A Dictionary of Cebuano Visayan
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Title: A Dictionary of Cebuano Visayan
Author: John U. Wolff
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THE CORNELL UNIVERSITY SOUTHEAST ASIA PROGRAM
The Southeast Asia Program was organized at Cornell University in the
Department of Far Eastern Studies in 1950. It is a teaching and
research program of interdisciplinary studies in the humanities, social
sciences, and some natural sciences. It deals with Southeast Asia as a
region, and with the individual countries of the area: Brunei, Burma,
Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore,
Thailand and Vietnam.
The activities of the Program are carried on both at Cornell and in
Southeast Asia. They include an undergraduate and graduate curriculum
at Cornell which provides instruction by specialists in Southeast Asian
cultural history and present-day affairs and offers intensive training
in each of the major languages of the area. The Program sponsors group
research projects on Thailand, on Indonesia, on the Philippines, and on
the area’s Chinese minorities. At the same time, individual staff and
students of the Program have done field research in every Southeast
Asian country.
A list of publications relating to Southeast Asia which may be obtained
on prepaid order directly from the Program is given at the end of this
volume. Information on Program staff, fellowships, requirements for
degrees, and current course offerings will be found in an Announcement
of the Department of Asian Studies, obtainable from the Director,
Southeast Asia Program, 120 Uris Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York 14850.
A DICTIONARY OF CEBUANO VISAYAN
Compiled by
JOHN U. WOLFF
Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program
and
Linguistic Society of the Philippines
1972
Copyright © by Cornell University.
Copyright is claimed until 1982. Thereafter, all portions of this work
covered by this copyright will be in the public domain.
Distributed in the Philippines by the Linguistic Society of the
Philippines, and outside of the Philippines by the Southeast Asia
Program, Cornell University.
The work was developed under a contract with the United States Office
of Education, Department of Health, Education and Welfare. However, the
contract does not necessarily reflect the position or policy of that
agency, and no official endorsement of these materials should be
inferred.
Publication of this work was aided by a grant from the Southeast Asia
Program, Cornell University and by The Asia Society, New York City.
PREFACE
This work is a dictionary of Cebuano Visayan, the language of the
central part of the Philippines and much of Mindanao. Although the
explanations are given in English, the aim of this work is not to
provide English equivalents but to explain Cebuano forms in terms of
themselves. It is meant as a reference work for Cebuano speakers and as
a tool for students of the Cebuano language. There is a total of some
25,000 entries and an addenda of 700 forms which were prepared after
the dictionary had been composed.
This dictionary is the product of eleven years work by more than a
hundred persons. The work was edited by me and is my responsibility,
but the sources are entirely native, and all illustrations are composed
by native speakers. The personnel who wrote up the entries are listed
in Section 2.1, p. ix. The manuscript went through five versions, the
final on an IBM selectric composer. The whole composition was done in
Cebu City in five months’ time by Pacifico Briones, Nicolasito
Catingan, Florecita Florido, Donata Laingo, and Grace Mendoza. The
drafting and splicing were done by Carlito Gubaynon and Felismeno
Simplicio. The proofreading and editing was done by me together with
Mrs. Elizabeth Say, Mrs. Fe Cuenca, Richard Quiñanola, and my wife Ida
Wolff. In the earlier stages of gathering, transcribing, and indexing
materials a huge number of people participated, too numerous to mention
by name. The entire dictionary through the final composed product was
compiled from notes on index cards in the course of twenty-six months.
My thanks go especially to the staff listed above and on p. ix for
their cooperative spirit. Without their willingness to work overtime,
this dictionary could not have been completed.
The work was supported from 1963 to 1966 by funds from Cornell
University faculty research grants; 1966–7 by Office of Education
contract No. 1-7-002672-2040; 1967–1968 by a Cornell University
faculty research grant; 1968–1969 by a grant from the American
Council of Learned Societies and by a grant from the Cornell University
Philippine Project; 1969–1971 by Office of Education Contract No.
0-9-097718-3350. My trip to the Philippines was financed in 1966–1969
and again in 1970–71 by a Fulbright-Hayes faculty research grant.
Without these sources of funds this dictionary could not have been
completed.
This dictionary by no means exhausts the Cebuano language, and we hope
in future years to produce an expanded and improved version with
illustrations. To this end we welcome and would be most grateful for
suggestions for corrections and additions.
J.U.W.
Southeast Asia Program Cornell University Ithaca, New York August 1971
FOREWORD
The Southeast Asia Program takes particular pleasure in helping to make
this Cebuano dictionary available. The language is, of course, of
importance in itself, not only because of its wide use in the
Philippines, but also because of its value to linguists and historical
research.
In addition, we are especially pleased that this dictionary is a joint
publication of the Southeast Asia Program and the Linguistic Society of
the Philippines. We owe a special debt of gratitude to the Rev. Teodoro
Llamzon, S. J., president of the Linguistic Society of the Philippines,
for his gracious help and cooperation in attending to the many details
involved in such a cooperative venture. We are also grateful to the
Asia Foundation, which provided a partial subsidy to make publication
possible.
We are confident that Professor Wolff’s research on Cebuano and the
compilation of this work, covering a period of eleven years, has
resulted in a useful reference work and in an important contribution to
our knowledge of Philippine languages and cultures and to linguistics
in general.
Robert B. Jones
Ithaca, New York December, 1971
CONTENTS
PREFACE iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi
INTRODUCTION
Cebuano vii
Dialects vii
Basis of this Work viii
Phonology and Transcription ix
Conventions of Listing xi
Alternations xii
Inflection and Derivation xv
Classification of Roots xvii
ENTRIES 1
ADDENDA 1141
BIBLIOGRAPHY 1164
ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY
a, adj. adjective
Culu- prefix consisting of the initial consonant of the root
followed by ulu
dat. dative
gen. genitive
k.o. kind of
-l- infix consisting of l followed by the initial vowel of
the root
lit. literally
n noun
nom. nominative
r- prefix consisting of the initial consonant followed by
the first vowel of the root
s.o. someone
s.t. something
s.w. somewhere
v verb
voc. vocative
x- x is a prefix
-x x is a suffix
-x- x is infixed after the initial consonant
x1, x2 there are two roots with the shape x, members of different
morphemes
x-y x is a prefix, and y is a suffix
x(y) y can be substituted for x with virtually no difference
in meaning
x-/y- x or, alternatively with no change in meaning, y
— root
= alternative pronunciation. Defined under the
form listed on the right
(→) shift to right: when an affix is added the vowel of the
penult is shortened (Section 5.11, p. xii)
(←) shift to left: when an affix is added the vowel of the
penult is lengthened (Section 5.11, p. xii)
† additions added to the entry on pp. 1140 ff.
* root which is not used alone
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Cebuano
This work is a dictionary of Cebuano Visayan, here called Cebuano for
short. Cebuano is spoken in the central portions of the Philippines: on
the islands of Cebu and Bohol, on the eastern half of Negros, western
half of Leyte, along the northern coasts of Mindanao, and on smaller
islands in the vicinity of these areas. A large portion of the urban
population of Zamboanga, Davao, and Cotabato is Cebuano speaking.
Cebuano is also widely spoken throughout the lowland areas of the
entire eastern third of Mindanao, where it is spreading at the expense
of the native languages (most of which are closely related to Cebuano).
Cebuano is the trade language in most places in Mindanao where
Cebuano-speaking populations and populations speaking other languages
are in contact.
Cebuano is also called Sugbuanon and is one of more than a dozen
languages or dialects which are given the name Bisayan or Visayan.
Other types of Visayan are spoken in areas surrounding the
Cebuano-speaking area on the north, east, west, and southeast. This
dictionary is confined to Cebuano forms and does not include forms
which are not Cebuano from other languages called Visayan spoken
outside of the area we have delineated.
In the areas where Cebuano is native and, to a large extent, also in
areas where Cebuano is a trade language, it is used for almost every
aspect of daily life and for most formal occasions: radio-TV, social
life, religious life, business, and the first two grades of school.
Cebuano is also largely used in the later grades, although English is
supposed to be the medium of instruction. In these areas Cebuano
language publications enjoy a wide readership.
Somewhere between one-quarter and one-third of the population of the
Philippines speaks Cebuano natively. [1] But despite its numerical
importance and wide use Cebuano lags far behind Tagalog (Pilipino) in
prestige and development as a means of literary and scientific
expression. In the schools the emphasis is almost entirely English:
Cebuano composition is not a school subject, and students read nothing
in Cebuano after the first two grades. In prestige Cebuano is losing
ground: for the upper and middle class elite, with isolated
praiseworthy exceptions, eloquence in Cebuano is not admired. In fact
it is almost a matter of pride not to know Cebuano well. Thus, despite
a phenomenal increase in literacy and in the total number of potential
contributors and participants in Cebuano literature, output has
declined in quantity and quality at an ever increasing rate over the
past two generations. The cultivation and development of Cebuano is
left to the least influential segments of the population, to whom
English education and exposure to English publications are minimally
available. These people still compose the vast majority of the
population, but the influential classes that have grown up knowing only
a dilute and inarticulate Cebuano are ever increasing in number,
proportion, and prestige.
1.1 Dialects
The Cebuano language is remarkably uniform. There are differences, to
be sure, but these differences are no greater than the differences
found among the various varieties of English spoken around the world.
There are scattered places within the Cebuano area which use a speech
widely aberrant from what we describe here: Surigao, Bantayan Islands,
and the Camotes Islands. Forms peculiar to those areas we have simply
omitted except for a few widely used forms which tend to find their way
into standard Cebuano as spoken by natives of these areas. Such forms
are listed, but marked ‘dialectal’. Otherwise whatever forms we
have found we have listed without comment, whether or not they are in
current use throughout the Cebuano speech area.
1.12 Correct and incorrect speech
A happy consequence of the low regard which Cebuano speakers have of
their own language is that the doctrine of correctness has never gained
foothold. Dialectal differences are purely local, not social, [2] and
speakers regard whatever forms they are familiar with as correct. We
have followed the same principle in this dictionary: no attempt is made
to prescribe which forms or usages are appropriate, but rather we try
to show which forms and usages occur. The various meanings of a given
form are listed in such a way that their relation is readily
discernible: meanings which are derived by extension or specialization
from an original meaning are listed under subheadings of the
original-meaning. [3]
Occasionally annotations such as ‘slang’, ‘euphemism’,
‘humorous’, ‘coarse’, and the like, are given. These
annotations signal only that Cebuano speakers tend to regard these
forms as such and that they occur only in styles of speech appropriate
to these forms. [4] We use the following terminology: Biblical,
literary, metaphorical, humorous, euphemism, coarse, colloquial. The
designation BIBLICAL indicates a form confined to liturgical language
or the Bible; LITERARY indicates a form confined to high-flown styles,
not ordinarily spoken; METAPHORICAL indicates a meaning recognized as
metaphorical in some way (not necessarily confined to literary style);
HUMOROUS, a meaning commonly given to a form, but not the primary
meaning, which gives the feeling of an oft-repeated joke; EUPHEMISM, a
form that is used to avoid saying s.t directly, the meaning of which is
readily understood but not as jarring as if it had been said directly;
COARSE, a form that clearly would jar the hearer and that is confined
to speech used in anger or used as a sign of intimacy or disrespect;
SLANG indicates a form confined to intimate speech among people of
similar occupations or life styles; COLLOQUIAL indicates forms avoided
in formal discourse or writing, but commonly used in normal speech even
among non-intimates.
2.0 Basis of this work
This dictionary is a comprehensive listing of approximately 25,000
Cebuano roots with English explanations of their meanings and uses and
an indication of the affixational system to which each root is subject,
with ample illustrations. Most of the forms here listed are taken from
written sources or from taped oral sources of Cebuano of nearly a
million words, gathered from all over the Cebuano speech area and
covering a wide range of topics and styles. The written sources are
some 400 issues of Cebuano publications: Bisaya, Silaw, and Bag-ong
Suga, a few novenas, novels, and other collections that have been
published. [5] About ninety percent of the forms here listed come from
these oral or printed sources. Forms which did not occur in these
sources but which were well known to me or at least one of the members
of the staff that composed this dictionary are also included. Further,
any form which occurred in our sources which was not known to our
personnel was not included. [6] Although there are numerous published
sources of Cebuano forms—dictionaries and anthropological and
biological studies, we have not taken any forms from them that could
not be confirmed directly from our texts or informants.
2.1 Personnel
The collection, transcription, and classification of the texts was
carried out by a large staff in Cebu City, originating from all over
the Cebuano speech area. The final stage, the writing up of the
definitions, was carried by a small staff, exclusively native speakers
of Cebuano now resident in Cebu: Miss E. Agapay, of Malitbog, Leyte,
but also a long time resident of Talibon, Bohol, and in Guihulngan,
Negros Oriental; Nicolas Ampatin, of Malitbog, Leyte; Abel Angus, of
Tudela, Camotes; José Dioko, of Malaboyoc, Cebu; Mrs. E. Emnace, of
Dumanjug, Cebu; Atty. A. Estorco, of Guihulngan, Negros Oriental;
Everett Mendoza, of Maasin, Leyte; Mrs. D. Ag. Villondo, of Dumanjug,
Cebu, but also a long time resident of Ozamis City, and Molave,
Zamboanga del Sur.
2.2 Other sources
The scientific names for plants and shells are based upon specimens
which were gathered and identified with their Cebuano names by reliable
informants. The specimens were compared against the available
literature, and where identification was certain, scientific names were
given. Our scientific names for plants are taken from the following
sources (in order—plants not listed in the first were referred to the
second, those not in the first or second were referred to the third,
and so forth): Brown, Quisumbing, Merrill, Steiner. For shellfish, we
give no scientific names but follow the English terminology of Abbott,
1962. For the fishes and birds, we relied mainly on pictures for
Cebuano identification. For fish available in the local markets, we
could examine actual specimens. The scientific names of fish follow
those given by Herre (1953) and for birds by Delacour and Myer.
We made heavy use of the anthropological sources listed in the
bibliography but independently checked all information incorporated and
used terminology listed in them only insofar as we could corroborate
it.
3.0 Phonology and transcription
The following chart gives the Cebuano phonemes and the articulation:
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| Consonants |
+---------------+--------+--------------+-------+------+-------+
| |bilabial|apico-alveolar|palatal|dorsal|glottal|
| | | | | | |
|voiceless stops| p | t | c | k | ʔ |
|voiced stops | b | d | j | g | |
|nasals | m | n | | ŋ | |
|spirants | | s | | | h |
|liquids | w | l, r | y | | |
+---------------+--------+--------------+-------+------+-------+
| Vowels |
+----------------------+---------------+-----------------------+
| high- or mid-front | low central | high- or mid-back |
| i | a | u |
+----------------------+---------------+-----------------------+
In addition there is a fourth mid-central vowel which occurs
dialectally (Bohol, Southern Leyte, Southern Cebu, and other scattered
areas) but is not found in the dialect of Cebu City and is not
transcribed here. [7] The palatal stop /j/ in many dialects does not
contrast with the cluster /dy/. In the dialect of the Camotes Islands
there is also a voiced spirant /z/ which derives historically from /y/
but contrasts with /y/ currently.
Vowels may be long or short. Contrast between long and short vowels
occurs only in the final and the penultimate syllable of the word:
káun [kā́ʔun] ‘eat’ and nagdá [nagdā́] ‘is bringing’.
Further, there is only one long vowel per word. There is also a phoneme
of stress which has a very low contrastive function. For the most part
stress can be determined by the phonological make-up of the word: 1
stress falls on the long vowel of the word if the word has a long
vowel: nagdá [nagdā́], káun [kā́ʔun]. 2 for words that have no
long vowel, stress is on the penultimate if it is closed: tan-aw
[tánʔaw] ‘see’; mugbù [múgbuʔ] ‘short’. If the penultimate
is open and short, stress is on the ultimate: mala [malá] ‘dry’.
Occasionally, in words with a closed penult the final syllable is
stressed (marked here with a wedge): mandǎr [mandár] ‘order’;
dughǐt [dughít] ‘instrument for poking’. In words with a long
vowel in the ultimate syllable there is, in some dialects, a contrast
between the stress on the first mora and stress on the second mora of
the long vowel: nahū́g [nahúug] ‘fell’; húg [huúg] ‘woof’.
This contrast does not obtain in all dialects.
3.2 Transcription
The transcription here adopted adheres as closely as possible to the
spelling found in Cebuano publications and at the same time is strictly
phonemic—that is, each phoneme is indicated, and no phoneme in a
given environment is given more than one transcription. Our
transcription follows the phonemic symbols given in the Chart 3.0 with
the exceptions listed in the following sections.
3.21 Vowels
We write only three vowels: i, u, a. In Cebuano publications /i/ is
sometimes written i, sometimes e, but with no consistency; and /u/
sometimes is written u, sometimes o (again with no consistency). But
here the letters e and o are not used.
Long vowels are indicated with an acute accent: nagdá [nagdā́] ‘is
bringing’, lána [lā́na] ‘coconut oil’. (Cebuano publications
occasionally indicate long vowels by doubling them, but most frequently
long vowels are ignored.)
Stress is not indicated if the placement is according to the rules
given in Section 3.0, above. Where a word with a closed penult has a
stress on the final syllable, this fact is indicated by a wedge:
mandǎr [mandár] ‘order’. For words with a long vowel in the final
syllable where the stress is on the final mora, the acute accent
indicates the long vowel and stress on the final mora: húg [huúg]
‘woof, trák [traák] ‘bus’. For words with a long vowel in the
final syllable where the stress is on the first mora, the stress on the
first mora and length are indicated by a combination of a long mark and
acute accent: nahū́g [nahúug] ‘fell’, ang-ā́ng [ʔangʔáang]
‘not quite’.
3.22 Glottal stop /ʔ/
In Cebuano publications /ʔ/ is only sometimes indicated. [8] Here we
indicate /ʔ/ in word or syllable final position with a grave accent
written over the vowel which precedes the glottal stop: walà /waláʔ/
‘no’, bàbà /báʔbaʔ/ ‘mouth’, làhib /láʔhib/
‘slice’. (In Cebuano publications the glottal stop of these words
is never indicated.)
In post-consonantal position we indicate /ʔ/ with a hyphen, as is done
in most Cebuano publications: tan-aw /tanʔaw/ ‘see’. In other
positions—that is, intervocalically and in word initial position,
glottal stop is not written, as is also the usual practice in Cebuano
publications: writing of two adjacent vowels or initial vowel serves to
indicate a glottal stop: [9] maáyu /maʔā́yu/ ‘good’, alas
/ʔalás/ ‘ace’.
3.23 /ŋ/, /c/, /j/, /dy/, /ty/
The phoneme /ŋ/ is transcribed ng, as in Cebuano publications: bángun
/báŋun/ ‘get up’. The sequence /ng/ is transcribed n-g: san-glas
/sanglas/ ‘sunglasses’.
/c/ is transcribed ts, as in Cebuano publications: tsinílas /cinílas/
‘slippers’ [10]. The sequence /ty/ is transcribed ty (as in Cebuano
publications): tyanggi /tyánggi/ ‘market’.
The phoneme /j/ is transcribed initially and medially as dy: dyíp
/jíp/ ‘jeep’, dyus /jus/ ‘juice’. (In Cebuano publications /j/
is sometimes written dy, sometimes diy: diyip or dyip—i.e. the
spelling of /j/ is no different from that of /dy/.) In final position
/j/ is transcribed ds, following the usage in Cebuano publications:
dyurds /jurj/ ‘a name—George’. [11] The sequence /dy/ is
transcribed diy: diyus /dyus/ ‘god’. (This sequence is spelled diy
or, alternatively, dy in Cebuano publications.) [12]
3.24 Ciy and Cy; Cuw and Cw; ayi and ay; awu and aw
The contrast between /Ciy/ and /Cy/ and between /Cuw/ and /Cw/ (where C
is any consonant) obtains only in the position where the /y/ or /w/
precedes a vowel of the final syllable (e.g. paliya [paliyá] ‘k.o.
vegetable’ vs. palya [pálya] ‘fail’). When the /y/ or /w/
precedes a vowel of the penultimate or earlier syllable, the contrast
does not obtain. If one consonant precedes the /y/ or /w/ we write Cy
and Cw; biyà ‘leftovers’ but hibyaan /hi-byà-an/ ‘be left
behind’; guwà ‘go out’, higwaan ‘gone out from’. If two
consonants precede the /y/ or /w/ we write Ciy and Cuw respectively:
pinsiyunáda ‘one who receives a pension’, nagkuwarisma ‘have a
sad expression’ (but Kwarisma ‘Lent’).
Similarly, the contrast between /Vyi/ and /Vy/ or /Vwu/ and /Vw/ (where
V is any vowel) obtains only when the /y/ or /yi/, /w/ or /wu/ are
final in the word: bay ‘term of address’ vs. bayi ‘female’;
mabaw ‘shallow’ vs. hibawu (or hibáwu) ‘know’. In closed final
syllables or penultimate or earlier syllables the contrast does not
obtain. We write Vyi and Vwu in closed syllables and Viy and Vuw in
open syllables: bayinti ‘twenty’ but ayta ‘give me’; dawunggan
‘ear’ but awtu ‘car’.
4.0 Listing of Entries
Cebuano is a language with a complex system of affixation and
comparatively simple morphophonemic alternations. For this reason the
listing of forms is strictly by root. [13] Forms of the sort where the
root is not really evident are listed with a cross-reference to the
root. The order is strictly alphabetical with no regard to diacritical
markings (hyphens or accent marks) except that forms without
diacritical markings precede forms with diacritical markings.
The order of presentation is always root alone or root plus verbal
affixes (Section 6.1f.) followed by verbal derivations (Section 6.2),
followed by nominal and adjectival derivations, listed in alphabetical
order (Section 7.0). Most roots occur as several parts of speech, and
the determination of whether a root is basically a noun, adjective, or
verb depends upon a series of morphological and syntactic criteria the
details of which cannot be presented here. [14] Roots which are
basically adjectives are defined first as adjectives, then as nouns and
verbs. Roots, basically nouns, are defined first as nouns, then as
adjectives and verbs; and roots, basically verbs, are defined first as
verbs and then as nouns and adjectives. For verbal forms a formula
indicating the conjugation (set of inflectional affixes which may be
added to them) is given. The formulas are explained in Sections 7.1ff.
and 7.2ff. below.
The entries are liberally illustrated, with the primary aim of
clarifying the meaning and with a secondary aim of exemplifying the
morphological characteristics of the affixed forms.
5.0 Alternations
5.1 Morphophonemic alternations
Since the listing in this dictionary is strictly by root, an outline of
the important morphophonemic alternations is given here. In the entries
nonpredictable morphophonemic alternations are indicated by writing the
affixed forms out.
5.11 Shift of stress
The general rule is that an affixed form has the stress on the same
syllable as the root alone. Where this general rule is broken, there is
said to be SHIFT OF STRESS. When an affixed form has final stress where
the root had penultimate stress, there is said to be SHIFT TO THE FINAL
SYLLABLE, indicated by the symbol (→):
káun /kā́ʔun/ ‘eat’ + nag-(→) = nagkaun /nagkaʔún/ ‘is eating’
tugnaw /túgnaw/ ‘cold’ + -un(→) = tugnawun /tugnawún/ ‘be cold’
When an affixed form has penultimate stress where the root had final
stress, there is said to be SHIFT TO THE PENULTIMATE SYLLABLE,
indicated by the symbol (←):
sakay /sakáy/ ‘ride’ + nag-(←) = nagsákay /nagsā́kay/ ‘ride together’
In many cases an unaffixed root has both final stress and penultimate
stress (depending on the meaning). Whichever stress occurs with the
prefix MU- (see the entry under MU-) is taken to be the stress of the
root. Thus, the formation of the unaffixed root with a different stress
pattern is said to be by the addition of an affix consisting of shift
of stress alone:
inúm [15] /ʔinúm/ ‘drink’ + (←) = ínum /ʔī́num/ ‘drink heavily’
búnal /búnal/ ‘beat’ + (→) = bunal /bunál/ ‘club’
5.12 Dropping of vowels
When a suffix is added to a root with a stressed final syllable, the
tendency is to drop the vowel of the final syllable of the root:
dakup /dakúp/ arrest + -an = dakpan /dákpan/ be arrested
pisik /pisík/ splash + -an = piskan /pískan/ be splashed
lakat /lakát/ go + -unun = laktunun /laktunún/ errand
This occasionally also happens to roots with stressed penults:
kalímut /kalímut/ forget + -i = kalimti /kalímti/ forget it
5.13 Adding of /h/ or /ʔ/ to roots ending in a vowel when a suffix
is added
Some roots which end in a vowel add /ʔ/ before a suffix, some roots
add /h/, other roots add either /ʔ/ or /h/ (depending on which
suffix):
bása /bása/ read + -un = basáhun /basáhun/ be read
adtu /ʔádtu/ go + -un = adtúun /ʔadtū́ʔun/ gone to get
kabaláka /kabaláka/ worry + -an = kabalak-an /kabalákʔan/ s.t. to
worry about (with the vowel of
the final syllable of the root
dropped—5.12).
sulti /súlti/ talk + -un = sultíhun /sultī́hun/ talk it out
sulti /súlti/ talk + -ánay = sultiánay /sultiʔā́nay/ conversation
5.14 Metathesis
In affixed forms, the sequences /ʔC/ and /hC/ (where C is any
consonant) almost always become /Cʔ/ and /Ch/: [16]
káun /káʔun/ eat + -a = kan-a /kánʔa/ eat it (with the final
syllable of the root dropped).
luhud /luhúd/ kneel + -an = ludhan /lúdhan/ kneel on (with the
vowel of the final syllable of the root
dropped).
The sequences /ʔVh/ usually becomes /hVʔ/ (where V is a vowel):
túu /túʔu/ believe + -an = tuhúan /tuhū́ʔan/ believable (where /h/
is intercalated by the rule of 5.13).
