Alden's Handy Atlas of the World
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Title: Alden's Handy Atlas of the World
Author: John B. Alden
Release date: December 31, 2011 [eBook #38457]
Most recently updated: January 8, 2021
Language: English
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALDEN'S HANDY ATLAS OF THE WORLD ***
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Transcriber's note: In the indicated pronunciations [=a] signifies "a
macron" (i.e. long a); [)a] "a breve" (short a); and so forth.
* * * * *
ALDEN'S
HANDY ATLAS
OF THE
WORLD.
INCLUDING
ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-EIGHT
COLORED MAPS, DIAGRAMS,
TABLES, ETC.
* * * * *
NEW YORK:
JOHN B. ALDEN, PUBLISHER.
1888.
* * * * *
BRILLIANT BOOKS.
The following are A FEW TITLES and prices from my catalogue of standard
books:
Alden's Cyclopedia of Universal Literature, publishing in 15 volumes, of
about 500 pages each; per volume, paper, 30c.; cloth, 50c.; half Morocco,
60c.
American Patriotism: Famous Orations and Patriotic Papers; cloth 50c., half
Morocco 70c.
Ancient Classics for English Readers; 27 volumes; each, paper, 10c.; cloth,
20c. Also bound in 9 vols., half Russia, each 50c.
Argyll's Reign of Law, cloth, 60c.; Unity of Nature, 60c.; Primeval Man,
35c.; the three in one volume, cloth, $1.00.
Bacon's Essays, complete; paper 12c., cloth 25c.
Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress; paper 8c., cloth 20c. and 30c.
Chambers's Cyclopedia of English Literature; 8 volumes in cloth, $2.00.
Chinese Classics: The Works of Confucius and Mencius, translated; cloth
75c.
Classic Comedies, by Goldsmith, Sheridan, and Jonson; cloth 40c., half
Morocco 60c.
Classic Prose Wonder-Book; 900 large octavo pages, richly bound. $1.50.
Confessions of St. Augustine; translated, cloth, 50c.
Creasy's Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World; cloth, 40c.
De Quincey's Confessions of an English Opium Eater; cloth, 20c.
Dore's Bible Gallery of Illustrations and Stories; reduced from $5.00 to
$1.25.
Dore's Milton's Paradise Lost; text complete, with 52 cartoons, $1.25.
Durfee's Poetical Concordance to the principal Poets of the World; cloth,
gilt edges, $1.00.
Emerson's Essays, 2 volumes; each, cl., 40c.; half Morocco, 60c.
Emerson's Nature, Etc.; cloth 35c., half Morocco 50c.
Famous Warriors: Lives of Hannibal, Caesar, and Cromwell, by famous
authors; each, paper, 8c.; all in one vol., cloth, 40c.
Farrar's Seekers after God; cloth, 35c.
---- Lectures, Addresses and Essays; cloth 35c., half Morocco 50c.
Geikie's Hours with the Bible; 6 vols., illustrated; reduced in price from
$1.50 per vol. to 45c. in cl., or 60c. in half Morocco.
---- Life and Words of Christ; reduced in price from $8.00 to 45c. for
cloth, or 60c. for half Morocco.
JOHN B. ALDEN, PUBLISHER, 393 PEARL ST., NEW YORK.
* * * * *
Copyright, 1885 and 1886, by RAND, MCNALLY & CO.
* * * * *
{3}
INDEX
TO
MAPS AND DESCRIPTIVE MATTER.
* * * * *
PAGE | PAGE
Abyssinia 51 | Maryland 101
Afghanistan 45 | Massachusetts 87
Africa 47 | Mexico 77
Alabama 115 | Michigan 137
Alaska 75 | Minnesota 143
Algeria 49 | Mississippi 117
Anam 39, 40 | Missouri 125
Andorra 23, 24 | Montana 163
Arabia 37, 41 | Montenegro 27, 30
Argentine Republic 189, 191 | Mozambique 53
Arizona 157 | Natal 55
Arkansas 123 | Nebraska 147
Asia 37 | Netherlands 17, 19
Australasia 63 | Netherlands Indies 61
Australia 63 | Nevada 167
Austro-Hungary 31 | New Brunswick 71
Belgium 17, 19 | New Hampshire 83
Beluchistan 45 | New Jersey 95
Bolivia 187 | New Mexico 155
Brazil 187 | New South Wales 63
British Columbia 73 | New York 93
British Isles 13 | New Zealand 63
Bulgaria 25, 27 | Nicaragua 175, 176
Burmah 39, 40 | North America 65
California 168 | North Carolina 107
Cape Colony 55 | Northwest Territories 73
Central America 175 | Norway 33
Ceylon 43 | Nova Scotia 71
Chili 191 | Nubia 51
China 39 | Oceania 59, 60
Chinese Empire 38 | Ohio 131
Colombia, U.S. of 183, 184 | Ontario 67
