where she lived--using her
maiden name--till her death in London on the 15th of January 1893.
During this period Fanny Kemble was a prominent and popular figure in
the social life of London. Besides her plays, _Francis the First_,
unsuccessfully produced in 1832, _The Star of Seville_ (1837), a volume
of _Poems_ (1844), and a book of Italian travel, _A Year of Consolation_
(1847), she published a volume of her _Journal_ in 1835, and in 1863
another (dealing with life on the Georgia plantation), and also a volume
of _Plays_, including translations from Dumas and Schiller. These were
followed by _Records of a Girlhood_ (1878), _Records of Later Life_
(1882), _Notes on some of Shakespeare's Plays_ (1882), _Far Away and
Long Ago_ (1889), and _Further Records_ (1891). Her various volumes of
reminiscences contain much valuable material for the social and dramatic
history of the period.
ADELAIDE KEMBLE (1814-1879), Charles Kemble's second daughter, was an
opera singer of great promise, whose first London appearance was made in
_Norma_ on the 2nd of November 1841. In 1843 she married Edward John
Sartoris, a rich Italian, and retired after a brief but brilliant
career. She wrote _A Week in a French Country House_ (1867), a bright
and humorous story, and of a literary quality not shared by other tales
that followed. Her son, Algernon Charles Sartoris, married General U. S.
Grant's daughter.
Among more recent members of the Kemble family, mention may also be made
of Charles Kemble's grandson, HENRY KEMBLE (1848-1907), a sterling and
popular London actor.
KEMBLE, JOHN MITCHELL (1807-1857), English scholar and historian, eldest
son of Charles Kemble the actor, was born in 1807. He received his
education partly from Dr Richardson, author of the _Dictionary of the
English Language_, and partly at the grammar school of Bury St Edmunds,
where he obtained in 1826 an exhibition to Trinity College, Cambridge.
At the university his historical essays gained him high reputation. The
bent of his studies was turned more especially towards the Anglo-Saxon
period through the influence of the brothers Grimm, under whom he
studied at Göttingen (1831). His thorough knowledge of the Teutonic
languages and his critical faculty were shown in his _Beowulf_
(1833-1837), _Über die Stammtafel der Westsachsen_ (1836), _Codex
Diplomaticus Aevi Saxonici_ (1839-1848), and in many contributions to
reviews; while his _History of the Saxons in England_ (1849; new ed.
1876), though it must now be read with caution, was the first attempt at
a thorough examination of the original sources of the early period of
English history. He was editor of the _British and Foreign Review_ from
1835 to 1844; and from 1840 to his death was examiner of plays. In 1857
he published _State Papers and Correspondence illustrative of the Social
and Political State of Europe from the Revolution to the Accession of
the House of Hanover_. He died at Dublin on the 26th of March 1857. His
_Horae Ferales, or Studies in the Archaeology of Northern Nations_, was
completed by Dr R. G. Latham, and published in 1864. He married the
daughter of Professor Amadeus Wendt of Göttingen in 1836; and had two
daughters and a son; the elder daughter was the wife of Sir Charles
Santley, the singer.
KEMÉNY, ZSIGMOND, BARON (1816-1875), Hungarian author, came of a noble
but reduced family. In 1837 he studied jurisprudence at Marosvásárhely,
but soon devoted himself entirely to journalism and literature. His
first unfinished work, _On the Causes of the Disaster of Mohacs_ (1840),
attracted much attention. In the same year he studied natural history
and anatomy at Vienna University. In 1841, along with Lajos Kovács, he
edited the Transylvanian newspaper _Erdélyi Hiradó_. He also took an
active part in provincial politics and warmly supported the principles
of Count Stephen Széchenyi. In 1846 he moved to Pest, where his
pamphlet, _Korteskedés és ellenszerei_ (Partisanship and its Antidote),
had already made him famous. Here he consorted with the most eminent of
the moderate reformers, and for a time was on the staff of the _Pesti
Hirlap_. The same year he brought out his first great novel, _Pál
Gyulay_. He was elected a member of the revolutionary diet of 1848 and
accompanied it through all its vicissitudes. After a brief exile he
accepted the amnesty and returned to Hungary. Careless of his
unpopularity, he took up his pen to defend the cause of justice and
moderation, and in his two pamphlets, _Forradalom után_ (After the
Revolution) and _Még egysz ó a forradalom után_ (One word more after the
Revolution), he defended the point of view which was realized by Deák in
1867. He subsequently edited the _Pesti Napló_, which became virtually
Deák's political organ. Kemény also published several political essays
(e.g. _The Two Wesselényis_, and _Stephen Szechenyi_) which are among
the best of their kind in any literature. His novels published during
these years, such as _Férj és nö_ (Husband and Wife), _Szivörvényei_
(The Heart's Secrets), &c., also won for him a foremost rank among
contemporary novelists. During the 'sixties Kemény took an active part
in the political labours of Deák, whose right hand he continued to be,
and popularized the Composition of 1867 which he had done so much to
bring about. He was elected to the diet of 1867 for one of the divisions
of Pest, but took no part in the debates. The last years of his life
were passed in complete seclusion in Transylvania. To the works of
Kemény already mentioned should be added the fine historical novel
_Rajongok_ (The Fanatics) (Pest, 1858-1859), and _Collected Speeches_
(Hung.) (Pest, 1889).
See L. Nogrady, _Baron Sigismund Kemény's Life and Writings_ (Hung.)
(Budapest, 1902); G. Beksics, _Sigismund Kemény, the Revolution and
the Composition_ (Hung.) (Budapest, 1888). (R. N. B.)
KEMP, WILLIAM (fl. 1600), English actor and dancer. He probably began
his career as a member of the earl of Leicester's company, but his name
first appears after the death of Leicester in a list of players
authorized by an order of the privy council in 1593 to play 7 m. out of
London. Ferdinand Stanley, Lord Strange, was the patron of the company
of which Kemp was the leading member until 1598, and in 1594 was
summoned with Burbage and Shakespeare to act before the queen at
Greenwich. He was the successor, both in parts and reputation, of
Richard Tarlton. But it was as a dancer of jigs that he won his greatest
popularity, one or two actors dancing and singing with him, and the
words doubtless often being improvised. Examples of the music may be
seen in the MS. collection of John Dowland now in the Cambridge
University library. At the same time Kemp was given parts like Dogberry,
and Peter in _Romeo and Juliet_; indeed his name appears by accident in
place of those of the characters in early copies. Kemp seems to have
exhibited his dancing on the Continent, but in 1602 he was a member of
the earl of Worcester's players, and Philip Henslowe's diary shows
several payments made to him in that year.
KEMPE, JOHN (c. 1380-1454), English cardinal, archbishop of Canterbury,
and chancellor, was son of Thomas Kempe, a gentleman of Ollantigh, in
the parish of Wye near Ashford, Kent. He was born about 1380 and
educated at Merton College, Oxford. He practised as an ecclesiastical
lawyer, was an assessor at the trial of Oldcastle, and in 1415 was made
dean of the Court of Arches. Then he passed into the royal service, and
being employed in the administration of Normandy was eventually made
chancellor of the duchy. Early in 1419 he was elected bishop of
Rochester, and was consecrated at Rouen on the 3rd of December. In
February 1421 he was translated to Chichester, and in November following
to London. During the minority of Henry VI. Kempe had a prominent
position in the English council as a supporter of Henry Beaufort, whom
he succeeded as chancellor in March 1426. In this same year he was
promoted to the archbishopric of York. Kempe held office as chancellor
for six years; his main task in government was to keep Humphrey of
Gloucester in check. His resignation on the 28th of February 1432 was a
concession to Gloucester. He still enjoyed Beaufort's favour, and
retaining his place in the council was employed on important missions,
especially at the congress of Arras in 1435, and the conference at
Calais in 1438. In December 1439 he was created cardinal, and during the
next few years took less share in politics. He supported Suffolk over
the king's marriage with Margaret of Anjou; but afterwards there arose
some difference between them, due in part to a dispute about the
nomination of the cardinal's nephew, Thomas Kempe, to the bishopric of
London. At the time of Suffolk's fall in January 1450 Kempe once more
became chancellor. His appointment may have been due to the fact that he
was not committed entirely to either party. In spite of his age and
infirmity he showed some vigour in dealing with Cade's rebellion, and by
his official experience and skill did what he could for four years to
sustain the king's authority. He was rewarded by his translation to
Canterbury in July 1452, when Pope Nicholas added as a special honour
the title of cardinal-bishop of Santa Rufina. As Richard of York gained
influence, Kempe became unpopular; men called him "the cursed cardinal,"
and his fall seemed imminent when he died suddenly on the 22nd of March
1454. He was buried at Canterbury, in the choir. Kempe was a politician
first, and hardly at all a bishop; and he was accused with some justice
of neglecting his dioceses, especially at York. Still he was a capable
official, and a faithful servant to Henry VI., who called him "one of
the wisest lords of the land" (_Paston Letters_, i. 315). He founded a
college at his native place at Wye, which was suppressed at the
Reformation.
For contemporary authorities see under HENRY VI. See also J. Raine's
_Historians of the Church of York_, vol. ii.; W. Dugdale's
_Monasticon_, iii. 254, vi. 1430-1432; and W. F. Hook's _Lives of
Archbishops of Canterbury_, v. 188-267. (C. L. K.)
KEMPEN, a town in the Prussian Rhine Province, 40 m. N. of Cologne by
the railway to Zevenaar. Pop. (1900), 6319. It has a monument to Thomas
à Kempis, who was born there. The industries are considerable, and
include silk-weaving, glass-making and the manufacture of electrical
plant. Kempen belonged in the middle ages to the archbishopric of
Cologne and received civic rights in 1294. It is memorable as the scene
of a victory gained, on the 17th of January 1642, by the French and
Hessians over the Imperialists.
See Terwelp, _Die Stadt Kempen_ (Kempen, 1894), and Niessen,
_Heimatkunde des Kreises Kempen_ (Crefeld, 1895).
KEMPENFELT, RICHARD (1718-1782), British rear-admiral, was born at
Westminster in 1718. His father, a Swede, is said to have been in the
service of James II., and subsequently to have entered the British army.
Richard Kempenfelt went into the navy, and saw his first service in the
West Indies, taking part in the capture of Portobello. In 1746 he
returned to England, and from that date to 1780, when he was made
rear-admiral, saw active service in the East Indies with Sir George
Pocock and in various quarters of the world. In 1781 he gained, with a
vastly inferior force, a brilliant victory, fifty leagues south-west of
Ushant, over the French fleet under De Guichen, capturing twenty prizes.
In 1782 he hoisted his flag on the "Royal George," which formed part of
the fleet under Lord Howe. In August this fleet was ordered to refit at
top speed at Portsmouth, and proceed to the relief of Gibraltar. A leak
having been located below the waterline of the "Royal George," the
vessel was careened to allow of the defect being repaired. According to
the version of the disaster favoured by the Admiralty, she was
overturned by a breeze. But the general opinion of the navy was that the
shifting of her weights was more than the old and rotten timbers of the
"Royal George" could stand. A large piece of her bottom fell out, and
she went down at once. It is estimated that not fewer than 800 persons
went down with her, for besides the crew there were a large number of
tradesmen, women and children on board. Kempenfelt, who was in his
cabin, perished with the rest. Cowper's poem, the "Loss of the Royal
George," commemorates this disaster. Kempenfelt effected radical
alterations and improvements in the signalling system then existing in
the British navy. A painting of the loss of the "Royal George" is in the
Royal United Service Institution, London.
See Charnock's _Biog. Nav._, vi. 246, and Ralfe's _Naval Biographies_,
i. 215.
KEMPT, SIR JAMES (1764-1854), British soldier, was gazetted to the 101st
Foot in India in 1783, but on its disbandment two years later was placed
on half-pay. It is said that he took a clerkship in Greenwood's, the
army agents (afterwards Cox & Co.). He attracted the notice of the Duke
of York, through whom he obtained a captaincy (very soon followed by a
majority) in the newly raised 113th Foot. But it was not long before his
regiment experienced the fate of the old 101st; this time however Kempt
was retained on full pay in the recruiting service. In 1799 he
accompanied Sir Ralph Abercromby to Holland, and later to Egypt as an
aide-de-camp. After Abercromby's death Kempt remained on his successor's
staff until the end of the campaign in Egypt. In April 1803 he joined
the staff of Sir David Dundas, but next month returned to regimental
duty, and a little later received a lieutenant-colonelcy in the 81st
Foot. With his new regiment he went, under Craig, to the Mediterranean
theatre of operations, and at Maida the light brigade led by him bore
the heaviest share of the battle. Employed from 1807 to 1811 on the
staff in North America, Brevet-Colonel Kempt at the end of 1811 joined
Wellington's army in Spain with the local rank of major-general, which
was, on the 1st of January 1812, made substantive. As one of Picton's
brigadiers, Kempt took part in the great assault on Badajoz and was
severely wounded. On rejoining for duty, he was posted to the command of
a brigade of the Light Division (43rd, 52nd and 95th Rifles), which he
led at Vera, the Nivelle (where he was again wounded), Bayonne, Orthez
and Toulouse. Early in 1815 he was made K.C.B., and in July for his
services at Waterloo, G.C.B. At that battle he commanded the 28th, 32nd
and 79th as a brigadier under his old chief, Picton, and on Picton's
death succeeded to the command of his division. From 1828 to 1830 he was
Governor-General of Canada, and at a critical time displayed firmness
and moderation. He was afterwards Master-General of the Ordnance. At the
time of his death in 1854 he had been for some years a full General.
KEMPTEN, a town in the kingdom of Bavaria on the Iller, 81 m. S.W. of
Munich by rail. Pop. (1905), 20,663. The town is well built, has many
spacious squares and attractive public grounds, and contains a castle, a
handsome town-hall, a gymnasium, &c. The old palace of the abbots of
Kempten, dating from the end of the 17th century, is now partly used as
barracks, and near to it is the fine abbey church. The industries
include wool-spinning and weaving and the manufacture of paper, beer,
machines, hosiery and matches. As the commercial centre of the Algäu,
Kempten carries on active trade in timber and dairy produce. Numerous
remains have been discovered on the Lindenberg, a hill in the vicinity.
Kempten, identified with the Roman Cambodunum, consisted in early times
of two towns, the old and the new. The continual hostility that existed
between these was intensified by the welcome given by the old town, a
free imperial city since 1289, to the Reformed doctrines, the new town
keeping to the older faith. The Benedictine abbey of Kempten, said to
have been founded in 773 by Hildegarde, the wife of Charlemagne, was an
important house. In 1360 its abbot was promoted to the dignity of a
prince of the Empire by the emperor Charles IV.; the town and abbey
passed to Bavaria in 1803. Here the Austrians defeated the French on the
17th of September 1796.
See Förderreuther, _Die Stadt Kempten und ihre Umgebung_ (Kempten,
1901); Haggenmüller, _Geschichte der Stadt und der gefürsteten
Grafschaft Kempten_, vol. i. (Kempten, 1840); and Meirhofer,
_Geschichtliche Darstellung der denkwürdigsten Schicksale der Stadt
Kempten_ (Kempten, 1856).