Sequences of a liquid or /s/ plus a consonant tend to be metathesized
when a suffix is added if the vowel of the final syllable of the root
is dropped.
ngálan /ŋálan/ name + -an = nganlan /ŋánlan/ be named
sulud /sulúd/ enter + -un = sudlun /súdlun/ enter it
inum /ʔinúm/ drink + -a = imna /ʔímna/ drink it
putus /putús/ wrap + -un = pustun /pústun/ wrap it
lusut /lusút/ go through + -an = lutsan /lū́can/ go through it
These alternations also manifest themselves in competing root forms:
alhu /ʔálhu/ and hal-u /halʔu/ ‘pestle’; kalamunggay and
kamalunggay ‘k.o. tree’.
5.15 Change of /r/ or /l/ to /d, g, h/
Intervocalically, /d/ usually becomes /r/ or, less frequently, /l/:
búkid mountain + ka-an = kabukíran or, alternatively, kabukílan
mountains
Vice versa, in roots with intervocalic /l/ or /r/, the /l/ or /r/ may
change to /d/ when final or abutting on a consonant.
walà /waláʔ/ be lost + -un = wad-un /wadʔun/ lose s.t. (with loss
of the final vowel of the root).
hurut /hurút/ use up + -un = hutdun /hútdun/ use s.t. up (with
metathesis).
When a /d/, /l/, or /r/ comes to abut on velar consonant it tends to
change to /g/: [17]
pálung /páluŋ/ extinguish + -an = pagngan /págŋan/ extinguish it
haluk /halúk/ kiss + -an = hagkan /hágkan/ kiss it
/r/ or, occasionally, /l/ at the end of a root may change to /h/ when
suffixes are added. These are almost always words of Spanish
provenience.
mantinil make do with + -an = mantinihan make do with it
imbitar invite + -un = imbitahun invite him
5.2 Competing forms
Because of sound changes which took place over portions of the
Cebuano-speaking areas but did not spread over the entire area and the
subsequent spread of forms which reflect these changes, there are
numerous competing forms which are of the same etymology and which
usually (but not always) have the same meaning. [18]
Forms which are the same in meaning and which are related to each other
in that one underwent the sound change and the other did not are
defined only once and cross reference is made. Some sound changes are
so common and regular that only the older form is listed, and it is to
be taken for granted that the form which shows the sound change also
normally occurs unless a statement to the contrary is made.
5.21 Dropping of /l/
5.211 Intervocalic /l/
Most (but not all) roots which contain an /l/ between /a/’s and
/u/’s compete with roots which lack /l/. The forms without /l/ are
used generally in the Northeastern portion of the Cebuano area: all
areas east of Cebu (Bohol, Masbate, Leyte and islands in between) and
on the northern half of Cebu. In the Southwestern areas (Negros,
southern half of Cebu and most of Mindanao, the /l/ forms predominate.
Between like vowels /l/ is dropped and the vowel is usually lengthened:
kalabaw or kábaw ‘water buffalo’; balay or báy ‘house’;
tutulu or tutú ‘three’. In closed syllables or in the case of /l/
beginning the antepenult, no compensatory lengthening takes place:
kalatkat or katkat ‘climb’; kalamunggay or kamunggay ‘k.o.
tree’.
Between /a/ and /u/ or /u/ and /a/, /l/ becomes /w/: lalum or lawum
‘deep’; sulab or suwab ‘blade’. The sequence /alu/ in the
antepenult and penult or earlier in the root becomes /u/ in Cebu and
northern Leyte but /awu/ in Bohol and southern Leyte: dalunggan or
dunggan or dawunggan ‘ear’.
This alternation is for the most part confined to the root. [19]
Otherwise, it is so regular that only the forms containing /l/ are
listed, and the presumption is made that the /l/ may be dropped unless
a note is made to the contrary. [20]
5.212 Post-consonantal /l/
There is a tendency to drop post-consonantal /l/ usually (but not
always) with compensatory lengthening of the vowel of the penult:
kinahanglan or kinahángan ‘need’; aplud or apud ‘astringent in
taste’; danglug or dángug or dangug ‘slippery’. The /l/-less
forms are most common in the areas which drop intervocalic /l/. The
dropping of post-consonantal /l/ is by no means as widespread as
dropping of intervocalic /l/, and alternative forms are listed.
5.213 Final /l/
In Bohol and southern Leyte there is a tendency for /al/ at the end of
a word to become /aw/ and /ul/ to become /u/: bagal or bagaw
‘shell’. In this case alternative forms are listed.
5.214 Change of /l/ to /y/
Historically, intervocalic /l/ in isolated dialects became /y/. Forms
with /y/ for /l/ have spread throughout the Cebuano-speaking area, and
some are in competition with /l/-retaining forms: tingáli or tingáyi
‘perhaps’; kalugpus or kayugpus (also kugpus—by the rule of
5.211) ‘fold the arms’. In this case, competing forms are listed
with cross reference.
5.22 Assimilation and metathesis
There is a tendency for nasal consonants which abut on consonants to be
assimilated: bungdul or bundul ‘poke’; hingbis or himbis
‘scales’; amgid or anggid (also ambid) ‘like’. This alternation
is sporadic, and competing forms are listed.
There is some competition between forms with voiced and forms with
voiceless consonants, where the competition derives from assimilation:
tikbas or tigbas ‘strike with a blade’; bukdu or bugdu ‘bulging
out’. Again the competing forms are listed.
There is also competition between forms which differ by virtue of
metathesis: bungdul or dungbul (and dumbul) ‘poke’; itsa or ista
‘throw’; bàgu /baʔgu/ or bag-u /bagʔu/ ‘new’. (Cf. Section
5.14.) Competing forms that differ by virtue of metathesis are listed
except for forms containing a sequence /Cʔ/ which invariably compete
with forms containing /ʔC/.
5.23 Change of vowels
The vowel of the antepenult sporadically may change to /a/: kumusta or
kamusta ‘how are, is’; batíis or bitíis ‘leg’. Occasionally
/a/ or /u/ is assimilated to a following /y/ or an /i/ in the following
syllable: biyà or bayà ‘leave’; musimus or misimus ‘lowly’.
In these cases competing forms are listed.
5.24 Change of /y/ to /dy/
In Bohol and Southern Leyte /y/ becomes /j/ (written dy). Some forms
with dy have spread throughout the Cebuano speech area or occur only in
the Bohol-Southern Leyte speech. Such forms are listed with dy. [21]
Other forms with dy are listed as with y, and the reader may conclude
that these forms have /dy/ in Bohol and Southern Leyte.
5.25 Competing forms where no sound change is involved
Roots which are not relatable by the above rules are given separate
definitions. The exception to this rule is equivalent names of flora
and fauna and technical terms which refer to exactly the same cultural
forms: e.g. gwayabanu, labanu, malabanu, síku karabaw are all the same
plant (Anona muricata); humagbus and hinablus both refer to the same
relationship.
6.1 Inflection
Verb forms are subject to the addition of a small list of affixes which
we call INFLECTIONAL AFFIXES. The inflectional affixes specify three
tenses: PAST, FUTURE, and SUBJUNCTIVE; four cases or voices: ACTIVE,
DIRECT PASSIVE, LOCAL PASSIVE, and INSTRUMENTAL PASSIVE; and two modes:
POTENTIAL and NONPOTENTIAL. The nonpotential forms are further broken
down into two aspects: PUNCTUAL and DURATIVE. The punctual-durative
distinction exists in all voices but is observed only in the active
voice. [22] In the passive voices punctual forms are used for all
meanings, except for literary or dialectal styles where the
durative-nondurative distinction is maintained. The following chart
shows these affixes. Their meanings are listed and exemplified in
entries in the dictionary listed under mu-, mag-1, maka-1, -un1, ma-1,
-an1, i-1. [23] In the following chart commas indicate forms which are
in free variation (nearly synonymous and mutually substitutable). A
preceding hyphen indicates a suffix, following hyphen a prefix, and
hyphen in the middle, a circumfix. Dialectal affixes are not listed.
The asterisks mark forms which are not normally used in colloquial
speech.
Future Past Subjunctive
Active
Punctual mu- mi-, ni-, ning-, mu-
ming-
Durative mag-, maga- nag-, naga-, ga- mag-, maga-
Potential maka-, ka- naka-, ka- maka-, ka-
Direct Passive
Punctual -un gi- -a
Durative paga-un* gina-* paga-a*
Potential ma- na- ma-
Local Passive
Punctual -an gi-an -i
Durative paga-an* gina-an* paga-i*
Potential ma-an, ka-an na-an ma-i, ka-i
Instrumental Passive
Punctual i- gi- i-
Durative iga-* gina-* iga-*
Potential ma-, ika- na-, gika- ma-, ika-
6.2 Verbal derivation
The inflectional affixes are added not only to roots (forms containing
no other affixes) but also to derived bases (forms containing further
affixes). The productive affixes which are added to roots to form bases
which in turn may have inflectional affixes added to them are -ay, -an,
pa-, paN-, [24] ka-, hi-, ha-, hiN-, pakig-, paki-, panggi-, pani-,
paniN-1. These affixes are given entries in the dictionary and
exemplified there.
When the active inflectional affixes are added to verb bases which
contain some of these derivative prefixes, they undergo morphophonemic
alternations as shown in the following chart:
together with ni- (mi-, ning-) mu- becomes
prefix becomes
paN- naN- maN-
pakig- nakig- makig-
paniN- naniN- maniN-
pani- nani- mani-
panggi- nanggi- manggi-
These affixes are given entries and defined there.
7.0 Classification of roots according to their system of affixation
With the rich system of derivational and inflectional affixations to
which Cebuano roots are subject, there are literally hundreds of
different affixed forms for any given root. Since it is manifestly
impossible to list exhaustively all affixations for any given root, we
follow the principle here that PRODUCTIVE FORMATIONS are generally not
listed unless there is s.t. especial about their meanings or
morphophonemics. By PRODUCTIVE FORMATIONS we mean affixes which are
added to all, or almost all, members of a certain group of roots. For
example, the affix ka-an2 is added to any root which refers to a plant
to form a collective noun referring to a place where a group of that
type of plant is found. The formation, ka-[plant]-an, is not listed
except in cases where there is s.t. special about the affixation, as
for example kalubinhan ‘coconut grove’ (from lubi) which undergoes
special morphophonemics or kabaknitan ‘thicket’ (from baknit
‘k.o. vine’), where the meaning of the affixed form is not
predictable from the meaning of the base and the affixes. The following
productive affixes are listed only occasionally. For their meanings and
a description of the type of roots to which they are added, see the
entries: pa-1,2; paN-1a,c, panggi-, hi-/ha-; hiN-1; -ay/-anay; paka-2,
doubling or Culu-; -in-1, -in2, ka-an2, -in-an1, -in-an2, ma-2.
The inflectional affixes which may be added to a given verb base in a
given meaning are indicated by means of a formula which is explained in
the following subsections. The derivational affixes paN-1a,c, pakig-,
and ka- are also indicated with these formulas.
Our classification of verbs consists of two parts separated by a
semicolon: the active and the passive. The active classes are indicated
by capital letters A, B, C and numbers indicating subclasses; and the
passive classes are indicated by minuscules a, b, and c followed by
numbers indicating subclasses. E.g. palit ‘buy’, which is in class
A; a, takes the active affixes listed for A (Section 7.11) and the
passive affixes listed for a (Section 7.21). In the following
subsections the verbs mentioned as examples of each conjugation class
are listed with examples for all the relevant affixations.
7.1 Active verb classes
7.11 Class A conjugation, the action verbs
Verbs of class A refer to an action. If they are the predicate of the
sentence, the subject is the agent of the action. If they are in
attribute construction, the head is the agent of the action. They occur
with mu-, meanings 1 and 2 [25] (and thus also with mi-, ni-, etc.),
mag-, meanings 1 and 2 (and thus also with nag-, naga-, maga-, etc.),
maka- in all meanings (and thus also with naka-, ka-, etc.). (See the
entries under these affixes for further illustration and explanation.)
The entry for palit ‘buy’ illustrates this class; the entry for
bisiklíta ‘bicycle’ indicates this class with verbs derived from
noun roots, and the entry for hapit,2 ‘drop in s.w.’ illustrates
this class referring to verbs of motion.
7.111 Subclasses of the class A conjugation
The numbers which follow the letter A indicate nonoccurrence of
affixes. The symbol A1 indicates verbs of the A conjugation which do
not occur with the punctual-active set, mu- (mi-, etc.). An example of
a verb of this type is ikspidisiyun ‘go on an expedition’. The
symbol A2 indicates that the base does not occur with the
durative-active set, mag- (nag-, etc.). A verb of this class is sángit
‘catch, snag s.t.’. The symbol A3 indicates that the base does not
occur with the potential-active set, maka- (naka-, etc.), e.g. habhab,3
‘eat away a portion of s.t.’. Two numbers following the letter A
indicate the absence of two of the three active affixes. E.g. A12
indicates a base which occurs only with maka- (naka-, etc.) but not
with mu- and mag-, e.g. salà.
The symbol A13 indicates lack of mu- and maka- but occurrence of mag-,
e.g. dahum ‘expect’.
The symbol S following a number indicates that the base occurs with the
prefix represented, but that there is shift (Section 5.11). E.g.
dalágan ‘run’ is in class A2S: it occurs with all three sets, but
the penult is short when the durative affixes, mag-, etc., are added.
Dáwat ‘receive’ is in class A3S: it occurs with all three active
sets, but the penult is short when the potential affixes, maka-, etc.,
are added.
The symbol P following the letter A indicates that the unaffixed root
and the root plus pa- have exactly the same meaning and are used
interchangeably with the active affixes: e.g. mala ‘dry’.
The symbol A3P indicates that the root occurs with both maka- (naka-)
and, alternatively, with makapa- (nakapa-) with no difference in
meaning. Further, the base occurs with nonpotential affixes, but with
the nonpotential active affixes, pa- cannot be added to the base
without changing the meaning. The symbol A123P means that the root
occurs only with potential-active affixes (i.e., does not occur with
mu- or mag-), but it does occur with maka- and also with makapa- having
the same meaning as maka-, e.g. malarya ‘get malaria’.
The symbol N following A or A plus the numbers indicates that the
prefix paN- can be added to the base together with the punctual-active
affix, mu-, and with the potential-active affix maka- (naka-) but not
with the durative affixes, and that the root alone is synonymous with
the base plus paN-. That is to say, the form mu- (mi-)[root] and maN-
(naN-)[root] [26] are synonymous, and maka- (naka-)[root] is synonymous
with nakapaN-[root] and makapaN-[root]. An example of a root of the AN
conjugation is sanghid ‘ask permission’.
7.12 Class B conjugation, the stative verbs
Verbs of class B refer to s.t. that happened to s.o. or s.t. If they
are the predicate of the sentence, the subject is the thing to which
the event happened. Verbs of class B occur with mu- (mi-, etc.),
meaning 3, mag- (nag-, etc.), meaning 3, ma- (na-, etc.), meaning 3,
maka- (naka-, etc.) or, alternatively, makapa- (nakapa-) with a meaning
‘cause s.t. to become [so-and-so]’, and with magka-2 (nagka-,
etc.). The entry for pula ‘red’ illustrates this conjugation. The
entry for duktur ‘doctor’ illustrates a verb of this class formed
from a noun root.
7.121 Subclasses of verbs of the B conjugation
Verbs of class B1 lack mu-, e.g. págud ‘get burnt’. Verbs of class
B2 lack mag-, e.g. palanas ‘be eroded’. Verbs of B3 occur with
maka- but have a meaning ‘become [so-and-so]’, e.g. laun ‘age’.
Verbs of class B3(1) occur with maka- in two meanings: (1) become
[so-and-so], and (2) cause to become [so-and-so]. In the latter meaning
it also occurs with makapa- (nakapa-), e.g. lup-ut2 ‘thicken’.
Verbs of class B4 lack na- (ma-). E.g. laúsag ‘got worse and
worse’. Verbs of class B5 lack maka- (naka-) and verbs of class B6
lack magka-2, e.g. paliyar ‘for an engine to malfunction’. Many
verbs in the class B conjugation have one or more of these
conjugational features. E.g. duktur as a verb ‘become a doctor’ is
in class B16,—i.e. it lacks mu- and lacks magka-.
The symbols S and N are used just as with the verbs of the A
conjugation. The symbolization B2S indicates that the penult is short
with the durative affixes (mag-, etc.), e.g. lúya ‘get weak’. A
symbol BN indicates that paN- may be added to the base with the
volitional affix (mu-) and that the root plus mu- (mi-, etc.) does not
differ in meaning from the root plus maN- (naN-).1 An example of a verb
of conjugation BN is pula.
7.13 Class C conjugation, the mutual action verbs
Verbs of class C refer to an action which two or more agents engage in
mutually. Verbs in this class usually have a long penult and shift the
stress to the penult if the final syllable of the unaffixed root is
stressed. Verbs of this class occur with the durative prefixes, mag-1,
(nag-, etc.), meaning 5, with the potential prefix magka-1 (nagka-),
and with the prefix makig- (nakig-). The entry for sábut ‘come to an
understanding’ (under sabut (←)) illustrates a verb of class C
conjugation.
7.131 Subclasses of the class C conjugation
The symbol C1 refers to verbs which lack the durative set, mag-. The
symbol C2 refers to verbs which lack the potential set, magka-. The
symbol C3 refers to verbs which lack the set makig-. The listing for
balíus ‘miss each other’ exemplifies a verb of class C13 (missing
both mag-1 and makig-). The entry púyù ‘live together’
illustrates a verb of class C2 (lacking the potential form magka-1).
7.2 Passive verb classes
7.21 Class a verbs
Verbs of class a occur with direct passive affixes (see the entry for
-un1), and the direct passive verb refers to a FOCUS [27] which is the
recipient of the action (see -un1, meaning 1). Verbs of class a
normally also occur with the local passive affixes (see -an1) referring
to a focus which is the place or beneficiary of the action (-an1,
meaning 1). They also occur with the instrumental passive affixes (see
i-1) in the instrumental, beneficial, and temporal meanings (i-1,
meanings 2, 3, and 4). Palit ‘buy’ illustrates a verb of class a.
Hapit ‘drop in’ and dalágan ‘run’ illustrate verbs of class a
that refer to motion. Ábut (under ábut) ‘meet with each other’
illustrates a verb of class a conjugation referring to mutual action.
Dakù illustrates an adjective with class a conjugation. Bisiklíta and
duktur illustrate two different kinds of nouns with class a
conjugation.
7.211 Subclasses of the class a conjugation
Verbs in class a1 lack a local passive; verbs in class a2 lack an
instrumental passive (except in the benefactive and temporal meanings
[-i1, meanings 3 and 4], to which all verbs in the language are
subject). Verbs in class a12 lack both the local and the instrumental
passive. The verb daug, 1 ‘overcome’ exemplifies this conjugation.
Verbs in class a3 have only potential passive affixes, e.g. dungug, 1
‘hear’. Verbs in class a4 refer to a focus which is the thing
suffering from or affected by the thing referred to by the verb (-un1,
meaning 2), e.g. malarya ‘get malaria’.
7.22 Class b verbs
Verbs of class b occur with a local passive affix, and the local
passive refers to a focus which is the recipient of the action (see
-an1, meaning 2). Verbs of this class also normally occur with the
instrumental passive affixes (see i-1) in the instrumental, beneficial,
and temporal meanings (i-1, meanings 2, 3, and 4). Haluk ‘kiss’
illustrates a verb of class b conjugation.
7.221 Subclasses of class b
The symbol b(1) indicates verbs of class b which lack the instrumental
passive conjugation (in any but the benefactive and temporal meanings
[i-1, meanings 3 and 4], to which all verbs in Cebuano are subject). An
example of a b(1) verb is bantay ‘watch’.
The symbol b1 indicates verbs the local passives of which refer to a
focus which is the place of the action (-an1, meaning 1) or, in another
meaning, to the recipient of the action (-an1, in meaning 2). Laba
‘wash’ illustrates a verb of this type.
The symbol b2 indicates verbs of the a conjugation, the local passive
of which refers to the place of the action, but which also occur with
the affix hi-an(→) (hi-i), meaning 2, to refer to the accidental
recipient of the action. Bása ‘read’ illustrates a verb in class
ab2.
The symbol b3 indicates verbs the local passive of which refers to the
reason for the action (-an1, meaning 5). Dalágan ‘run’ illustrates
this class. The symbol b3(1) indicates verbs of class b3 which occur
only with potential affixes (ma-/na-an/-i or, alternatively,
gika-/ka-an/-i). Hadluk ‘be afraid’ illustrates a verb of b3(1).
The symbol b4 indicates verbs the local passive of which refers to a
focus which is the thing affected by the action or the thing this verb
refers to (-an1, meaning 4). Buntag, 3 ‘be overtaken by morning’
illustrates a verb of this class. The symbol b4(1) indicates verbs of
class b4 which have only potential affixes. Walà ‘lose’
illustrates a verb of this class.
The symbol b5 refers to verbs the local passive and the direct passive
of which are synonymous, i.e. occur with -un1, in meaning 1, and -an1,
in meaning 2, where there is no difference between the two sets of
affixation. [28] Abli,2 ‘open’ illustrates a verb of this class.
The symbol b6 refers to verbs which have no passive other than the
local passive and the instrumental passive in the benefactive or
temporal meanings (-i1, meanings 3 and 4), and, further, the local
passive refers to a focus which is the place or the beneficiary of the
action (-an1, meaning 1), or, in the case of adjectives, refers to a
focus which is the person who considered s.o. to be [adjective].
Kulumbítay ‘hang’ is an example of a verb of class b6. The symbol
b6(1) refers to verbs of this sort which also occur with an
instrumental passive in the instrumental meaning—i.e. the focus of
the instrumental passive is the instrument with which the action of the
verb is carried out (i-1, meaning 2). Dagkut, 1 ‘light’ is an
example of a verb of class b6(1).
The symbol b7 indicates verbs the local passive of which refers to a
focus which is s.t. diminished or added to (-an1, meaning 2a). Kúhà
‘take’ illustrates a verb of this conjugation.
The symbol b8 indicates verbs which have only potential local passives.
Kamau ‘know’ (listed under mau) is a verb of class b8.
7.23 Class c verbs
Verbs of class c have instrumental passive affixes which refer to a
focus which is the thing conveyed by the action or the direct recipient
of the action (see i-1, meaning 1). Verbs of class c normally also
occur with the local passive affixes (-an1) referring to a focus which
is the place or the beneficiary of the action (-an1, meaning 1). Lábay
‘throw away’ illustrates a verb of this type. Dalágan,1
illustrates a verb of class c which refers to motion.
7.231 Subclasses of class c verbs
The symbol c1 indicates verbs for which the direct and the instrumental
passive are synonymous (i.e. occur with -un1 in meaning 1 and with i-1
in meaning 1; and the meaning of the form composed of i- plus the base
is synonymous with -un plus the base). [29] Most verbs derived from
adjectives are in class c1.
The symbol c2 indicates verbs for which the local and the instrumental
passive forms are synonymous, where with the local passive and the
instrumental passive forms refer to a focus which is the recipient of
the action (-an1, meaning 2, and i-1, meaning 1). An example of a verb
in class c2 is dusù ‘shove’.
The symbol c3 indicates verbs the instrumental passive of which refers
to a focus which is the recipient of the action (i-, meaning 2), but
which occur only with the potential affixes ika-, gika-. A verb in
class c3 is isturya ‘talk to’.
The symbol c4 refers to verbs which optionally take a prefix ig-1 for
the future instrumental passive nonpotential form and igka-1 for the
future instrumental passive potential form. Dúngug,3 (listed under
dungug (←)) ‘hear from’ is an example of a verb in class c4.
The symbol c5 refers to verbs the instrumental passive of which refers
to a focus which is the reason on account of which the agent came into
[such-and-such] a state (-i, meaning 5, and ika-1, meaning 2). Lípay
‘be happy’ is an example of a verb with c5 conjugation.
The symbol c6 refers to verbs of class c which do not occur with local
passive affixes.
NOTES
[1] We arrive at this figure by totalling the population of towns and
villages in Cebuano-speaking areas in the Census of 1960 (about seven
and a half million). There are no accurate figures as to language
affiliation for the population in the Philippines.
[2] Use of English and to some extent, Spanish, has the function of
distinguishing the upper classes from the ordinary folks, rather than
class dialect.
[3] Thus, for example, in our definition of danggit (a name given to a
small fish) we define as follows: 1 name given to small species of
Teuthis with dots. 2 by extension, name given to any small specimen or
any species of Teuthis. This definition reflects the usage of fishermen
who call any small dotted species of Teuthis, genuine danggit (danggit
nga pyúr), but any species of Teuthis with no dots are called aberrant
forms of the danggit—other related fish are called danggit sa
hunásan ‘the danggit of the tidal flats’ or danggit nga ngisingisi
‘the danggit like the ngisingisi fish’, etc.) Further, by fishermen
these other species of Teuthis are given their own names: danghili and
lilu kan; but among housewives and in the market all these fish are
called danggit.
[4] Just as in an English dictionary we must indicate that the term
‘vagina’ is appropriate to a family-planning lecture, whereas,
‘cunt’ is not, so in Cebuano we must indicate that the term
kinatáwu sa babáyi ‘female genitalia’ is fine for a family
planning lecture but bilat ‘cunt’ is not. We do this by
characterizing kinatáwu sa babáyi as a euphemism and characterizing
bilat as coarse. We do not wish to say that one of these alternative
forms is better than the other, nor do we mean to say that ‘coarse’
forms in Cebuano are taboo. (They are not taboo in the same way that
the English four-letter words are, even though for formal occasions
they are avoided.)