Colorado 153 | Orange River Free State 55
Congo Free State 57 | Oregon 171
Connecticut 91 | Paraguay 191
Corea 39, 41 | Pennsylvania 97
Costa Rica 175, 176 | Persia 45
Cuba 179, 180 | Peru 187, 188
Dakota 145 | Porto Rico 175, 179
Delaware 99 | Portugal 21
Denmark 33, 34 | Prince Edward Island 71
Ecuador 187, 188 | Quebec 69
Egypt 51 | Queensland 63
England 14 | Rhode Island 89
Europe 9 | Rumania 25, 27
Europe, Northern 10 | Russia 35
Europe, Southern 11 | San Domingo 175, 178
Florida 113 | Sandwich Islands 61
France 23 | San Salvador 175, 176
Georgia 111 | Scotland 16
Germany 19 | Servia 25, 27
Great Britain 12 | Siam 39, 40
Greece 27 | South America 181, 182
Guatemala 175, 177 | South Australia 63
Guiana, British 185 | South Carolina 109
Guiana, Dutch 185 | Spain 21
Guiana, French 185 | Sweden 33
Hawaii 61 | Switzerland 23, 24
Hayti 175, 178 | Tasmania 63
Honduras 175, 177 | Tennessee 127
Honduras, British 175, 177 | Texas 121
Hong Kong 39, 41 | Transvaal 56
Idaho 165 | Tripoli 47
Illinois 135 | Tunis 49
India 43 | Turkey 27
Indiana 133 | United States 79
Indian Territory 151 | Uruguay 189, 191
Iowa 141 | Utah 159
Ireland 15 | Venezuela 183, 184
Italy 29 | Vermont 85
Jamaica 175, 178 | Victoria 63
Japan 39 | Virginia 103
Kansas 149 | Wales 14
Kentucky 129 | Washington 173
Liberia 56, 58 | Western Australia 62
Louisiana 119 | West Indies 175
Madagascar 53 | West Virginia 105
Maine 81 | Wisconsin 139
Malay 39, 40 | World 7
Manitoba 73 | Wyoming 161
Marocco 49 | Zanzibar 53
* * * * *
{5}
INDEX
TO
DIAGRAMS AND TABLES.
* * * * *
Agriculture, Persons Engaged in 114
Agricultural Products of Mexico 76
Angora Hair Exported by Cape Colony, Value of 46
Area and Population of African Countries 46
Area and Population of Asiatic Countries 36
Area and Population of Central America 174
Area and Population of European Countries 8
Area and Population of German States 18
Area and Population of Mexico 76
Area and Population of Oceania 59
Area and Population of South American Countries 181
Area and Population of West Indies 174
Barley, Average Annual Product of 82
Boots and Shoes Manufactured, Value of 86
Butter Product, 1880, Value of 172
Cattle in Territories, Value of 160
Cheese Product, 1880, Value of 92
Cheese Product in Territories, 1880, Value of 158
Cloth Manufactured in the Southern States 116
Cocoa Exported by Venezuela, Value of 181
Coffee Exported by Brazil, Value of 181
Coffee Exported by Venezuela, Value of 181
Coffee Imported by Europe 8
Copper Ingots, Amount of, Produced in Southern States 106
Copper Ingots, Annual Product of 156
Corn Crop, 1870 to 1880, Increase in 104
Corn, Increase in Acreage of 146
Cotton Exported by Brazil, Value of 181
Cotton Manufactures per 1,000 Population, Capital Invested in 88
Crop Productions of Australasia 59
Diamonds Exported by Brazil, Value of 181
Diamonds Exported by Cape Colony, Value of 46
Exports of Africa 46
Exports of Belize 174
Exports of Cuba 174
Exports of Hawaiian Islands 59
Exports of Hayti 174
Exports of Jamaica 174
Exports of Mexico 76
Exports of Philippine Islands 59
Exports of Porto Rico 174
{6}
Exports of Society Islands 59
Exports of South America 181
Farm Animals in Australasia, Number of 62
Farm Crops, Comparative Value of 122
Farm Crops, 1870 to 1880, Increase in 164
Farms of Five Hundred Acres or Over Occupied by Owners 110
Farm Products, Comparative Yearly 112
Farm products, 1882, Comparison of 166
Fishery Products, 1880, Value of 170
Flouring and Grist Mills, Capital Invested in 142
Glassware, 1880, Capital Invested in Manufacture of 96
Gold and Silver Deposited at Mints and Assay Offices, 1793 to 1883 168
Gold Produced from Placer Fields in 1880 162
Granite Quarries, Capital Invested in 80
Hardware, Capital Invested in Manufacture of 90
Hides Exported by Brazil, Value of 181
Hogs on Farms, Number of 140
Hops Produced in West in 1880, Pounds of 138
Imports of Belize 174
Imports of Society Islands 59
Indigo Exported by Colombia, Value of 181
Lace, Production of, Europe 8