KEN, THOMAS (1637-1711), the most eminent of the English non-juring
bishops, and one of the fathers of modern English hymnology, was born at
Little Berkhampstead, Herts, in 1637. He was the son of Thomas Ken of
Furnival's Inn, who belonged to an ancient stock,--that of the Kens of
Ken Place, in Somersetshire; his mother was a daughter of the now
forgotten poet, John Chalkhill, who is called by Walton an "acquaintant
and friend of Edmund Spenser." Ken's step-sister, Anne, was married to
Izaak Walton in 1646, a connexion which brought Ken from his boyhood
under the refining influence of this gentle and devout man. In 1652 Ken
entered Winchester College, and in 1656 became a student of Hart Hall,
Oxford. He gained a fellowship at New College in 1657, and proceeded
B.A. in 1661 and M.A. in 1664. He was for some time tutor of his
college; but the most characteristic reminiscence of his university life
is the mention made by Anthony Wood that in the musical gatherings of
the time "Thomas Ken of New College, a junior, would be sometimes among
them, and sing his part." Ordained in 1662, he successively held the
livings of Little Easton in Essex, Brighstone (sometimes called Brixton)
in the Isle of Wight, and East Woodhay in Hampshire; in 1672 he resigned
the last of these, and returned to Winchester, being by this time a
prebendary of the cathedral, and chaplain to the bishop, as well as a
fellow of Winchester College. He remained there for several years,
acting as curate in one of the lowest districts, preparing his _Manual
of Prayers for the use of the Scholars of Winchester College_ (first
published in 1674), and composing hymns. It was at this time that he
wrote, primarily for the same body as his prayers, his morning, evening
and midnight hymns, the first two of which, beginning "Awake, my soul,
and with the sun" and "Glory to Thee, my God, this night," are now
household words wherever the English tongue is spoken. The latter is
often made to begin with the line "All praise to Thee, my God, this
night," but in the earlier editions over which Ken had control, the line
is as first given.[1] In 1674 Ken paid a visit to Rome in company with
young Izaak Walton, and this journey seems mainly to have resulted in
confirming his regard for the Anglican communion. In 1679 he was
appointed by Charles II. chaplain to the Princess Mary, wife of William
of Orange. While with the court at the Hague, he incurred the
displeasure of William by insisting that a promise of marriage, made to
an English lady of high birth by a relative of the prince, should be
kept; and he therefore gladly returned to England in 1680, when he was
immediately appointed one of the king's chaplains. He was once more
residing at Winchester in 1683 when Charles came to the city with his
doubtfully composed court, and his residence was chosen as the home of
Nell Gwynne; but Ken stoutly objected to this arrangement, and succeeded
in making the favourite find quarters elsewhere. In August of this same
year he accompanied Lord Dartmouth to Tangier as chaplain to the fleet,
and Pepys, who was one of the company, has left on record some quaint
and kindly reminiscences of him and of his services on board. The fleet
returned in April 1684, and a few months after, upon a vacancy occurring
in the see of Bath and Wells, Ken, now Dr Ken, was appointed bishop. It
is said that, upon the occurrence of the vacancy, Charles, mindful of
the spirit he had shown at Winchester, exclaimed, "Where is the good
little man that refused his lodging to poor Nell?" and determined that
no other should be bishop. The consecration took place at Lambeth on the
25th of January 1685; and one of Ken's first duties was to attend the
deathbed of Charles, where his wise and faithful ministrations won the
admiration of everybody except Bishop Burnet. In this year he published
his _Exposition on the Church Catechism_, perhaps better known by its
sub-title, _The Practice of Divine Love_. In 1688, when James reissued
his "Declaration of Indulgence," Ken was one of the "seven bishops" who
refused to publish it. He was probably influenced by two considerations:
first, by his profound aversion from Roman Catholicism, to which he felt
he would be giving some episcopal recognition by compliance; but, second
and more especially, by the feeling that James was compromising the
spiritual freedom of the church. Along with his six brethren, Ken was
committed to the Tower on the 8th of June 1688, on a charge of high
misdemeanour; the trial, which took place on the 29th and 30th of the
month, and which resulted in a verdict of acquittal, is matter of
history. With the revolution which speedily followed this impolitic
trial, new troubles encountered Ken; for, having sworn allegiance to
James, he thought himself thereby precluded from taking the oath to
William of Orange. Accordingly, he took his place among the non-jurors,
and, as he stood firm to his refusal, he was, in August 1691, superseded
in his bishopric by Dr Kidder, dean of Peterborough. From this time he
lived mostly in retirement, finding a congenial home with Lord Weymouth,
his friend from college days, at Longleat in Wiltshire; and though
pressed to resume his diocese in 1703, upon the death of Bishop Kidder,
he declined, partly on the ground of growing weakness, but partly no
doubt from his love for the quiet life of devotion which he was able to
lead at Longleat. His death took place there on the 19th of March 1711.
Although Ken wrote much poetry, besides his hymns, he cannot be called
a great poet; but he had that fine combination of spiritual insight
and feeling with poetic taste which marks all great hymn-writers. As a
hymn-writer he has had few equals in England; it can scarcely be said
that even Keble, though possessed of much rarer poetic gifts,
surpassed him in his own sphere (see HYMNS). In his own day he took
high rank as a pulpit orator, and even royalty had to beg for a seat
amongst his audiences; but his sermons are now forgotten. He lives in
history, apart from his three hymns, mainly as a man of unstained
purity and invincible fidelity to conscience, weak only in a certain
narrowness of view which is a frequent attribute of the intense
character which he possessed. As an ecclesiastic he was a High
Churchman of the old school.
Ken's poetical works were published in collected form in four volumes
by W. Hawkins, his relative and executor, in 1721; his prose works
were issued in 1838 in one volume, under the editorship of J. T.
Round. A brief memoir was prefixed by Hawkins to a selection from
Ken's works which he published in 1713; and a life, in two volumes, by
the Rev. W. L. Bowles, appeared in 1830. But the standard biographies
of Ken are those of J. Lavicount Anderdon (_The Life of Thomas Ken,
Bishop of Bath and Wells, by a Layman_, 1851; 2nd ed., 1854) and of
Dean Plumptre (2 vols., 1888; revised, 1890). See also the Rev. W.
Hunt's article in the _Dict. Nat. Biog._
FOOTNOTE:
[1] The fact, however, that in 1712--only a year after Ken's
death--his publisher, Brome, published the hymn with the opening
words "All praise," has been deemed by such a high authority as the
1st earl of Selborne sufficient evidence that the alteration had
Ken's authority.
KEN, a river of Northern India, tributary to the Jumna on its right
bank, flowing through Bundelkhand. An important reservoir in its upper
basin, which impounds about 180 million cubic feet of water, irrigates
about 374,000 acres in a region specially liable to drought.
KENA, or KENEH (sometimes written _Qina_), a town of Upper Egypt on a
canal about a mile E. of the Nile and 380 m. S.S.E. of Cairo by rail.
Pop. (1907), 20,069. Kena, the capital of a province of the same name,
was called by the Greeks Caene or Caenepolis (probably the [Greek: Neê
polis] of Herodotus; see AKHMIM) in distinction from Coptos (q.v.), 15
m. S., to whose trade it eventually succeeded. It is a remarkable fact
that its modern name should be derived from a purely Greek word, like
Iskenderia from Alexandria, and Nekrash from Naucratis; in the absence
of any known Egyptian name it seems to point to Kena having originated
in a foreign settlement in connexion with the Red Sea trade. It is a
flourishing town, specially noted for the manufacture of the porous
water jars and bottles used throughout Egypt. The clay for making them
is obtained from a valley north of Kena. The pottery is sent down the
Nile in specially constructed boats. Kena is also known for the
excellence of the dates sold in its bazaars and for the large colony of
dancing girls who live there. It carries on a trade in grain and dates
with Arabia, via Kosseir on the Red Sea, 100 m. E. in a direct line.
This inconsiderable traffic is all that is left of the extensive
commerce formerly maintained--chiefly via Berenice and Coptos--between
Upper Egypt and India and Arabia. The road to Kosseir is one of great
antiquity. It leads through the valley of Hammamat, celebrated for its
ancient breccia quarries and deserted gold mines. During the British
operations in Egypt in 1801 Sir David Baird and his force marched along
this road to Kena, taking sixteen days on the journey from Kosseir.
KENDAL, DUKEDOM OF. The English title of duke of Kendal was first
bestowed in May 1667 upon Charles (d. 1667), the infant son of the duke
of York, afterwards James II. Several persons have been created earl of
Kendal, among them being John, duke of Bedford, son of Henry IV.; John
Beaufort, duke of Somerset (d. 1444); and Queen Anne's husband, George,
prince of Denmark.
In 1719 Ehrengarde Melusina (1667-1743), mistress of the English king
George I., was created duchess of Kendal. This lady was the daughter of
Gustavus Adolphus, count of Schulenburg (d. 1691), and was born at Emden
on the 25th of December 1667. Her father held important positions under
the elector of Brandenburg; her brother Matthias John (1661-1747) won
great fame as a soldier in Germany and was afterwards commander-in-chief
of the army of the republic of Venice. Having entered the household of
Sophia, electress of Hanover, Melusina attracted the notice of her son,
the future king, whose mistress she became about 1690. When George
crossed over to England in 1714, the "Schulenburgin," as Sophia called
her, followed him and soon supplanted her principal rival, Charlotte
Sophia, Baroness von Kilmannsegge (c. 1673-1725), afterwards countess of
Darlington, as his first favourite. In 1716 she was created duchess of
Munster; then duchess of Kendal; and in 1723 the emperor Charles VI.
made her a princess of the Empire. The duchess was very avaricious and
obtained large sums of money by selling public offices and titles; she
also sold patent rights, one of these being the privilege of supplying
Ireland with a new copper coinage. This she sold to a Wolverhampton iron
merchant named William Wood (1671-1730), who flooded the country with
coins known as "Wood's halfpence," thus giving occasion for the
publication of Swift's famous _Drapier's Letters_. In political matters
she had much influence with the king, and she received £10,000 for
procuring the recall of Bolingbroke from exile. After George's death in
1727 she lived at Kendal House, Isleworth, Middlesex, until her death on
the 10th of May 1743. The duchess was by no means a beautiful woman, and
her thin figure caused the populace to refer to her as the "maypole." By
the king she had two daughters: Petronilla Melusina (c. 1693-1778), who
was created countess of Walsingham in 1722, and who married the great
earl of Chesterfield; and Margaret Gertrude, countess of Lippe
(1703-1773).
KENDAL, WILLIAM HUNTER (1843- ), English actor, whose family name was
Grimston, was born in London on the 16th of December 1843, the son of a
painter. He made his first stage appearance at Glasgow in 1862 as Louis
XIV., in _A Life's Revenge_, billed as "Mr Kendall." After some
experience at Birmingham and elsewhere, he joined the Haymarket company
in London in 1866, acting everything from burlesque to Romeo. In 1869 he
married Margaret (Madge) Shafto Robertson (b. 1849), sister of the
dramatist, T. W. Robertson. As "Mr and Mrs Kendal" their professional
careers then became inseparable. Mrs Kendal's first stage appearance was
as Marie, "a child," in _The Orphan of the Frozen Sea_ in 1854 in
London. She soon showed such talent both as actress and singer that she
secured numerous engagements, and by 1865 was playing Ophelia and
Desdemona. She was Mary Meredith in _Our American Cousin_ with Sothern,
and Pauline to his Claud Melnotte. But her real triumphs were at the
Haymarket in Shakespearian revivals and the old English comedies. While
Mr Kendal played Orlando, Charles Surface, Jack Absolute and Young
Marlowe, his wife made the combination perfect with her Rosalind, Lady
Teazle, Lydia Languish and Kate Hardcastle; and she created Galatea in
Gilbert's _Pygmalion and Galatea_ (1871). Short seasons followed at the
Court theatre and at the Prince of Wales's, at the latter of which they
joined the Bancrofts in _Diplomacy_ and other plays. Then in 1879 began
a long association with Mr (afterwards Sir John) Hare as joint-managers
of the St James's theatre, some of their notable successes being in _The
Squire_, _Impulse_, _The Ironmaster_ and _A Scrap of Paper_. In 1888,
however, the Hare and Kendal régime came to an end. From that time Mr
and Mrs Kendal chiefly toured in the provinces and in America, with an
occasional season at rare intervals in London.
KENDAL, a market town and municipal borough in the Kendal parliamentary
division of Westmorland, England, 251 m. N.N.W. from London on the
Windermere branch of the London & North-Western railway. Pop. (1901),
14,183. The town, the full name of which is Kirkby-Kendal or
Kirkby-in-Kendal, is the largest in the county. It is picturesquely
placed on the river Kent, and is irregularly built. The white-walled
houses with their blue-slated roofs, and the numerous trees, give it an
attractive appearance. To the S.W. rises an abrupt limestone eminence,
Scout Scar, which commands an extensive view towards Windermere and the
southern mountains of the Lake District. The church of the Holy Trinity,
the oldest part of which dates from about 1200, is a Gothic building
with five aisles and a square tower. In it is the helmet of Major Robert
Philipson, who rode into the church during service in search of one of
Cromwell's officers, Colonel Briggs, to do vengeance on him. This major
was notorious as "Robin the Devil," and his story is told in Scott's
_Rokeby_. Among the public buildings are the town hall, classic in
style; the market house, and literary and scientific institution, with a
museum containing a fossil collection from the limestone of the
locality. Educational establishments include a free grammar school, in
modern buildings, founded in 1525 and well endowed; a blue-coat school,
science and art school, and green-coat Sunday school (1813). On an
eminence east of the town are the ruins of Kendal castle, attributed to
the first barons of Kendal. It was the birthplace of Catherine Parr,
Henry VIII.'s last queen. On the Castlebrow Hill, an artificial mound
probably of pre-Norman origin, an obelisk was raised in 1788 in memory
of the revolution of 1688. The woollen manufactures of Kendal have been
noted since 1331, when Edward III. is said to have granted letters of
protection to John Kemp, a Flemish weaver who settled in the town; and,
although the coarse cloth known to Shakespeare as "Kendal green" is no
longer made, its place is more than supplied by active manufactures of
tweeds, railway rugs, horse clothing, knitted woollen caps and jackets,
worsted and woollen yarns, and similar goods. Other manufactures of
Kendal are machine-made boots and shoes, cards for wool and cotton,
agricultural and other machinery, paper, and, in the neighbourhood,
gunpowder. There is a large weekly market for grain, and annual horse
and cattle fairs. The town is governed by a mayor, 6 aldermen and 18
councillors. Area, 2622 acres.
The outline of a Roman fort is traceable at Watercrook near Kendal. The
barony and castle of Kendal or Kirkby-in-Kendal, held by Turold before
the Conquest, were granted by William I. to Ivo de Taillebois, but the
barony was divided into three parts in the reign of Richard II., one
part with the castle passing to Sir William Parr, knight, ancestor of
Catherine Parr. After the death of her brother William Parr, marquess of
Northampton, his share of the barony called Marquis Fee reverted to
Queen Elizabeth. The castle, being evidently deserted, was in ruins in
1586. Kendal was plundered by the Scots in 1210, and was visited by the
rebels in 1715 and again in 1745 when the Pretender was proclaimed king
there. Burgesses in Kendal are mentioned in 1345, and the borough with
"court housez" and the fee-farm of free tenants is included in a
confirmation charter to Sir William Parr in 1472. Richard III. in 1484
granted the inhabitants of the barony freedom from toll, passage and
pontage, and the town was incorporated in 1576 by Queen Elizabeth under
the title of an alderman and 12 burgesses, but Charles I. in 1635
appointed a mayor, 12 aldermen and 20 capital burgesses. Under the
Municipal Reform Act of 1835 the corporation was again altered. From
1832 to 1885 Kendal sent one member to parliament, but since the last
date its representation has been merged in that of the southern division
of the county. A weekly market on Saturday granted by Richard I. to
Roger Fitz Reinfred was purchased by the corporation from the earl of
Lonsdale and Captain Bagot, lords of the manor, in 1885 and 1886. Of the
five fairs which are now held three are ancient, that now held on the
29th of April being granted to Marmaduke de Tweng and William de Ros in
1307, and those on the 8th and 9th of November to Christiana, widow of
Ingelram de Gynes, in 1333.
See _Victoria County History, Westmorland_; Cornelius Nicholson, _The
Annals of Kendal_ (1861).
KENDALL, HENRY CLARENCE (1841-1882), Australian poet, son of a
missionary, was born in New South Wales on the 18th of April 1841. He
received only a slight education, and in 1860 he entered a lawyer's
office in Sydney. He had always had literary tastes, and sent some of
his verses in 1862 to London to be published in the _Athenaeum_. Next
year he obtained a clerkship in the Lands Department at Sydney, being
afterwards transferred to the Colonial Secretary's office; and he
combined this work with the writing of poetry and with journalism. His
principal volumes of verse were _Leaves from an Australian Forest_
(1869) and _Songs from the Mountains_ (1880), his feeling for nature, as
embodied in Australian landscape and bush-life, being very true and full
of charm. In 1869 he resigned his post in the public service, and for
some little while was in business with his brothers. Sir Henry Parkes
took an interest in him, and eventually appointed him to an
inspectorship of forests. He died on the 1st of August 1882. In 1886 a
memorial edition of his poems was published at Melbourne.
KENEALY, EDWARD VAUGHAN HYDE (1819-1880), Irish barrister and author,
was born at Cork on the 2nd of July 1819, the son of a local merchant.
He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin; was called to the Irish bar
in 1840 and to the English bar in 1847; and obtained a fair practice in
criminal cases. In 1868 he became a Q.C. and a bencher of Gray's Inn. It
was not, however, till 1873, when he became leading counsel for the
Tichborne claimant, that he came into any great prominence. His violent
conduct of the case became a public scandal, and after the verdict
against his client he started a paper to plead his cause and to attack
the judges. His behaviour was so extreme that in 1874 he was disbenched
and disbarred by his Inn. He then started an agitation throughout the
country to ventilate his grievances, and in 1875 was elected to
parliament for Stoke; but no member would introduce him when he took his
seat. Dr Kenealy, as he was always called, gradually ceased to attract
attention, and on the 16th of April 1880 he died in London. He published
a great quantity of verse, and also of somewhat mystical theology. His
second daughter, Dr Arabella Kenealy, besides practising as a physician,
wrote some clever novels.