[5] Aside from a few catechisms and novenas, there are practically no
specimens of Cebuano extant which antedate this century, and even
prewar literary productions are extremely difficult to come by. Aside
from the forms marked ‘Biblical’, everything here listed is
contemporary speech.
[6] Approximately five percent of our data is not included for lack of
reliable informants. These are mainly forms of only local currency, a
large portion of them from Bohol.
[7] In the Cebuano of Cebu City and most Cebuano-speaking areas, the
mid-central vowel falls together with /u/. Nice as it would have been
to include information on which forms with /u/ are with a mid-central
vowel dialectally, such information is extremely difficult to come by,
and so we reluctantly had to leave this information to be supplied in
future editions.
[8] The glottal stop in post-consonantal position is usually indicated
in Cebuano publications by a hyphen (as we do): tan-aw /tánʔaw/
‘see’, spelled tan-aw (but sometimes also as tanaw). Between vowels
a glottal stop is occasionally indicated, again with a hyphen: maáyu
/maʔáyu/ ‘good’, spelled maayu, maayo, ma-ayo, or ma-ayu.
[9] In initial position there is no contrast between /ʔ/ and its
absence, and phonetically the [ʔ] is always articulated.
Intervocalically there is no contrast between successive like vowels
and like vowels separated by a /ʔ/ (between [aa] and [aʔa]; [uu] and
[uʔu]; [ii] and [iʔi]), and phonetically the [ʔ] is always present.
Between unlike vowels there is either a [ʔ] or a [w] or [y] glide.
[10] [ts] does not contrast with [c]. Morphologically, when a suffix -s
is added to a base which ends in /t/ the combination ts automatically
becomes [c]: Rit ‘name’ plus -s ‘diminutive suffix’ = Rits
[ric].
[11] A sequence [ds] or [dy] does not occur in final position. When a
suffix -s is added to a base ending with d the combination ds
automatically becomes [j]: Pid ‘name’ plus -s ‘diminutive
suffix’ = Pids [pij].
[12] Our transcription of diy for /dy/ is unequivocal, as I have come
across no case where [diy] occurs in contrast to [dy].
[13] The exception to this rule is forms which contain dead
affixes—affixes which are not part of the productive or even live
Cebuano morphological (inflectional and derivational) systems. Examples
are takílid ‘turn the back’, bakilid ‘slope’, which obviously
have prefixes ta- and ba- respectively and are connected with the root
kílid ‘side’. But since ba- and ta- are not part of the active
Cebuano derivational system, we list them under takílid and bakilid
(with a cross reference to the root kílid). Such forms behave like
roots, and it would only complicate the task of the user if they were
not to be listed with their dead affix.
[14] One difference which sets off roots that are basically verbs from
roots that are basically nouns and adjectives is that verb roots may
occur unaffixed with the meaning ‘action of [doing so-and-so]’
whereas nouns and adjectives may not: Thus, lakaw ‘walk’, túyuk
‘turn’ are verbs because they occur unaffixed as nouns meaning the
action of walking, turning: káda lakaw níya, ‘each time he
walked’; káda túyuk níya, ‘each time he turned around’; but
karsúnis ‘trousers’, ayruplánu ‘airplane’ are not because
they do not occur in this meaning. (To express ‘action of wearing
trousers’ the prefix pag- must be added to the noun karsúnis:
Gidilì ang pagkarsúnis dinhi, ‘It is forbidden to wear pants
here.’ Similarly a pag- must be added to ayruplánu to make a noun
meaning ‘action of ...’: Ang pag-ayruplánu makapadali sa byáhi,
‘Taking a plane hastens the trip.’
Roots that are basically adjectives are distinguished from noun roots
in that they occur with a prefix ka- in exclamations to mean ‘how
very [adjective]!’ whereas nouns do not. Thus buguy ‘tramp’ is an
adjective because it occurs with ka- in this meaning: kabuguy níya
‘what a tramp he is’, whereas kutsi ‘car’ is not. (To express,
‘what a car!’ the suffix -a(←) is used, not ka-: Ngilngígang
kutsíha uy! ‘My! What a car!’)
[15] The root is taken to be inum because the form containing mu- is
muinum ‘will drink’.
[16] However, this is true only of the Cebu City dialect. Other
dialects retain /ʔC/: kàna /káʔna/ ‘eat it’.
[17] Dialectally they change to /d/: hadkan, padngan.
[18] In the strictest sense, of course, no two forms are the same in
meaning: in English, for example, rather pronounced to rhyme with
father is different in meaning from rather pronounced [ræd̵ər]. One
is a strange or affected word and the other is a normal word. But which
form is normal is all a matter of what part of the country one comes
from, and a dictionary which is not regionally biased must list them as
synonymous. Similarly, in Cebuano for any given speaker, where several
forms compete, usually only one form is normal; but, as in the case of
the two rather’s in English, the two competing forms are most often
synonymous from the dictionary’s point of view.
[19] The existence of forms similar in meaning with initial l and
initial vowel, e.g. lárag—árag ‘for leaves to fall off’, shows
that this sound change also crossed morphological boundaries when it
was in effect.
[20] Thus, for example: salámat ‘thanks’ is everywhere with /l/
and a notation to this effect is made in the listing of salámat. But
for balay ‘house’, for example, we make no entry for báy because
from the listing of balay with no further comment alone the reader may
deduce a form báy.
[21] There are also forms with dy (/j/) which do not come from an older
/y/, e.g. pangadyi ‘pray’.
[22] The occurrence of the tense affixation is predictable: a verb form
which occurs with a given voice-mode affix in one tense occurs also in
the same voice and mode in the other tenses. The voice, mode, and
aspect affixes, however, are not predictable. Some verbs occur in one,
some in two, some in three, some in all four voices; some occur only in
the potential mode, some with only durative active affixes, and so
forth.
[23] These affixes are the future forms shown in the chart of this
section. The entries define the voice and mode differences
exhaustively. The difference in tense meanings (between future, past,
and subjunctive) are described in this note. The forms designated
FUTURE refer to future time (as the name suggests):
Palitun ku ang isdà, I will buy the fish.
Akuy mupalit ug isdà, I will buy some fish.
Kinahanglang palitun nímu, You must buy it.
They also may refer to habitual actions and general statements.
Maáyu siyang mulútug kík, He bakes cakes well.
Mupalit kug isdà káda adlaw, I buy fish every day.
Mupula ug lutúun, If you cook it, it will turn red or When you
cook it, it turns red.
They may also refer to exhortations:
Palitun ta! Let’s buy it!
Mupalit tag isdà, Let’s buy some fish.
The forms designated PAST refer to past actions.
Gipalit ku ang isdà, I bought the fish.
Nakatilaw na kug isdà, I have already tasted fish.
Sa nagpalit kug isdà, As I was buying fish.
They also refer to actions still going on.
Naghilak ang bátà, The child is crying.
Naglútù pa siya sa isdà, He is still cooking the fish.
The forms designated as SUBJUNCTIVE occur in a phrase and following a
form which itself indicates time: e.g. kagahápun ‘yesterday’,
walà ‘not (past)’, anus-a ‘when (future)’, sa miáging
Duminggu ‘last Sunday’, adtu ‘there (future)’, túa ‘there
(present)’, and the like.
Ugmà níya palita, He will buy it tomorrow.
Anus-a nímu palita ang isdà? When will you buy the fish?
Didtu níya palita, He bought it there.
Sunud Duminggu níya palita, He will buy it next Sunday.
Walà níya palita, He did not buy it.
The passive subjunctive forms are also used as imperative forms:
Palita ang isdà! Buy the fish!
Ayaw lutúa, Don’t cook it.
Limpiyúhi ninyu! You (plural) clean it.
Further examples of the tense differences can be found in the
definitions of the future case-mode affixes listed as entries in the
dictionary. The listing under untà, 2a illustrates the use of the
future and past in the apodosis of conditions contrary to fact.
[24] The phonemic value of the morphophonemic symbol N is given in the
following chart:
For roots beginning with N plus the initial
consonant after root produces
p, b m
t, d, s n
k, ʔ (written as initial vowel),
ng ng
l ngl or, alternatively, nl
other consonants or clusters
of consonants ng plus initial consonant
Examples: palit + paN- = pamalit ‘buy’; baligyà + paN- =
pamaligyà ‘sell’; tindug + paN- = panindug ‘stand’; dala +
paN- = panala ‘bring’; sulud + paN- = panulud ‘enter’; kúhà +
paN- = pangúhà ‘take’; ábang + paN- = pangábang ‘rent’;
ngisi + paN- = pangisi ‘be intent on’; lútù + paN- = panglútù,
panlútù ‘cook’; hisus + paN- = panghisus ‘exclaim Jesus!’.
[25] See the entry for mu-.
[26] maN- is analyzed morphophonemically as mu- plus paN-, and naN- as
mi- plus paN-. See Section 6.2.
[27] The term FOCUS is given to the word to which the verb refers. If
the verb is the head of the predicate of the sentence, the FOCUS is the
subject (in bold face in the following examples):
Gipalit níya ang pán, He bought the bread.
If the verb is the subject of the sentence, the FOCUS is the predicate:
Pán ang íyang gipalit, It was bread that he bought.
If the verb modifies a noun (is attribute to a noun), the noun is the
FOCUS:
Ang pán nga íyang gipalit, The bread he bought.
[28] In cases of bases which occur with direct passive affixes in the
direct meaning (-un1, 1) and with local passives in the direct meaning
(-an1, in meaning 1), but the two are not synonymous, the verb is
classed ab.
[29] If a base occurs with the direct and the instrumental passive,
where i- has the meaning 1, but the direct and instrumental passive
forms are not synonymous, the verb is said to be in class ac, e.g.
lábay ‘throw’. Dalágan ‘run’ is an example of a verb
referring to motion in the ac conjugation.
=== A ===
a n letter A. walay — illiterate.
-a subjunctive direct passive affix. see -un.
-a(←) {1} affix added to nouns forming words which refer to a specific
one of several: Kanang isdáa, dílì kadtu, That fish there, not that one
further over. Háing baláya ang íla? Which house is theirs? {1a} added
to possessive pronouns: the particular one that belongs to [so-and-so].
Dakù ang amúang balay, gamay tung iláha, Our house is large, and theirs
is small. {2} affix added to adjectives to form exclamation. Dakúa uy!
My! How big it is! Patyun tikaw, irúa ka! I’ll kill you, you dog you!
Ngilngígang awtúha à! That’s some car!
á particle used as a pause word before starting to speak. {1} as a
filler. Á, muanhi ka ugmà? Um, are you going to come here tomorrow?
{2} deprecating or showing unimportance of what just preceded. Á,
paríha ra nákù, Oh, it’s all the same to me. Á, nagkumidiya lang siya,
Oh, he’s just joking. {3} showing mild disapproval. Á, dì nà mahímù,
Oh, you can’t do that. {4} recalling or conceding s.t. Á, duha diay tu,
Oh, yes. There were two of them, weren’t there. {4a} preceding s.t.
just found out. Á, Lítu diay ímung ngálan, Oh, so your name is Lito. Á,
kanindut, Oh, how nice! {5} expressing relief. Á, nahuwasan ku, Ah,
what a relief!
à particle preceding or following a sentence with an adjective
predicate. {1} dismissing s.t. as impractical, too easy, impossible,
etc. À, mu ra diay nà? Kasayun à! Oh, is that all there is to it? How
easy it is! À, ása man ku mutúu nímu, Hm, you think I could believe
you? {2} showing disapproval. À, hináya nímung mulíhuk, Hm! You sure
work slowly! {3} showing surprise. À, kanindut nímug sinínà, How come
you have such a beautiful dress on!
ā̀ = álà.
aba_1 n breast of fowls.
aba_2 exclamation of pleasure and surprise. Aba! Nakadaug ku, My! I
won!
ábà tuy (from sábà dihà untuy) shut up! Ábà tuy, maáyu ka lang sa
tayáda, wà kay tadtad, Shut up! You’re great at talking, but let’s see
you do s.t.
abaa particle indicating disapproval (literary). Abaa! Mahū́g ka gánì
dihà! Stop that! You might fall!
*abab taga- n hillbilly. pakataga- v [A13; a12] act, treat like,
consider a hillbilly. Gipakatagaabab lang ku ninyu. Ihása, You just
think I’m a hillbilly. Don’t try to fool me. — disáya a be the boss and
not henpecked.
ab-ab v [A; a] {1} chew to pieces. Ab-ábun sa irù ang íyang hikut, The
dog will chew up his rope. {2} eat away, erode. Ang pagluib ni Maríya
nag-ab-ab sa íyang balatían, Maria’s infidelity ate away at his
insides. Giab-ab ang íyang pinútì sa tayà, His sword was eaten away by
rust. {3} fester. Ang nag-ab-ab kung núka, My festering wound.†
abad n abbot.
ábag v [A; b] give material help, help do work. Kinsa may mag-ábag nímu
sa ímung pag-iskuyla? Who will help pay for your schooling? Abági ku
áring pagsilhig, Help me sweep. n help given. ka- n helper.
abaga n sweet potatoes growing from the outer vines and not from the
main root.
abága n shoulder. v [A2SN; b5] {1} take financial responsibility.
Abagáhun (pangabagáhun, pangabagáhan) ni Mánuy níya ang galastúhan sa
pag-iskuyla, His brother will shoulder his school expenses. {2} take
responsibility for accomplishing s.t. Kita giyuy muabága (mangabága)
áning prugramáha, We must undertake to carry out this program. (→) =
abága, v. paN- n right-hand-man. abagáhun a broad-shouldered.
*abáhu — kunsidirasiyun, dispusisiyun n bound by s.o.’s will. Abáhu
(báhu) kunsidirasiyun ku sa ákung bána, I am bound by my husband’s
decisions.
abaka n {1} abaca plant: Musa textilis. {2} abaca fiber. abakahan,
abakanhan, abakal n abaca plantation. v [A3] own an abaca plantation.
abakáda n alphabet.
abakal see abaka.
abal n = balbal. v = abat.
abalu n assessed value. v [AB56; b5c] assess, be assessed at. Ug ikaw
muabalu sa ákung yútà, ayawg dak-a, If you assess my land, don’t set it
too high. Ang yútà miabalu (giabalu, giabaluhan) ug singkwinta mil, The
land was assessed at fifty thousand pesos.
abalwasiyun n assessment. Purus dagkug abalwasiyun ang mga yútà dinhi
sa syudad, The lots in the city all have high assessments.
abandunar v [A3P; c1] abandon, neglect. Nag-abandunar na lang siya sa
íyang kaugalíngun sukad mamatay ang íyang asáwa, He neglected himself
entirely after his wife died. Ayaw abandunaha (iabandunar) ang ímung
pamilya, Do not abandon your family. abandunádu a {1} abandoned.
{2} neglectful. v = abandunar.
abandúnu = abandunar.
ábang v {1} [A2S; b] rent. Ang usa ka kwartu giabángan sa tigúlang, The
old man rents one of the rooms. {2} [b] hire a prostitute. {3} [A2; c]
make an offering to a supernatural being for the use of land which is
thought to be in his possession. Iábang ni nákung baktína álang sa uma,
I will sacrifice this pig as rental for the land. n {1} rent paid.
Pilay ábang nímu sa libru? How much rent did you pay for the book?
{2} money paid a prostitute. {3} toil taken by supernatural beings.
Kadtung nalumus dinhi ábang kunu tu sa ingkantu, The man who drowned
here is said to have been the rent collected by the supernatural
spirit. paN- v [A2] patronize a prostitute. -an(→)_1 1, 2, 3 = ábang,
n. {4} haunted place, place where departed spirits take a toll or rent.
Abangan kunu kanang baláya. Náa giyuy mamatay káda túig, That house is
haunted (lit. has a rental on it). Each year s.o. dies there.
abangan_2 n k.o. rattan used as anchor rope for a búbu fish trap.
abánid v [A; c1] do s.t. step by step, and in sequence. Iabánid
(abaníra) kini pagpintal arun dílì magkampat, Paint it one square at a
time so it will come out even. a done in succession, order. Abánid ang
íyang pagsukut sa mga istudyanti, He asked the students one after
another in turn.
abaníku n {1} folding fan. {1a} fan of any sort for fanning oneself.
{2} blackberry lily, k.o. bulbous ornamental: Balamcanda chinensis. It
is so called because the leaves are arranged like an opened fan. {3} =
baníku. {4} kurta di- see kurta_1. v {1} [a12] make into a fan. {2} [A;
b6] fan s.o. paN- v [A2] fan oneself. inabaníku n s.t. made in such a
way that it can be folded for storage, e.g., a folding chair,
jackknife.
abansáda a exposed to the wind. v [B12; c1] for s.t. to be directly
open to the wind. Naabansáda sa hángin ang ákung bukubuku, maung
gisip-un ku, My back was directly exposed to the wind. That’s why I
caught cold. Ayaw abansadáha (iabansáda) sa hángin ang inyung bintánà,
Don’t put a window right where it catches the full breeze.
*abansi miting di — grand rally immediately prior to an election.
abansin v [A] advance, for a body of people to move forward. Ang mga
Hapúnis miabansin sa pátag sa Lusun, The Japanese advanced over the
plains of Luzon.
abanti a {1} forward, ahead. Abanti ka rang milingkud, You took a seat
too far to the front. {2} ahead in score. v {1a} [A2; c] move forward.
Muabanti kag diyútay, matambug ka sa bangag, If you move forward any
more, you will fall into the hole. Iabanti nang ímung awtug diyútay,
Move your car forward a bit. {1b} [A; a] be ahead, have more points in
a game. Naabantíhan mu námug diyis puntus, We were ten points ahead of
you. {2} [A2; a12] keep up with s.t. Dì ku makaabanti sa galastúhan sa
iskuylahan, I cannot keep up with the school payments. {3} [A2; a12]
endure work. Dì ku makaabanti sa pagdáru kay dautun ku, I can’t keep up
with the plowing because I’m sickly. {4a} [A] ask part payment in
advance, especially in salary. {4b} [c] give s.o. a cash advance on his
salary or other payment. n {1} front wheel(s). Nahiyus ang abanti sa
mutur, The front tire of the motorcycle is flat. {2} forward gear.
{3} front seat in a car. atras — see atras.
abánu n factory-made cigar. v {1} [A; a12] make into a cigar.
{2} [A123S] have, obtain a cigar. paN- v [A2] smoke a cigar.
abat n {1} any supernatural being or human with supernatural powers
which shows itself in an unexpected and startling way. {2} one who is
‘it’ in games. v {1} [A2; a2] head off s.o. Maapsan pa nímu siya ug
ímung abatun sa iskína, You can still catch up with him if you head him
off at the corner. {2} [AN; a12] frighten s.o. by appearing suddenly or
otherwise startling him. Ig-ági níya, abta siya, When he comes by, give
him a scare. alabtan, abtanan a haunted, place where things appear
suddenly. alabtun s.o. to whom spirits tend to show themselves.
abat-ábat n game of tag. v [A13] {1} play tag. {2} try to meet without
succeeding. Wà giyud mi magkítà, nag-abat-ábat lang, We just kept
missing each other.
ábat_1 v [A2S; b6] hold on to s.t. fixed to support oneself. Ang
tigúwang miábat sa pasamánu paingun sa táas, The old man held on to the
bannister while going upstairs. -an(→) n a railing in shape of a ladder
for baby to cling to when he starts to walk.
ábat_2 v {1} [A; a1] feel with the hands, esp. to find s.t. out.
Nag-ábat siya sa yáwi sa íyang bulsa kung wà ba hibyai, He felt for the
key in his pocket to see if he hadn’t left it behind. Abátun ku ang
íyang agtang ug hilanatun ba, I’ll touch her forehead to see if she is
feverish. {2} [A123S; a12b2] feel s.t. with the sense of touch.
Nakaabat ku sa kabugnaw sa sinihan, I felt the coolness of the movie
house. Abátun gánì nímu ang kasakit, musamut giyud, If you think about
the pain, it will get worse. {3} [A123S; b2] happen to notice, sense
s.t. Nakaabat kung mu rag may misaka sa ámung báy, I sensed that s.o.
had entered our house.
abay v {1} [AC; b6] move along together with s.t. moving. Lagmit
hiligsan ang bátà kay nag-abay sa tartanilya, The child is likely to be
run over because he is running alongside of the rig. Silang duha
nag-ábay paglanguy, The two swam side by side. {1a} — ug sawa have a
snake born at the same time one is born. The snake is called one’s twin
(kalúha) and is supposed to bring him and his family luck. Pagkatáwu sa
ákung iyaan, giabayan (giabyan) ug sawa. Mau nang nadátù ang íyang
inahan, When my aunt was born, a twin snake was born with her, and so
her mother became rich. {2} [A2; c] go in with s.o. who buys or invests
in s.t. Ug mupalit kag usa ka sákung humay muabay kug lima ka gantang,
If you buy a sack of rice, I will go in with you for five ganta’s
worth. Giabyan níyag singku písus ang ákung pusta, He went in for five
pesos on my bet. {3} [AN] go in together in a fishing operation which
requires several hands. {4} [c1] attach a gaff in the abay way (see
abay, n 4). n {1} money paid as a share in a purchase or investment.
Ang ákung abay bálig dus písus ra, My share is two pesos’ worth.
{2} bridesmaid or best man. {3} man’s male friend. {3a} title used by
males of the same age to each other. short form: bay. Ása man ning
dyípa, bay? Where is this jeep headed for, driver? {4} manner of tying
a gaff to a cock level with and parallel to the spur to offset any
advantage it may have over its opponent. maN-l-(←), maN-r- n persons
who go in together in a fishing operation. -an, abyanan n life saver.
abyan n {1} friend, companion. Alang kaníya walà siyay láing abyan kun
dílì álak, He has no other friend except liquor. {2} supernatural being
that provides a shaman or sorcerer with his power. v [C1] {1} be
friends. Kita lay mag-abyan, Let’s be friends. {2} indulge in a bad
habit. Walà siya makig-abyan sa huguyhúguy, He did not indulge in
roaming about.
abgaw = adgaw. -un n k.o. snapper with a yellow streak along the body:
Lutianus sp.
abhak v [A; b5] diminish s.t. by taking away or destroying part of it.
Naabhak (naabhákan) ang íyang abága sa bála, The bullet tore a huge
piece out of his shoulder. n hole left when s.t. is chopped off, out.
Dakù kaáyu ang abhak sa káhuy, There’s a big cut in the tree. a done in
such a way that s.t. is chopped off. Abhak nga pagkabuldúsir ang inyung
nataran, Your yard was bulldozed clean.
abhul = abhung.
abhung a musty and flat in smell: damp clothing, rice, sweet potatoes,
salted fish, et al. v [B; b6] be, become musty. -un(→) a of a musty
kind.
abi = abir 1, 2.
ábi {1} — [gen.] [gen.] thought, took for granted. Ábi nákug tinúud, I
thought it was true. — nímu You know what? Ábi nímu? Nakit-an ku siya
nga láig kúyug, You know what? I saw him going out with s.o. else.
{2} — kay just because. Ábi kay nakadaug sa byúti kuntis midakù na ang
úlu, Just because she won the beauty contest she thinks she is s.t.
{3} — na lang s.o. might think that. Súkul. Ábi na lang, daug. Fight
back. They might think you give up.
abiábi v [A; a12] show hospitality to. Mu giyud ning táwung iládu,
abiabíhun giyud sa mga tagilungsud, The townspeople show hospitality to
any famous visitor. maabiabíhun, manggiabiabíhun a hospitable.
abíba, abibar v [A; b5] cheer one on, encourage to do. Nag-abíba sa mga
bátag binúang, Egging the children on in their naughtiness.
n encouragement, egging on. maabibáhun a giving encouragement, egging
on.
abíhid = alabíhid.
abilay = sambilay.
abilidad n ability, capacity or skill to accomplish s.t. v [A12] obtain
a certain ability. abilidaran a skilled, able. Abilidaran nà si Tunyu.
Bansayng mutínis, Tony has talent. He plays tennis well.
abilyána a tan-colored shoes. n tan polish. v [A13] polish shoes with a
light tan polish, color them tan. Abilyanáha (abilyanáhi) ning sapátus
kung putì, Dye these shoes of mine tan. Wà kuy bitung itum. Abilyanáhi
lang, I don’t have any black polish. Just put tan polish on them.
ábin v [A2C; b] {1} engage in an enterprise or game together. Mag-ábin
ta sa pamaligyag pagkáun, Let’s become partners in selling food.
{2} ally on oneself with. Mga hakug sa gahum ang miábin kaníya, People
who were greedy for power allied themselves with him. Nakig-ábin aku
kaníya sa íyang mga panglantaw sa unáhan, I share his views of the
future. n partner in business or game. Ug siyay ákung ábin sa bíku
kanúnay ming mudaug, When she is my partner in hopscotch, we always
win. ka- n = ábin.
abintúra n {1} adventures. {2} adventure film, story. Makítà siya sa
mga lílas abintúra, He appears in adventure films. v [A; b5] {1} try
going s.w. for the adventure of it. Nag-abintúra mig katkat sa
Manunggal, We went on an expedition to Mt. Manunggal. {2} = abinturar.
abinturar v [AN; b5] try one’s luck. Miabinturar (nangabinturar) lang
siyag aplay básig madáwat, He tried his luck in applying in hopes he
might be accepted. Abinturahi (abinturaha) lang si Maríyag hangyù, Try
your luck with Maria and ask her. abinturíru, -a = abinturista.
abinturista a adventurous, tending to try things out without knowing
the outcome. Dì ku mugugul ug kwarta niánà kay dì ku abinturista. Básig
dì musalir, I won’t invest my money on that because I’m not daring. It
might just fail.
abir {1} particle used in calling attention to a point in contention.