Lakes of South America, Area of 181
Land, Total Cultivated, Uncultivated and Timber 120
Lead Ore Mined, Annual Value of 124
Limestone and Marble Quarries, 1880, Capital Invested in 84
Linen Production of Europe 8
Lumber Products, 1880, Value of 136
Mineral Productions of Europe 8
Molasses Produced in 1880, Gallons of 118
Mules, Value of 126
Orchard Products per 1,000 Population, Value of 98
Ostrich Feathers Exported by Cape Colony, Value of 46
Oyster Fisheries, 1880, Value of 100
Peanuts, Annual Amount of Crop 102
Plate Glass Manufacture, 1880 132
Population, 1870 to 1880, Increase of 148
Rice Produced in 1880, Pounds of 108
Rivers of Africa, Length of 46
Rivers of Asia, Length of 36
Rivers of Europe, Length of 8
Rivers of South America, Length of 181
Rubber Exported by Brazil, Value of 181
Seal Fisheries, Annual Products of 74
Seas and Lakes of Asia, Areas of 36
Seas and Lakes of Europe, Areas of 8
Sheep in Territories, Comparative Number of 154
Silk Goods Manufactured, Value of 94
Silk Production of France 8
Silk Production of Italy 8
Silver Product of 1882 152
Slaughtering and Meat Packing Products, 1880 134
Sugar Exported by Brazil, Value of 181
Tea Imported by Great Britain 8
Tobacco Crop, 1882, Value of 128
Tobacco Exported by Brazil, Value of 181
Wheat and Corn, Amount Raised Yearly by Different Nations 150
Wheat Production 1870 to 1880, Increase in 144
Wool Product, in Pounds, 1880 130
* * * * *
{7}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{8}
EUROPE.
Northwestern portion of Old World and smallest of its grand divisions.
Extreme length northeast and southwest, 3500 miles extreme breadth, over
2,400 miles; coast line not less than 20,000 miles.
-----------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+------------
Divisions. | Area, | Population. | Capitals. | Population.
| Sq. Miles.| | |
-----------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+------------
Andorra | 175 | 5,800 | Andorra | 1,000
Austro-Hungary | 240,942 | 37,883,226 | Vienna | 1,103,857
Belgium | 11,373 | 5,655,197 | Brussels | 389,782
Bulgaria | 24,360 | 2,007,919 | Sophia | 20,501
Denmark | 13,784 | 1,969,039 | Copenhagen | 273,323
England and Wales| 58,186 | 25,974,439 | London | 4,766,661
France | 204,177 | 37,672,048 | Paris | 2,269,023
Germany | 212,028 | 45,234,061 | Berlin | 1,122,360
Greece | 25,111 | 1,979,453 | Athens | 84,903
Ireland | 32,531 | 5,174,836 | Dublin | 418,910
Italy | 114,410 | 28,459,628 | Rome | 273,268
Montenegro | 3,550 | 250,000 | Cetigne | 2,000
Netherlands | 12,648 | 4,225,065 | The Hague | 127,931
Norway | 122,869 | 1,806,900 | Christiania | 124,155
Portugal | 36,510 | 4,306,554 | Lisbon | 246,343
Rumania | 48,307 | 5,376,060 | Bukharest | 221,805
Russia | 2,041,402 | 86,486,959 | St. Petersburg| 929,100
San Marino | 32 | 7,816 | San Marino | 6,000
Scotland | 29,820 | 3,735,573 | Edinburgh | 236,002
Servia | 18,800 | 1,865,683 | Belgrade | 37,500
Spain | 191,100 | 16,064,859 | Madrid | 397,816
Sweden | 170,979 | 4,603,595 | Stockholm | 194,469
Switzerland | 15,992 | 2,846,102 | Bern | 44,087
Turkey | 63,850 | 4,490,000 | Constantinople| 600,000
-----------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+------------
LENGTHS OF RIVERS.
Miles. | Miles.
Danube 1,725 | Loire 600
Don 1,300 | Oder 550
Dneiper 1,230 | Petchora 900
Dwina 700 | Rhine 600
Elbe 737 | Vistula 690
Kama 1,400 | Volga 2,400
AREAS SEAS AND LAKES.
Square Miles. Square Miles.
Azov 14,000 | Geneva 336
Baltic 154,570 | Ladoga 5,190
Black 185,000 | Ogena 3,400
Constance 200 | Wener 3,120
Enara 685 | White 4,500
PRODUCTION OF RAW SILK.
Italy 6,600,000 lbs. | France 19,149,000 lbs.
LINEN.
Produced. Consumed.
Russia 250,000 tons 90,000 tons
Great Britain 26,000 " 130,000 "
France 50,000 " 70,000 "
Germany 15,000 " 35,000 "
Netherlands 80,000 " 65,000 "
LACE.
Nottingham. Persons employed, 10,500. Value products, $29,782,980
The Continent. Persons employed, 535,000. Value products, 28,128,370
ANNUAL MINERAL PRODUCTIONS.