KENG TUNG, the most extensive of the Shan States in the province of
Burma. It is in the southern Shan States' charge and lies almost
entirely east of the Salween river. The area of the state is rather over
12,000 sq. m. It is bounded N. by the states of Mang Lön, Möng Lem and
Keng Hung (Hsip Hsawng Panna), the two latter under Chinese control; E.
by the Mekong river, on the farther side of which is French Lao
territory; S. by the Siamese Shan States, and W. in a general way by the
Salween river, though it overlaps it in some places. The state is known
to the Chinese as Mêng Kêng, and was frequently called by the Burmese
"the 32 cities of the Gôn" (Hkön). Keng Tung has expanded very
considerably since the establishment of British control, by the
inclusion of the districts of Hsen Yawt, Hsen Mawng, Möng Hsat, Möng Pu,
and the cis-Mekong portions of Keng Cheng, which in Burmese times were
separate charges. The "classical" name of the state is Khemarata or
Khemarata Tungkapuri. About 63% of the area lies in the basin of the
Mekong river and 37% in the Salween drainage area. The watershed is a
high and generally continuous range. Some of its peaks rise to over 7000
ft., and the elevation is nowhere much below 5000 ft. Parallel to this
successive hill ranges run north and south. Mountainous country so
greatly predominates that the scattered valleys are but as islands in a
sea of rugged hills. The chief rivers, tributaries of the Salween, are
the Nam Hka, the Hwe Lông, Nam Pu, and the Nam Hsim. The first and last
are very considerable rivers. The Nam Hka rises in the Wa or Vü states,
the Nam Hsim on the watershed range in the centre of the state. Rocks
and rapids make both unnavigable, but much timber goes down the Nam
Hsim. The lower part of both rivers forms the boundary of Keng Tung
state. The chief tributaries of the Mekong are the Nam Nga, the Nam Lwe,
the Nam Yawng, Nam Lin, Nam Hôk and Nam Kôk. Of these the chief is the
Nam Lwe, which is navigable in the interior of the state, but enters the
Mekong by a gorge broken up by rocks. The Nam Lin and the Nam Kôk are
also considerable streams. The lower course of the latter passes by
Chieng Rai in Siamese territory. The lower Nam Hôk or Me Huak forms the
boundary with Siam.
The existence of minerals was reported by the sawbwa, or chief, to
Francis Garnier in 1867, but none is worked or located. Gold is washed
in most of the streams. Teak forests exist in Möng Pu and Möng Hsat,
and the sawbwa works them as government contracts. One-third of the
price realized from the sale of the logs at Moulmein is retained as
the government royalty. There are teak forests also in the Mekong
drainage area in the south of the state, but there is only a local
market for the timber. Rice, as elsewhere in the Shan States, is the
chief crop. Next to it is sugar-cane, grown both as a field crop and
in gardens. Earth-nuts and tobacco are the only other field crops in
the valleys. On the hills, besides rice, cotton, poppy and tea are the
chief crops. The tea is carelessly grown, badly prepared, and only
consumed locally. A great deal of garden produce is raised in the
valleys, especially near the capital. The state is rich in cattle, and
exports them to the country west of the Salween. Cotton and opium are
exported in large quantities, the former entirely to China, a good
deal of the latter to northern Siam, which also takes shoes and
sandals. Tea is carried through westwards from Keng Hung, and silk
from the Siamese Shan States. Cotton and silk weaving are dying out as
industries. Large quantities of shoes and sandals are made of buffalo
and bullock hide, with Chinese felt uppers and soft iron hobnails.
There is a good deal of pottery work. The chief work in iron is the
manufacture of guns, which has been carried on for many years in
certain villages of the Sam Tao district. The gun barrels and springs
are rude but effective, though not very durable. The revenue of the
state is collected as the Burmese _thathameda_, a rude system of
income-tax. From 1890, when the state made its submission, the annual
tributary offerings made in Burmese times were continued to the
British government, but in 1894 these offerings were converted into
tribute. For the quinquennial period 1903-1908 the state paid Rs.
30,000 (£2000) annually.
The population of the state was enumerated for the first time in 1901,
giving a total of 190,698. According to an estimate made by Mr G. C.
Stirling, the political officer in charge of the state, in 1897-1898,
of the various tribes of Shans, the Hkün and Lü contribute about
36,000 each, the western Shans 32,000, the Lem and Lao Shans about
7000, and the Chinese Shans about 5000. Of the hill tribes, the Kaw or
Aka are the most homogeneous with 22,000, but probably the Wa (or Vü),
disguised under various tribal names, are at least equally numerous.
Nominal Buddhists make up a total of 133,400, and the remainder are
classed as animists. Spirit-worship is, however, very conspicuously
prevalent amongst all classes even of the Shans. The present sawbwa or
chief received his patent from the British government on the 9th of
February 1897. The early history of Keng Tung is very obscure, but
Burmese influence seems to have been maintained since the latter half,
at any rate, of the 16th century. The Chinese made several attempts to
subdue the state, and appear to have taken the capital in 1765-66, but
were driven out by the united Shan and Burmese troops. The same fate
seems to have attended the first Siamese invasion of 1804. The second
and third Siamese invasions, in 1852 and 1854, resulted in great
disaster to the invaders, though the capital was invested for a time.
Keng Tung, the capital, is situated towards the southern end of a
valley about 12 m. long and with an average breadth of 7 m. The town
is surrounded by a brick wall and moat about 5 m. round. Only the
central and northern portions are much built over. Pop. (1901), 5695.
It is the most considerable town in the British Shan States. In the
dry season crowds attend the market held according to Shan custom
every five days, and numerous caravans come from China. The military
post formerly was 7 m. west of the town, at the foot of the watershed
range. At first the headquarters of a regiment was stationed there;
this was reduced to a wing, and recently to military police. The site
was badly chosen and proved very unhealthy, and the headquarters both
military and civil have been transferred to Loi Ngwe Lông, a ridge
6500 ft. above sea-level 12 m. south of the capital. The rainfall
probably averages between 50 and 60 in. for the year. The temperature
seems to rise to nearly 100° F. during the hot weather, falling 30° or
more during the night. In the cold weather a temperature of 40° or a
few degrees more or less appears to be the lowest experienced. The
plain in which the capital stands has an altitude of 3000 ft.
(J. G. Sc.)
KENILWORTH, a market town in the Rugby parliamentary division of
Warwickshire, England; pleasantly situated on a tributary of the Avon,
on a branch of the London & North-Western railway, 99 m. N.W. from
London. Pop. of urban district (1901), 4544. The town is only of
importance from its antiquarian interest and the magnificent ruins of
its old castle. The walls originally enclosed an area of 7 acres. The
principal portions of the building remaining are the gatehouse, now used
as a dwelling-house; Caesar's tower, the only portion built by Geoffrey
de Clinton now extant, with massive walls 16 ft. thick; the Merwyn's
tower of Scott's _Kenilworth_; the great hall built by John of Gaunt
with windows of very beautiful design; and the Leicester buildings,
which are in a very ruinous condition. Not far from the castle are the
remains of an Augustinian monastery founded in 1122, and afterwards made
an abbey. Adjoining the abbey is the parish church of St Nicholas,
restored in 1865, a structure of mixed architecture, containing a fine
Norman doorway, which is supposed to have been the entrance of the
former abbey church.
Kenilworth (_Chinewrde_, _Kenillewurda_, _Kinelingworthe_, _Kenilord_,
_Killingworth_) is said to have been a member of Stoneleigh before the
Norman Conquest and a possession of the Saxon kings, whose royal
residence there was destroyed in the wars between Edward and Canute. The
town was granted by Henry I. to Geoffrey de Clinton, a Norman who built
the castle round which the whole history of Kenilworth centres. He also
founded a monastery here about 1122. Geoffrey's grandson released his
right to King John, and the castle remained with the crown until Henry
III. granted it to Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester. The famous
"Dictum de Kenilworth" was proclaimed here in 1266. After the battle of
Evesham the rebel forces rallied at the castle, which, after a siege of
six months, was surrendered by Henry de Hastings, the governor, on
account of the scarceness of food and of the "pestilent disease" which
raged there. The king then granted it to his son Edmund. Through John of
Gaunt it came to Henry IV. and was granted by Elizabeth in 1562 to
Robert Dudley, afterwards earl of Leicester, but on his death in 1588
again merged in the possessions of the Crown. The earl spent large sums
on restoring the castle and grounds, and here in July 1575 he
entertained Queen Elizabeth at "excessive cost," as described in Scott's
_Kenilworth_. On the queen's first entry "a small floating island
illuminated by a great variety of torches ... made its appearance upon
the lake," upon which, clad in silks, were the Lady of the Lake and two
nymphs waiting on her, and for the several days of her stay "rare shews
and sports were there exercised." During the civil wars the castle was
dismantled by the soldiers of Cromwell and was from that time abandoned
to decay. The only mention of Kenilworth as a borough occurs in a
charter of Henry I. to Geoffrey de Clinton and in the charters of Henry
I. and Henry II. to the church of St Mary of Kenilworth confirming the
grant of lands made by Geoffrey to this church, and mentioning that he
kept the land in which his castle was situated and also land for making
his borough, park and fishpond. The town possesses large tanneries.
KENITES, in the Bible a tribe or clan of the south of Palestine, closely
associated with the Amalekites, whose hostility towards Israel, however,
it did not share. On this account Saul spared them when bidden by Yahweh
to destroy Amalek; David, too, whilst living in Judah, appears to have
been on friendly terms with them (1 Sam. xv. 6; xxx. 29). Moses himself
married into a Kenite family (Judges i. 16), and the variant tradition
would seem to show that the Kenites were only a branch of the Midianites
(see JETHRO, MIDIAN). Jael, the slayer of Sisera (see DEBORAH), was the
wife of Heber the Kenite, who lived near Kadesh in Naphtali; and the
appearance of the clan in this locality may be explained from the
nomadic habits of the tribe, or else as a result of the northward
movement in which at least one other clan or tribe took part (see Dan).
There is an obscure allusion to their destruction in an appendage to the
oracles of Balaam (Num. xxiv. 21 seq., see G. B. Gray, _Intern. Crit.
Comm._ p. 376); and with this, the only unfavourable reference to them,
may perhaps be associated the curse of Cain. Although some connexion
with the name of Cain is probable, it is difficult, however, to explain
the curse (for one view, see LEVITES). More important is the prominent
part played by the Kenite (or Midianite) father-in-law of Moses, whose
help and counsel are related in Exod. xviii.; and if, as seems probable,
the Rechabites (q.v.) were likewise of Kenite origin (1 Chron. ii. 55),
this obscure tribe had evidently an important part in shaping the
religion of Israel.
See on this question, HEBREW RELIGION, and Budde, _Religion of Israel
to the Exile_, vol. i.; G. A. Barton, _Semitic Origins_, pp. 272 sqq.;
L. B. Paton, _Biblical World_ (1906, July and August). On the
migration of the Kenites into Palestine (cf. Num. x. 29 with Judges i.
16), see CALEB, GENESIS, JERAHMEEL, JUDAH. (S. A. C.)
KENMORE, a village and parish of Perthshire, Scotland, 6 m. W. of
Aberfeldy. Pop. of parish (1901), 1271. It is situated at the foot of
Loch Tay, near the point where the river Tay leaves the lake. Taymouth
Castle, the seat of the Marquess of Breadalbane, stands near the base of
Drummond Hill in a princely park through which flows the Tay. It is a
stately four-storeyed edifice with corner towers and a central pavilion,
and was built in 1801 (the west wing being added in 1842) on the site of
the mansion erected in 1580 for Sir Colin Campbell of Glenorchy. The old
house was called Balloch (Gaelic, _bealach_, "the outlet of a lake").
Two miles S.W. of Kenmore are the Falls of the Acharn, 80 ft. high. When
Wordsworth and his sister visited them in 1803 the grotto at the cascade
was fitted up to represent a "hermit's mossy cell." At the village of
Fortingall, on the north side of Loch Tay, are the shell of a yew
conjectured to be 3000 years old and the remains of a Roman camp.
Glenlyon House was the home of Campbell of Glenlyon, chief agent in the
massacre of Glencoe. At Garth, 2½ m. N.E., are the ruins of an ancient
castle, said to have been a stronghold of Alexander Stewart, the Wolf of
Badenoch (1343-1405), in close proximity to the modern mansion built for
Sir Donald Currie.
KENMURE, WILLIAM GORDON, 6th viscount (d. 1716), Jacobite leader, son of
Alexander, 5th viscount (d. 1698), was descended from the same family as
Sir John Gordon of Lochinvar (d. 1604), whose grandson, Sir John Gordon
(d. 1634), was created Viscount Kenmure in 1633. The family had
generally adhered to the Presbyterian cause, but Robert, the 4th
viscount, had been excepted from the amnesty granted to the Scottish
royalists in 1654, and the 5th viscount, who had succeeded his kinsman
Robert in 1663, after some vacillation, had joined the court of the
exiled Stuarts. The 6th viscount's adherence to the Pretender in 1715 is
said to have been due to his wife Mary Dalzell (d. 1776), sister of
Robert, 6th earl of Carnwath. He raised the royal standard of Scotland
at Lochmaben on the 12th of October 1715, and was joined by about two
hundred gentlemen, with Carnwath, William Maxwell, 5th earl of
Nithsdale, and George Seton, 5th earl of Wintoun. This small force
received some additions before Kenmure reached Hawick, where he learnt
the news of the English rising. He effected a junction with Thomas
Forster and James Radclyffe, 3rd earl of Derwentwater, at Rothbury.
Their united forces of some fourteen hundred men, after a series of
rather aimless marches, halted at Kelso, where they were reinforced by a
brigade under William Mackintosh. Threatened by an English army under
General George Carpenter, they eventually crossed the English border to
join the Lancashire Jacobites, and the command was taken over by
Forster. Kenmure was taken prisoner at Preston on the 13th of November,
and was sent to the Tower. In the following January he was tried with
other Jacobite noblemen before the House of Lords, when he pleaded
guilty, and appealed to the king's mercy. Immediately before his
execution on Tower Hill on the 24th of February he reiterated his belief
in the claims of the Pretender. His estates and titles were forfeited,
but in 1824 an act of parliament repealed the forfeiture, and his direct
descendant, John Gordon (1750-1840), became Viscount Kenmure. On the
death of the succeeding peer, Adam, 8th viscount, without issue in 1847,
the title became dormant.
KENNEDY, the name of a famous and powerful Scottish family long settled
in Ayrshire, derived probably from the name Kenneth. Its chief seat is
at Culzean, or Colzean, near Maybole in Ayrshire.
A certain Duncan who became earl of Carrick early in the 13th century is
possibly an ancestor of the Kennedys, but a more certain ancestor is
John Kennedy of Dunure, who obtained Cassillis and other lands in
Ayrshire about 1350. John's descendant, Sir James Kennedy, married Mary,
a daughter of King Robert III. and their son, Sir Gilbert Kennedy, was
created Lord Kennedy before 1458. Another son was James Kennedy (c.
1406-1465), bishop of St Andrews from 1441 until his death in July 1465.
The bishop founded and endowed St Salvator's college at St Andrews and
built a large and famous ship called the "St Salvator." Andrew Lang
(_History of Scotland_, vol. i.) says of him, "The chapel which he built
for his college is still thronged by the scarlet gowns of his students;
his arms endure on the oaken doors; the beautiful silver mace of his
gift, wrought in Paris, and representing all orders of spirits in the
universe, is one of the few remaining relics of ancient Scottish plate."
Before the bishop had begun to assist in ruling Scotland, a kinsman, Sir
Hugh Kennedy, had helped Joan of Arc to drive the English from France.
One of Gilbert Kennedy's sons was the poet, Walter Kennedy (q.v.), and
his grandson David, third Lord Kennedy (killed at Flodden, 1513), was
created earl of Cassillis before 1510; David's sister Janet Kennedy was
one of the mistresses of James IV. The earl was succeeded by his son
Gilbert, a prominent figure in the history of Scotland from 1513 until
he was killed at Prestwick on the 22nd of December 1527. His son
Gilbert, the 3rd earl (c. 1517-1558), was educated by George Buchanan,
and was a prisoner in England after the rout of Solway Moss in 1542. He
was soon released and was lord high treasurer of Scotland from 1554 to
1558, although he had been intriguing with the English and had offered
to kill Cardinal Beaton in the interests of Henry VIII. He died somewhat
mysteriously at Dieppe late in 1558 when returning from Paris, where he
had attended the marriage of Mary Queen of Scots, and the dauphin of
France. He was the father of the "king of Carrick" and the brother of
Quintin Kennedy (1520-1564), abbot of Crossraguel. The abbot wrote
several works defending the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, and
in 1562 had a public discussion on these questions with John Knox, which
took place at Maybole and lasted for three days. He died on the 22nd of
August 1564.
Gilbert Kennedy, 4th earl of Cassillis (c. 1541-1576), called the "king
of Carrick," became a protestant, but fought for Queen Mary at Langside
in 1568. He is better known through his cruel treatment of Allan
Stewart, the commendator abbot of Crossraguel, Stewart being badly
burned by the earl's orders at Dunure in 1570 in order to compel him to
renounce his title to the abbey lands which had been seized by
Cassillis. This "ane werry greedy man" died at Edinburgh in December
1576. His son John (c. 1567-1615), who became the 5th earl, was lord
high treasurer of Scotland in 1599 and his lifetime witnessed the
culmination of a great feud between the senior and a younger branch of
the Kennedy family. He was succeeded as 6th earl by his nephew John (c.