Ang diyus makagagáhum. Abir, unsáun man nímu pagpangutána diin siya
manukad, God is almighty. All right then, how can you ask where He
comes from? {1a} particle used in inciting a person to do s.t. Abir,
sulayi ug musalir ba nang paagíha, O.K. Just see if that procedure
works out. Abir, sumbága kunu ku kay isumbung tikaw ni Pápa, All right,
just try hitting me, and I’ll tell Daddy on you. {2} pause word
expressing hesitation when one doesn’t know how to do s.t. Abir, lisúa
nag hínay dúngan sa pagtulbuk ári, Let’s see now, turn that slowly and
press this at the same time. {3} = ambi. 4 v [AN; ac] try one’s luck,
take a stab at. Nangabir (miabir) lang siyag panlútù. Dì hinúun siya
kamau, He just took a try at cooking. He doesn’t really know how.
Abirun unyà nákug hangyù si Maríya, I’ll just take a stab at asking
Maria. Iabir kunu ni sa ahinsiya ug dawátun ba, Try taking this to the
pawnshop and see if they will accept it.
abirids n {1} average, the usual size or quantity. {2} average rating
in school. Pasar ku kay utsinta ákung abirids, I passed because my
average was eighty. v [A] {1} average so and so much. Makaabirids mig
lima adlaw-adlaw, We can sell on the average five every day. {2} have
an average grade of.
abiríya a be broken, inoperative. v [B] {1} for an engine to break
down. Kining trak dílì magámit. Nag-abiríya man, This truck cannot be
used. It is broken. {2} be under the weather. Naabiríya aku kay
nagkalíbang aku gahápun, I’m not feeling well because I had diarrhea
yesterday.
abirtu = abyirtu.
abis v [A; ab7] slice with a curved blade, cut a small or thin part
from a bigger piece. Abisig diyútay nà, Slice a piece off of it. paN-
v [A2] slice the terminal portion of a coconut bud to induce sap flow.
Kaduha sila mangabis káda adlaw, They make an incision in the bud twice
a day.
abísu n announcement of s.t. to come. v {1} [A; c] announce s.t. to
come. Nag-abísu ang radyu nga adúnay bagyung umaábut, The radio
announced that there is a typhoon coming. {2} [A12] receive an
announcement. Nakaabísu ming way túbig ugmà, We received the
announcement that there would be no water tomorrow.
abitsuylas = habitsuylas.
abitu n habit, a distinctive apparel worn by devotees, priests, monks,
and the like. v [A] wear a habit.
abíyu n food, provisions, money, supplies for daily consumption. v [A;
c] provide food, etc. Báhin sa mga kinahanglanun matag adlaw akuy
muabíyu, As far as your daily needs go, I will provide. Abyúhan ta lang
mug usa ka sákung humay matag búlan, We’ll supply you with one sack of
rice a month.
abiyun n airplane. ka-an(←) n group of airplanes.
abkay v [A; a] dig up, out. Abkáyun ku ang kwarta nga ákung gilubung
dinhi, I will dig up the money that I buried here.
abla v [A; c] speak to s.o. with some purpose in mind. Abláhi kunu si
Máma, básin pag musugut, Try to talk mother into it. She might let us.
n {1} persuasive talk. Dílì ka sugtun niánang bayhána kun walà kay
abla, That woman will not accept you if you don’t sweet-talk her.
{2} big talk. Abla lay nagdaghan. Walay líhuk, It was all just big
talk. No action. paN- n art or technique of expressing one’s viewpoint.
Malampúsun siyang abugádu kay maáyu siya sa pangabla, He is a
successful lawyer because he has a good technique in talking.
abládu n {1} delivered in spoken fashion. Ang kúru abládu, dílì
kantáhun, The chorus is spoken, not sung. {2} lines of a play. v [A]
speak lines.
ablása = abrása.
abli v [AB; b5] {1} open s.t., be open. Ikaw bay nag-abli sa pultahan?
Were you the one who opened the door? Sulud lang kay nag-abli ang
pultahan, Just come right in. The door is open. {2} begin, start a
class, business, etc. Muabli ang klási sa Hunyu, Classes begin in June.
Ablíhag (ablíhug) sayu ang klási sunud túig, Classes will open early
next year. {3} found, establish an enterprise. Anus-a man ablíhi
(ablíha) ang inyung iskuylahan sa panahì? When will you open your
sewing school? n {1} opening. Dakug abli nang tarúha, That can has a
big opening. {2} opening of classes. a {1} open. Abli ang bintánà.
Sirhi ra gud, The window is open. Please close it. {2} be started. Abli
na ang tindáhan. Palit ngadtug kapi, The store is open now. Go buy some
coffee.
Abr. abbreviation for Abril, ‘April’.
abrap a {1} sudden. Abrap ra kaáyu nang ímung pag-anhi, Your coming is
very sudden. {2} brusque. v [B12; c1] {1} be sudden, do s.t. by
plunging right into it. {2} be brusque. Naabrap ra tu nímu pagkatubag,
You answered in a brusque way.
abrása v [AC; bc3] walk side by side with. Hulat kay muabrása kug lakaw
ninyu, Wait for me. I’m going to walk next to you. Dílì ta mag-abrásag
lakaw sa karsádang hagip-ut, We shouldn’t walk side by side on a narrow
street.
abrasadur n = tangdayan. v = tangday, 2.
abrasíti v [C2; c2] promenade arm in arm or side by side. Nakit-an kung
ímung bánang may giabrasíting (giabrasitíhang) babáyi, I saw your
husband walking arm in arm with a woman (with a woman holding on to his
arms).
abrasyíti = abrasíti.
abri_1 = abli. -dur n opener.†
abri_2 = abyirtu_2.
abrigána n s.t. that stimulates the appetite. Maáyung abrigána ang bír,
Beer is good to stimulate the appetite.
abrigáwu n {1} apprentice on a ship. {2} one who works on a boat for
his passage. v [A1; a12] {1} be an apprentice, apprentice s.o. to.
{2} work in lieu of paying passage.
abrígu n shawl. v [A1; a] wear, make, receive a shawl.
Abril n April. v [a] {1} do s.t. in April. Magbakasyun mu sa Hunyu? Ah,
Abrila lang, Will you take your vacation in June? Oh, just make it in
April. {2} write down April in a document. Máyu ímung nabutang? Abrila
lang hinúun, Did you write May? It should be April.
abriláta n can opener.
absin v [A2; b6] {1} absent, fail to attend work or class. Absínig
kas-a nang klasíha nímu, Just miss your class this one time. {2} mark
one absent. Absínan tikaw, I’ll mark you absent. n absence, time away
from class. Daghag absin nímu Dyú, lagmit ka mahagbung, How many
absences you have, Joe! You’re likely to flunk. hiN-, pala-, absiníru,
absinus a given to missing classes. Anus-a gud nà siya makapasar nga
absinus man nà sa klási, How can he pass if he always misses classes? —
mayindid a absent-minded.
absinus see absin.
absulusiyun n absolution. v [b6] give absolution. Gilubung siya nga
walà gánì kaabsulusyuni, He was buried without having received
absolution.
absuwiltu n acquitted in court. v [A3P; a12] acquit.
abtik a {1} nimble, quick in reaction. Ang musáyaw sa tinikling
kinahanglang abtik ug tiil, Whoever dances the tinikling has to have
nimble feet. {2} fast, live in action. Mahuman ni dáyug abtik lang
mutrabáhu, It will get done right away if you work rapidly.
{3} cunning, sly. Abtik giyud siya kay midáwat imbis mubáyad, He sure
is sharp. Instead of paying as he should have, he got paid. v [B]
{1} get to be nimble. {2} get to be fast in action. Muabtik (maabtik)
lagi ang íyang panglíhuk basta pakit-ug sápì, He’ll get moving fast as
long as you show him money. {3} [B12] get to be cunning, sly.
{4} [b4(1)] outsmart. Naabtikan sad ku sa bátà, The child put one over
on me. paN- v [A2; b6] engage in chicanery. Ayaw kug pangabtíki kay
suhítu ku, Don’t try to put a fast one over on me, because I know my
way around.
abtung n rope used for tying the plow to the crosstree.
abu n {1} ashes. {2} = alabúhan. v {1} [A; a12] make ashes. Abuha nang
mga palwa ug gam-ang sabun, Make the palm stems into ashes to make soap
out of. {2} [B1256] be razed or burned to the ground. Pag-abut nákù
naabu na ang balay, When I arrived, the house was already burned to the
ground. ka-(←) v [A13] get ashes all over one. Nagkaábu ku kay misum-uk
ku sa nasunúgan, I got ashes all over me because I went into the
burned-out area. alabúhan n stove or any place a fire for cooking is
built. abuhun n ash-colored. Manuk nga abuhun, Gray-colored cock.
abuábu n k.o. fish.
*abubhu paN- v [A2; b6] be jealous of a loved one. n jealousy. abubhuan
a jealous. Abubhuang bána, A jealous husband. mapangabubhúun a of a
jealous type. Mapangabubhúun nga pasiklap, A jealous glance.
abud, ábud_1 v [A; c] {1} throw grains, throw grains to. Ang bukbukung
mais mauy iábud sa manuk, Throw the beetle-infested corn to the
chickens. {2} drop grains into a hole in planting. Mag-abud sila sa
ílang baul, They will plant their field. {3} feed grain into a mill.
Ímu síging abdan (abúran) ang galingan, Keep feeding grains into the
mill. {4} supply a factory with raw materials. Kanang kumpaniyáha mauy
tig-abud sa mga papil sa imprinta, That company supplies paper to the
printing press. {5} feed news, gossip. Aha! Ikaw diay nag-abud sa mga
nutisya, So you were the one who spread the news! n {1} feed for fowls.
{2} one’s turn to throw grains. Ákù na rung abud, It’s my turn to feed
(the chickens). alabdan = abud, n 2.
ábud_2 n ornamental bulbous plant: Eurycles amboinensis. The leaves are
applied over the bladder to facilitate urination.
ábud_3 n k.o. head louse lighter in color and with a longer and more
slender body than the ordinary head louse (kútu).
abug_1 n dust. v {1} [B46; a4b4(1)] become dusty. Muabug ang karsáda ug
dúgayng uwanun, The road gets dusty if the rains come late. Giabug ang
ámung balay kay dúgay na nga wà puy-i, Our house became all dusty
because it hadn’t been lived in for a long time. Tabúni ang libru arun
dílì maabugan, Cover the books so they won’t get dusty. {2} [B1256]
turn into dust. Sa kadugáyan kitang tanan maabug, In the end we will
all turn to dust. ka-(←) v [A13] get dust all over it. Nagkaábug ang
ákung buhuk tungud sa byáhi, My hair is all covered with dust because
I’ve just gotten off the bus. -un a dusty. -l-an(←) exposed to dust.
Kining kwartúha alabúgan. Duul man gud sa karsáda, This room is exposed
to dust. It’s close to the street.
*abug_2 paN- euphemism for pangabughu. see *abubhu.
ábug_1 v [A; a] {1} chase, drive, drive away. Abúga ang bábuy ngadtu sa
tangkal, Drive the pig into the pen. Abúgi sa lángaw ang lamísa, Drive
the flies away from the table. {2} drive s.o. to do s.t. Ang kaúlaw
mauy nag-ábug kanákù pagpaháwà sa ámung lungsud, Shame drove me to move
out of town. (→) n stick with strips of paper, plastic, etc., attached
on one end, used to chase flies away. -an(→) n an enclosure of the fish
corral into which the fish are driven before being caught.
ábug_2 = abyug.
abugáda n female lawyer.
abugádu n lawyer. v {1} [B16; a2] be, become a lawyer. {2} [A; b] speak
for s.o. Abugadúhan ta lang ka kay wà kay pangabla, I’ll speak for you
because you don’t have the knack of saying what you want. abugaduhun
a lawyer-like. Abugaduhung pangatarúngan, Lawyer-like reasoning.
abugágu n dumb lawyer (play on the words abugádu ‘lawyer’ and gágu
‘stupid’).
abugar = abugádu, v 2.
abugasíya n {1} law course. {2} law profession. Sa abugasíya
kinahanglan mamakak ug panalagsa, In the law profession it is necessary
to lie once in a while.
abughu, abughù = *abubhu.
abukádu n avocado or alligator pear: Persea sp. It is usually eaten
with sugar and milk.
abúkay n k.o. white cockatoo, often kept as pet: Cacatua
haematuropygia. (→), abúkay v [A] for babies to make noises like a
cockatoo.
abunansiya = abunda.
abunda a {1} abundant. Abunda ang bugas karun, There’s plenty of rice
now. {2} have plenty. Ug abunda ka sa sápì, mamalit kag yútà, If you
have lots of money, you should buy land. v [B] be, become abundant.
Unyà ra ta mamalit ug mangga ug muabunda (maabunda) na, We will buy
mangoes later when they become abundant. n abundance.
abundansiya = abunda.
ábung_1 v [A; c] bar, block the way. Abúngan ta ning karsádag dakung
batu, Let’s block the road with a big stone. n k.o. fishing equipment
consisting of dried coconut leaves tied to a raft. (→) n s.t. which
blocks the way. Ang káhuy nga abung sa pultahan, The wood that was
blocking the door. a in the path of the wind, smoke, smells, and the
like. Abung sa hángin, Exposed to the wind. Abung ka kaáyu sa íyang
dautang tingúhà, You are very much exposed to his evil powers. pa-(→),
pa- v {1} [A13; ac] put in an exposed position. Ug magpaabung ka sa
sílit sa túbig, mahumud ka, If you put yourself in the path of a jet of
water, you’ll get wet. Paabungig asu ang mangga, (Make the fire so
that) the mango tree will be in the path of the smoke. n k.o. fishing
whereby a net is set across the path of a fish. {2} [a] give allowance
in measuring s.t. Paabungan ug diyútay ang sukud ígù pagsipilya,
Measure it with a little allowance for planing. Mutíru gánì kag langgam
nga naglupad paabungig diyútay, If you shoot at a flying bird, aim a
little ahead. paN- v [A2] do s.t. in anticipation of a favor or reward.
Buútan nà siya run kay nangábung man nga hitagaan ug diyis, He’s
obedient this time because he’s anticipating getting a dime.
n preparation of oil and plants medicinal roots and herbs used as a
protection against some evil.†
abungaw_1 n k.o. tiny, light brown insect which swarms over food and
the like, similar in appearance to a fly. v [a4] be infested with
abungaw.
abungaw_2 = bungaw.
abúnu n {1} fertilizer. {2} transfusion or infusion. Nagkinahanglan
siyag abúnu kay gisulgan sa dugù, He needs a transfusion because he
lost a lot of blood. v [A; c] {1} put fertilizer on. Abunúhi ang rúsas,
Put fertilizer on the roses. {2} give a transfusion or infusion.
{3} supplement, fill in. Ikaw bay mag-abúnu sa kúlang? Will you make up
the lack? Ang gísu mauy iabúnu sa batsi, They use limestone to fill the
rough spots in the road.
aburídu a — ang úlu, pangísip, etc. be upset, irritable. v [B] be
upset. Kadtung ímung tahù nakaaburídu (nakapaaburídu) sa ákung úlu,
Your news got me all upset.
abusáda = abusádu (female).
abusádu a tending to take advantage, infringe on rights. Abusádu ang
mga kutsíru dinhi. Basta muulan, pabayrun ta nílag dubli, The rig
drivers are abusive. If it rains, they double the fare. Nagníwang lang
nà siya kay abusádu man gud sa íyang láwas, He is thin because he
neglects his body. v [B126] become abusive.
abusar v {1} [A3; b(1)] a do s.t. one is not entitled to, take
advantage of s.o. by infringing on his rights. Nag-abusar siya paggáwì
sa makinilya nga way pananghid, He took the liberty of using the
typewriter without permission. Giabusahan sila sa magbabaligyà kay way
kumpitinsiya, The storekeeper took advantage of them because there was
no competition. {b} mistreat one’s health. Nag-abusar ka lang sa ímung
láwas sa ímung pag-inum, You’re abusing your health with all your
drinking. {2} [A] do s.t. to a superfluous degree. Wà na nà magkaun;
nag-abusar na nà, That is not eating; that is excessive indulgence.
abúsu n taking advantage, acting beyond one’s rights. Ang pagdáwat sa
suburnu usa sa mga abúsu, Taking bribes is one of their abuses. v =
abusar.
abut v {1} [A; a12] arrive, reach a place. Dì pa makaabut (maabut) ang
suwat, The letter won’t have arrived yet. Duul ra. Maabut ug lud-an,
It’s close by, within spitting distance (can be reached by spitting).
{1a} [A; ac] lead to and reach a place. Muabut ba ning karsadáha sa
subà? Does this road reach the river? Kining lugára dílì abutun sa
táub, The tide doesn’t get as far as this place. {1b} [A; ac] reach
s.t. with the arms. Maabut ba nímu ang sanga? Can you reach the branch?
Iabut kunu nang ímung kamut sa bungbung, Reach your hands out to the
wall. {1c} [B; b4] reach an amount, last a certain length. Ang ákung
swildu dílì muabut ug dus mil, My salary doesn’t reach two thousand.
Walà abtig duha ka adlaw ang bugas, The rice did not last two days.
{1d} — sa hunàhúnà come to the mind. {1e} [b4] receive money. Abtan
(abutan) ku tingálig kwarta rung hápun, I’ll probably get my money this
afternoon. {2} [a4] have a feeling come over one. Giabut siyag kakulbà,
A feeling of terror came over her. {3a} [A23; b4] catch s.o. doing s.t.
Si Turyuy nakaabut nílang nagháluk, It was Torio who came upon them
kissing. {3b} [b4] be overtaken. Abtan kag gabíi sa dálan, You will be
overtaken by night on the road. {4} [A2; b4] come to an orgasm. Dílì
giyud muabut ang lamì, She won’t have an orgasm. (The delicious feeling
will not arrive.) Abtan ra gihápun síya basta maningkámut ang duruha,
She will have an orgasm if both try their best. {5} [A23] for an event
or season of the year to come around. Dì na madúgay muabut na ang
Pasku, It won’t be long before Christmas comes. {6} [A12; b] be on time
for s.t. Nakaabut ka ba sa panahun sa Katsílà? Do you go back as far as
the Spanish times? Maabtan pa nímu ang barku, You can still catch the
boat. {7a} [A12; a1] afford to pay for s.t. Dì ku makaabut ug palit
niánà, I can’t afford to buy that. Wà siyay ikaabut sa báyad, He has no
funds to meet the payments with. {7b} [a3] can be done, reached.
Tabángan tikaw kútub sa ákung maabut, I’ll help you as much as I can.
{8} [A; b6] stay temporarily some place. Háin man ka mag-abut run?
Where are you staying now? n {1} s.t. or s.o. that has arrived s.w.
Dílì ni karáan uy. Bag-u ning abut, This is not old stock. It just
arrived. Bag-u kung abut dinhi. Wà pa ku kadumdum, I am a newcomer
here. I don’t know how to get there. {2} yield, proceeds from an
effort, income, harvest. Pilay abut sa yútà káda túig? How much does
the land yield each year? Gamay rag abut ang munisipyu, The town has a
small income. (←) v [C; ac] {1} meet together. Abútun nákù ang duha ka
tumuy, I will make the two ends meet. Mau kadtung lugára ang ámung
gikaabútan (gipanag-abútan), That is the place where we met.
{2} overlap in time. Nag-ábut na man gánì ang sinanggì karun ug sa
miáging túig, This year’s corn crop overlaps with last year’s. (I.e.,
this year’s crop was harvested before last year’s crop had been used
up.) {3} [A13] — ang ginháwa be panting for breath (gasps of breath
overlap). Giúyug siya sa ubu. Nag-ábut ang íyang pagginháwa, He was
shaken by his coughing fit. He was panting for breath. pa-(←) v [A; a]
wait in expectation for. Dì na ku mupaábut sa kumbira, I won’t wait for
the party. Paabútun tikaw hangtud sa alas kwatru, I’ll wait for you
until four o’clock. abut-abut v [A3; b6] arrive in close succession.
Nag-abut-abut ang mga bisíta, Visitors came one after another.
abut-ábut v [A3; b6] go every now and then. Nag-abut-ábut nà siya sa
Hungkung, She goes to Hong Kong often. siN- v [A13] {1} for a time,
event to approach. Nagsingabut ang pista, The fiesta is approaching.
{1a} for one’s time of the month to approach. Nagsingabut na, maung
saputun, She’s in a bad mood because her time of the month is
approaching. {2} be in expectations of, look forward to. Nagsingabut ku
nga mahuman ang trabáhug sayu, I’m expecting to finish the work early.
-l-un(←) n {1} subject to periodic attacks of an illness. {2} s.o. who
has the fortune of getting a large yield from an effort. alabtan,
abtanan n place one usually stays temporarily. -l-an-(←) n {1} =
abtanan. {2} place one meets s.o. else. um-r-(←), um-l-(←), tali-,
tali-(←), sali-, sali-(←) n about to arrive. May umaábut (umalábut,
taliabut, taliábut, saliabut, saliábut) nga mga bisíta, There are some
visitors about to arrive.†
abwag v [AP; c1] break up, scatter. Miabwag ang mitambung sa ráli
pag-ulan, The people at the rally scattered when it started to rain.
Abwagun (iabwag) nátù ang mga papil, Let us scatter the pieces of
paper.
abyadur n aviator. v [B156; a12] be, make into an aviator.†
abyan see abay.
abyasiyun, abyasyun n aviation.
abyirtu_1 a open. Abyirtu ang ganghaan, The door is open. v [A2PB; c1]
open s.t.; be opened.
abyirtu_2 n seventh chord. v [A2; c1] play a seventh chord. Iabyirtu
(abyirtúha) ang tapuy ig-abut sa dapit nga muingun ‘Matam-is uyámut’,
When you get to the part that goes ‘How very sweet ...’ play a seventh
chord.
abyug v [A; c1] rock s.t. hanging back and forth. Abyúga (iabyug) lang
ang bátà sa dúyan kun muhílak na, Just rock the baby in the hammock if
he starts to cry. n action of rocking s.t.
A.D. Anno Domini.
ád_1 v [A; ac] add up. Ádun (adun) nátù ni, Let’s add this up. Iád ang
kwatru ári, Add the four to this column.
ád_2 = álad.
ada {1} particle showing that s.t. is not important. Ada, irù ra gud
tu. Kahadluk na man nímu! Heck, that was just a dog. What a scaredy cat
you are! {2} particle expressing annoyance. Ada! Sábà na, Oh, be quiet!
— uruy = ada, 1. — uy particle expressing exasperation at being unable
to cope with s.t. (used only by women). Da uy, lisud kaáyu, Oh dear!
That is so hard!
áda n mythological beings represented as beautiful maidens living in
forests, streams, etc. v [B126] become an áda.
adá = ada.
ad-ad v [A; a] slice into thin, but not long pieces. Ang baláni ad-árun
únà iláwug sa bábuy, The banana trunk is chopped up finely before it is
fed to the pigs. ad-aran n slicing board.
Adan name: Adam.
adbans n advance payment on a salary, debt, etc. v {1} [AP; cP] give an
advance. Adbansan ka nákug singku, I’ll advance you five pesos. {2} [A;
a] ask for an advance. Muadbans akug singku pára sa kumpra, I would
like to have five pesos in advance for shopping. {3} [A; c] for
soldiers to advance. Miadbans ang mga Hapun, The Japanese advanced.
Ílang giadbans ang mga kanyun, They put the artillery on the front
line. — gard n {1} a contingent sent ahead to the front. {2} s.t. sent
s.w. to prepare the way (humorous metaphor). Nag-una ang mga adbans
gard kay silay magpriparar, The advance guard has gone ahead because
they will get things ready.
adbaysir n adviser. v [A13; b6] act as class adviser in school.
Giadbaysíran ku ang primíru anyu, I am adviser to the freshmen. klas —
class adviser in school. idituryal — editorial advisor.
adbintista n a Seventh Day Adventist. v [B1256] be, become a Seventh
Day Adventist.
adbirbiyu n adverb.
Adbiyintu n Advent.
adgaw n k.o. small tree: Premna odorata. The leaves are fragrant and
used medicinally.
adía short form: día {1} is here (nearer me than you). Adía sa táas ang
lamísa, ikanáug, The table is up here. Bring it downstairs. {2} in
narration: now, at this juncture. Nalípay siya kay, día, nadátù na man
pud siya, He was happy because, here he was, he managed to become rich
in turn.
ádik n drug addict. v [B1256] become a drug addict.
adilantádu a {1} developed, advanced. Adilantádu ang Pilipínas sa
Aprika sa panguma, The Philippines is ahead of Africa in agriculture.
{2} for a watch to be advanced.
adilantar = adilantu.
adilantu v [B2] become better. Dílì ta muadilantu niánang pangitáa, Our
financial situation won’t improve if that is the only way we can make
our living. kaadilantúhan n improvement. Pára sa kaadilantúhan sa átung
panimúyù, For the improvement of our standard of living.
adilpa n oleander, k.o. highly poisonous, tall ornamental shrub with
showy pink or white flowers: Nerium indicum.
adimas furthermore, besides. Adimas utúkan man sab siya, Besides, he’s
intelligent, too.
adingmasin n adding machine. v [a12] add up on a machine. Adingmasina
lang ni arun way sayup, Add this up on the machine, so there won’t be
any mistakes.
adinúwid n adenoids. v [a4] have adenoid trouble.
adisir, adísir before [so-and-so] happens. Adisir ka muadtu,
pagtilipunu úsà, Before you go there, phone him first.
adiyus, adiyús {1} farewell (literary). {2} — na lámang never mind,
forget about s.t. expended for nothing. Ug mupahulam ka níyag kwarta,
adiyus na lang, If you lend him money, you might as well kiss it
goodbye. {3} exclamation at the unpleasant consequences of s.t. one has
observed taking place. Adiyús nabásag na hinúun, Oh Jesus! It broke!