Lead, Cornwall 70,000 tons | Tin, Great Britain 15,000 tons
Lead, Cordova 30,000 " | Quicksilver, Spain 1,000 "
Coffee imported, Europe 270,000 tons
Tea " Great Britain 140,000,000 lbs.
{9}
[Illustration]
{10}
[Illustration]
{11}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{12}
GREAT BRITAIN.
The largest island of Europe, and forming, with Ireland and the adjacent
islands, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The union of
England and Ireland was effected January 1, 1800.
Area of the kingdom, 120,832 square miles. Pop., 35,241,482. The divisions
are: England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. Capital, London; pop.,
4,766,661. Thirty-five cities have over 75,000 population. Climate is
variable but healthful. Average temperature, 50deg. Rainfall, London, 25
inches; Glasgow, 21; and Dublin, 29.
Middle-class education is entirely unorganized; no complete, trustworthy
statistics are to be had. There were, in 1884, 69 universities and
colleges, with 23,823 students. In 1881, there were 1,855 schools of
science, with 66,000 students. Number of public libraries, 202. The library
of the British Museum has 32 miles of shelves, filled with books. Number of
daily papers, 169.
Productive area in England is 80 per cent.; in Ireland, 74 per cent.;
Scotland, 28.8 per cent.; Wales, 60 per cent. Leading crops in Great
Britain, wheat, barley and oats. Acreage, 1884: wheat, 2,676,477; barley,
2,159,485; oats, 2,892,576. In Ireland, oats and potatoes are most
important; acreage of former, 1,347,395; of latter, 798,942. Number of
acres of flax, 89,197. Orchards of Great Britain cover 180,000 acres, and
produce 85,000 tons of apples.
The most important minerals are coal and iron. In 1883, coal product was
163,737,327 tons; value, $230,270,715. Iron ore, 17,383,046 tons; value,
$25,611,905. In 1883, 1,724,251 tons of pig iron were used in the
manufacture of Bessemer steel, 1,097,174 tons of it being made into steel
rails. Over 800 tons of steel are annually consumed in the manufacture of
pens, Birmingham alone using 500 tons; the average yearly production is
800,000,000.
The annual value of the fisheries is $50,000,000. Herring fishery alone
$10,000,000; salmon, $4,000,000; oysters and shell-fish, $10,000,000. Value
of the Scotch fisheries alone in 1884 was $16,431,210, the herring fishery
alone being $10,267,755. Total value of imports, 1884, $1,948,872,745;
exports of home produce, $1,164,537,875; foreign and colonial produce,
$312,218,575. Value of corn and flour imported 1882, $338,111,835. Value of
cotton manufactures exported was $382,228,785.
There are 2,674 cotton factories, employing 482,903 persons. Total number
of all factories, 7,105; number of persons employed, 975,546, of whom
110,585 are children under 13 years of age. Men employed, 38 per cent.;
women, 62 per cent. Amount of cotton imported, 1883, 1,734,333,552 lbs.;
wool, 495,946,779 lbs.
Standing army in time of peace unlawful without the consent of Parliament;
annual appropriation of Commons for support of troops, based on "estimates"
made by the Cabinet. For 1884 and 1885, home and colonial effectives and
reserves, 644,753.
Previous to 1815 there was but little emigration from the United Kingdom;
in that year the number was 2,081; in 1830-34, 381,956; 1875, 173,809;
1882, 413,288; and in 1884, 304,074, of whom 203,539 came to the United
States.
First railway opened in 1825. In 1883, there were 18,681 miles of railway;
13,215 belonging to England and Wales, 2,964 to Scotland, and 2,502 to
Ireland. Number of postoffices, 1884, 15,951; and, in addition, 15,749 road
and pillar boxes. There are 27,604 miles of telegraph lines, and 140,498
miles of wire.
The colonies and dependencies of Great Britain have an estimated area of
8,000,000 square miles. Of this vast extent of territory, over 3,500,000
square miles are in America, over 250,000 in Africa, over 1,000,000 in
Asia, and 3,000,000 in Australasia.
{13}
[Illustration]
[Illustration]
{15}
[Illustration]
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{17}
BELGIUM. Bel'je-[)u]m.
A kingdom of West Central Europe. Formerly united with Holland to form the
Netherlands. Independence achieved in 1830. Executive power is vested in a
King; legislative, in King, Senate and House of Representatives.
The most densely populated of the European countries, Belgium ranks
eighteenth in area, but ninth in population. Area, 11,373 square miles.
One-sixtieth of the territory artificially gained by means of dykes. Length
of canal and river system, 995 miles. Capital, Brussels. Population,
389,782.
Agriculture chief industry. Only about one-eighth of territory
uncultivated. In 1882, population, 5,655,197; average density, 497 per
square mile; 1,160,149 freeholders held 88 per cent. of land.
This country is very rich in minerals. Over 17,500,000 tons of coal are
produced annually. Belgium is noted for its flax. The chief products are
wheat, rye, oats, barley, flax, hemp, tobacco. In 1880 there were 46,210
horses, 411,551 oxen, and 90,100 sheep.