1595-1668), called "the grave and solemn earl." A strong presbyterian,
John was one of the leaders of the Scots in their resistance to Charles
I. In 1643 he went to the Westminster Assembly of Divines and several
times he was sent on missions to Charles I. and to Charles II.; for a
time he was lord justice general and he was a member of Cromwell's House
of Lords. His son, John, became the 7th earl, and one of his daughters,
Margaret, married Gilbert Burnet, afterwards bishop of Salisbury. His
first wife, Jean (1607-1642), daughter of Thomas Hamilton, 1st earl of
Haddington, has been regarded as the heroine of the ballad "The Gypsie
Laddie," but this identity is now completely disproved. John, the 7th
earl, "the heir," says Burnet, "to his father's stiffness, but not to
his other virtues," supported the revolution of 1688 and died on the
23rd of July 1701; his grandson John, the 8th earl, died without sons in
August 1759.
The titles and estates of the Kennedys were now claimed by William
Douglas, afterwards duke of Queensberry, a great-grandson in the female
line of the 7th earl and also by Sir Thomas Kennedy, Bart., of Culzean,
a descendant of the 3rd earl, i.e. by the heir general and the heir
male. In January 1762 the House of Lords decided in favour of the heir
male, and Sir Thomas became the 9th earl of Cassillis. He died unmarried
on the 30th of November 1775, and his brother David, the 10th earl, also
died unmarried on the 18th of December 1792, when the baronetcy became
extinct. The earldom of Cassillis now passed to a cousin, Archibald
Kennedy, a captain in the royal navy, whose father, Archibald Kennedy
(d. 1763), had migrated to America in 1722 and had become collector of
customs in New York. His son, the 11th earl, had estates in New Jersey
and married an American heiress; in 1765 he was said to own more houses
in New York than any one else. He died in London on the 30th of December
1794, and was succeeded by his son Archibald (1770-1846), who was
created Baron Ailsa in 1806 and marquess of Ailsa in 1831. His
great-grandson Archibald (b. 1847) became 3rd marquess.
See the article in vol. ii. of Sir R. Douglas's _Peerage of Scotland_,
edited by Sir J. B. Paul (1905). This is written by Lord Ailsa's son
and heir, Archibald Kennedy, earl of Cassillis (b. 1872).
KENNEDY, BENJAMIN HALL (1804-1889), English scholar, was born at Summer
Hill, near Birmingham, on the 6th of November 1804, the eldest son of
Rann Kennedy (1772-1851), who came of a branch of the Ayrshire family
which had settled in Staffordshire. Rann Kennedy was a scholar and man
of letters, several of whose sons rose to distinction. B. H. Kennedy was
educated at Birmingham and Shrewsbury schools, and St John's College,
Cambridge. After a brilliant university career he was elected fellow and
classical lecturer of St John's College in 1828. Two years later he
became an assistant master at Harrow, whence he went to Shrewsbury as
headmaster in 1836. He retained this post until 1866, the thirty years
of his rule being marked by a long series of successes won by his
pupils, chiefly in classics. When he retired from Shrewsbury a large sum
was collected as a testimonial to him, and was devoted partly to the new
school buildings and partly to the founding of a Latin professorship at
Cambridge. The first two occupants of the chair were both Kennedy's old
pupils, H. A. J. Munro and J. E. B. Mayor. In 1867 he was elected
regius professor of Greek at Cambridge and canon of Ely. From 1870 to
1880 he was a member of the committee for the revision of the New
Testament. He was an enthusiastic advocate for the admission of women to
a university education, and took a prominent part in the establishment
of Newnham and Girton colleges. He was also a keen politician of liberal
sympathies. He died near Torquay on the 6th of April 1889. Among a
number of classical school-books published by him are two, a _Public
School Latin Primer_ and _Public School Latin Grammar_, which were for
long in use in nearly all English schools.
His other chief works are: Sophocles, _Oedipus Tyrannus_ (2nd ed.,
1885), Aristophanes, _Birds_ (1874); Aeschylus, _Agamemnon_ (2nd ed.,
1882), with introduction, metrical translation and notes; a commentary
on Virgil (3rd ed., 1881); and a translation of Plato, _Theaetetus_
(1881). He contributed largely to the collection known as _Sabrinae
Corolla_, and published a collection of verse in Greek, Latin and
English under the title of _Between Whiles_ (2nd ed., 1882), with many
autobiographical details.
His brother, CHARLES RANN KENNEDY (1808-1867), was educated at
Shrewsbury school and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated as
senior classic (1831). He then became a barrister. From 1849-1856 he was
professor of law at Queen's College, Birmingham. As adviser to Mrs
Swinfen, the plaintiff in the celebrated will case Swinfen v. Swinfen
(1856), he brought an action for remuneration for professional services,
but the verdict given in his favour at Warwick assizes was set aside by
the court of Common Pleas, on the ground that a barrister could not sue
for the recovery of his fees. The excellence of Kennedy's scholarship is
abundantly proved by his translation of the orations of Demosthenes
(1852-1863, in Bohn's _Classical Library_), and his blank verse
translation of the works of Virgil (1861). He was also the author of
_New Rules for Pleading_ (2nd ed., 1841) and _A Treatise on Annuities_
(1846). He died in Birmingham on the 17th of December 1867.
Another brother, REV. WILLIAM JAMES KENNEDY (1814-1891), was a prominent
educationalist, and the father of Lord Justice Sir William Rann Kennedy
(b. 1846), himself a distinguished Cambridge scholar.
KENNEDY, THOMAS FRANCIS (1788-1879), Scottish politician, was born near
Ayr in 1788. He studied for the bar and became advocate in 1811. Having
been elected M.P. for the Ayr burghs in 1818, he devoted the greater
part of his life to the promotion of Liberal reforms. In 1820 he married
the only daughter of Sir Samuel Romilly. He was greatly assisted by Lord
Cockburn, then Mr Henry Cockburn, and a volume of correspondence
published by Kennedy in 1874 forms a curious and interesting record of
the consultations of the two friends on measures which they regarded as
requisite for the political regeneration of their native country. One of
the first measures to which he directed his attention was the withdrawal
of the power of nominating juries from the judges, and the imparting of
a right of peremptory challenge to prisoners. Among other subjects were
the improvement of the parish schools, of pauper administration, and of
several of the corrupt forms of legal procedure which then prevailed. In
the construction of the Scottish Reform Act Kennedy took a prominent
part; indeed he and Lord Cockburn may almost be regarded as its authors.
After the accession of the Whigs to office in 1832 he held various
important offices in the ministry, and most of the measures of reform
for Scotland, such as burgh reform, the improvements in the law of
entail, and the reform of the sheriff courts, owed much to his sagacity
and energy. In 1837 he went to Ireland as paymaster of civil services,
and set himself to the promotion of various measures of reform. Kennedy
retired from office in 1854, but continued to take keen interest in
political affairs, and up to his death in 1879 took a great part in both
county and parish business. He had a stern love of justice, and a
determined hatred of everything savouring of jobbery or dishonesty.
KENNEDY, WALTER (c. 1460-c. 1508), Scottish poet, was the third son of
Gilbert, 1st Lord Kennedy. He matriculated at Glasgow University in
1475 and took his M.A. degree in 1478. In 1481 he was one of four
examiners in his university, and in 1492 he acted as depute for his
nephew, the hereditary bailie of Carrick. He is best known for his share
in the _Flyting_ with Dunbar (q.v.). In this coarse combat of wits
Dunbar taunts his rival with his Highland speech (the poem is an
expression of Gaelic and "Inglis," i.e. English, antagonism); and
implies that he had been involved in treason, and had disguised himself
as a beggar in Galloway. With the exception of this share in the
_Flyting_ Kennedy's poems are chiefly religious in character. They
include _The Praise of Aige_, _Ane Agit Manis Invective against Mouth
Thankless_, _Ane Ballat in Praise of Our Lady_, _The Passion of Christ_
and _Pious Counsale_. They are printed in the rare supplement to David
Laing's edition of _William Dunbar_ (1834), and they have been re-edited
by Dr J. Schipper in the proceedings of the Kais. Akad. der
Wissenschaften (Vienna).
See also the prolegomena in the Scottish Text Society's edition of
Dunbar; and (for the life) Pitcairn's edition of the _Historie of the
Kennedies_ (1830).
KENNEL, a small hut or shelter for a dog, also extended to a group of
buildings for a pack of hounds (see DOG). The word is apparently from a
Norman-French _kenil_ (this form does not occur, but is seen in the
Norman _kinet_, a little dog), modern French _chenil_, from popular
Latin _canile_, place for a dog, _canis_, cf. _ovile_, sheep-cote. The
word "kennel," a gutter, a drain in a street or road, is a corruption of
the Middle English _canel, cannel_, in modern English "channel," from
Latin _canalis_, canal.
KENNETH, the name of two kings of the Scots.
KENNETH I., MacAlpin (d. c. 860), often described as the first king of
Scotland (kingdom of Scone), was the son of the Alpin, called king of
the Scots, who had been slain by the Picts in 832 or 834, whilst
endeavouring to assert his claim to the Pictish throne. On the death of
his father, Kenneth is said to have succeeded him in the kingdom of the
Scots. The region of his rule is matter of conjecture, though Galloway
seems the most probable suggestion, in which case he probably led a
piratic host against the Picts. On the father's side he was descended
from the Conall Gabhrain of the old Dalriadic Scottish kingdom, and the
claims of father and son to the Pictish throne were probably through
female descent. Their chief support seems to have been found in Fife. In
the seventh year of his reign (839 or 841) he took advantage of the
effects of a Danish invasion of the Pictish kingdom to attack the
remaining Picts, whom he finally subdued in 844 or 846. In 846 or 848 he
transported the relics of St Columba to a church which he had
constructed at Scone. He is said also to have carried out six invasions
of Northumbria, in the course of which he burnt Dunbar and took Melrose.
According to the _Scalacronica_ of Sir Thomas Gray he drove the Angles
and Britons over the Tweed, reduced the land as far as that river, and
first called his kingdom Scotland. In his reign there appears to have
been a serious invasion by Danish pirates, in which Cluny and Dunkeld
were burnt. He died in 860 or 862, after a reign of twenty-eight years,
at Forteviot and was buried at Iona. The double dates are due to a
contest of authorities. Twenty-eight years is the accepted length of his
reign, and according to the chronicle of Henry of Huntingdon it began in
832. The Pictish Chronicle, however, gives Tuesday, the 13th of February
as the day, and this suits 862 only, in which case his reign would begin
in 834.
KENNETH II. (d. 995), son of Malcolm I., king of Alban, succeeded
Cuilean, son of Indulph, who had been slain by the Britons of
Strathclyde in 971 in Lothian. Kenneth began his reign by ravaging the
British kingdom, but he lost a large part of his force on the river
Cornag. Soon afterwards he attacked Eadulf, earl of the northern half of
Northumbria, and ravaged the whole of his territory. He fortified the
fords of the Forth as a defence against the Britons and again invaded
Northumbria, carrying off the earl's son. About this time he gave the
city of Brechin to the church. In 977 he is said to have slain Amlaiph
or Olaf, son of Indulph, king of Alban, perhaps a rival claimant to the
throne. According to the English chroniclers, Kenneth paid homage to
King Edgar for the cession of Lothian, but these statements are probably
due to the controversy as to the position of Scotland. The _mormaers_,
or chiefs, of Kenneth were engaged throughout his reign in a contest
with Sigurd the Norwegian, earl of Orkney, for the possession of
Caithness and the northern district of Scotland as far south as the
Spey. In this struggle the Scots attained no permanent success. In 995
Kenneth, whose strength like that of the other kings of his branch of
the house of Kenneth MacAlpin lay chiefly north of the Tay, was slain
treacherously by his own subjects, according to the later chroniclers at
Fettercairn in the Mearns through an intrigue of Einvela, daughter of
the earl of Angus. He was buried at Iona.
See _Chronicles of the Picts and Scots_, ed. W. F. Skene (Edinburgh,
1867), and W. F. Skene, _Celtic Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1876).
KENNETT, WHITE (1660-1728), English bishop and antiquary, was born at
Dover in August 1660. He was educated at Westminster school and at St
Edmund's Hall, Oxford, where, while an undergraduate, he published
several translations of Latin works, including Erasmus _In Praise of
Folly_. In 1685 he became vicar of Ambrosden, Oxfordshire. A few years
afterwards he returned to Oxford as tutor and vice-principal of St
Edmund's Hall, where he gave considerable impetus to the study of
antiquities. George Hickes gave him lessons in Old English. In 1695 he
published _Parochial Antiquities_. In 1700 he became rector of St
Botolph's, Aldgate, London, and in 1701 archdeacon of Huntingdon. For a
eulogistic sermon on the first duke of Devonshire he was in 1707
recommended to the deanery of Peterborough. He afterwards joined the Low
Church party, strenuously opposed the Sacheverel movement, and in the
Bangorian controversy supported with great zeal and considerable
bitterness the side of Bishop Hoadly. His intimacy with Charles
Trimnell, bishop of Norwich, who was high in favour with the king,
secured for him in 1718 the bishopric of Peterborough. He died at
Westminster in December 1728.
Kennett published in 1698 an edition of Sir Henry Spelman's _History
of Sacrilege_, and he was the author of fifty-seven printed works,
chiefly tracts and sermons. He wrote the third volume (Charles
I.-Anne) of the composite _Compleat History of England_ (1706), and a
more detailed and valuable _Register and Chronicle_ of the
Restoration. He was much interested in the Society for the Propagation
of the Gospel.
The _Life of Bishop White Kennett_, by the Rev. William Newton
(anonymous), appeared in 1730. See also Nichols's _Literary
Anecdotes_, and I. Disraeli's _Calamities of Authors_.
KENNEY, JAMES (1780-1849), English dramatist, was the son of James
Kenney, one of the founders of Boodles' Club in London. His first play,
a farce called _Raising the Wind_ (1803), was a success owing to the
popularity of the character of "Jeremy Diddler." Kenney produced more
than forty dramas and operas between 1803 and 1845, and many of his
pieces, in which Mrs Siddons, Madame Vestris, Foote, Lewis, Liston and
other leading players appeared from time to time, enjoyed a considerable
vogue. His most popular play was _Sweethearts and Wives_, produced at
the Haymarket theatre in 1823, and several times afterwards revived; and
among the most successful of his other works were: _False Alarms_
(1807), a comic opera with music by Braham; _Love, Law and Physic_
(1812); _Spring and Autumn_ (1827); _The Illustrious Stranger, or
Married and Buried_ (1827); _Masaniello_ (1829); _The Sicilian Vespers_,
a tragedy (1840). Kenney, who numbered Charles Lamb and Samuel Rogers
among his friends, died in London on the 25th of July 1849. He married
the widow of the dramatist Thomas Holcroft, by whom he had two sons and
two daughters.
His second son, CHARLES LAMB KENNEY (1823-1881), made a name as a
journalist, dramatist and miscellaneous writer. Commencing life as a
clerk in the General Post Office in London, he joined the staff of _The
Times_, to which paper he contributed dramatic criticism. In 1856,
having been called to the bar, he became secretary to Ferdinand de
Lesseps, and in 1857 he published _The Gates of the East_ in support of
the projected construction of the Suez Canal. Kenney wrote the words for
a number of light operas, and was the author of several popular songs,
the best known of which were "Soft and Low" (1865) and "The Vagabond"
(1871). He also published a _Memoir of M. W. Balfe_ (1875), and
translated the _Correspondence_ of Balzac. He included Thackeray and
Dickens among his friends in a literary coterie in which he enjoyed the
reputation of a wit and an accomplished writer of _vers de société_. He
died in London on the 25th of August 1881.
See John Genest, _Some Account of the English Stage, 1660-1830_, vols.
vii. and viii. (10 vols., London, 1832); P. W. Clayden, _Rogers and
his Contemporaries_ (2 vols., London, 1889); _Dict. National Biog_.
KENNGOTT, GUSTAV ADOLPH (1818-1897), German mineralogist, was born at
Breslau on the 6th of January 1818. After being employed in the
Hofmineralien Cabinet at Vienna, he became professor of mineralogy in
the university of Zürich. He was distinguished for his researches on
mineralogy, crystallography and petrology. He died at Lugano, on the 7th
of March 1897.
PUBLICATIONS.--_Lehrbuch der reinen Krystallographie_ (1846);
_Lehrbuch der Mineralogie_ (1852 and 1857; 5th ed., 1880); _Übersicht
der Resultate mineralogischer Forschungen in den Jahren 1844-1865_ (7
vols., 1852-1868); _Die Minerale der Schweiz_ (1866); _Elemente der
Petrographie_ (1868).