Adiyús nalimtan nákù ag pitáka, Jesus! I forgot my purse!
adlaw n {1} sun. {2} day. May adlaw nga magbásul ka, The day will come
that you will be sorry. {2a} day, as opposed to night. pila ka — it
won’t be long. Pila ka adlaw makapánaw ta sa búwan, Soon we’ll be able
to take trips to the moon. {2b} one’s day for winning. Ímu tanang
adlaw, You get all the breaks. {3} birthday. {4} amount earned in a
day. Singku ra may íyang adlaw niánà, He only gets five pesos a day
from it. — sa minatay All Soul’s Day. Mahal nga — Holy Week. v {1} [A3;
b6] receive a certain amount daily. Muadlaw kug tagduha ka líbu ka
písus, I net two thousand pesos a day. Adláwi lang siyag tag-diyis, Pay
him ten pesos per day. {2} [A; b6] celebrate a birthday. Adtu nyà sa
ámù kay mag-adlaw ku, Come to my house for my birthday party.
adlaw-adlaw every day. -an a for it to be daylight. Ayaw úsà pagpaúli.
Adláwan pa bítaw, Don’t go home yet! It’s still daylight anyway. -an(→)
n food used to celebrate a birthday with. Iháwa na ang adlawan,
Slaughter the birthday pig. -in- a {1} daily, by the day. {2} lukewarm
(lit. put in the sun). Túbig inadlaw, Warm water. v {1} [A; a2] do on a
daily basis. Inadlawun (inadláwun) ka nákug dúaw, I will visit you
daily. {2} [A; c1] make water warm. -in-an n birthday present. ka-an
n birthday, day of patron saint. ka-un n dawn. Mugíkan ku ugmà sa
kaadláwun, I’ll leave tomorrow at dawn. pang- n {1} s.t. used during
daytime. Sanínang pang-adlaw, Dress for daytime wear. {2} day shift
work. tala-an n diary. ti- {1} = ting-. 2 a sunny. Sa buntag tiadlaw,
apan sa hápun nag-ulan, In the morning it was sunny, but in the
afternoon it rained. ting- n dry season.†
adlib_2, adlip_1 ad lib in music. v [A; b6(1)] perform music ad lib.
adlip_2 v [A; ab27] slice into long pieces. Adlípa ang mangga sa
makatulu, Slice the mango into three pieces. Hiadlipan ákung tudlù, My
finger got cut as I was slicing s.t. n slice.
adlù n k.o. fish.
administradur n {1} administrator of an estate. {2} head of a
government agency. v [A; a2] be an administrator.
administrasiyun n the administration incumbent at a certain period. Sa
administrasiyun ni Garsíya, During Garcia’s administration.
administratíbu n administrative.
admirar v [A; b] admire. Ug buhátun nà nímu, admirahan ka giyud, If you
do that, people will admire you for it.†
admisiyun n {1} general admission section in a theater or stadium.
{2} cost of admission in a theater or stadium. {3} admission slip to an
exam.
admitar v {1} [A; b(1)] admit, concede a point. Admitahi lang nà, Just
admit it. {2} [A; a12] admit to a hospital.
admitídu n one who has conceded a point, admitted s.t. Admitídu siya
nga siya nakadawat sa sulat, He admits that he has received the letter.
admitir = admitar.
adngan n k.o. small fish.
adpan v [B1; a4] be slightly scorched to the point of being discolored.
Naadpan (giadpan) ang ákung pánit, My skin became tanned. -an a tending
to get easily tanned.
adris n address. way — n tough guy, police character (lit. one who does
not have an established residence). Ikaw nga maistru makigbúnù ánang
way adris, You, a teacher, want to fight with that police character?
v [A; c] write an address. Unsay ákung iadris sa suwat? What address
shall I put on the letter?
adtu_1 {1} there (far away, future). Adtu ku higdà sa íla, I will sleep
there at their house. {2} will go s.w. far. Adtu ku sa Karbun, I’m
going to the market. {3} there he (she, etc.) goes doing it (although
he shouldn’t be). Adtu nanghambug na sad, There he goes again, showing
off. v {1} [A2; b3c] go, bring to a place. Nakaadtu na ku didtu kas-a,
I went there once. Unsa mang lugára ang giadtúan ninyu? What place did
you go to? Iadtu kini ngadtu sa íla, Go bring this to their house.
{2} [A13; a2] go get s.t. Ikaw bay nag-adtu kang Pidru arun paanhíun
siya? Were you the one who went to Pedro’s to tell him to come? Ug dì
ka manáug ánang kahúya adtúun tika, If you do not come down from that
tree, I’ll come up after you. hi-/ha- v [B1256; b6] happen to go.
Diyútay ra kaáyu ang mahiadtu sa mga táwu, A very small amount seeps
down to the people. adtuan v [A13] always go s.w. Mag-adtuan ku sa íla
káda buntag, I always go see them every morning. adtuúnun, aladtúun
n things one has to get. a hard to get to. Dì ku muadtu sa inyu kay
aladtúun kaáyu, I won’t go to your place because it is hard to get to.
umaadtúay, umaadtu n about to go. kaadtuun a feel very much like going
s.w.
adtu_2 {1} short for niadtu. {2} short for kaniadtu. {3} = kadtu
(dialectal).
adtut = adtu (colloquial).
adubádu = adubáwu.
adubáwu_1 n meat cooked in salt, vinegar with spices then fried, with
fat or liquid leftover. v [A; a] cook adubáwu. Átù lang adubawúhun ning
bábuy, We’ll just make adubáwu out of this pork.
adubáwu_2 = kútil, n, v1.
adúbi n adobe, bricks made of clay. v [A; a12] build s.t. with adobe.
adúbu n meat fried in salt and vinegar. v [A; a] cook adúbu.
adul a mentally deficient. Dì giyud kasabut ang adul bísag unsáug
isplikar, No matter how you explain it to the imbecile, he will never
understand.
*adult n — idyukisyun adult education.†
adultiryu n adultery.
ad-un = adúna (dialectal).
adúna short form: dúna there is, are, will be. Dúnay libru sa lamísa,
There is a book on the table. -y [subject] [subject] has. Dúnay libru
si Huwan, John has a book. paka- v [A; a] {1} strive to have s.t. Bisag
wà kuy kwarta, pakaadunáhun giyud aku nímu, Even though I have no
money, you want to force me to get some. {2} = pakaadunáhan. adunáhan
a wealthy. Usa siya sa mga adunáhan sa ámung lungsud, He is one of the
wealthy people in our town. pakaadunáhan v [A13; a12] pretend to be
wealthy, consider to be wealthy. Nagpakaadunáhan siya bisag way nahut,
He pretends to be rich even though he hasn’t got a penny.
Gipakaadunáhan ba aku nímu? Do you think I’m rich?
aduptǎr v [A; a12] adopt a child.†
adurnu n decoration. v [A; c] decorate. Nindut kaáyu ang kapilya nga
giadurnúhan ug búlak, The chapel was beautifully decorated with
flowers. paN- v [A2] make oneself up, put on s.t. special. Nangadurnu
ang mga dalága, The girls are getting themselves all fixed up.
adwána n customs.†
*adyà -an a selective, choosy. Adyaan man gud nang bayhána; mau nga wà
maminyù, That woman is choosy; that is why she did not get married.
v [B12] become choosy.
adyaks n {1} a brand name for a dish cleanser. {2} prostitute (slang).
adyas v [A; c] put at a specific setting, adjust. Ákung adyasun
(iadyas) ang pabílu sa sugà, I’ll adjust the lamp wick.
adyinda n agenda. v [A; c] put on the agenda. Iadyinda nà sa sunud
míting, Put that in the agenda for the next meeting.
adyinumútu n brand of monosodium glutamate. v [A; bc] cook with
Ajinomoto.
ag short form: g subject marker for specific or past time subject
(dialectal). Ag táwung gibukbuk sa buguy namatay ganíha, The man that
was mauled by the ruffian died a while ago. — sa past time substitute
for sa. Pwirting uwánga ag sa irù, My, how that dog barked.
agaab v [A2; b3] cry out loudly. Miagaab ang bátà kay giilúgan sa íyang
duláan, The child cried loudly when his toys were snatched away.
agáak = akáak.
*agad — ug, y it would be a good thing if such-and-such were the case.
Agad pag magtuun ka imbis magdúlà, It would be better for you to study
instead of playing. Agad pa untay nagduktur ka sa kaping mag-abugádu,
It would have been nice if you had become a doctor instead of a lawyer.
— nga it was good enough as it was before a change took place. Agad
siyang natúlug, ngánu pa mang ímung gipúkaw? He was doing all right
sleeping. What did you have to go and wake him up for?
ágad = alágad. paN- v [A2; b6] for a prospective bridegroom to stay in
the girl’s place just prior to the marriage ceremony in order to serve
the family. Pangagáran úsà nímu ang ginikánan arun kauyúnan ka níla,
You serve the girl’s parents so that they will come to like you. -um-
n son-in-law. v [A23S; a12] take as a son-in-law. umagarun
n prospective son-in-law.
agad-ad_1 a slightly rubbery, but soft to chew. Ang alud-ud sa manuk
agad-ad kaúnun, Chicken cartilage is soft to chew.
agad-ad_2 v [A] grunt contentedly. Muagad-ad ang anay ug magpasúsu sa
íyang mga baktin, A sow grunts when nursing its litter. n prolonged
grunt of contentment emitted by pigs.
ag-ag = alag-ag.
*agagang hi-/ha- v [B1256] hesitate doing s.t. due to indecision or
confusion. Nahiagagang siya pagdáwat sa rigálu, She hesitated before
accepting the present.
agáhad v [A; b6] clear one’s throat. Miagáhad siya, unyà nangluwà, He
cleared his throat, then spat. n action of clearing the throat.
ágak v {1} [A; a12] give the hand to lead or lend support. Akù siyang
agákun tapun sa karsáda, I’ll help him cross the street. {2} [A; a12]
guide s.o. in moral principles. Kitang mga hamtung angayang muágak sa
mga batan-un, We older folks should guide the younger generation. -ay =
ágak. mag-r-(→), mag-r- n trainer, one who guides others in learning
s.t. -l-un(→) a weak, to be led when walking. Gúlang na táwun si Lúlu
alagakun ug mulakaw, Grandpa is so old that he is to be led when he
walks.†
agak-ak v [A] {1} for chickens to make the clucking sound of being
disturbed. Miagak-ak ang manuk kay nasangkilan, The chicken squawked
when s.o. touched it. {2} cackle, squawk with laughter.
agálun (from ágad) n master, boss. v {1} [A123S] happen to get a
master. Nakaagawun akug dagmalan, I happened to work for a cruel
master. {2} [A2SN] for animals or possessions to allow only the owner
to make use of it. Nag-agawun kining ákung kabáyù, aku ray makakabayù,
My horse is choosy. I’m the only one who can ride on him. paN- v [A2S;
b(1)] work for a master. Mangagálun lang kug way láing kapangabuhían,
I’ll work as a servant if I can’t find any other job. Insik ang íyang
gipangagawunan, He worked for a Chinese.†
agan-an n sand-like pellets which are the droppings of a k.o.
wood-boring insect. v [a4b4] be infested with wood-borers. -un(→)
a having agan-an.
agáng {1} exclamation uttered upon experiencing pain. Agáng sakíta!
Ouch, how painful! {2} exclamation of disbelief or disgust. Agáng, ikaw
na lang nawnga ang manlangyaw? Tapulan! Humph! The likes of you
immigrating? You’re too lazy.
agang-agang v {1} [A; b(1)] hesitate before doing s.t. Miagang-agang
kug palit, mau nga naunhan aku, I hesitated before buying, so s.o. got
it before me. Dílì ku nímu ángay nga agang-agangan, You should not
hesitate (to ask) me. {2} [AN23; a12] shoulder work, responsibility,
and other duties which ought to be done by s.o. else. Dílì maáyu nga
ang mga inahan mauy muagang-agang (mangagang-agang) sa trabáhu sa balay
ug dagkù na ang mga anak, It’s not good for a mother to do the
household chores when her children are big. -un a tending to
shouldering work, responsibilities, and the like which should be done
by other persons.
agap a {1} in a great hurry to do s.t. Agap ka ra kaáyung misudyà níya,
You were much too quick to remind him he was wrong. {2} intensely
interested in obtaining s.t. Aku nga agap ug salapì mihátag sa ákung
láwas, Greedy for money, I surrendered my body. v [A13; a12] {1} make
haste to. Agapun nátù pagtabuk únà magbálud, Let’s make haste to cross
before the waves rise. {2} be after s.t. Nagpabulubuútan uruy nà siya
kay nag-agap man ug dulsi, He is pretending to be well-behaved because
he is interested in getting candy.
agápang n k.o. mullet.
agára v [A; a2] claim as his own s.t. owned in common with s.o. else or
belonging to s.o. else. Hasta ang ákung tutbras ímung agaráhun, You
want to lay claim to my toothbrush, too? Giagaráhan mig yútà sa
asindíru, The landowner laid claim to our land.
agaray ouch! Agaray! Bídang sakíta nímung mangusì! Ouch! That pinch
hurt. v [A] say ‘ouch’.
ágas v [A2S; b6] flow from an opening. Nag-agas na ang túbig, There is
water now. (Lit. The water is flowing now.) Giagásan ang dálan ug
gasulína, Gasoline flowed over the street. (→) a leaky. Agas kaáyu ang
táru, The can is leaky. — ug pálad spendthrift (lit. having leaky
hands).
agaw short form: gaw title for people who are cousins. Anía si Agaw
Tídu, Here is Cousin Tido. ig-(←) n cousin: children of one’s parent’s
sibling or parent’s ig-ágaw. ig-(←) igtagsa first cousin, children of a
parent’s siblings. ig-(←) igtagurha second cousin, children of a
parent’s ig-ágaw igtagsa. ig-(←) igtagutlu third cousin, children of a
parent’s ig-ágaw igtagurha. ig-(←) sa kasingkásing n a lover one
pretends is his cousin in public. mag-(←), manag-(←) n people who are
ig-ágaw with each other. pag-agáwan, panag-agáwan n sa — related by
virtue of being ig-ágaw to the (grand)parents or (grand)children of
one’s cousin. Uyuan ku siya sa panag-agáwan, He is my uncle by being a
cousin of my parents. Pag-umangkun ku siya sa panag-agáwan, She is my
niece by being a daughter of my cousin.†
ágaw v [A, A3S; a] take s.t. away from s.o. Ayawg agáwa ang duláan sa
bátà, Don’t take the toy away from the child. -an(→) a fond of
snatching. Babáying agawag bána, A woman that is a husband snatcher.
maN-r- n one who snatches.
agáwun = agálun.
agay ouch!
ágay v [A2S; b6] flow from a faucet, in a stream. Dílì muágay ang túbig
kay gisiradúhan ang grípu, The water won’t flow because the faucet is
closed. Nag-ágay ang íyang mga lúhà, Her tears flowed.
agay-ay_1 = agan-an.
agbat v {1} = ábat_1, v. {2} [A; ab2] go after s.o. to catch up with
him. Dalì, agbata si Tátay, Quick, go catch up with Father. Maagbatan
pa nímu ang íyang grádu, You can still catch up to him in your grades.
agbáti = alugbáti.
agbaw = adgaw.
agbay = alagbay.
agbun n fine particles of soil or ashes. v {1} [A] fly in fine
particles. Ayawg isagudsud ang ímung tiil kay muagbun ang abug, Don’t
drag your feet because dust will fly. {2} [B12] turn to dust.
Nagkaagbun na ang mga karáang mga papílis, The old papers are turning
into dust.
agda v [AN; a12] invite s.o. to do s.t. Miagda (nangagda) ku níya ug
pakigkalígù, I invited him to join me in going swimming. Paghulat lag
agdáhun kag káun, Just wait until you’re invited to eat. n request,
invitation to s.o. to do s.t. alagdahun, agdahúnun n one who has to be
told to do things. Ang alagdahung binatunan maáyu dáyung ilísan, A
servant that needs a special invitation to work should be immediately
replaced.
agdul = arul, v 2.
agh written representation of throaty sound produced in uttering a gasp
of pain or in clearing the throat.
aghad = ughad.
aghat v {1} [A; a12b2] challenge s.o. to a fight. Aghátun siya nátug
sumbagay, Let’s challenge him to a fight. {2} [A3P; a12] induce, prompt
s.o. to do s.t. Ang kapubri makaaghat (makapaaghat) nátù sa
pagpangáwat, Poverty can drive us to steal. Aghátun tikaw sa pagbása sa
libru, I will urge you to read the book. ma-un a provoking, inviting.
Nadápit ku pagdúul níya sa maaghátun niyang pahiyum, I was drawn to her
by her inviting smile.
aghud v [A3; b(1)] force oneself to bear with a backbreaking task.
Ngánung nag-aghud ka mag-uma nga tigúlang ka na man? Why are you
breaking your back farming when you are old?
aghup a tender in feelings or treatment. ma- a tender. v [a12] do in a
tender way. Giaghup ku silag buyag, I scolded them tenderly.
aghuy_1 n supernatural being which does good, does not show itself, and
puts itself at the service of a single sorcerer and no other person. He
cures sick persons and sorcery victims only through the intercession of
this sorcerer. He also acts as a spy for the sorcerer. -an n a sorcerer
with an aghuy.
aghuy_2 v [A; ab5] shout over distance to attract attention. Adtúa na
lang; ayaw na lang aghuya (aghuyi), Just go to him; don’t shout to call
his attention. n a shout over a distance.
agi {1} oh my!, expression of surprise. Agi, kadakù ánang isdáa! Oh my!
How big that fish is! {1a} expression of revulsion to s.t. perceived.
Agi, kangilngig naadtu! My! how terrible that was! {1b} expression of
objection to s.t. different from what is desired. Agi! Dì man nà mau!
My! That is not the one I asked for. {1c} expression of happiness at
s.t. found out. Agi, kanindut, kun tinúud, My! How nice, if it’s true.
{2} expression of sudden pain. Agi! Sakíta, Ow! That hurts.
ági v [A2S3S; b6] {1} go by, through a place. Dílì ku muági dihà kay
náay irù, I won’t go that way because there’s a dog there. {1a} [A2S;
c] for food to be cooked in s.t. Dì ku makakáug sud-an nga giági ug
mantíkà, I can’t eat food that was cooked in fat. {2} for time to go
by. Nakadaug aku sa swipstik sa miáging simána, I won the sweepstakes
last week. Sa nag-aging mga búlan, nagkaluya pud siya, As the months
went by, he became steadily weaker. {3} gone through one’s hands, had
experience with one. Pila na ka babáyi ang niági kaníya? How many women
have gone through his hands? Daghan na ang ispisyalista nga miági
kaníya, Many specialists have examined her. {4} have experienced s.t.
Nakaagi na ku sa pagpamutsatsu, I have already experienced being a
servant. {5} [A23] for a writing instrument to work. Dì na muági ning
bulpína, This ballpoint pen doesn’t write any more. n {1} path
traversed. Mibálik siya sa íyang ági, He retraced his steps. {2} result
of the action of some instrument. Ági sa gabas, The kerf of the saw.
Ági sa lápis, The imprint of the pencil. Ági sa makina, Stitches of the
sewing machine. Ági sa bunal, Welts made by a whip. Ági sa dáru,
Furrows. {3} handwriting. {4} output, work accomplished. Gamay kaáyu
siyag ági kay tapulan, He has little output because he’s lazy.
{6} profits. Dakù siyag ági sa pagpahulam, He made big profits from his
usury. {7} transient. Ági lang ang íyang kasukù, His anger will soon
pass. {8} — ug, sa by way of, as an expression of. Kining rilu ágig
handumánan nátù, This watch is by way of remembrance. (→) v [A; ac]
pass by to pick up or leave s.t. on the way. Agiun tika unyà, I’ll stop
by to pick you up. Iagi ang karsunsilyu sa ka Pidru, Bring the shorts
to Pedro’s on your way. a leaky. Tárung agi, A leaky can. v [B1256]
become leaky. pa- v {1} [A; ac] cause to go in a certain way. Unsáun
man nátù pagpaági nga dílì mailhan? How will we do it so it won’t be
recognized? Ang íyang gugma gipaági níya sa suwat, He made his love
known through letters. n way. Unsay maáyung paági sa paglútug bam-i?
What is a good way to prepare noodles? pina- n means. Nabuksan ang
kandádu pinaági sa yáwi, The lock was opened by means of a key. paN-
v [b4] for an expectant mother to have her bag of waters break.
Gipangagían na siya piru wà pa magbatì, Her bag of waters has broken,
but she is not in labor yet. agiánan n {1} passageway. Makalapus ka
ngadtu kay náa may agiánan, You can pass through there because there is
a passageway. {2} a means to an end or accomplishment. Kanang
hulamhúlam ug libru mauy usa ka pasángil, agiánan sa panagsulátay níla,
Borrowing each other’s books was a means for them to write each other.
alagían n = agiánan. a near a place people pass. Ang ílang balay
alagían kanang paingun ta sa lungsud, Their house is right on the way
when we go to town. -um-r-, -um-l- n {1} about to pass. {2} of a
passing character. Umaági (umalági) ra ning ulána, This is just a
passing rain. ka- n an event, happening, or experience. Ang súnug usa
ka kaági nga dílì malimtan, The conflagration is an unforgettable
event. kaaginhun, maaginhun a full of history, eventful.†
ágid = amgid.
agigísing n temples, hair on the temples.
agíik n creak, squeak. v [A; c1] creak, squeak. Nag-agíik ang íyang mga
túhud, His knees creaked. Ayawg agiíka (iagíik) ang sira, Don’t let the
door creak.
agik-ik v [A; b6] laugh, but not openly. Nag-agik-ik sila pagpangutut
sa maistra, They snickered when the teacher broke wind.
agil v [AN; b5] shave hair off (not beard). Ug mangagil (mangágil) ka
sa bábuy ayawg samári ang pánit, When you shave the pig, do not damage
the skin. Ayaw ug agila (agili) ang patilya, Don’t shave the sideburns.
n razor. ig-l-(←) n razor to shave pig bristle.
agila n eagle.
agímud v [AN; c1] stick out the lips in pouting or in displeasure.
Muagímud (mangagímud) man lang ug átung sugúun, He just puckers his
lips when we ask him to run an errand.
*aginaldu mísa di- = mísa digalyu.
agíngay n k.o. tall hairy grass of open fields used as forage.
aginsud = agínud.
agínud v [A2S; a] {1} move dragging s.t. on the ground. Nag-agínud ang
bakul padúng sa simbahan, The cripple dragged himself to the church.
{2} move forward slowly but steadily. Miagínud ang barku pagsulud sa
dungguánan, The boat slowly moved into the dock. n slow, dragging
movement. Agínud sa hálas, The creeping of a snake. Ang agínud sa mga
úras, The slow passing of the hours.
agipu n piece of wood with a glowing or burning tip.
agiri {1} ouch! {2} exclamation of jubilation.
agis-is n white scales on skin of the type which develop when the skin
is dry. v [B6; a4] develop whitish scales on skin. Muagis-is
(maagis-is, agis-isun) ang íyang bagtak, Her legs develop whitish
scales.
agit-it_1 n squeaking strident sound made by two surfaces rubbing
against each other. v [B] squeak stridently, become squeaky. Kasábà sad
íning siráha, muagit-it (nag-agit-it) man, How noisy this door is! It
squeaks.
agit-it_2 n {1} white streaks of dirt or dried up perspiration.
{2} dirt that sticks to things or the skin. v [a4b4] be begrimed with
agit-it. Giagit-itan (giagit-it) ang ímung líug, Your neck is streaked
with dirt. -un(→) a covered with agit-it.
agítung a burnt to charcoal. v [B2; c1] get burnt to become charcoal.
Miagítung (naagítung) ang mais nga ákung gisugba, I broiled the corn on
the cob until it turned to charcoal. (→) n fire kept burning low over a
long period of time so that it won’t have to be rekindled.
ágiw n fine, white ashes. v [AB2; a12] burn to white ashes, cause to
burn to ashes. Muágiw (maágiw) na gánì nang úling tayhúpi, When the
charcoal turns to ashes, blow some of them away. Mag-ágiw kug tabákù
nga itambal, I’ll make some tobacco ashes to use as medicine. pa-
v {1} [A; c1] let s.t. turn into ashes. Ayaw ipaágiw (paagíwa) ang
úling, Don’t let the charcoal burn to ashes. {2} [A; ac] have s.o. make
ashes. -l-an, -anan n ash tray.
agkut = hagkut.
aglidulsi = limunsítu.
aglípay, aglipayánu n member of the Aglipayan religious sect. v [B1]
become an Aglipayan.
agmang n k.o. eel.
agmud n grunting, snorting noises. v [AN; c1] grunt, snort. Ígù lang
siyang miagmud (nangagmud) sa ákung pagpananghid, He just grunted when
I asked his permission.
agngan n = adngan.
agni v [A; a12] urge s.o. to do s.t. Giagni siya sa pagpaúlì sa asáwa,
He was urged to return to his wife.
agnus n holy charm or relic affixed to the body to ward off evil.
v [A1; b] wear an agnus.
agpan = adpan.
agpang n a thin piece of bamboo, three or four inches in length used to
set the size of the hole in weaving fish nets.
agpas v [A; a12b2] {1} go after s.o. to catch up with him. Agpása, kay
wà tu siya kabayad, Go after him. He hasn’t paid. {2} meet a seller’s
offer. Dì pud ku muagpas ug baynti ánang sapatúsa, I would not even
give you twenty for those shoes. {3} catch up in time. Dì na nákù
maagpas ang trabáhu, taudtaud na kung naabsin, I can’t catch up with
the work. I’ve been absent too long. {4} be after, interested in
obtaining s.t. Kwarta lay íyang giagpas, All she’s after is money.