Imports, 1882, $570,320,000; exports, $512,780,000. Manufactures are
important. About 190,000 persons employed in flax, hemp, woolen and cotton
manufactories. The lace of Brussels and the fire-arms of Liege are among
the finest in the world. The value of pig and wrought iron alone, in 1882,
was $34,473,260. Product of iron foundries about $3,000,000 per annum; of
quarries, $8,459,400.
Roman Catholicism professed by nearly the entire population. Education is
zealously promoted by the government; total sum spent, 1881, $6,503,670.
Four universities in the kingdom.
Total peace strength of the army, 1885, 47,872 men, with 9,000 horses and
204 guns; war footing, 227,900 men, 13,800 horses, and 240 guns.
Of the 2,682 miles of railroad operated in 1883, 1,902 miles were owned and
managed by the government. Number miles telegraph in 1884, 3,713;
postoffices, 869.
NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND).
A kingdom of Europe, established by Congress of Vienna, in 1815. Area,
12,648 square miles. Population, 4,225,065. Country protected by dykes from
the overflow of rivers and the inundations of the sea.
Constitution dated 1848. Law-making power resides in the States-General, a
parliament of two houses. Commercial centre, Amsterdam; pop., 350,201.
Capital, The Hague; pop., 127,931.
The soil is highly productive; fruit is grown extensively. In 1882 there
were 5,046,210 acres of cultivated garden and pasture land. Number of acres
in cereals, 1,267,399; yield of grain, 130,470,000 bu. Horses, 270,900;
cattle, 1,427,000; and sheep, 745,100.
Total exports, 1882, $313,330,000; imports, $414,330,000. Value of butter
exported to Great Britain alone, was $21,020,605. Holland's merchant
marine, 1884, consisted of 701 sailing vessels, of 251,500 tons, and 96
steamers, of 123,400 tons.
In 1884, miles of railway, 1,320. Miles of state telegraph, 2,660; miles of
wire, 9,760. Number of postoffices, 1,281.
In 1884, regular army stationed in Holland numbered 65,007 officers and
men; navy composed of 157 vessels, with 9,462 officers and men.
Constitution secures religious freedom. Number of Protestants, 2,469,814;
Roman Catholics, 1,439,137; Jews, 81,693.
Returns for 1882 gave 2,822 elementary public schools; 11,250 teachers;
1,143 private schools; total number of pupils, 557,932. There are 4
universities, 1 polytechnic school, 5 Roman Catholic, and 3 Protestant
seminaries. Total expense of schools, $5,921,515. {18}
GERMANY.
The third country in size in Europe. A confederate empire, composed of 25
States, and the Reichsland of Alsace-Lorraine. Capital, Berlin.
Climate uniform. Mean temperature of whole country, 48deg; of the valley of
the Rhine, 52deg. Rainfall at Berlin, 24 inches.
About 63 per cent. of population is Protestant, and 36 per cent. Roman
Catholic. Number of churches, 37,720. Education is general and compulsory.
Number of elementary schools, 57,000; normal, 332; high, 1,100; technical
high schools, 9; industrial and trade, 994. Universities, 21, with 25,964
students, of whom 89 per cent. are German, and 1 per cent. American. Number
of public libraries, 594; number of daily papers, 560. The book fair at
Leipzig annually disposes of 8,000 tons of books, valued at $8,000,000.
Every German is liable to service in the army, and no substitution is
allowed. All Germans capable of bearing arms have to be in the standing
army seven years,--three years in active service, and four in army of
reserve; after which they form part of the Landwehr another five years.
Army on peace footing numbers 427,274 soldiers, and 18,118 officers. Total
war strength of trained soldiers would be 2,650,000; available force of all
classes, 5,670,000.
Of the area, 94 per cent. is classed as productive. Leading products, 1882:
corn, 16,435,620 tons; potatoes, 17,769,300 tons; beets, 874,654 tons; hay,
17,486,000 tons; 11,500 tons of hops, and over 35,000,000 gallons of wine.
Value of farm animals, $1,486,000,000. The mineral products of 1883 were
valued at over $116,000,000. Value of imports, 1883, $822,724,000; exports,
$833,750. There are 23,940 breweries, producing annually 880,000,000
gallons of beer. The annual butter product is 160,000 tons.
Number of miles of railway, 1884, 22,617, of which 19,230 miles belong to
the government. Length of telegraph lines, 47,637 miles; wires, 170,960
miles. Number of telegraph stations, 11,216. Number of postoffices, 13,637.