KENNICOTT, BENJAMIN (1718-1783), English divine and Hebrew scholar, was
born at Totnes, Devonshire, on the 4th of April 1718. He succeeded his
father as master of a charity school, but by the liberality of friends
he was enabled to go to Wadham College, Oxford, in 1744, where he
distinguished himself in Hebrew and divinity. While an undergraduate he
published two dissertations, _On the Tree of Life in Paradise, with some
Observations on the Fall of Man_, and _On the Oblations of Cain and
Abel_ (2nd ed., 1747), which procured him the honour of a bachelor's
degree before the statutory time. In 1747 he was elected fellow of
Exeter College, and in 1750 he took his degree of M.A. In 1764 he was
made a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1767 keeper of the Radcliffe
Library. He was also canon of Christ Church (1770) and rector of Culham
(1753), in Oxfordshire, and was subsequently presented to the living of
Menheniot, Cornwall, which he was unable to visit and resigned two years
before his death. He died at Oxford, on the 18th of September 1783.
His chief work is the _Vetus Testamentum hebraicum cum variis
lectionibus_ (2 vols. fol., Oxford, 1776-1780). Before this appeared
he had written two dissertations entitled _The State of the Printed
Hebrew Text of the Old Testament considered_, published respectively
in 1753 and 1759, which were designed to combat the then current ideas
as to the "absolute integrity" of the received Hebrew text. The first
contains "a comparison of 1 Chron. xi. with 2 Sam. v. and xxiii. and
observations on seventy MSS., with an extract of mistakes and various
readings"; the second defends the claims of the Samaritan Pentateuch,
assails the correctness of the printed copies of the Chaldee
paraphrase, gives an account of Hebrew MSS. of the Bible known to be
extant, and catalogues one hundred MSS. preserved in the British
Museum and in the libraries of Oxford and Cambridge. In 1760 he issued
his proposals for collating all Hebrew MSS. of date prior to the
invention of printing. Subscriptions to the amount of nearly £10,000
were obtained, and many learned men addressed themselves to the work
of collation, Bruns of Helmstadt making himself specially useful as
regarded MSS. in Germany, Switzerland and Italy. Between 1760 and 1769
ten "annual accounts" of the progress of the work were given; in its
course 615 Hebrew MSS. and 52 printed editions of the Bible were
either wholly or partially collated, and use was also made (but often
very perfunctorily) of the quotations in the Talmud. The materials
thus collected, when properly arranged and made ready for the press,
extended to 30 vols. fol. The text finally followed in printing was
that of Van der Hooght--unpointed however, the points having been
disregarded in collation--and the various readings were printed at the
foot of the page. The Samaritan Pentateuch stands alongside the Hebrew
in parallel columns. The _Dissertatio generalis_, appended to the
second volume, contains an account of the MSS. and other authorities
collated, and also a review of the Hebrew text, divided into periods,
and beginning with the formation of the Hebrew canon after the return
of the Jews from the exile. Kennicott's great work was in one sense a
failure. It yielded no materials of value for the emendation of the
received text, and by disregarding the vowel points overlooked the one
thing in which some result (grammatical if not critical) might have
been derived from collation of Massoretic MSS. But the negative result
of the publication and of the _Variæ lectiones_ of De Rossi,
published some years later, was important. It showed that the Hebrew
text can be emended only by the use of the versions aided by
conjecture.
Kennicott's work was perpetuated by his widow, who founded two
university scholarships at Oxford for the study of Hebrew. The fund
yields an income of £200 per annum.
KENNINGTON, a district in the south of London, England, within the
municipal borough of Lambeth. There was a royal palace here until the
reign of Henry VII. Kennington Common, now represented by Kennington
Park, was the site of a gallows until the end of the 18th century, and
was the meeting-place appointed for the great Chartist demonstration of
the 10th of April 1848. Kennington Oval is the ground of the Surrey
County Cricket Club. (See LAMBETH.)
KENORA (formerly RAT PORTAGE), a town and port of entry in Ontario,
Canada, and the chief town of Rainy River district, situated at an
altitude of 1087 ft. above the sea. Pop. (1891), 1806; (1901) 5222. It
is 133 m. by rail east of Winnipeg, on the Canadian Pacific railway, and
at the outlet of the Lake of the Woods. The Winnipeg river has at this
point a fall of 16 ft., which, with the lake as a reservoir, furnishes
an abundant and unfailing water-power. The industrial establishments
comprise reduction works, saw-mills and flour-mills, one of the latter
being the largest in Canada. It is the distributing point for the gold
mines of the district, and during the summer months steamboat
communication is maintained on the lake. There is important sturgeon
fishing.
KENOSHA, a city and the county-seat of Kenosha county, Wisconsin,
U.S.A., on the S.W. shore of Lake Michigan, 35 m. S. of Milwaukee and 50
m. N. of Chicago. Pop. (1900), 11,606, of whom 3333 were foreign-born;
(1910), 21,371. It is served by the Chicago & North-Western railway, by
interurban electric lines connecting with Chicago and Milwaukee, and by
freight and passenger steamship lines on Lake Michigan. It has a good
harbour and a considerable lake commerce. The city is finely situated on
high bluffs above the lake, and is widely known for its healthiness. At
Kenosha is the Gilbert M. Simmons library, with 19,300 volumes in 1908.
Just south of the city is Kemper Hall, a Protestant Episcopal school for
girls, under the charge of the Sisters of St Mary, opened in 1870 as a
memorial to Jackson Kemper (1789-1870), the first missionary bishop
(1835-1859), and the first bishop of Wisconsin (1854-1870) of the
Protestant Episcopal Church. Among Kenosha's manufactures are brass and
iron beds (the Simmons Manufacturing Co.), mattresses, typewriters,
leather and brass goods, wagons, and automobiles--the "Rambler"
automobile being made at Kenosha by Thomas B. Jeffery and Co. There is
an extensive sole-leather tannery. The total value of the factory
product in 1905 was $12,362,600, the city ranking third in product value
among the cities of the state. Kenosha, originally known as Southport,
was settled about 1832, organized as the village of Southport in 1842,
and chartered in 1850 as a city under its present name.
KENSETT, JOHN FREDERICK (1818-1872), American artist, was born in
Cheshire, Connecticut, on the 22nd of March 1818. After studying
engraving he went abroad, took up painting, and exhibited at the Royal
Academy, London, in 1845. In 1849 he was elected to the National Academy
of Design, New York, and in 1859 he was appointed a member of the
committee to superintend the decoration of the United States Capitol at
Washington, D.C. After his death the contents of his studio realized at
public auction over $150,000. He painted landscapes more or less in the
manner of the Hudson River School.
KENSINGTON, a western metropolitan borough of London, England, bounded
N.E. by Paddington, and the city of Westminster, S.E. by Chelsea, S.W.
by Fulham, N.W. by Hammersmith, and extending N. to the boundary of the
county of London. Pop. (1901), 176,628. It includes the districts of
Kensal Green (partly) in the north, Notting Hill in the north-central
portion, Earl's Court in the south-west, and Brompton in the south-east.
A considerable but indefinite area adjoining Brompton is commonly called
South Kensington; but the area known as West Kensington is within the
borough of Fulham.
The name appears in early forms as _Chenesitun_ and _Kenesitune_. Its
origin is obscure, and has been variously connected with a Saxon royal
residence (King's town), a family of the name of Chenesi, and the word
_caen_, meaning wood, from the forest which originally covered the
district and was still traceable in Tudor times. The most probable
derivation, however, finds in the name a connection with the Saxon tribe
or family of Kensings. The history of the manor is traceable from the
time of Edward the Confessor, and after the Conquest it was held of the
Bishop of Coutances by Aubrey de Vere. Soon after this it became the
absolute property of the de Veres, who were subsequently created Earls
of Oxford. The place of the manorial courts is preserved in the name of
the modern district of Earl's Court. With a few short intervals the
manor continued in the direct line until Tudor times. There were also
three sub-manors, one given by the first Aubrey de Vere early in the
12th century to the Abbot of Abingdon, whence the present parish church
is called St Mary Abbots; while in another, Knotting Barnes, the origin
of the name Notting Hill is found.
The brilliant period of history for which Kensington is famous may be
dated from the settlement of the Court here by William III. The village,
as it was then, had a reputation for healthiness through its gravel soil
and pure atmosphere. A mansion standing on the western flank of the
present Kensington Gardens had been the seat of Heneage Finch, Lord
Chancellor and afterwards Earl of Nottingham. It was known as Nottingham
House, but when bought from the second earl by William, who was desirous
of avoiding residence in London as he suffered from asthma, it became
known as Kensington Palace. The extensive additions and alterations made
by Wren according to the taste of the King resulted in a severely plain
edifice of brick; the orangery, added in Queen Anne's time, is a better
example of the same architect's work. In the palace died Mary, William's
consort, William himself, Anne and George II., whose wife Caroline did
much to beautify Kensington Gardens, and formed the beautiful lake
called the Serpentine (1733). But a higher interest attaches to the
palace as the birthplace of Queen Victoria in 1819; and here her
accession was announced to her. By her order, towards the close of her
life, the palace became open to the public.
Modern influences, one of the most marked of which is the widespread
erection of vast blocks of residential flats, have swept away much that
was reminiscent of the historical connexions of the "old court suburb."
Kensington Square, however, lying south of High Street in the vicinity
of St Mary Abbots church, still preserves some of its picturesque
houses, nearly all of which were formerly inhabited by those attached to
the court; it numbered among its residents Addison, Talleyrand, John
Stuart Mill, and Green the historian. In Young Street, opening from the
Square, Thackeray lived for many years. His house here, still standing,
is most commonly associated with his work, though he subsequently moved
to Onslow Square and to Palace Green. Another link with the past is
found in Holland House, hidden in its beautiful park north of Kensington
Road. It was built by Sir Walter Cope, lord of the manor, in 1607, and
obtained its present name on coming into the possession of Henry Rich,
earl of Holland, through his marriage with Cope's daughter. He extended
and beautified the mansion. General Fairfax and General Lambert are
mentioned as occupants after his death, and later the property was let,
William Penn of Pennsylvania being among those who leased it. Addison,
marrying the widow of the 6th earl, lived here until his death in 1719.
During the tenancy of Henry Fox, third Lord Holland (1773-1840), the
house gained a European reputation as a meeting-place of statesmen and
men of letters. The formal gardens of Holland House are finely laid out,
and the rooms of the house are both beautiful in themselves and enriched
with collections of pictures, china and tapestries. Famous houses no
longer standing were Campden House, in the district north-west of the
parish church, formerly known as the Gravel Pits; and Gore House, on the
site of the present Albert Hall, the residence of William Wilberforce,
and later of the countess of Blessington.
The parish church of St Mary Abbots, High Street, occupies an ancient
site, but was built from the designs of Sir Gilbert Scott in 1869. It is
in Decorated style, and has one of the loftiest spires in England. In
the north the borough includes the cemetery of Kensal Green (with the
exception of the Roman Catholic portion, which is in the borough of
Hammersmith); it was opened in 1838, and great numbers of eminent
persons are buried here. The Roman Catholic church of Our Lady of
Victories lies close to Kensington Road, and in Brompton Road is the
Oratory of St Philip Neri, a fine building with richly decorated
interior, noted for the beauty of its musical services, as is the
Carmelite Church in Church Street. St Charles's Roman Catholic College
(for boys), near the north end of Ladbroke Grove, was founded by
Cardinal Manning in 1863; the buildings are now used as a training
centre for Catholic school mistresses. Of secular institutions the
principal are the museums in South Kensington. The Victoria and Albert,
commonly called the South Kensington, Museum contains various exhibits
divided into sections, and includes the buildings of the Royal College
of Science. Close by is the Natural History Museum, in a great building
by Alfred Waterhouse, opened as a branch of the British Museum in 1880.
Near this stood Cromwell House, erroneously considered to have been the
residence of Oliver Cromwell, the name of which survives in the adjacent
Cromwell Road. In Kensington Gardens, near the upper end of Exhibition
Road, which separates the two museums, was held the Great Exhibition of
1851, the hall of which is preserved as the Crystal Palace at Sydenham.
The greater part of the gardens, however, with the Albert Memorial,
erected by Queen Victoria in memory of Albert, prince consort, the
Albert Hall, opposite to it, one of the principal concert-halls in
London, and the Imperial Institute to the south, are actually within the
city of Westminster, though commonly connected with Kensington. The
gardens (275 acres) were laid out in the time of Queen Anne, and have
always been a popular and fashionable place of recreation. Extensive
grounds at Earl's Court are open from time to time for various
exhibitions. Further notable buildings in Kensington are the town-hall
and free library in High Street, which is also much frequented for its
excellent shops, and the Brompton Consumption Hospital, Fulham Road. In
Holland Park Road is the house of Lord Leighton (d. 1896), given to the
nation, and open, with its art collection, to the public.
Kensington is a suffragan bishopric in the diocese of London. The
parliamentary borough of Kensington has north and south divisions, each
returning one member. The borough council consists of a mayor, 10
aldermen and 60 councillors. Area, 2291.1 acres.
KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF. The first holder of the English earldom of
Kent was probably Odo, bishop of Bayeux, and the second a certain
William de Ypres (d. 1162), both of whom were deprived of the dignity.
The regent Hubert de Burgh obtained this honour in 1227, and in 1321 it
was granted to Edmund Plantagenet, the youngest brother of Edward II.
Edmund (1301-1330), who was born at Woodstock on the 5th of August 1301,
received many marks of favour from his brother the king, whom he
steadily supported until the last act in Edward's life opened in 1326.
He fought in Scotland and then in France, and was a member of the
council when Edward III. became king in 1327. Soon at variance with
Queen Isabella and her lover, Roger Mortimer, Edmund was involved in a
conspiracy to restore Edward II., who he was led to believe was still
alive; he was arrested, and beheaded on the 19th of March 1330. Although
he had been condemned as a traitor his elder son Edmund (c. 1327-1333)
was recognized as earl of Kent, the title passing on his death to his
brother John (c. 1330-1352).
After John's childless death the earldom appears to have been held by
his sister Joan, "the fair maid of Kent," and in 1360 Joan's husband,
Sir Thomas de Holand, or Holland, was summoned to parliament as earl of
Kent. Holand, who was a soldier of some repute, died in Normandy on the
28th of December 1360, and his widow married Edward the Black Prince,
by whom she was the mother of Richard II. The next earl was Holand's
eldest son Thomas (1350-1397), who was marshal of England from 1380 to
1385, and was in high favour with his half-brother, Richard II. The 3rd
earl of Kent of the Holand family was his son Thomas (1374-1400). In
September 1397, a few months after becoming earl of Kent, Thomas was
made duke of Surrey as a reward for assisting Richard II. against the
lords appellant; but he was degraded from his dukedom in 1399, and was
beheaded in January of the following year for conspiring against Henry
IV. However, his brother Edmund (1384-1408) was allowed to succeed to
the earldom, which became extinct on his death in Brittany in September
1408.
In the same century the title was revived in favour of William, a
younger son of Ralph Neville, 1st earl of Westmorland, and through his
mother Joan Beaufort a grandson of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster.
William (c. 1405-1463), who held the barony of Fauconberg in right of
his wife, Joan, gained fame during the wars in France and fought for the
Yorkists during the Wars of the Roses. His prowess is said to have been
chiefly responsible for the victory of Edward IV. at Towton in March
1461, and soon after this event he was created earl of Kent and admiral
of England. He died in January 1463, and, as his only legitimate issue
were three daughters, the title of earl of Kent again became extinct.
Neville's natural son Thomas, "the bastard of Fauconberg" (d. 1471), was
a follower of Warwick, the "Kingmaker."
The long connexion of the family of Grey with this title began in 1465,
when Edmund, Lord Grey of Ruthin, was created earl of Kent. Edmund (c.
1420-1489) was the eldest son of Sir John Grey, while his mother,
Constance, was a daughter of John Holand, duke of Exeter. During the
earlier part of the Wars of the Roses Grey fought for Henry VI.; but by
deserting the Lancastrians during the battle of Northampton in 1460 he
gave the victory to the Yorkists. He was treasurer of England and held
other high offices under Edward IV. and Richard III. His son and
successor, George, 2nd earl of Kent (c. 1455-1503), also a soldier,
married Anne Woodville, a sister of Edward IV.'s queen, Elizabeth, and
was succeeded by his son Richard (1481-1524). After Richard's death
without issue, his half-brother and heir, Henry (c. 1495-1562), did not
assume the title of earl of Kent on account of his poverty; but in 1572
Henry's grandson Reginald (d. 1573), who had been member of parliament
for Weymouth, was recognized as earl; he was followed by his brother
Henry (1541-1615), and then by another brother, Charles (c. 1545-1623).