{5} [A12; b5] {a} catch a meaning. Wà siya kaagpas sa lísu, He didn’t
catch the joke. {b} know the cause or defect. Wà ku kaagpas unsay
dipiktu íning mutúra, I can’t figure out what is wrong with this
motorcycle. {6} [AN; c] think of s.t. to say. Walà nay ikapangagpas
(ikaagpas) ang dalága sa pagpamalíbad, The girl could think of no more
excuses for refusing him. n highest price offered in buying s.t. Pila
man giyuy agpas mu? What is the highest price you offer? pa- v [A; c]
say s.t. additional as an afterthought. Mipaagpas siyag túgun sa
paglakaw nákù, He called after me to ask me to do s.t. for him as I was
leaving. paN- v [A] {1} go after s.t. and take advantage of it in time.
Mangagpas ta sa higayun samtang barátu pa, Let’s take advantage of the
opportunity while it is still cheap. {2} figure s.t. out. May nangagpas
nga láin siyag túyù, S.o. figured out that he had evil intentions.
n {1} interpretation of a situation. {2} a second planting to replace
seeds that did not do well. Namatay ang ubang tanum. Pangagpas ning
tanúma, Some of the plants died. This planting is to replace them.†
agrabiyar v [A2] have a complaint about treatment. Makaagrabiyar ka pa
uruy nga nakabintahà ka man, You claim you’re being treated unfairly,
though before, you had the advantage.
agrabyádu a {1} taking offense. Agrabyádu ku sa ímung gisulti, I feel
offended at what you said. {2} having a grievance, reason for
complaint.
agrabyu v [A2; a2b3] have a complaint about a treatment. Ayaw agrabyúha
ning ákung gibúhat, Don’t complain about what I did. n s.t. which gives
rise to grievances. Ang agrabyu sa mga Pilipínu gíkan sa mga Katsílà
walà na maagwanta, The Filipinos could no longer endure their
grievances against the Spaniards.
agri, agridulsi = limunsítu.
agrigáwu = abrigáwu.
agrikultúra n agriculture. agrikulturista n agriculturist. v [B156] be
an agriculturist.
agriminsur n land surveyor. v [B156] be a land surveyor.
agrísib = agrisíba, agrisíbu.
agrisíba a {1} = agrisíbu, (female). {2} aggressive, eager for sex.
Agrisíba kunu ang mga mistísa, They say the mestiza girls are sexually
aggressive. v [B12] be sexually aggressive.
agrisíbu a aggressive. v [B1; b] be aggressive. -in- a in an aggressive
manner. v [A13; a12] do s.t. aggressively. Inagrisibúhun nátù pag-aplay
ang trabáhu, Let’s be aggressive in our application for the job.
agsa_1 v [A; b5] work on s.t. and be paid with half of product. Muagsa
ku sa ímung tíkug kay wà kuy puhúnan, I will work with your material
for half the output, as I have none of my own.
agsa_2 = igtagsa. see agaw.
agsing v [A; b2] for a missile to graze s.o. Ígù lang nakaagsing ang
bála sa íyang agtang, The bullet just grazed his forehead.
agtà n {1} supernatural man of dark complexion and extraordinary size,
said to inhabit trees, cliffs, or empty houses. He is said to play
practical jokes on people, kidnap them. He has a large cigar in his
mouth. {2} name occasionally given to Negritos.
agtang n {1} forehead. {2} region just above the genitalia (humorous
metaphorical). (→) v [A; a12] hit at the forehead. Agtangun tika run, I
will hit you on the forehead. -un a having a prominent forehead.
agtì v [BN] {1} become very dark due to heat. Miagtì (nangagtì) íyang
nawung sa ínit, His face has become black because of the sun. {2} be
dry and brittle. Ning-agtì ang káhuy, The wood became dry and brittle.
agú exclamation of woe or pain: ouch! Agú! Kalisud sa way inahan, Woe,
how difficult it is to have no mother. v [A2] exclaim agú.
Agu. abbreviation for Agustu, August.
agū̀ = agúlù.
agubhub n hollow thudding sound. v [A] resound with hollow thudding
sound. Miagubhub ang platapurma nga ílang gisayáwan ug tiniil, The
platform they were dancing on in their bare feet resounded with a
thudding sound.
agub-ub_1 a crunchy and hard to chew, like hardtack. Agub-ub kaúnun ang
sinángag pasì, Fried corn grains are crunchy to eat. v [A4] make
crunchy sound.
agub-ub_2 n mold. v [A123P; a4b4] be moldy. Giagub-ub (giagub-uban) ang
surísu nga dúgayng gitagúan, The sausages have become moldy because
they were kept too long.
agud = arun_1 (dialectal).
agúha n {1} big sewing needle for sewing up sacks. {2} name given to
any large needle or safety pin.
aguhilya n {1} U-shaped hairpin. {2} a small needle bigger than the
ordinary sewing needle, but smaller than the agúha. {3} hypodermic
needle. v {1} [A; a] use an aguhilya. Aguhilyáun lang ni nátung gisì sa
sáku, Let’s sew the sack with a large needle. Ug dílì ka mukáun,
maaguhilyáan ka sa duktur, If you refuse to eat, the doctor will have
to use his needle on you. {2} [a12] make an aguhilya.
agúhù n Australian pine: Casuarina equistifolia. Lumber and ornamental
tree. The roots and bark have medicinal uses. Young specimens are used
as Christmas trees.
aguk-uk v [A; b3] laugh vigorously in suppressed or stifled laughter.
Muaguk-uk giyud kug katáwa kun mahinumdum ku, I break into suppressed
laughter when I think about it. n vigorous but suppressed laughter.
n k.o. grunt: Pomadasys hasta.
agúkuy see alagúkuy.
agul a with the hair completely shaved off. v = agil.
agulang see gúlang.
agúlù v [A2S] groan, moan. Ngánung nag-agúlù man ka, may sakit ka ba sa
tiyan? Why are you groaning? Do you have a stomach ache? n groan.
agum = lagum.
águm v [B1256; b4(1)] {1} undergo a bitter or painful experience.
Naágum sa dakung kapildíhan ang lungsud adtung bagyúha, The town
suffered a great loss in that storm. {2} get full use out of some
benefit s.o. bestows on one. Makaminyù ka na kay naágum na ku sa ímung
kabudlay, I allow you to get married because I made use of your labor
(while you were single). pa- v [A12] cause one to learn a lesson. Ang
dakung pildi nakapaágum nákù, Losing a large amount taught me a lesson.
hi-/ha- = águm. ka-an n bitter experience.
agumáa n chub or striped mackerel: Rastrelliger sp.
agúmud v [A2; c] grunt. Nag-agumud ang bábuy nga naglúnang, The pig was
grunting as he wallowed in the mud.
agum-um n k.o. large dove.
águng n gong. v [A; a] sound a gong.
agúngal n corn cob.
agung-ung_1 n loud sound that reverberates. v [AB46] reverberate, make
s.t. reverberate. Muagung-ung na gánì ang ayruplánu, When the roar of
the airplane resounds.
agung-ung_2 v [A; b3] whine in a somewhat suppressed way, as in pain.
Nakaagung-ung sa kasakit ang irù nga gibunálan, The dog he whipped
whined in pain.
agúnguy n prolonged wail of grief or pain, any wailing-like sound.
Agúnguy sa ambulansiya, The wail of the ambulance. v [A; b3] wail. Dì
man angayang agungúyan nang samára, That wound is nothing to wail
about.
aguníyas n death knell at a funeral; also the knell on Good Friday to
indicate the hour of Christ’s death. v [A; b6] sound the death knell.
aguntù v [A] emit a short grunt when hit in the pit of the stomach or
when exerting an effort. Miaguntù siya dihang naigù sa kutukutu, He
groaned when he was hit in the pit of the stomach. n short grunt.
agup-up n mildew, mold. v [a4b4] get mildewed, moldy. Ayawg paumgi ang
ímung dintru arun dílì agup-upun, Don’t let your shirt get moist so
that it won’t get mildewed. Giagup-up (giagup-upan) na ang sud-ang
hikalimtan, The food they forgot about got all moldy. -un(→) a mildewy,
moldy.
aguruy ouch! Aguruy, ngánung namáak man ka? Ouch! Why did you bite me?
v [A] cry ‘ouch’.
águs v [A2S] ooze, flow out slowly. Miágus ang nánà, The pus oozed out.
agusahis n k.o. shrub or small tree. The leaves have rough upper
surface and are used as sandpaper: Ficus odorata and ulmifolia. v [A13;
b(1)] sand s.t. with agusahis leaves.
Agustu n August. v see abril.
agus-us n {1} delicacy made of cornstarch mixed with sugar, water, and
sometimes other ingredients made into cylindrical rolls with banana
leaves and broiled. {2} delicacy made of sweet potatoes and pork
wrapped in coconut leaves. v [AC12; a2] make agus-us.
agut a {1} simple-minded. Dalì mutúu ang agut, The simple-minded fool
believes anything you tell him. {2} slow, stunted in growth. Agut ka
man. Hilabwan na man lang ka sa ímung manghud, You are stunted. Your
little brother is taller than you are. v {1} [B; a] be ignorant,
simple-minded. Makaagut man diay ning mag-istar ug búkid, Staying in
the mountains makes you simple-minded. {2} be stunted in growth. -un
a of a stunted or simple-minded sort. Agutun mig kalíwat, We are a
family of short people.
agút a gritty. Agút ang ginamus sa bás, The fish paste is gritty with
sand. v [B; b] become gritty.
agútay n k.o. wild banana, producing 2″ long seedy fruit with a
yellowish peel and sweet orange meat when ripe.
aguting n {1} k.o. tobacco blight which makes the leaves turn whitish
and curl up when they are dried. {2} k.o. banana blight which forms
spots and makes the meat hard and inedible. v [a4] be affected with
aguting.
agutíut n squeaking, creaking sound produced by two surfaces rubbing
against each other. v [A] for surfaces to squeak, creak. Muagutíut man
ning ákung sapátus, My shoes squeak.
agutnga v [A; b6] emit a somewhat prolonged grunt as when one is
lifting a heavy load or has suffered pain. Miagutnga siya sa kabug-at
sa íyang gipas-an, He groaned under the load he was carrying. n grunt.
agut-ut_1 n squeaking sound like that made by chewing on meat. v [A]
make a squeaking sound.
agut-ut_2 a stunted in growth. v [B; a] be stunted in growth.
Nagkaagut-ut ang mga tanum kay kúlang na sa tambuk ang yútà, The plants
are coming out stunted because the soil is infertile.
agut-ut_3 a painful in a throbbing, gnawing way. v [B46; b4] be
throbbingly painful. Nag-agut-ut ang ákung hubag, My boil is giving me
a gnawing pain. Muhílak ku ug agut-utan ku sa ákung upirasyun, I cry if
the wound from my operation gnaws painfully.
agúut a for s.t. soft or smooth to have a sandy, gritty texture because
of improper cooking or some hard materials mixed in with it. Agúut pa
kaáyu ning kan-un, pataudtauri pa, This rice is still hard in the
center. Leave it on a little longer. v [B; b6] be gritty. Nag-agúut ang
ginamus sa balas, The fish paste is gritty because of the sand.
aguy {1} ouch! Aguy, sakíta! Nasuyuran kus buyug, Ouch! It hurts. I was
stung by a wasp! {2} particle expressing pleasant surprise. Aguy! Dúna
diay kuy bag-ung sapátus, Yipee! I have a new pair of shoes! v [A]
shout aguy.
aguyangyang_1 n a k.o. poisonous field spider with a red tip at the
abdomen.
aguyangyang_2 n k.o. wild annual vine that bears small, poisonous beans
which are hard and red with a black tip. The beans are used
ornamentally and medicinally: Abrus precatorius.
agwa n perfume, lotion. — bindíta n holy water. v {1} [A; b6] apply
perfume to s.o. {2} [A12] get perfume. paN- v [A2] use perfume. Humut
ka dà. Nangagwa ka ba? You smell nice. Are you using perfume? agwahan
n perfume atomizer. — uksináda n hydrogen peroxide.
agwáda v [A; a2] fetch water. Agwadáhan lang tikag túbig, I’ll fetch
water for you. paN- v [A2] fetch water for a fee. n the occupation of
fetching water. Makasapì pud siyag diyútay sa pangagwáda, He can earn a
little money in fetching water.†
agwádu a watery, of a thin mixture. Pagkaagwádu sa ímung tsukuláti, mu
rag hinúgas, How watery your chocolate is. It is like dishwater. v [A;
a12] make a thin mixture.†
agwadur n water vendor. v [B156] be a water vendor.
agwanta v {1} [A; a12] endure, put up with. Walay pawntinping muagwanta
ánang ímung ginawian, No pen can last the way you are using it. Dì kung
kaagwanta níya, I cannot stand her. Agwantahun lang nátù ang kagútum,
We’ll just endure our hunger. {2} [A; b5] put up with. Bisag bagìbian
ang asáwa, agwantahan (agwantahun) ku na lang, My wife is a shrew, but
I’ll just put up with her. — nga how very. Agwantang lisúra, My! How
difficult it is! — muy Can you imagine! Agwanta mu bay mupalit ug
kadilak mukás dáyun! Can you imagine? He bought a Cadillac for cash!
-du, -dur(→) a able to endure. Agwantadur ang tagabaryu sa trabáhu,
Village folk can endure hard work. see also †maríya.
agwardiyinti n refined alcohol, usually used in making liquor.
agwas n public water system. Ámung túbig gíkan sa agwas, Our water
comes from the public supply. — putablis = agwas.
agwasil n = alguwasil.
agwásun n k.o. large poisonous snake, black on the back and
yellow-bellied.
ah particle expressing rejection or denial. Ah! Dílì kanà mahímù, Oh!
That’s impossible. Ah, dì ku. Kápuy, Oh, I don’t want to. It’s too much
like work.
aha aha! Aha! Nasakpan ka na giyud, Aha! At last I’ve caught you!
aháan n k.o. blue-lined snapper: Lutianus rivulatus.
áhag v [A; a] {1} sift fine particles from coarser ones. Ahágun ku ang
ginaling kapi, I’ll sift the ground coffee. {2} shake the remaining
grains out of rice straw. Ahága ang uhut, Shake out the straw.
{3} choose the best or biggest from a group. Ikaw bay muáhag sa maáyung
klásing isdà, You choose the best fish. -an n sifter for milled corn.
áhak a crazy (used only in exclamations). Aháka sad nímu uy! You’re
nuts! v [a4] be crazy. Gipabáyad kag singku? Giáhak, She made you pay
five pesos? Is she out of her mind? Wà ku nímu sugta. Ahákun ka pa
untà, You don’t accept me? I hope you go mad.
áhas_1 v [A; a] {1} haul in a fishing net. Ahásun ni Durik ug sayu ang
íyang púkut, Doric will haul in his net early. {2} get s.t. from s.t.
Wà tay maáhas ug mangasáwa tag way kanghu, There’s no profit in
marrying a poor woman.
áhas_2 v [A12; c1] separate husked from unhusked rice. Ahása (iáhas)
pag-alig-ig ang gilubuk, Separate the husked from the unhusked rice by
shaking it.
ahat a {1} done before the proper time. Ahat nga kamatáyun, Premature
death. {2} forced. Ahat nga pahiyum, A forced smile. Ahat nga
pagkaminyù, Forced marriage. v {1} [A23] do s.t. suddenly and
unexpectedly. Giunsa man nímu tung bátà nga miahat maghílak? What did
you do to the child that it cried suddenly? {2} [B3(1); a12] {a} do
s.t. before the proper time. Kinsa may nag-ahat ug pùpù sa mangga? Who
picked the mango prematurely? Naahat siyag pagkabut-an pagkamatay sa
íyang amahan, He had to become a grown-up before his time, when his
father died. {b} do s.t. at an inopportune time. Nakaahat lang kug
katáwa. Nangutut man gud ka! I couldn’t help laughing. You broke wind!
{3} be forced into doing s.t. by circumstances. Miahat kug huwam ug
kwarta, I was forced to borrow money. athanay v [C3] force each other
to do s.t.
ahaw a lacking entirely. Ahaw sa tanum ang yútà nga palanas, The rocky
area is bare of plants. Ahaw ang bátà sa pagpanggà sa inahan, The child
lacks a mother’s love. n vegetable cooked with no meat or other
condiments except, perhaps, tomatoes, onions, and salt. v {1} [B1; b6]
be empty, lacking. Nag-ahaw ang ákung kinabúhì sukad aku papháa sa
trabáhu, My life has been empty ever since I was fired. Giahawan aku sa
ímung pangatarúngan, I consider your reasoning to be empty. {2} [A13;
a] cook vegetables plain. Ahawun ku ang útan, I will cook the
vegetables plain.†
ahay exclamation expressing utter tiredness or frustration. Ahay,
kapait ning walay ginikánan, My! How bitter it is not to have parents.
ahidris n chess set. v [AC3; c3] play chess. -an(→) n chessboard.
ahinghu n tiny shrub grown in flower pots, not native to the Visayas:
Crossostephium chinense.
ahinsiya n {1} pawnshop. {2} agency. Ahinsiya sa trabáhu, Employment
agency. v [A13] open up a pawnshop.
ahinti n agent, one who sells on commission. Níay ahinti sa sabun,
There’s a man selling soap here. v [BN56; b6] be a salesman on
commission. Ahintíhan ku ning ímung yútà, I’ll be your agent in selling
the land. — sa bábuy one with an AB (humorous).
ahítu n marigold.
áhù = ákù; see aku. idyaidya ahuáhù see idyaidya.
áhug v [AC; ac] mix s.t. moist or wet with s.t. dry. Nag-áhug ang gátas
ug harína, The flour and the milk are mixed together. (→) n mixture.
Gátas, harína, kámay. Hustu giyud nang ahug, Milk, flour, sugar are
just the right mixture.
áhus n garlic. (→) v [c] season with garlic. Dì ba nímu ahusan ang
tinúlang isdà? Are you not going to season the stewed fish with garlic?
-an(→) n garlic patch. ahus-áhus n = awrúra_2. ahus-ahus n ornamental
vine with purple flowers which smells somewhat like garlic. — nga putì
n k.o. ornamental bulb with white flowers.
ak word used in writing to represent the sound of a blow.
akáak v [A] make a cracking sound, loud creaking sound. Miakáak ang
pultahan sa pag-abri námù, The door creaked (went aak) when we opened
it.
ákab = abhak.
akadimíya n academy.
ak-ak v [A; a2] peel, rip off, usually s.t. not flexible. Ikaw bay
muak-ak sa pánit sa káhuy? Will you strip the bark off the tree?
Naak-ak ang lapalapa sa ákung sapátus, The sole of my shoe came off.
ákal a bulging and bulky in the pocket or pocketbook. v [B] be bulgy.
Nag-ákal ang íyang bulsa sa batu, His pocket was bulging with rocks.
akasya n monkey-pod tree, a large tree extensively planted as shade
tree and producing excellent lumber: Samanea saman. akasyahan n acacia
tree stand.
akata, akatar v [A; b5] look after, take care of. Kinsa may muakatar sa
tigúlang ug muuban ku nímu? Who will look after the old man if I go
with you? Ang táwung kasámuk ray akatahan (akatahun) dì giyud
muhangtud, A man that has nothing to do except look for trouble will
not live long.
akawntant n accountant. v [B16] be an accountant.
akba v {1} [B3(1); c] lean on the chest with the arms hanging over the
edge. Nag-akba siya sa pasamánu samtang nagtambù sa sílung, She was
leaning over the banister as she looked downstairs. {2} [A; c1P] carry
s.o. with his chest just below or against the shoulder. Iakba (akbaha,
ipaakba) ang bátà arun manug-ab, Pick up the child with his chest
facing you to burp him.
akbay = alagbay.
akbù v [A; a] lean on the lower arms. Nag-akbù siya sa bintánà, She’s
in the window leaning on her arms. Ayaw ug akbúi nang balabag, Don’t
lean on that rail. -anan n rail over which one usually leans. Akbuánan
sa kumpisyunaryu, Confessional rail.
akhab = abhak.
akin = nakinnákin.
akip v [B6; c1] be included, include oneself in s.t. Ang bátang
mag-akip ug sulti sa dagkù way batásan, A child who joins in an adults’
conversation is ill-mannered. Kinsay nakaakip ug kúhà sa ákung papílis?
Who accidentally took my papers along with his? akip-akipun a tending
to include oneself in on things.
aklas v [A; a2] go on strike. Ug dílì ta tugtan, aklásun nátù, If our
demands are not met, we’ll strike. Giaklásan ang kumpaníya, They went
on strike against the company. n strike of workers.
akmù = akbù.
akni n acne.
aknit v [A; a2] peel s.t. flexible off in such a way that it does not
get torn. Akníta ang silyu, Peel the stamps off carefully.
aksì v [A; a] tear off flexible material attached or pasted to s.t. Wà
níya aksía ang pahibalu nga gitaput sa bungbung, He didn’t rip off the
poster pasted on the wall.
aksidinti n {1} accident. {2} accident, happenstance. Aksidinti lang
nga nagkítà mi, We just met by accident. v [B126] have an accident.
Naaksidinti si Pidru, Pedro had an accident.
aksidu n acid, usually hydrochloric acid. v [A] put acid. Aksiduhan
nímug diyútay ang batiríya, Put a little acid in the battery. ka-(←)
v [A13] get covered with acid.
aksintu n accent, mark. v [A3; b6] put an accent, mark.
aksiyun n {1} action, movement. {2} interest or part owned in a
business. May aksiyun siya sa Maníla Iliktrik, He has part interest in
the Manila Electric Company. Usa lang ka aksiyun sa swipstik, One share
of a lottery ticket. v [A2; b] make a move to, show signs of doing s.t.
Wà makaaksiyun ug pamúlak ang tanum, The plants haven’t shown any signs
of flowering yet. Giaksiyunan ku siyag pátid, I made a move to kick
him. -ista n one who has an interest or share in a business.
aksul n axle. v [A13; a] make into, supply with an axle. Giaksúlan níya
ang karumátag káhuy, He put a wooden axle on the cart.
akta n minutes of a business meeting.
aktibidádis n activities.
aktibista n political activist.
aktíbu a active, energetic. Aktíbu kaáyu ang inyung mga bátà, Your
children are very active. Aktíbung mimbru, An active member. Bulkan nga
aktíbu, An active volcano. Ingridiyinting aktíbu, An active ingredient.
v [B2; b6] get to be active.
akting n {1} acting, functioning in a temporary capacity. {2} way of
acting. Layhan ku sa akting ni Gluriya Rumíru, I like Gloria Romero’s
acting.
aktitud n attitude. Ang aktitud sa mga táwu báhin sa prisidinti, The
people’s attitude towards the president.
aktris n actress. v [B156] be an actress. -l-un(→) a having the looks
or character of an actress. Musalir sa pilikula si Tirya kay alaktrisun
ug hitsúra, Terry will do well in the film because she has the
appearance of an actress.
aktu n {1} the act of doing s.t. Ang tanang mga aktu sa simbahan
pagabayran na, You have to pay for every church ceremony now. Nasakpan
siya sa aktu, He was caught in the act. {1a} acts in the church. Aktu
sa pagbásul, kuntrisiyun, Act of Contrition. {2} the time that s.t.
happens. Sa aksidinti tulu ang namatay sa aktu, In the accident three
died on the spot. Ang táwu nga náa sa aktu sa kamatáyun dílì mamakak, A
man does not lie when he is at the point of death. {3} acts of a
legislative body. {4} acts of a drama. v {1} [b4(1)] be caught in doing
an act. Hiaktuhan siyang nangáwat, He was caught in the act of
stealing. {2} [A] a engage in some action. Ug muaktu siyag dautan,
singgit, If he acts suspiciously, scream. {b} show signs of dying. Ug
muaktu na, ipatawag ku, If he shows signs of dying, send for me.
aktur n actor on stage or screen. v [B156] be an actor. -l-un(→) a be
like an actor. — kantur n actor-singer.
aktuwal n sa — {1} at the very moment. Sa aktuwal na giyud siya
midágan, gitirúhan dáyun, The very moment he made to run away, he was
shot. {2} in person, in real life. Sa aktuwal batan-un pa kay sa
litrátu, He is younger looking in real life than in his picture.
Isturiya lang nà. Dílì sa aktuwal, It’s just a story, not real.
aku I, me. Aku lang, Let me do it. Short form: ku. Adtu na ku (aku),
I’m going now. ay — nímu expression of helpless frustration at s.o.’s
incompetence. Ay ku nímu, undù. Mag-unsa man lang ka ug wà na ku, My
God, son. What will you do when I am not around any more! tig-akuaku
a always say ‘aku’. Tig-akuaku ka man bisag dílì ka kamau, You don’t
know how, but you keep saying ‘lemme’. ákù {1} preposed gen.: me, my.
Ákung anak, My child. Ákung gibása, I read it. {2} be mine. Ákù nà,
That is mine. Unsa may ákù niánà? What do I get out of that? v [B1256]
become mine. Maákù ka na giyud, At last you will be mine. — na May I
have to keep? Ákù na nang kindi, ha? May I have that candy? Ang — gud
{1} what worries me. Ang ákù gud ug dì siya kaanhi, What worries me is
if he can’t come. {2} all I am concerned with, interested in. Ang ákù
gud nga makatinir kug pruyba, All I care about is that I can have
proof. maakuakuun a tending to want things for oneself. akúa mine as
opposed to other things that are not. Akúa nà, That one (as opposed to
the others) is mine. kanákù dat.: me. Ihátag kanákù, Give it to me.
Nagtan-aw siya kanákù, He was looking at me. ku {1} nom. (short for
aku). {2} gen.: = nákù. nákù {1} gen.: my, by me. Anak nákù, My son.
Gibása nákù, I read it. — ug (short for gipakaingun nákù) I thought.