-----------------------------+-------+----------+--------------+---------
| | | |
STATES. | Area, | Pop. | Capitals. | Pop.
|Sq. Ml.| | |
-----------------------------+-------+----------+--------------+---------
| | | |
Prussia |137,066|27,279,111| Berlin |1,122,360
Bavaria | 29,292| 5,284,778| Munich | 230,023
Wurtemberg | 7,675| 1,971,118| Stuttgart | 117,303
Saxony | 6,777| 2,972,805| Dresden | 808,512
Baden | 5,851| 1,570,254| Carlsruhe | 49,998
Mecklenburg-Schwerin | 4,834| 577,055| Schwerin | 30,146
Hesse | 2,866| 936,340| Darmstadt | 48,153
Oldenburg | 2,417| 337,478| Oldenburg | 20,575
Brunswick | 1,526| 349,367| Brunswick | 75,038
Saxe-Weimar | 1,421| 309,577| Weimar | 19,994
Mecklenburg-Strelitz | 997| 100,269| New Strelitz | 9,407
Saxe-Meiningen | 933| 207,075| Meiningen | 11,227
Anhalt | 869| 232,592| Dessau | 23,266
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha | 816| 194,716| {Coburg | 15,791
| | | {Gotha | 26,525
Saxe-Altenburg | 509| 155,036| Altenburg | 26,241
Waldeck | 466| 56,522| Arolsen | 2,477
Lippe | 445| 120,246| Detmold | 8,053
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt | 340| 80,296| Rudolstadt | 8,747
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen | 318| 71,107| Sondershansen| 6,110
Reuss-Schleiz | 297| 101,330| Gera | 27,118
Schaumburg-Lippe | 212| 35,374| Buckeburg | 5,088
Reuss-Greiz | 148| 50,782| Greiz | 15,061
Hamburg (State and Free City)| 148| 453,869| -- | ---
Lubeck (State and Free City) | 127| 63,571| -- | ---
Bremen (State and Free City) | 98| 156,723| -- | ---
Alsace-Lorraine | 5,580| 1,566,670| Strasburg | 104,471
-----------------------------+-------+----------+--------------+---------
{19}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{20}
SPAIN.
A kingdom of Southwestern Europe, forming, with Portugal, the Iberian
peninsula. Capital, Madrid; pop., 397,816. Thirty-one towns have over
50,000 pop.
Continental Spain has an area of 191,100 square miles. Population,
16,061,859. Number of Provinces, 49. Length of coast line, 1,370 miles.
Object of greatest interest, ruins of the Alhambra, at Granada. This is the
only state in Europe permitting slavery in its colonies.
Climate varies greatly. Average temperature at Madrid, 58deg. Rainfall in
the Sierras averages from 25 to 35 inches; on the table lands of Castile,
10 inches.
About 80 per cent. of the soil is classed as productive, though only 34 per
cent. is under cultivation. The vine is the most important culture, and
large quantities of oranges, raisins, nuts and olives, are grown and
exported. Leading cereals: wheat, rye, barley and corn. The wine product
averages yearly 320,000,000 gallons; value, $95,000,000. Average number of
oranges exported, 960,000,000.
The mineral productions are of vast importance. The Cordova lead mines are
the richest in the world, and the mercury mines of Almaden are second only
to those of California. Average yearly lead product, 92,300 tons; value,
$8,000,000. Mercury, 1,090 tons; value, $1,199,000. Copper, 21,300 tons.
Tin, iron and salt are abundant.
The national religion is the Roman Catholic. The school system is
inefficient, though measures tending toward improvement are being
introduced. At the last census (1877) 60 per cent. of the adult population
could not read. Number public schools, 1880, 29,828; number of pupils,
1,769,456. Number of universities, 10; students, 15,732.
Number miles railway, 1884, 5,157, with 1,747 miles under construction.
Length of telegraph lines, 10,733 miles; number miles of wire, 26,160.
Number of postoffices, 2,699.
The colonial possessions of Spain have an area of 163,876 square miles, and
a population of 7,991,894. The most important are Cuba and the Philippine
Islands. Area of Cuba, 43,220 square miles; pop., 1,521,684. Capital,
Havana; pop., 25,000. Sugar, tobacco and cigars are principal products;
average yearly sugar production, 520,000 tons.
Available home and colonial troops, 400,000.
PORTUGAL.
Name derived from Portus Cale, the ancient name of Oporto. A kingdom of
Europe, occupying the western part of the Iberian peninsula.
Area, 36,510 square miles. Population, 4,306,554. Number of Provinces, 6.
Length of coast line, 500 miles. Capital, Lisbon; pop., 246,343. Oporto,
centre of port wine trade; pop., 105,838.
Climate healthful. Mean temperature at Lisbon, 61deg. Rainfall averages 27
inches at Lisbon, and 118 at Coimbra.
About 51 per cent. of soil is productive, and less than 23 per cent. under
tillage. Not sufficient grain raised for home consumption. Wine product for
1882, 125,000,000 gallons; value, $28,500,000.
State religion, Roman Catholic. The average amount spent on public
education from 1875 to 1879 was $10,000; in 1884 the amount had risen to
$966,000. There is one university, established at Coimbra in 1290.
Number of miles of railway, 1884, 950; with 300 miles under construction.