Charles's son, Henry, the 8th earl (c. 1583-1639), married Elizabeth
(1581-1651), daughter of Gilbert Talbot, 7th earl of Shrewsbury. This
lady, who was an authoress, took for her second husband the jurist John
Selden. Henry died without children in November 1639, when the earldom
of Kent, separated from the barony of Ruthin, passed to his cousin
Anthony (1557-1643), a clergyman, who was succeeded by his son Henry
(1594-1651), Lord Grey of Ruthin. Henry had been a member of parliament
from 1640 to 1643, and as a supporter of the popular party was speaker
of the House of Lords until its abolition. The 11th earl was his son
Anthony (1645-1702), whose son Henry became 12th earl in August 1702,
lord chamberlain of the royal household from 1704 to 1710, and in 1706
was created earl of Harold and marquess of Kent, becoming duke of Kent
four years later. All his sons predeceased their father, and when the
duke died in June 1740, his titles of earl, marquess and duke of Kent
became extinct.
In 1799 Edward Augustus, fourth son of George III., was created duke of
Kent and Strathearn by his father. Born on the 2nd of November 1767,
Edward served in the British army in North America and elsewhere,
becoming a field marshal in 1805. To quote Sir Spencer Walpole, Kent, a
stern disciplinarian, "was unpopular among his troops; and the storm
which was created by his well-intentioned effort at Gibraltar to check
the licentiousness and drunkenness of the garrison compelled him finally
to retire from the governorship of this colony." Owing to pecuniary
difficulties his later years were mainly passed on the continent of
Europe. He died at Sidmouth on the 23rd of January 1820. In 1818 the
duke married Maria Louisa Victoria (1786-1861), widow of Emich Charles,
prince of Leiningen (d. 1814), and sister of Leopold I., king of the
Belgians; and his only child was Queen Victoria (q.v.).
KENT, JAMES (1763-1847), American jurist, was born at Philippi in New
York State on the 31st of July 1763. He graduated at Yale College in
1781, and began to practise law at Poughkeepsie, in 1785 as an attorney,
and in 1787 at the bar. In 1791 and 1702-93 Kent was a representative of
Dutchess county in the state Assembly. In 1793 he removed to New York,
where Governor Jay, to whom the young lawyer's Federalist sympathies
were a strong recommendation, appointed him a master in chancery for the
city. He was professor of law in Columbia College in 1793-98 and again
served in the Assembly in 1796-97. In 1797 he became recorder of New
York, in 1798 judge of the supreme court of the state, in 1804 chief
justice, and in 1814 chancellor of New York. In 1822 he became a member
of the convention to revise the state constitution. Next year,
Chancellor Kent resigned his office and was re-elected to his former
chair. Out of the lectures he now delivered grew the _Commentaries on
American Law_ (4 vols., 1826-1830), which by their learning, range and
lucidity of style won for him a high and permanent place in the
estimation of both English and American jurists. Kent rendered most
essential service to American jurisprudence while serving as chancellor.
Chancery law had been very unpopular during the colonial period, and had
received little development, and no decisions had been published. His
judgments of this class (see Johnson's _Chancery Reports_, 7 vols.,
1816-1824) cover a wide range of topics, and are so thoroughly
considered and developed as unquestionably to form the basis of American
equity jurisprudence. Kent was a man of great purity of character and of
singular simplicity and guilelessness. He died in New York on the 12th
of December 1847.
To Kent we owe several other works (including a _Commentary on
International Law_) of less importance than the _Commentaries_. See J.
Duer's _Discourse on the Life, Character and Public Services of James
Kent_ (1848); _The National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished
Americans_, vol. ii. (1852); W. Kent, _Memoirs and Letters of
Chancellor Kent_ (Boston, 1898).
KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748), English "painter, architect, and the father
of modern gardening," as Horace Walpole in his _Anecdotes of Painting_
describes him, was born in Yorkshire in 1685. Apprenticed to a
coach-painter, his ambition soon led him to London, where he began life
as a portrait and historical painter. He found patrons, who sent him in
1710 to study in Italy; and at Rome he made other friends, among them
Lord Burlington, with whom he returned to England in 1719. Under that
nobleman's roof Kent chiefly resided till his death on the 12th of April
1748--obtaining abundant commissions in all departments of his art, as
well as various court appointments which brought him an income of £600 a
year. Walpole says that Kent was below mediocrity in painting. He had
some little taste and skill in architecture, of which Holkham palace is
perhaps the most favourable example. The mediocre statue of Shakespeare
in Westminster Abbey sufficiently stamps his powers as a sculptor. His
merit in landscape gardening is greater. In Walpole's language, Kent
"was painter enough to taste the charms of landscape, bold and
opinionative enough to dare and to dictate, and born with a genius to
strike out a great system from the twilight of imperfect essays." In
short, he was the first in English gardening to vindicate the natural
against the artificial. Banishing all the clipped monstrosities of the
topiary art in yew, box or holly, releasing the streams from the
conventional canal and marble basin, and rejecting the mathematical
symmetry of ground plan then in vogue for gardens, Kent endeavoured to
imitate the variety of nature, with due regard to the principles of
light and shade and perspective. Sometimes he carried his imitation too
far, as when he planted dead trees in Kensington gardens to give a
greater air of truth to the scene, though he himself was one of the
first to detect the folly of such an extreme. Kent's plans were designed
rather with a view to immediate effect over a comparatively small area
than with regard to any broader or subsequent results.
KENT, one of the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon Britain, the dimensions of
which seem to have corresponded with those of the present county (see
below). According to tradition it was the first part of the country
occupied by the invaders, its founders, Hengest and Horsa, having been
employed by the British king Vortigern against the Picts and Scots.
Their landing, according to English tradition, took place between
450-455, though in the Welsh accounts the Saxons are said to have
arrived in 428 (cf. _Hist. Britt._ 66). According to _The Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle_, which probably used some lost list of Kentish kings, Hengest
reigned 455-488, and was succeeded by his son Aesc (Oisc), who reigned
till 512; but little value can be attached to these dates. Documentary
history begins with Aethelberht, the great-grandson of Aesc, who reigned
probably 560-616. He married Berhta, daughter of the Frankish king
Haribert, or Charibert, an event which no doubt was partly responsible
for the success of the mission of Augustine, who landed in 597.
Aethelberht was at this time supreme over all the English kings south of
the Humber. On his death in 616 he was succeeded by his son Eadbald, who
renounced Christianity and married his stepmother, but was shortly
afterwards converted by Laurentius, the successor of Augustine. Eadbald
was succeeded in 640 by his son Erconberht, who enforced the acceptance
of Christianity throughout his kingdom, and was succeeded in 664 by his
son Ecgbert, the latter again by his brother Hlothhere in 673. The early
part of Hlothhere's reign was disturbed by an invasion of Aethelred of
Mercia. He issued a code of laws, which is still extant, together with
his nephew Eadric, the son of Ecgbert, but in 685 a quarrel broke out
between them in which Eadric called in the South Saxons. Hlothhere died
of his wounds, and was succeeded by Eadric, who, however, reigned under
two years.
The death of Eadric was followed by a disturbed period, in which Kent
was under kings whom Bede calls "_dubii vel externi_." An unsuccessful
attempt at conquest seems to have been made by the West Saxons, one of
whose princes, Mul, brother of Ceadwalla, is said to have been killed in
687. There is some evidence for a successful invasion by the East Saxon
king Sigehere during the same year. A king named Oswine, who apparently
belonged to the native dynasty, seems to have obtained part of the
kingdom in 688. The other part came in 689 into the hands of Swefheard,
probably a son of the East Saxon king Sebbe. Wihtred, a son of Ecgbert,
succeeded Oswine about 690, and obtained possession of the whole kingdom
before 694. From him also we have a code of laws. At Wihtred's death in
725 the kingdom was divided between his sons Aethelberht, Eadberht and
Alric, the last of whom appears to have died soon afterwards.
Aethelberht reigned till 762; Eadberht, according to the _Chronicle_,
died in 748, but some doubtful charters speak of him as alive in
761-762. Eadberht was succeeded by his son Eardwulf, and he again by
Eanmund, while Aethelberht was succeeded by a king named Sigered. From
764-779 we find a king named Ecgbert, who in the early part of his reign
had a colleague named Heaberht. At this period Kentish history is very
obscure. Another king named Aethelberht appears in 781, and a king
Ealhmund in 784, but there is some reason for suspecting that Offa
annexed Kent about this time. On his death (796) Eadberht Praen made
himself king, but in 798 he was defeated and captured by Coenwulf, who
made his own brother Cuthred king in his place. On Cuthred's death in
807 Coenwulf seems to have kept Kent in his own possession. His
successors Ceolwulf and Beornwulf likewise appear to have held Kent, but
in 825 we hear of a king Baldred who was expelled by Ecgbert king of
Wessex. Under the West Saxon dynasty Kent, together with Essex, Sussex
and Surrey, was sometimes given as a dependent kingdom to one of the
royal family. During Ecgbert's reign it was entrusted to his son
Aethelwulf, on whose accession to the throne of Wessex, in 839, it was
given to Aethelstan, probably his son, who lived at least till 851. From
855 to 860 it was governed by Aethelberht son of Aethelwulf. During the
last years of Alfred's reign it seems to have been entrusted by him to
his son Edward. Throughout the 9th century we hear also of two earls,
whose spheres of authority may have corresponded to those of the two
kings whom we find in the 8th century. The last earls of whom we have
any record were the two brothers Sigehelm and Sigewulf, who fell at the
Holm in 905 when the Kentish army was cut off by the Danes, on Edward
the Elder's return from his expedition into East Anglia. At a later
period Kent appears to have been held, together with Sussex, by a single
earl.
The internal organization of the kingdom of Kent seems to have been
somewhat peculiar. Besides the division into West Kent and East Kent,
which probably corresponds with the kingdoms of the 8th century, we
find a number of lathes, apparently administrative districts under
reeves, attached to royal villages. In East Kent there were four of
these, namely, Canterbury, Eastry, Wye and Lymne, which can be traced
back to the 9th century or earlier. In the 11th century we hear of two
lathes in West Kent, those of Sutton and Aylesford.
The social organization of the Kentish nation was wholly different
from that of Mercia and Wessex. Instead of two "noble" classes we find
only one, called at first eorlcund, later as in Wessex, gesithcund.
Again below the ordinary freeman we find three varieties of persons
called _laetas_, probably freedmen, to whom we have nothing analogous
in the other kingdoms. Moreover the wergeld of the ceorl, or ordinary
freeman, was two or three times as great as that of the same class in
Wessex and Mercia, and the same difference of treatment is found in
all the compensations and fines relating to them. It is not unlikely
that the peculiarities of Kentish custom observable in later times,
especially with reference to the tenure of land, are connected with
these characteristics. An explanation is probably to be obtained from
a statement of Bede--that the settlers in Kent belonged to a different
nationality from those who founded the other kingdoms, namely the
Jutes (q.v.).
See Bede, _Historiae ecclesiasticae_, edited by C. Plummer (Oxford,
1896); _Two of the Saxon Chronicles_, edited by J. Earle and C.
Plummer (Oxford, 1892-1899); W. de G. Birch, _Cartularium Saxonicum_
(London, 1885-1889); B. Seebohm, _Tribal Custom in Anglo-Saxon Law_
(London, 1902); H. M. Chadwick, _Studies on Anglo-Saxon Institutions_
(Cambridge, 1905); and T. W. Shore, _Origin of the Anglo-Saxon Race_
(London, 1906). (F. G. M. B.)
KENT, a south-eastern county of England, bounded N. by the Thames
estuary, E. and S.E. by the English Channel, S.W. by Sussex, and W. by
Surrey. In the north-west the administrative county of London encroaches
upon the ancient county of Kent, the area of which is 1554.7 sq. m. The
county is roughly triangular in form, London lying at the apex of the
western angle, the North Foreland at that of the eastern and Dungeness
at that of the southern. The county is divided centrally, from west to
east, by the well-marked range of hills known as the North Downs,
entering Kent from Surrey. In the west above Westerham these hills
exceed 800 ft.; to the east the height is much less, but even in Kent
(for in Surrey they are higher) the North Downs form a more striking
physical feature than their height would indicate. They are intersected,
especially on the north, by many deep valleys, well wooded. At three
points such valleys cut completely through the main line of the hills.
In the west the Darent, flowing north to the Thames below Dartford,
pierces the hills north of Sevenoaks, but its waters are collected
chiefly from a subsidiary ridge of the Downs running parallel to the
main line and south of it, and known as the Ragstone Ridge, from 600 to
800 ft. in height. The Medway, however, cuts through the entire hill
system, rising in the Forest Ridges of Sussex, flowing N.E. and E. past
Tonbridge, collecting feeders from south and east (the Teise, Beult and
others) near Yalding, and then flowing N.E. and N. through the hills,
past Maidstone, joining the Thames at its mouth through a broad estuary.
The rich lowlands, between the Downs and the Forest Ridges to the south
(which themselves extend into Kent), watered by the upper Medway and its
feeders, are called the Vale of Kent, and fall within the district well
known under the name of the Weald. The easternmost penetration of the
Downs is that effected by the Stour (Great Stour) which rises on their
southern face, flows S.E. to Ashford, where it receives the East Stour,
then turns N.E. past Wye and Canterbury, to meander through the lowlands
representing the former channel which isolated the Isle of Thanet from
the mainland. The channel was called the Wantsume, and its extent may be
gathered from the position of the village of Fordwich near Canterbury,
which had formerly a tidal harbour, and is a member of the Cinque Port
of Sandwich. The Little Stour joins the Great Stour in these lowlands
from a deep vale among the Downs.
About two-thirds of the boundary line of Kent is formed by tidal water.
The estuary of the Thames may be said to stretch from London Bridge to
Sheerness in the Isle of Sheppey, which is divided from the mainland by
the narrow channel (bridged at Queensbridge) of the Swale. Sheerness
lies at the mouth of the Medway, a narrow branch of which cuts off a
tongue of land termed the Isle of Grain lying opposite Sheerness. Along
the banks of the Thames the coast is generally low and marshy,
embankments being in several places necessary to prevent inundation. At
a few points, however, as at Gravesend, spurs of the North Downs descend
directly upon the shore. In the estuary of the Medway there are a number
of low marshy islands, but Sheppey presents to the sea a range of slight
cliffs from 80 to 90 ft. in height. The marshes extend along the Swale
to Whitstable, whence stretches a low line of clay and sandstone cliffs
towards the Isle of Thanet, when they become lofty and grand, extending
round the Foreland southward to Pegwell Bay. The coast from Sheppey
round to the South Foreland is skirted by numerous flats and sands, the
most extensive of which are the Goodwin Sands off Deal. From Pegwell Bay
south to a point near Deal the coast is flat, and the drained marshes or
levels of the lower Stour extend to the west; but thence the coast rises
again into chalk cliffs, the eastward termination of the North Downs,
the famous white cliffs which form the nearest point of England to
continental Europe, overlooking the Strait of Dover. These cliffs
continue round the South Foreland to Folkestone, where they fall away,
and are succeeded west of Sandgate by a flat shingly shore. To the south
of Hythe this shore borders the wide expanse of Romney Marsh, which,
immediately west of Hythe, is overlooked by a line of abrupt hills, but
for the rest is divided on the north from the drainage system of the
Stour only by a slight uplift. The marsh, drained by many channels,
seldom rises over a dozen feet above sea-level. At its south-eastern
extremity, and at the extreme south of the county, is the shingly
promontory of Dungeness. Within historic times much of this marsh was
covered by the sea, and the valley of the river Rother, which forms part
of the boundary of Kent with Sussex, entering the sea at Rye harbour,
was represented by a tidal estuary for a considerable distance inland.