Nákug muadtu ka, I thought you would go. {2} short for kanákù.
áku (from aku) v [A12] {1} stand to do s.t. Dì ku kaákug tan-aw nímu, I
cannot stand to look at you. {2} = paN-. paN- v {1} [A2] have nerve to
do s.t. Walà giyud ku makapangáku (makaáku) sa pagbuyag kang Maríya, I
couldn’t gather the nerve to admonish Maria. {2} [A2; b5] do s.t. on
one’s own responsibility. Dílì ku mangáku sa pagpaandar sa makina, I
will not take it on myself to start the engine. Ngánung gipangakúhan
(gipangáku) man nímu nag-istrungkar? Why did you take it on yourself to
take that apart? n particular responsibility or task. Dakù kaáyung
pangáku sa lungsud ang pagtúkud sa simbahan, It was a great
responsibility which the town undertook to build the church. kaakúhan,
kapangakúhan n responsibility. Kaakúhan (kapangakúhan) sa usa ka
amahan, A father’s responsibility. akuakuhan, maakuakuhan,
manggiakuakuhan a tending to take things on oneself one should not.
Akuakuhan kaáyu siya manlísù sa twirka, He likes to take it on himself
to mess around with the screws. v [B12] get to be so that one takes on
things one should not.
akub v [AC; ac] fit s.t. over s.t. else face to face so that the edges
meet, or the edge of the cover overlaps the edges of the thing covered.
Kinsa may nag-akub sa nígu sa tabig? Who covered the clothes basket
with a winnowing tray? Ang duha ka bagaw sa imbaw nag-ákub, The two
shells of the clam fit together precisely. Akúba ang duha ka papil, Lay
the two papers face to face with the edges even. Akbi ang pawntinpin,
Put the top on the fountain pen. (←) n things that fit against each
other with the outer edges matching. Duha ka ákub ang ílang kík, Their
cake has two layers.
ákud_1 a for the chest to be tight or heart to be heaving. Nagsubsub
ang ákud sa íyang dughan. Gihúbak na sad, Her wheezing fits in her
chest intensified. She was having another asthma attack.
ákud_2 v [AB126; b5] disable, be disabled. Naákud ang táwu nga nabalían
sa páa, The man who broke his thigh became crippled. Akúrun (akúran)
tikaw run yawáa ka, I’ll disable you, you devil. (→) n cripple.
akúdi v [A; b5c] mind, take care, look after. Maakúdi (maakudíhan) nákù
ang tanan kung mga anak bísag wà kuy katábang, I can take care of all
my children even without a helper. Akudíha, akudíhig maáyu nang ímung
kabílin, Take good care of your inheritance.
akulitu n {1} altar boy, server in a mass. {2} one who is at a person’s
beck and call and kowtows to him. Ása man nà mudáut ni Markus. Akulitu
man nà siya, He would never talk against Marcos. All he is is his
yes-man. v [B56] be a server.
akumpaniing n one who stays with a patient in a hospital to look after
his needs. Kaning katríha pára sa akumpaniing, This bed is for the one
who stays in the room with the patient to attend to him. v [B; a] be,
become the one who stays with a patient in a hospital to attend to his
needs. Giakumpaniing ku sa ámung silíngan nga naaksidinti, I went to
the hospital to stay in the room with our neighbor that met an
accident.
akumpaniyamintu n accompaniment in music.
akumpaniyar v [A; b] {1} accompany s.o. in music. Akumpanyahi aku sa
ímung sista, Accompany me with your guitar. {2} go with s.o.
Akumpanyahi ku didtu bi, Accompany me there.
akumplísi n accomplice.
akup-akup v [A3; a12] monopolize a job, possession, or enjoyment of
s.t. Kinsay layhan mutábang nga muakup-akup man siya sa mga trabahuun?
Who likes to help when he monopolizes all the work? Ayaw akup-akupa ang
tanang duwáan, Don’t monopolize all of the toys.
akurdiyun n accordion. v [A] play the accordion.
akusádu see akusar.
akusar v [A; b5c1] accuse. Ayaw ku akusaha (akusahi, iakusar), Don’t
accuse me. akusádu n one accused, defendant. akusasiyun n accusation.
akwaryum n aquarium.
akwintans n acquaintance. — parti n get-acquainted party.
akyut a acute, critical sickness. v [B] for a sickness to become acute.
Naakyut ang íyang apindisaytis, His appendicitis has gotten acute.
*ala (not without l) — úna {1} one o’clock. {2} going once (in
auction). Dusintus. Ala úna, alas dus, alas tris, sirtu, Two hundred.
Going once, going twice, gone. v [B5; b] see alas_1.
Ála (not without l) n Allah.
alà v [A13P; c6] avoid engaging in certain activities, esp. eating
proscribed foods. Dì gánì ka mag-alà sa ímung pagkáun, dì ka giyud
mamaáyu, If you don’t avoid eating proscribed foods, you will never get
better. Kining ákung balatían mauy nakaalà (nakapaalà) nákù sa
pagkalígù sa dágat, My ailment has kept me from bathing in the sea.
walay — not avoiding things, esp. in eating. Wà siyay alà. Mukáun bisag
unsa, He’s not choosy. He’ll eat anything. paN-(←) v {1} [A; b] for
pregnant women to conceive an intense desire for or dislike for s.t. Si
Íli nangálà sa ímung ilung, básin pag muliwat ang bátà, Ely has a great
liking for your nose. Maybe her baby will get that nose. Manggang hilaw
ang íyang gipangaláan, She had an intense craving for green mangoes.
{2} [A] be in the early months of pregnancy. Bag-u pa siyang nanganak,
nangálà na pud, She just had a baby, but she’s pregnant again.
álà v [b] be mistaken for another person. Naaláan ku siyang kawatan, I
mistook him for a thief.
alabádu (not without l) v [AN; c1] say the final prayer in a novena, on
any day. Hápit na mahuman ang pangadyì kay nag-alabádu na, The prayer
is about to end because they are offering the final prayer.
alabanit = rabanit.
alabíhid n wild tree in same genus as siriguylas with sour leaves and
fruits: Spondias pinnata. The leaves and fruits are used in stews, and
the leaves have medicinal uses.
alabútun see abut.
álad n {1} wooden fence, enclosure. {2} pig sty. v [A1; a] enclose in a
fence. Alára ning babúya, Put this pig in an enclosure. Alári ang mga
tinanum, Put a fence around the plants.
alagad v [A13; a12] wait for s.o. to do s.t. Muagad lang ku sa inyung
hukum, I am guided by your decision. Panahun ray ákung agdun, I will
let time decide. ulualágad, agad-ágad v {1} [A13; c1] put off doing
s.t. temporarily until s.t. else happens. Mag-agad-ágad ku sa pag-abut
ni Tátay úsà ku mulakaw, I am waiting for Dad to get here before I go.
Iagad-ágad (agad-agára) lang úsà ang báyad, Put the payment off awhile.
{2} [a12] put off doing s.t. to wait for s.o. Agad-agára ku kadiyut
arun magkúyug ta, Wait a second for me, so we can go together.
alágad (not without l) n {1} servant, employee. — sa baláud law
officer. {2} service rendered. Mapasalamátun kami sa alágad sa Krus nga
Pula, We are grateful for the services of the Red Cross. v [A; c]
{1} serve, be a servant or employee. Dílì siya layhang mualágad sa
pamilya nga daghag kasíra, She doesn’t like to serve in a household
with lots of boarders. Nag-alágad siya sa gubyirnu, He works for the
government. Dúgay ku níyang gialagáran, ningbíyà na lang ku sa
tindáhan, It took her a long time to wait on me, so I just left the
store. {2} attend to, care for. Aku ang mualágad sa bátà samtang túa pa
sa huspital ang inahan, I will take care of the child while the mother
is in the hospital. kaalagáran n duty. maalagárun a serving
conscientiously. Kanímu maalagárun, Your faithful servant. alagdun
a requiring intensive care. Alagdung masakitun, Patients who require
intensive care.
alag-ag v [A; a] sift. Ag-águn ta ni rung buli, Let’s sift the buri
flour. -l-un(→) n powdered matter ready for sifting. -an(→) n a device
for sifting.
alagási n k.o. small tree of thickets producing soft wood: Leucosyke
capitellata.
alagaw = adgaw.
alagay v [A; b3] groan in pain. Nag-alagay siya sa kasakit, He groaned
in pain.
alagbáti = alugbáti.
alagbay v [AC; c] to put one’s arm around s.o.’s shoulders. Miagbay ang
ryumáhun sa nars, The rheumatic patient put his arm around the nurse’s
shoulders. Ayaw ku agbáyi, Don’t put your arm around my shoulder.
alagúbay = bagaybay.
alagúkuy n k.o. light orange crab living in holes along the shore. It
is about an inch across, and one claw is much bigger than the other.
aláhas (not without l) n jewelry. maN-r-(→), alahíru n jewelry dealer.
alahíru = mangangalahas. see aláhas.
álak (not without l) n liquor, strong alcoholic beverage.
alakáak n k.o. edible mollusk resembling the chiton, about an inch in
length.
alakri (not without l) n sealing wax, for package, letters, etc. v [b]
seal s.t. with sealing wax.
alaksiw (not without l) n hard liquor of the cheapest sort.
al-al_1 a adult, full-grown birds. Lisud tudlúag sulti ning al-al nga
piríku, It’s hard to teach a full-grown parrot to speak. v [B15] become
full-grown. Samtang nagkaal-al ang langgam nagsúgud pud ug kapakápa, As
the bird was growing up it began to flap its wings.
al-al_2 n childish in action, particularly in speech and articulation.
Kadakù na nímu. Al-al gihápun kang musulti, How big you are, but you
still talk like a child! v [B] become, consider childish. Mual-al giyud
ang bátà basta labihan sa paráyig, A child will stay immature as long
as he is spoiled.
alálay (not without l) n one who helps or supports s.o. in doing s.t.
(slang). Dì siya mahadluk mamarigla kay daghan mag alálay, He is not
afraid to maul anybody without provocation because he has plenty of
supporters. v [A; b(1)] help s.o. (slang). Alaláyan ta ka sa
pag-iksplikar, I’ll help you explain.
*álam (not without l) ka- n knowledge of some special field, specific
know-how. Wà kuy kaálam sa pagpanghílut, I have no expertise in
massage. kinaadman n {1} general knowledge. Lalum siyag kinaadman, He
is deeply learned. {2} special magical knowledge. ma- a know how to
[do]. Maálam siya nga mutukar ug pyánu, He knows how to play the piano.
ma-un, manggi-un, makinaadmánun a wise, knowledgeable. Nahibúlung ang
mga tigúlang sa makinaadmánun nga tubag ni Hisus, The old men were
amazed at Jesus’ wise answers. pakama-un, pakamanggiun,
pakamakinaadmánun v [A13; a12] pretend to be, consider wise.†
alámag n {1} reflected, luminescent light. Ang alámag nga ímung makítà
sa túbig gíkan sa sugà sa mga mananagat, The light you see in the water
is from the fishermen’s lamps. {2} may, walay — (l not dropped) {a} be
informed, uninformed. Walà siyay alámag sa baláud, He is ignorant of
the law. {b} have awareness of a happening. Pagbisíta námù sa uspital
walà na siyay alámag, When we visited him in the hospital he had no
awareness of his surroundings. v (l usually dropped) {1} [AP2S; b2S]
gleam, cause to gleam, usually with reflected light. Ang kaháit sa
suwab miámag, The blade gleamed because of its sharpness. Mialámag ang
íyang mata sa túmang kalípay, Her eyes gleamed with joy. Ang mga sugà
nag-ámag (nag-amag, nagpaámag) sa túbig, The water reflected the
lights. {2} [APB; c] enlighten, make aware. Mialámag sa ákung
panumdúman ang hustung tubag, The correct answer presented itself to my
mind. Kun alamágan lang sa Diyus ang Santu Pápa, If God would only
enlighten the Pope. paN- v [A; b5] stay up late in doing s.t.
Nangalámag aku pagpanahì, I stayed up late sewing. (→) n {1} k.o.
glowing toadstool. {2} k.o. fish. amag-amag, amagan n k.o. small fish.
alam-álam v [A; c] {1} coax s.o. to do s.t. he does not want to do.
Alam-alámi siya, Coax him. {2} mollify or assuage s.o. by comforting
him. ma-un a {1} coaxing. {2} assuaging. ‘Dì bitaw ka nákù unsáun,’
maalam-alámun níyang sulti, ‘I’m not going to hurt you,’ she said,
mollifying me.
alambíhid, alambíhud = alabíhid.
alambri_1 n wire. -ng pinutus insulated wire. -ng tunukun barbed wire.
alambri_2 = alambrilyu.
alambrilyu n name given to several ornamental ferns, e.g., Adiantum
capillus-veneris.
alambríru (not without l) n the rigger in logging. v [B6; c1] be, make
s.o. the cable man in logging.
alampad v [A12C; ac] go up alongside, be side by side. Miampad siya sa
ákung sakayan, He tied up alongside of my boat. Nagkaampad mi ug
lingkud sa sini, We happened to sit side by side in the movie. n being
beside. ka- n one who is alongside of one.
alampat n intelligence, brilliance of mind. Alampat sa pagbálak,
Brilliance in writing poetry.
álan a having a bitter taste similar to that of half-cooked kamunggay
leaves. v [B; b6] be bitterish in taste. Muálan ang kamunggay ug haúnun
kun dì pa lútù, Kamunggay leaves become somewhat bitter if you fail to
cook them well.
álang (not without l) for the sake of. Kini álang kanímu, This is for
you. Álang kanákù dílì nà ángayng ikasukù, As far as I’m concerned,
that’s nothing worth getting angry about.
alangáang n for weather to be oppressively hot and moist with no wind.
Alangáang kaáyu; tingáli muulan, It is very hot and muggy; maybe it’s
going to rain. v {1} [B2S] be muggy. {2} [B2S3] ache with heat.
Mualangáang (maalangáang) ang ímung kamut ug makahikap kag dugà sa
síli, Your fingers will hurt if you let hot pepper juice get on them.
alang-álang a {1} not quite time, unseasonable. Ang-ā́ng na run igikan.
Dì na ka kaabut, It’s no use going now. You’ll never make it. Ang-ā́ng
iadtu run kay sayu pa, No use going so early. {2} not quite the right
amount. Alang-álang pa ning kwartang ilukat sa prinda, This money is
insufficient to pay off the mortgage. Ang-ā́ng ning panaptúna pára
karsúnis, This is not enough cloth for a pair of pants. {3} not up to a
certain level. Ang-ā́ng pagkapanday, It was poorly done. Sumbágun ta
untà ka, apan ang-ā́ng ka ra nákù, I would love to fight you, but
you’re too small for me. {4} somewhat, but not quite. Ang lamì
alang-álang nangkà, alang-álang pinya, The taste is somewhat like
jackfruit, somewhat like pineapple. n {1} it would be silly if, it
would be the wrong thing to do if. Ang-ā́ng dílì dawátun. Gihátag man,
It would be silly not to accept it. It was given to you, wasn’t it?
Ang-ā́ng akuy manghúgas nga náa may masúgù, Why should I do the dishes
when there’s s.o. I can tell to do them. {2} of course. ‘Malígù
ka?’—‘Ang-ā́ng. Mau bitaw nay átung gianhi,’ ‘Are you going to
swim?’—‘Of course, that’s what we came here for, isn’t it?’ v [A; b5c1]
{1} do s.t. poorly, halfway. Ug alang-alángun (alang-alángan,
ialang-álang) nà nímug búhat, ay na lang, If you’re going to do a poor
job, never mind. {2} do s.t. at an inopportune time. Dílì pa ku run
mualang-álang ug minyù nga walà kuy salapì, I’m not going to go and get
married at this time when I don’t have any money. {3} [B256N; b4(1)]
arrive a little too late or early for s.t. Mangang-ā́ng kug larga, I’ll
leave a bit ahead. {4} [b4] lacking s.t. Naang-ángan ku sa kwarta, I am
short of money. {5} [ab2] be put in a difficult situation by s.t.
inopportune. Ímu kung alang-alángug pangutána nga náa may láing namátì,
You put me in a difficult situation asking that question when s.o. else
is listening. {6} [A23] have hesitations about doing s.t. Dílì giyud
aku mualang-álang nímug pangutánag dílì pa tinúud, I wouldn’t have
reservations about asking you if it weren’t true. {7} [b6] consider
s.t. alang-álang. Giang-ā́ngan aku sa íyang hitsúra, I consider his
looks not up to par. Giang-ā́ngan akug hangyù níya, It’s a bad time for
me to ask him. (→) = alang-álang, v, a3. paN- v [A2; c6] eat a single
heavy meal in between mealtimes to make one do for two. Mangalang-álang
lang ta kay kúlang tag bugas, Let’s eat two meals in one because we
don’t have enough rice. n single meal eaten in place of two.
alangíing a giving off intense and penetrating heat in the atmosphere.
v [B2S] be very hot. Basta ting-init mag-alangíing ang adlaw sa palis,
During summer the sun gets to be stinging hot in the early afternoon.
alangílan n k.o. medium- to large-sized tree which produces a multitude
of fragrant flowers, esp. in May and June: Cananga odorata. The flowers
are made into flower necklaces, and a scented oil is extracted from
them which is made into perfume.
alangísig = alingísi.
alangitngit n woody herb of open waste places; used as a poultice:
Ehretia microphylla.
alangsúhan n a medium-sized forest tree: Alphitonia philippinensis.
alapáhap n k.o. fish.
alap-alap v [BN16] be in doubt, uncertain of. Nagpangalap-alap
(nag-alap-alap) ku nga muanhi pa siya, I doubt if he is still coming.
alap-ap n k.o. fungus skin disease characterized by white splotches on
the skin. v [a4] be infected with alap-ap. Giap-ap ang íyang pánit, She
had ap-ap on her skin. -un(→) a covered with or infected with alap-ap.
alarma (not without l) n {1} alarm, sound notifying danger. {2} report
of danger. May alarma nga náay púga, There was an alarm out that there
was a jailbreak. v {1} [A; b6] give an alarm. Alarmáhan ta sa gwardiya
ug muabut ang kuntra, The guard will give us a warning when the enemy
arrives. {2} [A; c] report danger. Walà pa ialarma sa pulisíya ang
túlis, The police has not been given an alarm about the robbery.†
aláru (not without l) n arrowroot: Maranta arundinacea.
*alas_1 (not without l) — [number] [so-and-so] o’clock. Alas dus na ba?
Is it two o’clock yet? Alas sayis ang puntaríya sa pusil, The sight of
his gun is at six o’clock. Ala úna, — dus, — tris (in auction) going
once, going twice, gone! túlin pa sa — kwatru faster than blazes.
v [B5; b4(1)] be [so-and-so] o’clock. Nialas tris na lang, wà gihápun,
It got to be three and he still did not come. Sa nag-alas dus na,
nagsúgud na sila, When it was two o’clock, they began. Ug maalas kwatru
na, ayaw na lag lakaw, If it gets to be four, don’t bother going.
Pagkaala úna na, namatay, By one o’clock he was dead. Nagkaalas dúsi na
lang, It was getting toward twelve o’clock. Naalasnuybihan mig mata, We
didn’t wake up until nine. (We were overtaken by nine o’clock in waking
up.) Alas dusa (ialas dus) ang pagsúgud, Have it start at two. ika- at
[so-and-so] o’clock. Sa ikaalas singku ang taknà, At five o’clock. (At
the fifth o’clock hour.)
alas_2 (not without l) n ace, a card or die marked with a single spot.
v [B23; a12] be an ace, draw an ace. Mualas (maalas) gánì ning ákung
mahulbut, pildi ka, If I draw an ace, you lose.
alasan (not without l) n chestnut-colored horse with small white
speckles.
alas dúsi n name given to various ornamental plants, the flowers of
which tend to open at noon or midnight.
alasíman = ulasíman.
alasiwsiw = alisiwsiw.
alas kwatru = marabilyas.
alas utsu n k.o. ornamental climbing cactus the fragrant flowers of
which open around eight in the evening and close within two or three
hours: Hylocereus sp.
alasúus n k.o. fish: Sillago sp.
alat n big and tall wide-mouthed basket with loose hexagonal mesh
weave. v [A] make into an alat.
álat_1 (not without l) n cop (slang).
álat_2 (not without l) n salted eggs.
alatan n k.o. grunt: Plectorhynchus sp.
aláut (not without l. from dáut) a unfortunate, wretched. Aláut nga
biktima sa bagyu, The unfortunate victims of the typhoon. v [APB12]
make, become wretched.
alaw (not without l) v [A; a12] {1} watch s.o. from hiding unobserved.
Iring nga nag-alaw sa pisù, The cat that is stalking the chick. Alawa
ag bátà ug unsay buhátun, Spy on the child and see what he does.
{2} watch for, wait for. Pag-alaw didtu ug taksi, Watch for a taxi.
{3} [A3; a12] be after s.t. with a hidden motive. Ang íyang kadátù ray
alawun sa mangulitáwu, Her suitors are only after her wealth. alaw-álaw
v [A; b5] try to get to see s.o. hard to see by catching him s.w. Dúgay
kung gaalaw-álaw ánang pulitikúha arun irikumindar ku, I have been
trying for the longest time to run into that politician so he will
recommend me.
álaw (not without l) not have (slang for walà). Álaw kuy bugas, I don’t
have anything to eat.
aláwans (not without l) n {1} allowance, amount of money given
regularly. {2} leeway, extra space. v [A; c6] {1} give or receive an
allowance. Mualáwans akug singku písus, I will get an allowance of five
pesos. Mualáwans ku nímug singku, I will give you an allowance of five
pesos. {2} give allowance, leeway. Mag-aláwans kag purgáda arun dì
háyan mamabà, Leave an inch allowance so it won’t come out too short.
alawíhaw = aluwíhaw.
alawiswis (not without l) n {1} bamboo stem an inch around or less: the
top part of a stem or a young stem. {2} the top part of a palm frond.
aláyun n group of people who work together on jobs on a more or less
permanent basis. The person for whom the job is done has an obligation
to repay each worker with an equal amount of time. v {1} [A2C; b5c4]
work on the aláyun basis. Alayúnun (alayúnan) nátù ang pagpananggì,
We’ll harvest on the mutual help basis. Alayúnan tika karun, ug impas
na, I’ll work for you now, and we’re all square. {2} [A3; b6(1)] do
s.t. as a favor. Nag-aláyun siya nákug hatud ngadtu, He did me the
favor of taking me there. Alayúni siyag panghúgas, Do him the favor of
helping him wash the dishes. Ialáyun kug kúhag túbig, Please get me
some water. {2a} please. Aláyun, ambi ra nang libru, Please, give me
that book. ka- n one with whom one has an aláyun arrangement. -an
n work obligation one has.
alayupiyup = aliyupyup.
alba n alb, a type of priest’s garment. v [A; a] wear an alb, make into
an alb. -in- n dress shaped like an alb. v [A; a] wear, make into a
dress of this sort.
albaháka n name given to several herbs with a sweet mint-like aroma
used as a condiment, medicinally, and for delousing fowls. {1} Ocimum
basilicum. {2} = kalugungkugung.
albangku clear away from the sides of the billiard table. Albangku, mga
mirun, Spectators, get out of the way.
albáti = alugbáti.
albínu n albino.
albularyu = arbularyu.
album n album, scrapbook. v {1} [A; c] put in an album. Albúmun ku ning
ákung mga ritrátu, I’ll collect these pictures in an album. {2} [A12]
get or obtain an album.
algudun n cotton as manufactured, commercial cotton.
alguwasil n {1} s.o. employed as a general office boy-janitor
combination in offices in Spanish times. {2} constable. v [B6; a] be an
alguwasil.
alhíbi n a large water container with a faucet at the bottom.
alhu n pestle. v {1} [A12] make into a pestle. {2} [a12] hit with a
pestle. Alhúun tika run, I’ll hit you with a pestle.
áli v [A; c] block a path, prevent passage, be a barrier. Ang bahà
nakaáli sa ámung pagtabuk, The flood prevented us from crossing to the
other side. Gialíhan ku ang íyang dálan, I blocked his way. Kiring
kaban iáli sa pultahan, Put this trunk as a barrier behind the door.
(→) n {1} barrier. {2} a gill net set as a barrier to catch stunned
fish.
*alibagbag pa- v [A; b6] avoid answering or seeming to heed by speaking
off the topic, or pretend to be doing s.t. else in order to avoid the
embarrassment of a confrontation. Ayaw paalibagbag ug basabása myintras
gisultíhan ka nákù, Don’t sit there reading while I am talking to you.
Gialibagbágan (gipaalibagbágan) ku níyag tubag kay dì man siya
muadmitir nákù, He answered me off the topic to avoid admitting it.
alibangbang n {1} butterfly. {2a} butterfly fish: Chaetodon sp. {2b} by
extension, angel fish: Holacanthus sp. {3} k.o. seashell. -un butterfly
fish.
alibángu a bothering others by being noisy. v [B1; b6] bother s.o. by
being noisy. Gialibangúhan ku sa ímung pangyawyaw, I find your
grumbling bothersome.
alibay_1 n excuse for failing to do s.t. v [A; c] give an excuse.
Ialibay nga namatyan kag lúla, Give the excuse that your grandmother
died.
alibhat v [A; b5] head s.o. off. Mualibhat lang ta sa parid, Let’s
catch up to the parade by heading it off. Alibháti (alibháta) siya.
Didtu ági sa luyu, Head him off by going around the other way.
alíbi = alhíbi.
alibusbus n k.o. winged large red house ants that come in swarms, esp.
during rainy days, and hover around bright lights.
alibwag v [AB3(1); aPc] disperse, scatter in all directions, scatter
s.t. Mialibwag ang báhù sa kasuuksuukan, The smell spread to every
corner. Kinsay nag-alibwag sa duldul? Who scattered the kapok all over
the place? Alibwágun ang punduk sa tirgas, The tear gas will disperse
the crowd.
alibyu n {1} alleviation, improvement of an affliction.