Number of miles of telegraph lines, 2,920; number of miles of wire, 7,084;
number of telegraph offices, 226. Number of postoffices, 931. {21}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{22}
FRANCE.
A country of Europe, the fourth in size. Named from a Germanic tribe, the
Franks, which invaded Gaul, A.D. 486. Area, including Corsica and adjacent
islands, 204,177 square miles. Climate one of the finest in Europe. Average
temperature ranges from 50deg at Dunkirk to 62deg at Toulon: that of Paris
is 51deg. Rainfall: at Paris, 22 inches; at Bordeaux, 30 inches.
France has a coast line of 320 miles; the continental boundary line is 962
miles. Largest river, the Loire. The Alps on the east, and the Pyrenees on
the south, connect France with the most magnificent mountain systems of
Europe. The French portion of the Alps has a length of 280 miles.
The republic is divided into 87 Departments, Salary of President, $120,000;
length of term, 7 years. Paris, the capital and second city in Europe;
pop., 2,239,928. Lyons, the second city in size, and centre of silk
industry; pop., 376,613. Twenty-nine towns have a population of over
50,000; and 91, over 20,000.
Agricultural pop., census 1881, 18,249,209. Number of acres cultivated,
67,000,000. In 1883, 37,039,040 acres were in cereals, of which
five-sevenths were wheat and oats; total production, 742,176,807 bu. Number
of acres in orchards, 560,000; yearly production of cider, 220,000,000
gallons. Vineyards, 5,240,340 acres; annual average of wine product,
720,000,000 gals.; value, $225,000,000. Champagne vintage averages
20,000,000 bottles, 17,000,000 of which are exported; 1,204,145 acres under
beet-root cultivation in 1883, yielding 32,230,312,000 lbs. of sugar.
Commercially the country ranks with Great Britain. Entrances to and
clearances from her ports include annually over 60,000 vessels; total
capacity, 12,000,000 tons. Value of yearly imports, exclusive of coin and
bullion, $870,000,000; exports, $960,000,000; food imported, $308,000,000
annually. Value of exports, 1883, $912,340,000; imports, $1,277,340,000.
Value of silk exports was $93,402,000. There were 151,404 persons engaged
in silk culture. Number of pounds of raw silk produced, 19,149,587. France
makes yearly 26,000,000 pairs of gloves, of which 18,000,000 are exported.
There are 890 umbrella makers, who annually produce $5,900,000 worth. Value
of fishery products, $21,445,450. Average production of sardines,
980,000,000; oysters, 380,000,000. There are 83,572 men engaged in the
fisheries, with 22,345 vessels; total tonnage, 155,670.
About 79 per cent. of population Roman Catholic; less than 2 per cent.
Protestant. Number of elementary schools, 1884, 85,388; pupils, 6,111,236.
Number of normal schools, 163. Public libraries, 505. The Imperial Library
at Paris has 18 miles of shelving filled with books. Daily papers
published, 128.
The reorganization of the French army has been going on since 1872, and is
nearly completed. Every Frenchman not declared unfit for military service
may be called upon from the age of twenty to that of forty years to enter
the active army or the reserves. Substitution or enlistment for money
prohibited. In 1884 the army consisted of 524,797 officers and men, and
130,771 horses.
Railway system dates from 1840; number of miles, 1884, 17,000. Number of
miles telegraph lines, 46,932; offices, 7,523. Number of postoffices, 1884,
6,486.
The colonial possessions of France cover an area of 429,260 square miles,
with a total population of 9,300,000. Of the colonies, Algeria is the
largest and most important, having an area of 161,476 square miles, and a
population of 3,310,412. Algiers is the capital; population, 70,747. The
colonies next in importance commercially are Tunis and Cochin China. {23}
[Illustration]
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{24}
SWITZERLAND.
The most mountainous country of Europe. Formerly a league of
semi-independent States, but since 1848 a federal republic. Number of
Cantons, 22. President elected for a term of 1 year, and not eligible for
two consecutive terms; salary, $3,000.
Area, 15,992 square miles. Pop., 2,846,102. The Alps extend nearly through
the length of the country; from many peaks 300 snow-capped summits are
visible. Rigi presents the finest view; Monte Rosa, the Matterhorn
(steepest in the world), Finsteraarhorn and Jungfrau range from 13,700 to
15,200 ft. high. The Mer de Glace is the largest glacier in the world.
The general climate is milder than that of other mountain countries in the
same latitude. Average temperature at Geneva, 52deg. Average rainfall at
Geneva, 32 inches; at Zurich, 34 inches.
Bern is the capital; pop., 44,087. Geneva, seat of watch and jewelry
industry; pop., 68,320. Basel, centre of silk industry; pop., 61,399.
About 59 per cent. of the population is Protestant, and 41 per cent. Roman
Catholic. Education is compulsory. Number of public schools, 1882, 5,314;
pupils, 516,425; school pop., 573,713. There are four universities,--the
one at Basel, founded in 1460; and those of Bern, Zurich and Geneva, since
1832. The government maintains a polytechnic school at Zurich, and a
military academy at Thun. Number of public libraries, 1,654.