_Geology._--The northern part of the county lies on the southern rim
of the London basin; here the beds are dipping northwards. The
southern part of the county is occupied by a portion of the Wealden
anticline. The London Clay occupies the tongue of land between the
estuaries of the Thames and Medway, as well as Sheppey and a district
about 8 m. wide stretching southwards from Whitstable to Canterbury,
and extending eastwards to the Isle of Thanet. It reappears at Pegwell
Bay, and in the neighbourhood of London it rises above the plastic
clay into the elevation of Shooter's Hill, with a height of about 450
ft. and a number of smaller eminences. The thickness of the formation
near London is about 400 ft., and at Sheppey it reaches 480 ft. At
Sheppey it is rich in various kinds of fossil fish and shells. The
plastic clay, which rests chiefly on chalk, occupies the remainder of
the estuary of the Thames, but at several places it is broken through
by outcrops of chalk, which in some instances run northwards to the
banks of the river. The Lower Tertiaries are represented by three
different formations known as the Thanet beds, the Woolwich and
Reading beds, and the Oldhaven and Blackheath beds. The Thanet beds
resting on chalk form a narrow outcrop rising into cliffs at Pegwell
Bay and Reculver, and consist (1) of a constant base bed of clayey
greenish sand, seldom more than 5 ft. in thickness; (2) of a thin and
local bed composed of alternations of brown clay and loam; (3) of a
bed of fine light buff sand, which in west Kent attains a thickness of
more than 60 ft.; (4) of bluish grey sandy marl containing fossils,
and almost entirely confined to east Kent, the thickness of the
formation being more than 60 ft.; and (5) of fine light grey sand of
an equal thickness, also fossiliferous. The middle series of the Lower
Tertiaries, known as the Woolwich and Reading beds, rests either on
the Thanet beds or on chalk, and consists chiefly of irregular
alternations of clay and sand of very various colours, the former
often containing estuarine and oyster shells and the latter flint
pebbles. The thickness of the formation varies from 15 to 80 ft., but
most commonly it is from 25 to 40 ft. The highest and most local
series of the Lower Tertiaries is the Oldhaven and Blackheath beds
lying between the London Clay and the Woolwich beds. They consist
chiefly of flint pebbles or of light-coloured quartzose sand, the
thickness being from 20 to 30 ft, and, are best seen at Oldhaven and
Blackheath. To the south the London basin is succeeded by the North
Downs, an elevated ridge of country consisting of an outcrop of chalk
which extends from Westerham to Folkestone with an irregular breadth
generally of 3 to 6 miles, but expanding to nearly 12 miles at
Dartford and Gravesend and also to the north of Folkestone. After
dipping below the London Clay at Canterbury, it sends out an outcrop
which forms the greater part of Thanet. Below the chalk is a thin crop
of Upper Greensand between Otford and Westerham. To the south of the
Downs there is a narrow valley formed by the Gault, a fossiliferous
blue clay. This is succeeded by an outcrop of the Lower
Greensand--including the Folkestone, Sandgate and Hythe beds with the
thin Atherfield Clay at the base--which extends across the country
from west to east with a breadth of from 2 to 7 m., and rises into the
picturesque elevations of the Ragstone hills. The remains of
_Iguanodon_ occur in the Hythe beds. The valley, which extends from
the borders of Sussex to Hythe, is occupied chiefly by the Weald
clays, which contain a considerable number of marine and freshwater
fossils. Along the borders of Sussex there is a narrow strip of
country consisting of picturesque sandy hills, formed by the Hastings
beds, whose highest elevation is nearly 400 ft. and the south-west
corner of the county is occupied by Romney Marsh, which within a
comparatively recent period has been recovered from the sea. Valley
gravels border the Thames, and Pleistocene mammalia have been found in
fissures in the Hythe beds at Ightham, where ancient stone implements
are common. Remains of crag deposits lie in pipes in the chalk near
Lenham. Coal-measures, as will be seen, have been found near Dover.
The London Clay is much used for bricks, coarse pottery and Roman
cement. Lime is obtained from the Chalk and Greensand formations.
Ironstone is found in the Wadhurst Clay, a subdivision of the Hastings
beds, clays and calcareous ironstone in the Ashdown sand, but the
industry has long been discontinued. The last Wealden furnace was put
out in 1828.
_Climate and Agriculture._--The unhealthiness of certain portions of
the county caused by the marshes is practically removed by draining.
In the north-eastern districts the climate is somewhat uncertain, and
damage is often done to early fruit-blossoms and vegetation by cold
easterly winds and late frosts. In the large portion of the county
sheltered by the Downs the climate is milder and more equable, and
vegetation is somewhat earlier. The average temperature for January is
37.9° F. at Canterbury, and 39.8° at Dover; for July 63.3° and 61.6°
respectively, and the mean annual 50° and 50.2° respectively. Rainfall
is light, the mean annual being 27.72 in. at Dover, and 23.31 at
Margate, compared with 23.16 at Greenwich. The soil is varied in
character, but on the whole rich and under high cultivation. The
methods of culture and the kinds of crop produced are perhaps more
widely diversified than those of any other county in England. Upon the
London Clay the land is generally heavy and stiff, but very fruitful
when properly manured and cultivated. The marsh lands along the banks
of the Thames, Medway, Stour and Swale consist chiefly of rich chalk
alluvium. In the Isle of Thanet a light mould predominates, which has
been much enriched by fish manure. The valley of the Medway,
especially the district round Maidstone, is the most fertile part of
the county, the soil being a deep loam with a subsoil of brick-earth.
On the ragstone the soil is occasionally thin and much mixed with
small portions of sand and stone; but in some situations the ragstone
has a thick covering of clay loam, which is most suitable for the
production of hops and fruits. In the district of the Weald marl
prevails, with a substratum of clay. The soil of Romney Marsh is a
clay alluvium.
No part of England surpasses the more fertile portions of this county
in the peculiar richness of its rural scenery. About three-quarters of
the total area is under cultivation. Oats and wheat are grown in
almost equal quantities, barley being of rather less importance. A
considerable acreage is under beans, and in Thanet mustard, spinach,
canary seed and a variety of other seeds are raised. But the county is
specially noted for the cultivation of fruit and hops. Market gardens
are very numerous in the neighbourhood of London. The principal
orchard districts are the valleys of the Darent and Medway, and the
tertiary soils overlying the chalk, between Rochester and Canterbury.
The county is specially famed for cherries and filberts, but apples,
pears, plums, gooseberries, strawberries, raspberries and currants are
also largely cultivated. In some cases apples, cherries, filberts and
hops are grown in alternate rows. The principal hop districts are the
country between Canterbury and Faversham, the valley of the Medway in
mid Kent, and the district of the Weald. Much of the Weald, which
originally was occupied by a forest, is still densely wooded, and
woods are specially extensive in the valley of the Medway. Fine oaks
and beeches are numerous, and yew trees of great size and age are seen
in some Kentish churchyards, as at Stansted, while the fine oak at
Headcorn is also famous. A large extent of woodland consists of ash
and chestnut plantations, maintained for the growth of hop poles.
Cattle are grazed in considerable numbers on the marsh lands, and
dairy farms are numerous in the neighbourhood of London. For the
rearing of sheep Kent is one of the chief counties in England. A breed
peculiar to the district, known as Kents, is grazed on Romney Marsh,
but Southdowns are the principal breed raised on the uplands.
Bee-keeping is extensively practised. Dairy schools are maintained by
the technical education committee of the county council. The
South-eastern Agricultural College at Wye is under the control of the
county councils of Kent and Surrey.
_Other Industries._--There were formerly extensive iron-works in the
Weald. Another industry now practically extinct was the manufacture of
woollen cloth. The neighbourhood of Lamberhurst and Cranbrook was the
special seat of these trades. Among the principal modern industries
are paper-making, carried on on the banks of the Darent, Medway, Cray
and neighbouring streams; engineering, chemical and other works along
the Thames; manufactures of bricks, tiles, pottery and cement,
especially by the lower Medway and the Swale. A variety of industries
is connected with the Government establishments at Chatham and
Sheerness. Ship-building is prosecuted here and at Gravesend, Dover
and other ports. Gunpowder is manufactured near Erith and Faversham
and elsewhere.
Deep-sea fishing is largely prosecuted all round the coast. Shrimps,
soles and flounders are taken in great numbers in the estuaries of the
Thames and Medway, along the north coast and off Ramsgate. The history
of the Kentish oyster fisheries goes back to the time of the Roman
occupation, when the fame of the oyster beds off _Rutupiae_
(Richborough) extended even to Rome. The principal beds are near
Whitstable, Faversham, Milton, Queenborough and Rochester, some being
worked by ancient companies or gilds of fishermen.
After the cessation in 1882 of works in connexion with the Channel
tunnel, to connect England and France, coal-boring was attempted in
the disused shaft, west of the Shakespeare Cliff railway tunnel near
Dover. In 1890 coal was struck at a depth of 1190 ft., and further
seams were discovered later. The company which took up the mining was
unsuccessful, and boring ceased in 1901, but the work was resumed by
the Consolidated Kent Collieries Corporation, and an extension of
borings revealed in 1905 the probability of a successful development
of the mining industry in Kent.
_Communications._--Railway communications are practically monopolized
by the South Eastern & Chatham Company, a monopoly which has not
infrequently been the cause of complaint on the part of farmers,
traders and others. This system includes some of the principal
channels of communication with the continent, through the ports of
Dover, Folkestone and Queenborough. The county contains four of the
Cinque Ports, namely, Dover, Hythe, New Romney and Sandwich. Seaside
resorts are numerous and populous--on the north coast are Minster
(Sheppey), Whitstable and Herne Bay; there is a ring of
watering-places round the Isle of Thanet--Birchington, Westgate,
Margate, Broadstairs, Ramsgate; while to the south are Sandwich, Deal,
Walmer, St Margaret's-at-Cliffe, Dover, Folkestone, Sandgate and
Hythe. Tunbridge Wells is a favourite inland watering-place. The
influence of London in converting villages into outer residential
suburbs is to be observed at many points, whether seaside, along the
Thames or inland. The county is practically without inland water
communications, excluding the Thames. The Royal military canal which
runs along the inland border of Romney Marsh, and connects the Rother
with Hythe, was constructed in 1807 as part of a scheme of defence in
connexion with the martello towers or small forts along the coast.
_Population and Administration._--The area of the ancient county is
995,014 acres, with a population in 1901 of 1,348,841. In 1801 the
population was 308,667. Excluding the portion which falls within the
administrative county of London the area is 974,950 acres, with a
population in 1891 of 807,269 and in 1901 of 935,855. The area of the
administrative county is 976,881 acres. The county contains 5 lathes, a
partition peculiar to the county. The municipal boroughs are Bromley
(pop. 27,354), Canterbury, a city and county borough (24,889), Chatham
(37,057), Deal (10,581), Dover (41,794), Faversham (11,290), Folkestone
(30,650), Gillingham (42,530), Gravesend (27,196), Hythe (5557), Lydd
(2675), Maidstone (33,516), Margate (23,118), New Romney (1328),
Queenborough (1544), Ramsgate (27,733), Rochester, a city (30,590),
Sandwich (3170), Tenterden (3243), Tunbridge Wells (33,373). The urban
districts are Ashford (12,808), Beckenham (26,331), Bexley (12,918),
Broadstairs and St Peter's (6466), Cheriton (7091), Chislehurst (7429),
Dartford (18,644), Erith (25,296), Foots Cray (5817), Herne Bay (6726),
Milton (7086), Northfleet (12,906), Penge (22,465), Sandgate (2294),
Sevenoaks (8106), Sheerness (18,179), Sittingbourne (8943), Southborough
(6977), Tonbridge (12,736), Walmer (5614), Whitstable (7086), Wrotham
(3571). Other small towns are Rainham (3693) near Chatham, Aylesford
(2678), East Mailing (2391) and West Mailing (2312) in the Maidstone
district; Edenbridge (2546) and Westerham (2905) on the western border
of the county; Cranbrook (3949), Goudhurst (2725) and Hawkhurst (3136)
in the south-west. Among villages which have grown into residential
towns through their proximity to London, beyond those included among
the boroughs and urban districts, there should be mentioned Orpington
(4259). The county is in the south-eastern circuit, and assizes are held
at Maidstone. It has two courts of quarter sessions, and is divided into
17 petty sessional divisions. The boroughs having separate commissions
of the peace and courts of quarter sessions are Canterbury, Deal, Dover,
Faversham, Folkestone, Gravesend, Hythe, Maidstone, Margate, Rochester,
Sandwich and Tenterden; while those of Lydd, New Romney, Ramsgate and
Tunbridge Wells have separate commissions of the peace. The liberty of
Romney Marsh has petty and general sessions. The justices of the Cinque
Ports exercise certain jurisdiction, the non-corporate members of the
Cinque Ports of Dover and Sandwich having separate commissions of the
peace and courts of quarter sessions. The central criminal court has
jurisdiction over certain parishes adjacent to London. All those civil
parishes within the county of Kent of which any part is within twelve
miles of, or of which no part is more than fifteen miles from, Charing
Cross are within the metropolitan police district. The total number of
civil parishes is 427. Kent is mainly in the diocese of Canterbury, but
has parts in those of Rochester, Southwark and Chichester. It contains
476 ecclesiastical parishes or districts, wholly or in part. The county
(extra-metropolitan) is divided into 8 parliamentary divisions, namely,
North-western or Dartford, Western or Sevenoaks, South-western or
Tunbridge, Mid or Medway, North-eastern or Faversham, Southern or
Ashford, Eastern or St Augustine's and the Isle of Thanet, each
returning one member; while the boroughs of Canterbury, Chatham, Dover,
Gravesend, Hythe, Maidstone and Rochester each return one member.
_History._--For the ancient kingdom of Kent see the preceding article.
The shire organization of Kent dates from the time of Aethelstan, the
name as well as the boundary being that of the ancient kingdom, though
at first probably with the addition of the suffix "shire," the form
"Kentshire" occurring in a record of the folkmoot at this date. The
inland shire-boundary has varied with the altered course of the Rother.
In 1888 the county was diminished by the formation of the county of
London.
At the time of the Domesday Survey Kent comprised sixty hundreds, and
there was a further division into six lests, probably representing the
shires of the ancient kingdom, of which two, Sutton and Aylesford,
correspond with the present-day lathes. The remaining four, Borowast
Lest, Estre Lest, Limowast Lest and Wiwart Lest, existed at least as
early as the 9th century, and were apparently named from their
administrative centres, Burgwara (the burg being Canterbury), Eastre,
Lymne and Wye, all of which were meeting places of the Kentish Council.
The five modern lathes (Aylesford, St Augustine, Scray, Sheppey and
Sutton-at-Hone) all existed in the time of Edward I., with the
additional lathe of Hedeling, which was absorbed before the next reign
in that of St Augustine. The _Nomina Villarum_ of the reign of Edward
II. mentions all the sixty-six modern hundreds, more than two-thirds of
which were at that date in the hands of the church.
Sheriffs of Kent are mentioned in the time of Æthelred II., and in Saxon
times the shiremoot met three times a year on Penenden Heath near
Maidstone. After the Conquest the great ecclesiastical landholders
claimed exemption from the jurisdiction of the shire, and in 1279 the
abbot of Battle claimed to have his own coroner in the hundred of Wye.
In the 13th century twelve liberties in Kent claimed to have separate
bailiffs. The assizes for the county were held in the reign of Henry
III. at Canterbury and Rochester, and also at the Lowey of Tonbridge
under a mandate from the Crown as a distinct liberty; afterwards at
different intervals at East Greenwich, Dartford, Maidstone,
Milton-next-Gravesend and Sevenoaks; from the Restoration to the present
day they have been held at Maidstone. The liberty of Romney Marsh has
petty and quarter sessions under its charters.
Kent is remarkable as the only English county which comprises two entire
bishoprics, Canterbury, the see for East Kent, having been founded in
597, and Rochester, the see for West Kent, in 600. In 1291 the
archdeaconry of Canterbury was co-extensive with that diocese and
included the deaneries of Westbere, Bridge, Sandwich, Dover, Elham,
Lympne, Charing, Sutton, Sittingbourne, Ospringe and Canterbury; the
archdeaconry of Rochester, also co-extensive with its diocese, included
the deaneries of Rochester, Dartford, Malling and Shoreham. In 1845 the
deaneries of Charing, Sittingbourne and Sutton were comprised in the new
archdeaconry of Maidstone, which in 1846 received in addition the
deaneries of Dartford, Malling and Shoreham from the archdeaconry of
Rochester. In 1853 the deaneries of Malling and Charing were subdivided
into North and South Malling and East and West Charing. Lympne was
subdivided into North and South Lympne in 1857 and Dartford into East
and West Dartford in 1864. Gravesend and Cobham deaneries were created
in 1862 and Greenwich and Woolwich in 1868, all in the archdeaconry of
Rochester. In 1873 East and West Bridge deaneries were created in the
archdeaconry of Canterbury, and Croydon in the archdeaconry of
Maidstone. In 1889 Tunbridge deanery was created in the archdeaconry of
Maidstone. In 1906 the deaneries of East and West Dartford, North and
South Malling, Greenwich and Woolwich were abolished, and Shoreham and
Tunbridge were transferred from Maidstone to Rochester archdeaconry.
Between the Conquest and the 14th century the earldom of Kent was held
successively by Odo, bishop of Bayeux, William of Ypres and Hubert de
Burgh (sheriff of the county in the reign of Henry III.), none of whom,
however, transmitted the honour, which was bestowed by Edward I. on his
youngest son Edmund of Woodstock, and subsequently passed to the
families of Holland and Neville (see KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF). In the
Domesday Survey only five lay tenants-in-chief are mentioned, all the
chief estates being held by the church, and the fact that the Kentish
gentry are less ancient than in some remoter shires is further explained
by the constant implantation of new stocks from London. Greenwich is
illustrious as the birthplace of Henry VIII., Mary and Elizabeth. Sir
Philip Sidney was born at Penshurst, being descended from William de
Sidney, chamberlain to Henry II. Bocton Malherbe was the seat of the
Wottons, from whom descended Nicholas Wotton, privy councillor to Henry
VIII., Edward VI., Mary and Elizabeth. The family of Leiborne of
Leiborne Castle, of whom Sir Roger Leiborne took an active part in the
barons' wars, became extinct in the 14th century. Sir Francis Walsingham
was born at Chislehurst, where his family had long flourished; Hever
Castle was the seat of the Boleyns and the scene of the courtship of
Anne Boleyn by Henry VIII. Allington Castle was the birthplace of Sir
Thomas Wyat.