{2} improvement. Walay alibyu ang ámung kahimtang, Our financial
condition is no better. v [APB; b3c5] get better, make s.t. get better
in health. Ang biks mualibyu (mupaalibyu) sa sip-un, Vicks alleviates a
cold. Mialibyu ang ákung ubu, My cold got better.
alid-an, alid-i see alíli.
alig-alig v [AP; b(1)] {1} do s.t. which is not one’s ordinary duty,
take s.t. on oneself. Ngánung gialig-aligan man nà nímug táud nga wà pa
man mahuman ug pintal? Why did you go and put it up when we hadn’t
finished painting it? {2} undertake a task which one is not up to
doing. Bisag dì kamau mudrayib, mualig-alig nà siyag maníhu, He doesn’t
know how to drive, but he takes it on himself to do so.
aligasiyun n allegation.
aligatu n fiery particles carried off from a fire by the updraft. v [A;
b6] give off flaming particles. Piligru ug aligatuhan ang atup nga
nípà, It’s dangerous if flying embers hit the roof because it is palm
thatch.
aligáya v [A; b6] take a nap. Nag-aligáya siya sa dúyan, He is taking
his nap in the hammock.
aligi n the yellow fat of crabs. v [A13; b4] {1} for crabs to have fat
in abundant quantities. Kasag nga gialigihan, Crabs with plenty of fat.
{2} for dirt to be present in thick rolls like fat on a crab. Nag-aligi
ang buling sa ímung líug, You have deep rolls of dirt on your neck.
alig-ig v [A; a] {1} separate coarse and fine grains by shaking them on
a tray. A jerking motion is made in one direction so that the heavier
grains collect at one end of the tray. Alig-íga ang ginaling, Shake out
the ground corn. {2} rock vigorously from side to side. Makusug nga
línug nga mialig-ig sa Manílà, A strong earthquake that rocked Manila.
Pastilan níyang nakaalig-ig sa samput dihang hápit na, My, how she
moved her buttocks from side to side when she was about to come.
{3} shake up personnel. Kinsay gialig-ig ni Markus? Who did Marcos
dismiss (from his cabinet)? -in-ay n shake-up of personnel. Human sa
iliksiyun, dakù giyung inalig-ígay, After the election, there will be a
big shake-up. -un(→), -unun n ground cereal to be winnowed.
aligri a lively, gay. Aligri ang ílang piging, Their party was gay.
Aligring ikúyug si Pingping, Pingping would be fun to take along. v [B;
a] be or become gay or lively. aligrihun a of a lively type.
aliguríya n parable, allegory. v [A2; c1] speak by way of allegory.
aligutgut_1 n a prayer imploring the saving of a soul recited or sung
in recitation-response style at the end of a novena.
aligutgut_2 n rancor, deep abiding anger. v [B; b3] feel rancor,
bitterness, or hatred. Gialigutgútan níya si Pidru, He feels rancor
towards Pedro. Ang ímung pagbutar sa píkas mauy íyang gikaaligutgútan
pag-áyu, What embittered him most is that you voted for the other side.
ka- n = aligutgut_2.
alihid v [B; c16] lean to one side. Nag-alihid ang balay sa kadáan, The
house is leaning to one side from age. Nagkaalihid ang linaktan sa
táwung nagdalag bug-at, The man is walking leaning to one side because
of the burden he’s carrying.
alíid v [A2S; a12] stagger under a heavy load. Nag-aliid ang bátà ug
pas-an sa táru, The child is staggering under the weight of the can of
water. Nag-aliid siya sa túmang kawad-un, He was staggering under the
burden of his poverty.
alikabu = abug_1.
alikási a nervously restless. v [B; b6] be nervous and restless.
Mualikási (maalikási) kug maduul na ang ting-iksam, I get nervous when
exams approach.
alikáti n long-nosed pliers. v [a12] do s.t. with a long-nosed pliers.
Gialikáti ang paglarut sa ákung ngípun, My tooth was extracted using a
long-nosed pliers.
alikáti sa múrus n k.o. herb of waste places, growing to 2′, widely
used as a poultice for wounds. It has alternate ovate leaves with
dentate margins, decreasing in size toward the ends of the branches and
multiple branching, with a branch growing in the axils of the larger
leaves. Flowers are in axillary spikes, colored green, with small,
tri-segmented fruit in the calyx, bearing tiny rounded seeds.
alikúmù (from kúmù) n k.o. sea crab with roundish bulging body, 2″ in
length, yellowish green, with fat stubby claws and appendages for
paddling. Not usually eaten.
alikún n k.o. fish.
alikway n {1} shoots of the taro (gabi) before they develop leaves.
{2} k.o. vegetable eaten by the Suban-un.
alíli v [AC; ac2] swap, exchange. Kinsay mualílig kabáyù sa ákung
kábaw? Who will swap a horse for my carabao? Nagkaalíli kami sa ámung
pawntinpin, We took each other’s pens by mistake. Alilíhun ta ning síya
ug kulumpiyu, Let’s put the chair where the rocking chair is and put
the rocking chair here where the chair is.
alíling n k.o. ant, slightly bigger than the red ant (umígas), dark
orange, somewhat translucent. It does not bite and is found swarming in
all directions over sugar.
alílis = alíli.
alilúya n {1} alleluia, song in the church. {2} the name given to the
child playing the role of the angel in the pageant performed on Easter
Sunday dawn depicting the meeting of Mary and the Lord Jesus (súgat).
The child is suspended from an arch which is placed in the spot where
Mary and Jesus are to meet after their separate processions from the
cathedral. {3} name of this pageant.
alilúyuk n whirlpool. v [B46; b(1)] form a whirlpool. Mualilúyuk ang
subà ug magbahà, The river forms a whirlpool when it floods.
álim_1 v [APB2S] heal, make s.t. heal. Muálim (maálim) ning ákung
samad, My wound will heal. Kining tambála muálim (mupaálim) sa ímung
núka, This medicine will heal your sore. Panahun ray makaálim
(makapaálim) sa ímung kaguul, Only time will assuage your sorrow. pa-
v [A; a] allow s.t. to heal.
álim_2 = álum.
alíma (from líma) v [A; b] take care of s.o. by administering to his
needs. Alimáhi ang ímung manghud, Take good care of your younger
brother. n hand (dialectal).
alimadmad = alimatmat.
aliman n German.
alimángu n k.o. edible crab of tidal swamps, black on the back, but
lighter on the inside and on claws. It has large meaty claws, is round
in shape, thick-shelled, without spikes and occasionally reaches 10″ in
diameter. alimanguhun a having large lower arms and small biceps like a
crab.
Alimanya n Germany.
alimása v [A; a] wash the body, esp. the lower limbs. Akuy mualimása
(mag-alimása) sa mga bátà, I’ll wash the children. paN- v [A] wash
oneself.
alimásag n k.o. edible crab.
alimatmat v [A12; b8] {1} regain consciousness. Dihà na ku
makaalimatmat ug buut sa uspital, I was in the hospital when I regained
consciousness. {2} have earliest awareness of life. Sukad ku
makaalimatmat ug buut wà pa ku hibunali, I have not been spanked since
the earliest time I can remember.
alimátuk n leech. v [a4b4] be infested with leeches. ka- v [A13]
covered with leeches. -an(→) n place infested with leeches.
alimbrilyu = alambrilyu.
alimbúkad (from bukad) v [A2S] {1} expand in an upward direction, well
upwards. Mialimbúkad ang asu pagkasúnug sa asíti sa baril, The smoke
welled up as the oil in the barrel burned. {2} for feelings to well up.
Mialimbúkad sa íyang kahiladman ang kahínam, A feeling of eager
expectations welled up inside him. {3} pull in the cheeks and stick out
the lips slightly in an expression of distaste. n an underwater source
of a lake from which water rushes into the lake.
alimgas n tobacco seed. -an(→) n tobacco seed container.
alimgat = alinggat.
alimpatakan n {1} the mind as the seat of thinking processes. Isilsil
pag-áyu sa inyung alimpatakan arun dì giyud ninyu hikalimtan, Imprint
it indelibly in your mind so you don’t forget it ever. {2} cranium.
Dakdákan ku nang ímung alimpatakan, I’ll knock you on your skull.
alimpúlu n {1} crown, part of the skull in the back where the hair
forms a whorl. {2} topmost part of a mountain. {3} = alimpúlus.
alimpulúhan n place where the crown is or place analogous to it.
Nakatungtung siya sa alimpúhan sa dakung batu, He was perched on the
topmost part of the rock. kinaalimpuluhan n the very spot at the center
of the back of the head.
alimpúlus n small whirlwind. v [B346; a4b4] for there to be a
whirlwind. Naukab ang ámung atup nga nípà dihang mialimpús, Our
thatched roof was blown away when there was a small whirlwind.
alimpuyang = luy-aluy-a. see luy-a.
alimpuyas n k.o. plant similar to luy-aluy-a, the rhizomes of which are
used medicinally: Curcuma zedoaria.
alimpuying = luy-aluy-a. see luy-a.
alimugmug = limugmug.
alimúkaw n {1} state of semiconsciousness just before falling asleep or
awakening. Ang íyang gisulti búnga lang sa íyang alimúkaw, What he said
was the product of his semiconsciousness. {2} action of the sort
performed by fully conscious persons performed in one’s sleep. Wà ka
nákù tuyúag igù. Alimúkaw lang kadtu, I didn’t mean to strike you. I
did it in my sleep. v [b4] do s.t. in one’s sleep of the sort one
normally does awake. Nanáug siya tungang gabíi. Gialimukáwan diay, He
went downstairs in the middle of his sleep.
alimúkun n k.o. wild dove with white ears and light brown feathers
speckled with black: Phapitreron leucotis.
alimúngaw (from bungaw) = alimúkaw.
alimungáwung n s.t. faintly similar to s.t. else in appearance.
Alimungáwung ang hitsúra sa plurdilis sa ahítu, The zinnia is faintly
like a marigold in appearance. v {1} [BC13; b6] come to resemble
faintly. Mialimungáwung (naalimungáwung) ang bátang sinagup kaníla, The
adopted child came to look like them. {2} [A12; b8] faintly discern a
resemblance. Nakaalimungáwung ku nímu kay may-ungmay-ung ka sa ímung
igsúun, I recognized you because you look like your brother.
Hing-alimungawúngan siya sa bantay nga mauy nangáwat sa kwarta, The
guard faintly recognized him as the one who stole the money.
alimúsan n k.o. fish raised in fishponds: Paraplotosus albilabris.
alimúut (from púut) a confining, oppressive so as to make people feel
uncomfortably hot. Alimúut nang naylung isul-ub, Nylon is oppressively
hot to wear. Alimúut sa Magalyánis, way hángin, It’s oppressively hot
downtown. There’s no wind. — ug nawung {1} sour-faced. {2} be so ugly
as not to have one redeeming feature in one’s face. v [B; b3] be
oppressively warm. Mualimúut (maalimúut) ang kwartu ug mahápun, It gets
hot (might get hot) in the room in the afternoon. Gialimuútan
(gialimut-an) ka? Do you feel hot?
alimyun n sweet smell, fragrance. Ang alimyun sa mga búlak, The
fragrance of the flowers. paN- v [A; b(1)] smell sweet, give off
fragrance. Nangalimyun ang mga dalága nga nagpadúng sa bayli, The girls
that were headed for the dance smelled sweet.
alindáhaw n drizzle. v [A; b4] drizzle.
alindánaw (from danaw) n dragonfly.
alindánga a hot and sticky. v [B; b4] become hot and sticky. Hukásun ku
ning ákung swítir kay gialindangáhan ku, I’ll take my sweater off
because I feel hot and sticky.
alindángay a slightly feverish, uneasy in the body because of a slight
fever. Dì ku mutarbáhu run kay mu rag alindángay ang ákung láwas, I
won’t work today because my body is somewhat feverish. v [B; a4] have a
slight fever, be restless. Nag-alindángay ang bátà kay gihilantan, The
child is restless because he has a fever.
alindasay v [B46] uneasy, restless in place one is lying. Nag-alindasay
ang bátang taas kaáyug hilánat, The child was restless because of his
high fever.
alinga v [A; b5] give one’s attention to, care for. Walà siya
mag-alinga sa daghang táwung nagpaábut kaníya, He paid no attention to
the people waiting for him. Alingaha (alingahi)g maáyu ang mga bátà
samtang wà ku dinhi, Watch the children carefully while I’m not here.
alingabngab v [B; b6c1] for s.t. to be wide open. Mualingabngab
(maalingabngab) nang ímung samad ug dì tahiun, If you don’t stitch that
wound, it will gape. Nag-alingabngab ang ímung pitáka, wà kasirhi, Your
bag is wide open. You didn’t close it. Ayaw alingabngaba (ialingabngab)
ang ímung bàbà arun dì masudlag lángaw, If you open your mouth wide
like that, flies will get in it.
alingagngag n upper part of throat and back part of oral cavity,
including the soft palate. -an(→) n the general area where the
alingagngag is.
alingása_1 a annoyingly noisy. Alingása ang bátà, The child is
annoyingly noisy. Alingása ang íyang pandungug, His ears are full of a
disturbing din. v [B1; a2] be noisy. ka- n noise.
alingása_2 a feeling hot and humid. Alingása kining sinináang isul-ub,
This shirt is hot to wear. v [B; b6] be hot. Ug maalingása (mualingása)
ang panahun, mulupad ta sa Bagyu, When it gets hot, we fly to Baguio.
n = ka-. ka- n heat.
alingásu (from asu) a smoky. v [B; b6] get filled with smoke. Ug
magsugba ka dinhi, mualingásu (maalingásu) ang kwartu, If you broil
food here, the room will get filled with smoke. n smokiness. Ang
alingásu mauy nakalagum sa pintal, Smoke tarnished the paint.
alingasúhun a of a somewhat smoky sort.
*alingawngaw_1 pa- v [A; b6] pretend not to hear or see or know about
s.t. one knows very well about. Mipaalingawngaw siyag basabása labun
síging pasiplat, She pretended to be absorbed in her reading, but she
kept on peeping out from the corner of her eyes. Mipaalingawngaw ang
mangingilad dakù nga wà siya makautang nákù sa maung kantidad, The
swindler denied knowing anything about the money he owed me.
alingawngaw_2 n a k.o. very small gnats that swarm over leftover foods.
v [a4] have alingawngaw swarming over it. Gialingawngaw ang kan-un, The
food had gnats all over it.
alinggánay = linggánay.
alinggat v [A12; b8] be aware, take notice of s.t. Nakaalinggat ka ba
nga niwangniwang na run si Tasya? Have you noticed that Tasia is a
little thinner now? Hialinggatan nákù nga wà na ang táwu, I noticed
that the man was gone.
alingíing = alangíing.
alingísi a making a piercing, screeching noise. Alingísi siyag tíngug,
She has a piercing voice. v [B; a2] be noisy. Naalingísi ang tíngug sa
kutsi sa gibríkan, The car screeched as the brakes were put on.
alingísig = alingísi.
alingisngis a making very high-pitched and drawn out piercing noise.
Ayaw ug ikágis ang ímung kuku sa pisára kay alingisngis, Don’t run your
fingernails over the blackboard because it’s screechy. v [B; c1] be
high-pitched and screeching. Nag-alingisngis ang sín nga gigúyud, The
iron sheeting they are dragging is making a screeching sound.
alingit a short-tempered, irritable. v [B; ab3] be irritable. Pakatulga
nang bátà ug udtu arun dílì mualingit (maalingit), Have the child take
an afternoon nap so he won’t be irritable later. Mauy ialingit
(alingitan) níya ug hilabtan ang íyang gamit, If you touch his things
it will make him mad.
alingiting n intense dry heat, greater than alangíing. v [B; b6] be
exceedingly hot. Ang adlaw mag-alingiting lang, basta kwarisma, The sun
is scorching during Lent.
alingkawas = lingkawas.
alingugngug a noisy in a constant drumming way. Alingugngug kaáyu ang
tíngug sa tambul, The drum made an annoying sound. v [B] be annoyingly
noisy. n constant noise which drums in the ears.
alinsúub a warm, moist and stuffy without wind. Alinsúub ang panahun.
Kauwanun tingáli, The weather is hot and stuffy. It’s probably going to
rain. v [B; b6] be hot and airless. Nag-alinsúub lang ang barungbárung,
The shanty is cramped and poorly ventilated.
alintabu v [B; c1] turn over, producing a loud turmoil. Nagkaalintabu
ang mga balud, The waves churned more and more vigorously. Nag-alintabu
sa hilabihang kayugut ang ákung kahiladman, I was in complete turmoil
within myself because of my great anger. Alintabuhun (ialintabu) ku
ning mga gamit nátù ug dílì ka musugut, I’ll turn this house upside
down if you don’t agree. n noise produced by things turned upside down
with a crash.
alinupung (from túpung) v [A3; a] {1} for vertical things to be almost
the same height, esp. for children to be so close together they are
almost the same height. Ug alinupungun ninyu ang inyung anak,
magsangkiig mu, If you have your children one after another, you’ll
reel under the burden. {2} coming one after another (figurative).
Nag-alinupung nga suliran, Problems that come one after another.
alipadnu n k.o. edible fresh-water limpet of dark olive green to grey
color, oblong, growing to 1″. It clings to stones.
alipadsay v [B; c1] {1} for good-sized things to be scattered. Ang
ímung mga butang nagkaalipadsay lang sa kwartu, Your things are
scattered all over the room. Alipadsáyun (ialipadsay) ang mga papílis
sa hángin, The papers will be scattered by the wind. {2} for s.t. to be
consumed rapidly as if scattered. Kadalì rang mualipadsay ang kwarta
karun, How quickly money vanishes these days. Gialipadsay lag kausa ang
mga pagkáung giaray sa lamísa, The food that was heaped on the table
vanished in one fell swoop.
alipanti = ilipanti.
alipasa v [B46; b4] for a child lying in bed to be restless due to
discomfort, worry, etc. Ang bútud sa tiyan mauy makaalipasa
(makapaalipasa) sa bátà, Gas pains can cause a child to become
restless.
alipáta, alipátà n k.o. medium-sized tree of the seashore, the ashes of
which are used for soap making. Ingredient for a broth to counter
bárang: Excoecaria agallocha.
alipatpat a for vision to be blurred. v [BN] become blurred or bleary.
Mialipatpat (nangalipatpat) ang ákung panan-aw sa dúgay nákung binása,
My vision became blurred from reading too long.
alip-ip_1 n {1} person’s back reaching from the shoulders as far as the
waist. {2} waist, part on the side directly beneath the lower rib.
alip-ip_2 v [AP] {1} hide by making oneself as small as possible behind
s.t. Mialip-ip (mipaalip-ip) ang kawatan sa bungbung, The robber
pressed himself against the wall so he couldn’t be seen. {2} peer or
look furtively from behind s.t. Ang sanlahun mialip-ip (mipaalip-ip)
lang ug tan-aw sa luyu sa bintánà, The leper peered furtively from
behind the windows.
alipúlu = alimpúlu.
alipúlung v [b4] feel dizzy. Alipudngan ku ug gutmun ku, I feel dizzy
when I’m hungry.
alipunga, alipungà n {1} eczema caused by allergy. {2} athlete’s foot.
v [a4] get a rash or athlete’s foot. Alipungahun ku ug malígù kug sayu
sa buntag, I get a rash when I bathe early in the morning.
alipúnga_1 a having difficulty in breathing. v [BN; a4b4] have
difficulty in breathing. Nangalipunga ang ákung gininháwa kay gibutdan
aku, I had a hard time breathing because of the gas in my stomach.
alipúnga_2 a noisily bothersome. Alipúnga ning batáa, síging hílak, The
child is very bothersome. He keeps crying. v [BN; b6] be noisily
bothersome.
aliputu, alipútu a short tempered because of s.t. which is weighing on
the mind. Alipútu run nà siya kay napildi sa súgal, He is in an
irritable mood because he lost in gambling. v [B; a2c5] get to be in a
bad mood. Gialipútu na sad ku níya sa íyang mga binúang, He irritated
me with his foolishness.
alíraw = líraw.
alirdyik a {1} allergic. {2} tending to react to s.t. nice more than
usual (humorous). Alirdyik kus mga gwápa, Good-looking girls turn me
on. v [B12; a4b3(1)] be allergic. Ug mutúu kang alirdyik, maalirdyik ka
núun, If you think you’re allergic to s.t. you will be allergic.
Gialirdyik kug pasáyan, I’m allergic to shrimps. Unsay ímung
kaalirdyíkan? What caused your allergy?†
alírung v [AB3(1); c] gather around s.t. Nag-alírung ang mga táwu sa
sugálan, The people stood around the gambling table. Nag-alírung siya
sa silya sa lamísa, He put the chairs around the table. n {1} people
gathered around. {2} the surroundings, the space around. Ang mga gángis
lámay nagtingug sa alírung, Only the crickets were chirping in the
area.
alisbu n bad smell permeating the air. Ang alisbu sa patayng irù, The
stench of the dead dog. v [BN46; b4(1)] give off a bad smell.
Naalisbuhan ku sa báhù sa íhì, The stench of the urine reached me.
alisbung = alisbu.
alisdan, alisdi = ilisdan/-i.
alisiwsiw n k.o. grasshopper about 25 to 30 mm. long, abounding in open
grasslands, light yellow-green dorsal side and yellowish dirty gray
underside, not glossy. Not migratory or destructive to crops.
alisngaw v [A; b6] {1} evaporate, give off steam. Mualisngaw ang
alkuhul, The alcohol will evaporate. Ínit pa diay ang túbig kay
nag-alisngaw man, The water is still hot, then, because it’s giving off
steam. {2} for anger to vent itself. Mualisngaw na ning ákung kasukù,
I’m going to blow up in a minute. n steam or evaporation given off.
paN- v [A; b6] give off a smell. Nangalisngaw ang tanglad, The lemon
grass gave off a pleasant smell. -in- n {1} thing given off as steam or
evaporation. {2} shadow, small portion of a character trait which is
exuded. Ug daghan may natuntu níya, inalisngaw lang tu sa íyang
kamaldítu, He cheated lots of people, but that was just a fraction of
his mischief. Kadtung kasábà inalisngaw lang tu sa ákung kasukù, The
scolding was just a faint shadow of what I really felt.
alistu a {1a} energetic. Alistu siyang mutrabáhu, He works
energetically. {b} agile. Alistu siyang milikay, He dodged agily.
{2} shrewd, clever. Alistu siyang musabut, He understands things
readily. Alistu, apuntin, puygu! Ready, aim, fire! {3} do s.t. well.
Alistu siyang mulútù, She cooks well. v {1} [B2] be energetic, agile.
Mualistu (maalistu) ka man lang ug makakità ug kwarta, You only move if
you see money. {2} [B1] be clever, smart. Ug makig-úban ka sa mga abtik
maalistu ka giyud, If you go around with shrewd people, you’ll become
shrewd, too. Alistu ka lang kay itug-an tikang Pápa, Better watch out
because I’ll tell Father on you. {3} [b4(1)] be outsmarted. Naglágut ku
kay naalistuhan kung Husi, I’m mad because Jose put one over on me.
alisuksuk = saluksuk_2.
alitundan n k.o. banana with light yellow skin, which grows to six
inches. One of the most important commercial bananas, it is eaten
uncooked.
aliwálang = alíling.
aliwarus v [A13] be restless in expectation of s.t. Nag-aliwarus siyang
nagpaábut sa íyang trátu, She nervously awaited her sweetheart.
aliwárus a nuisance, annoyance caused by noise and motion. Ang daghang
pidikab mauy nakaaliwárus (nakapaaliwárus) sa karsáda, The large number
of pedicabs are a nuisance in the streets. Maaliwárus lang ang balay
kun magdagandágan ang mga bátà, The house will just be in commotion if
the children keep running about.
alíwas n large monkey, ape. -un a ape-like.
aliwasa, aliwása v [B2S; a4b34] restless because of discomfort or
worry. Nag-aliwasa siya kay nagabin-an ang íyang bátà, She was restless
because her child came home late.
aliyupyup n shrub of clearings: Pseuderantheum bicolor. The leaves are
used for uterine bleeding and roots and trunk for stomach ache.
alkabála n fee charged for the use of a space to vend. v [A; c] charge
a fee for that. Alkabaláhan kag bayinti, You will be charged twenty
centavos for a place in the market.
alkaldi n mayor. v [B126] be mayor.
alkampur n {1} camphor wood. {2} name of a folk dance. -adu, asayti
-adu, di- camphorated oil.
alkansi a losing, without gain or advantage. Alkansi kaáyu kug
singkwintay ibáyad mu, I lose a lot if you pay fifty. Alkansi aku niya
sa pagkáun, I lose on his food. Alkansi aku níya sa báhin, I lose out
the way it is divided. n {1} loss. Dakù silag alkansi sa ílang nigusyu,
They incurred a big loss in their business. {2} lacking in amount. Dus
mitrus alkansi sa sukud pára sa usa ka páris karsúnis, Two meters is
not enough material for a pair of pants. Alkansi ning ímung gihátag sa
pagpangumpra, You haven’t given me enough shopping money. v [B; c]
{1} incur a loss. Alkansíhan aku nímug diyútay, You will take a small
loss on me. {2} cause to take a loss. Alkansíhun aku nímug singkwinta
ray ímung ihátag, You will make me take a loss if you only give me
fifty pesos. {3} [AP; a] cause to get insufficient return from an
investment. Ug siyay ímung suluguun, mag-alkansi lang siya sa káun, If
he is your servant, you lose out on his food. — sa lutaw v [APB] cause
to hav
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