Kent, from its proximity to London, has been intimately concerned in
every great historical movement which has agitated the country, while
its busy industrial population has steadily resisted any infringement of
its rights and liberties. The chief events connected with the county
under the Norman kings were the capture of Rochester by William Rufus
during the rebellion of Odo of Bayeux; the capture of Dover and Leeds
castles by Stephen; the murder of Thomas à Becket at Canterbury in 1170;
the submission of John to the pope's legate at Dover in 1213, and the
capture of Rochester Castle by the king in the same year. Rochester
Castle was in 1216 captured by the dauphin of France, to whom nearly all
Kent submitted, and during the wars of Henry III. with his barons was
captured by Gilbert de Clare. In the peasants' rising of 1381 the rebels
plundered the archbishop's palace at Canterbury, and 100,000 Kentishmen
gathered round Wat Tyler of Essex. In 1450 Kent took a leading part in
Jack Cade's rebellion; and in 1554 the insurrection of Sir Thomas Wyat
began at Maidstone. On the outbreak of the Great Rebellion feeling was
much divided, but after capturing Dover Castle the parliament soon
subdued the whole county. In 1648, however, a widespread insurrection
was organized on behalf of Charles, and was suppressed by Fairfax. The
county was among the first to welcome back Charles II. In 1667 the Dutch
fleet under De Ruyter advanced up the Medway, levelling the fort at
Sheerness and burning the ships at Chatham. In the Kentish petition of
1701 drawn up at Maidstone the county protested against the peace policy
of the Tory party.
Among the earliest industries of Kent were the iron-mining in the Weald,
traceable at least to Roman times, and the salt industry, which
nourished along the coast in the 10th century. The Domesday Survey,
besides testifying to the agricultural activity of the country, mentions
over one hundred salt-works and numerous valuable fisheries, vines at
Chart Sutton and Leeds, and cheese at Milton. The Hundred Rolls of the
reign of Edward I. frequently refer to wool, and Flemish weavers settled
in the Weald in the time of Edward III. Tiles were manufactured at Wye
in the 14th century. Valuable timber was afforded by the vast forest of
the Weald, but the restrictions imposed on the felling of wood for fuel
did serious detriment to the iron-trade, and after the statute of 1558
forbidding the felling of timber for iron-smelting within fourteen miles
of the coast the industry steadily declined. The discovery of coal in
the northern counties dealt the final blow to its prosperity. Cherries
are said to have been imported from Flanders and first planted in Kent
by Henry VIII., and from this period the culture of fruits (especially
apples and cherries) and of hops spread rapidly over the county.
Thread-making at Maidstone and silk-weaving at Canterbury existed in the
16th century, and before 1590 one of the first paper-mills in England
was set up at Dartford. The statute of 1630 forbidding the exportation
of wool, followed by the Plague of 1665, led to a serious trade
depression, while the former enactment resulted in the vast smuggling
trade which spread along the coast, 40,000 packs of wool being smuggled
to Calais from Kent and Sussex in two years.
In 1290 Kent returned two members to parliament for the county, and in
1295 Canterbury, Rochester and Tunbridge were also represented;
Tunbridge however made no returns after this date. In 1552 Maidstone
acquired representation, and in 1572 Queenborough. Under the act of 1832
the county returned four members in two divisions, Chatham was
represented by one member and Greenwich by two, while Queenborough was
disfranchised. Under the act of 1868 the county returned six members in
three divisions and Gravesend returned one member. By the act of 1885
the county returned eight members in eight divisions, and the
representation of Canterbury, Maidstone and Rochester was reduced to one
member each. By the London Government Act of 1892 the borough of
Greenwich was taken out of Kent and made one of the twenty-eight
metropolitan boroughs of the county of London.
_Antiquities._--As was to be expected from its connexion with the
early history of England, and from its beauty and fertility, Kent
possessed a larger than average number of monastic foundations. The
earliest were the priory of Christ's Church and the abbey of St Peter
and St Paul, now called St Augustine's, both at Canterbury, founded by
Augustine and the monks who accompanied him to England. Other Saxon
foundations were the nunneries at Folkestone (630), Lyminge (633;
nunnery and monastery), Reculver (669), Minster-in-Thanet (670),
Minster-in-Sheppey (675), and the priory of St Martin at Dover (696),
all belonging to the Benedictine order. Some of these were refounded,
and the principal monastic remains now existing are those of the
Benedictine priories at Rochester (1089), Folkestone (1095), Dover
(1140); the Benedictine nunneries at Malling (time of William Rufus),
Minster-in-Sheppey (1130), Higham (founded by King Stephen), and
Davington (1153); the Cistercian Abbey at Boxley (1146); the Cluniac
abbey at Faversham (1147) and priory at Monks Horton (time of Henry
II.), the preceptory of Knights Templars at Swingfield (time of Henry
II.); the Premonstratensian abbey of St Radigund's, near Dover (1191);
the first house of Dominicans in England at Canterbury (1221); the
first Carmelite house in England, at Aylesford (1240); and the priory
of Augustinian nuns at Dartford (1355). Other houses of which there
are slight remains are Lesnes abbey, near Erith, and Bilsington priory
near Ashford, established in 1178 and 1253 respectively, and both
belonging to the Augustinian canons; and the house of Franciscans at
Canterbury (1225). But no remains exist of the priories of Augustinian
canons at Canterbury (St Gregory's; 1084), Leeds, near Maidstone
(1119), Tunbridge (middle of 12th century), Combwell, near Cranbrook
(time of Henry II.); the nunnery of St Sepulchre at Canterbury (about
1100) and Langdon abbey, near Walmer (1192), both belonging to the
Benedictines; the Trinitarian priory of Mottenden near Headcorn, the
first house of Crutched Friars in England (1224), where miracle plays
were presented in the church by the friars on Trinity Sunday; the
Carmelite priories at Sandwich (1272) and Losenham near Tenterden
(1241); and the preceptory of Knights of St John of Jerusalem at West
Peckham, near Tunbridge (1408).
Even apart from the cathedral churches of Canterbury and Rochester,
the county is unsurpassed in the number of churches it possesses of
the highest interest. For remains of a date before the Conquest the
church of Lyminge is of first importance. Here, apart from the
monastic remains, there may be seen portions of the church founded by
Æthelburga, wife of Edwin, king of Northumberland, and rebuilt, with
considerable use of Roman material, in 965 by St Dunstan. There is
similar early work in the church of Paddlesworth, not far distant.
Among numerous Norman examples the first in interest is the small
church at Barfreston, one of the most perfect specimens of its kind in
England, with a profusion of ornament, especially round the south
doorway and east window. The churches of St Margaret-at-Cliff,
Patrixbourne and Darenth are hardly less noteworthy, while the tower
of New Romney church should also be mentioned. Among several
remarkable Early English examples none is finer than Hythe church, but
the churches of SS. Mary and Eanswith, Folkestone, Minster-in-Thanet,
Chalk, with its curious porch, Faversham and Westwell, with fine
contemporary glass, are also worthy of notice. Stone church, near
Dartford, a late example of this style, transitional to Decorated, is
very fine; and among Decorated buildings Chartham church exhibits in
some of its windows the peculiar tracery known as Kentish Decorated.
Perpendicular churches, though numerous, are less remarkable, but the
fine glass of this period in Nettlestead church may be noticed. The
church of Cobham contains one of the richest collections of ancient
brasses in England.
Kent is also rich in examples of ancient architecture other than
ecclesiastical. The castles of Rochester and Dover are famous; those
of Canterbury and Chilham are notable among others. Ancient mansions
are very numerous; among these are the castellated Leeds Castle in the
Maidstone district, Penshurst Place, Hever Castle near Edenbridge,
Saltwood and Westenhanger near Hythe, the Mote House at Ightham near
Wrotham, Knole House near Sevenoaks, and Cobham Hall. Minor examples
of early domestic architecture abound throughout the county.
AUTHORITIES.--A full bibliography of the many earlier works on the
county and its towns is given in J. R. Smith's _Bibliotheca Cantiana_
(London, 1837). There may be mentioned here W. Lambarde,
_Perambulation of Kent_ (London, 1576, 1826); R. Kilburne,
_Topographie or Survey of the County of Kent_ (London, 1659); J. and
T. Philipot, _Villare Cantianum_ (London, 1659, 1776); J. Harris,
_History of Kent_ (London, 1719); E. Hasted, _History and
Topographical Survey of Kent_ (4 vols. folio, Canterbury, 1778-1799;
2nd ed., 12 vols. 8vo, Canterbury, 1797-1801); W. H. Ireland, _History
of the County of Kent_ (London, 1828-1830); C. Sandys, _Consuetudines
Kantiae_ (London, 1851); A. Hussey, _Notes on the Churches of Kent_
(London, 1852); L. B. Larking, _The Domesday Book of Kent_ (1869); R.
Furley, _History of the Weald of Kent_ (Ashford, 1871-1874); W. A.
Scott Robertson, _Kentish Archaeology_ (London, 1876-1884); Sir S. R.
Glynne, _Notes on Churches of Kent_, ed. W. H. Gladstone (London,
1877); J. Hutchinson, _Men of Kent and Kentish Men_ (London, 1892);
_Victoria County History_, "Kent." See also _Archaeologia Cantiana_
(translations of the Kent Archaeological Society, London, from 1858).
KENTIGERN, ST, or MUNGO ("dear friend," a name given to him, according
to Jocelyn, by St Servanus), a Briton of Strathclyde, called by the
Goidels _In Glaschu_, "the Grey Hound," was, according to the legends
preserved in the lives which remain, of royal descent. His mother when
with child was thrown down from a hill called Dunpelder (Traprain Law,
Haddingtonshire), but survived the fall and escaped by sea to Culross on
the farther side of the Firth of Forth, where Kentigern was born. It is
possible that she may have been a nun, as a convent had been founded in
earlier times on Traprain Law. The life then describes the training of
the boy by Servanus, but the date of the latter renders this impossible.
Returning to Strathclyde Kentigern lived for some time at Glasgow, near
a cemetery ascribed to St Ninian, and was eventually made bishop of that
region by the king and clergy. This story is partially attested by Welsh
documents, in which Kentigern appears as the bishop of Garthmwl,
apparently the ruler of the region about Glasgow. Subsequently he was
opposed by a pagan king called Morken, whose relatives after his death
succeeded in forcing the saint to retire from Strathclyde. He thereupon
took refuge with St David at Menevia (St David's), and eventually
founded a monastery at Llanelwy (St Asaph's), for which purpose he
received grants from Maelgwn, prince of Gwynedd. After the battle of
Ardderyd in 573 in which King Rhydderch, leader of the Christian party
in Strathclyde, was victorious, Kentigern was recalled. He fixed his see
first at Hoddam in Dumfriesshire, but afterwards returned to Glasgow.
He is credited with missionary work in Galloway and north of the Firth
of Forth, but most of the dedications to him which survive are north of
the Mounth in the upper valley of the Dee. The meeting of Kentigern and
Columba probably took place soon after 584, when the latter began to
preach in the neighbourhood of the Tay.
AUTHORITIES.--_Lives_ of St Kentigern; Fragment used by John of
Fordun, and complete "Life" by Jocelyn of Furness in Forbes's
_Historians of Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1874), vol. v.; _Four Ancient
Books of Wales_ (Edinburgh, ed. W. F. Skene, 1868), ii. 457; _Myvyrian
Archaeology_ (London, 1801), ii. 34; D. R. Thomas, _History of Diocese
of St Asaph_ (London, 1874), p. 5; Index of Llyfr Coch Asaph,
_Archaeologia Cambrensis_, 3rd series, 1868, vol. xiv. p. 151; W. F.
Skene, _Celtic Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1877), ii. 179 ff.; John Rhys,
_Celtic Britain_ (London, 1904), pp. 145, 146, 174, 199, 250.
KENTON, a city and the county seat of Hardin county, Ohio, U.S.A., on
the Scioto river, 60 m. N.W. of Columbus. Pop. (1900), 6852, including
493 foreign-born and 271 negroes; (1910), 7185. It is served by the
Erie, the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis, and the Ohio
Central railways. It is built on the water-parting between Lake Erie and
the Gulf of Mexico, here about 1,000 ft. above sea-level. There are
shops of the Ohio Central railway here, and manufactories of hardware.
The municipality owns and operates its waterworks. Kenton was named in
honour of Simon Kenton (1755-1836), a famous scout and Indian fighter,
who took part in the border warfare, particularly in Kentucky and Ohio,
during the War of American Independence and afterwards. It was platted
and became the county seat in 1833, and was chartered as a city in 1885.
KENT'S CAVERN, or KENT'S HOLE, the largest of English bone caves, famous
as affording evidence of the existence of Man in Devon (England)
contemporaneously with animals now extinct or no longer indigenous. It
is about a mile east of Torquay harbour and is of a sinuous nature,
running deeply into a hill of Devonian limestone. Although long known
locally, it was not until 1825 that it was scientifically examined by
Rev. J. McEnery, who found worked flints in intimate association with
the bones of extinct mammals. He recognized the fact that they proved
the existence of man in Devonshire while those animals were alive, but
the idea was too novel to be accepted by his contemporaries. His
discoveries were afterwards verified by Godwin Austen, and ultimately by
the Committee of the British Association, whose explorations were
carried on under the guidance of Wm. Pengelly from 1865 to 1880. There
are four distinct strata in the cave. (1) The surface is composed of
dark earth and contains medieval remains, Roman pottery and articles
which prove that it was in use during the Iron, Bronze and Neolithic
Ages. (2) Below this is a stalagmite floor, varying in thickness from 1
to 3 ft., and covering (3) the red earth which contained bones of the
hyaena, lion, mammoth, rhinoceros and other animals, in association with
flint implements and an engraved antler, which proved man to have been
an inhabitant of the cavern during its deposition. Above this and below
the stalagmite there is in one part of the cave a black band from 2 to 6
in. thick, formed of soil like No. 2, containing charcoal, numerous
flint implements, and the bones and teeth of animals, the latter
occasionally perforated as if used for ornament. (4) Filling the bottom
of the cave was a hard breccia, with the remains of bears and flint
implements, the latter in the main ruder than those found above; in some
places it was no less than 12 ft. thick. The most remarkable animal
remains found in Kent's Cavern are those of the Sabre-toothed tiger,
_Machairodus latidens_ of Sir Richard Owen. While the value of McEnery's
discoveries was in dispute the exploration of the cave of Brixham near
Torquay in 1858 proved that man was coeval with the extinct mammalia,
and in the following year additional proof was offered by the implements
that were found in Wookey Hole, Somerset. Similar remains have been met
with in the caves of Wales, and in England as far north as Derbyshire
(Cresswell), proving that over the whole of southern and middle England
men, in precisely the same stage of rude civilization, hunted the
rhinoceros, the mammoth and other extinct animals.
See Sir John Evans, _Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain_
(London, 1897); Lord Avebury's _Prehistoric Times_ (1900); W.
Pengelly, _Address to the British Association_ (1883) and Life of him
by his daughter (1897); Godwin Austen, _Proc. Geo. Soc. London_, 111.
286; Pengelly, "Literature of Kent's Cavern" in _Trans. Devonshire
Association_ (1868); William Boyd Dawkins, _Cave-hunting and Early Man
in Britain_.
KENTUCKY, a South Central State of the United States of America,
situated between 36° 30´ and 39° 6´ N., and 82° and 89° 38´ W. It is
bounded N., N.W., and N.E. by Illinois, Indiana and Ohio; E. by the Big
Sandy river and its E. fork, the Tug, which separates it from West
Virginia, and by Virginia; S.E. and S. by Virginia and Tennessee; and W.
by the Mississippi river, which separates it from Missouri. It has an
area of 40,598 sq. m.; of this, 417 sq. m., including the entire breadth
of the Ohio river, over which it has jurisdiction, are water surface.
_Physiography._--From mountain heights along its eastern border the
surface of Kentucky is a north-western slope across two much dissected
plateaus to a gracefully undulating lowland in the north central part
and a longer western slope across the same plateaus to a lower and
more level lowland at the western extremity. The narrow mountain belt
is part of the western edge of the Appalachian Mountain Province in
which parallel ridges of folded mountains, the Cumberland and the
Pine, have crests 2000-3000 ft. high, and the Big Black Mountain rises
to 4000 ft. The highest point in the state is The Double on the
Virginia state line, in the eastern part of Harlan county with an
altitude of over 4100 ft. The entire eastern quarter of the state,
coterminous with the Eastern Kentucky coal-field, is commonly known as
the region of the "mountains," but with the exception of the narrow
area just described it properly belongs to the Alleghany Plateau
Province. This plateau belt is exceedingly rugged with sharp ridges
alternating with narrow valleys which have steep sides but are seldom
more than 1500 ft. above the sea. The remainder of the state which
lies east of the Tennessee river is divided into the Highland Rim
Plateau and a lowland basin, eroded in the Highland Rim Plateau and
known as the Blue Grass R
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