The laws of the republic forbid the maintenance of a standing army within
its limits; but every Swiss is liable to serve in the defense of his
country.
Of the total area 17 per cent. is forest, 30 per cent. mountains, lakes,
glaciers and rivers; 51 per cent. under crops and grass. Of the cultivable
area only 16.5 per cent. is devoted to agriculture. Less than 1 per cent.
is in vineyards. Rye, oats and potatoes are most important crops. The dairy
products are of most commercial importance.
Number engaged in agriculture and dairy farming, census 1880, 1,138,678.
The average yearly production of cheese is 40,000 tons.
The manufacturing industry is one of importance. Latest reports give yearly
value of watch manufactures $16,000,000; St. Gallen embroideries,
$15,000,000; silk ribbon produced at Basel, $7,200,000; and the silk
industry at Zurich, $15,200,000. There are 399 cotton factories, employing
38,500 people; 224 silk factories, with 23,500 people; 838 embroidery
factories, with 17,200 people; 45 woolen factories, with 2,500 workers.
Number of miles of railway, January, 1883, 1,810. Telegraph system very
complete; with the exception of wires for railway service, it is wholly
under the control of the government. January, 1884, there were 4,270 miles
of lines, and 10,346 of wire; number of offices, 1,271. Number of
postoffices, 807; boxes, 2,081.
ANDORRA.
One of the smallest republics in the world, lying between France and Spain.
Its independence dates from Charlemagne, in 790. France and the Spanish
Bishop of Urgel have jointly a nominal interest in its government. A
permanent delegate has charge of the interests of France in the republic.
Area, 175 square miles. Population, 5,800. Climate healthful, but too cold
to produce grain. It possesses rich iron mines, and one of lead.
Inhabitants principally shepherds. {25}
BULGARIA. B[)o][)o]l-g[=a]'re-a.
A principality under the suzerainty of Turkey. Governed by a Prince elected
by the National Assembly, with popular legislature and constitution. Area,
24,360 square miles. Population, 1881, 2,007,919. Capital of principality,
Sophia; pop., 20,501. Three towns of over 20,000 inhabitants; 20 of over
2,000.
Most of the territory belongs to the basin of the Danube; traversed by many
streams. Soil in general very productive; agriculture is the chief pursuit
of the inhabitants. Principal exports: grain, wool, skins and timber. About
1,500,000 tons of corn are exported per year. Total imports in 1882 valued
at $8,312,700; exports, $6,844,395.
One line of railway, 140 miles in length, extends from Rustchuk to Varna.
In 1883 there were in Bulgaria 1,325 miles of state telegraph lines.
Military service is obligatory. Peace strength of the army, 17,670 men; war
strength, 52,000.
SERVIA. Ser've-a.
The independence of this country from Turkey was established in 1878. By
the constitution adopted 1869, the executive power is vested in the King
and a Council of 8 ministers; the legislative, in the King and a National
Assembly. Area, 18,800 square miles. Population, 1,865,683. Capital,
Belgrade; population, 37,500.
The surface of the country is generally mountainous. Vegetation is vigorous
in all districts. The climate is mild in the lower and level portions, but
extremely rigorous in the mountainous districts. Of the total area,
one-third is under cultivation, corn and wheat being the chief products.
There are 1,750,000 persons engaged in agriculture. Latest reports of
livestock give: swine, 1,067,940; horses, 122,500; cattle, 826,550; sheep,
3,620,750; goats, 725,700.
The imports are estimated at about $10,000,000, and the exports a little
below that amount. In 1884 there were 200 miles of railway. Number miles of
telegraph, 1,410. The state religion is the Orthodox Greek. There is a
university of 158 students. Other schools number about 650, with about
45,000 pupils.
RUMANIA. Roo-m[=a]'ne-a.
A kingdom of Europe, formerly a part of Turkey. Though under the protection
of Russia since 1830, it was nominally subject to Turkey until 1878. In
1881 it was raised to a kingdom. Constitution adopted 1866, modified 1879
and 1884. Government vested in the King, an Executive Council, Senate and
Chamber of Deputies. Area, 48,307 square miles. Estimated population,
5,376,000. Capital, Bukharest; population, 221,805.
The soil is fertile, and of the total population, 70 per cent. is devoted
to agriculture. Number of freehold proprietors, 654,000. Of the area, 68
per cent. is productive; 29 per cent. under cultivation. Grain, oil-seed
and wine are the leading products. Average production of cereals, 150,000
tons. Cattle and sheep are extensively reared. Total value of exports,
1883, $44,130,055; imports, $71,981,435. Value of leading exports: cereals,
$34,511,400; animals, $2,328,490. Imports: textiles, $23,530,315; metals,
$14,632,880; skins and leather, $8,748,370.
Education is free and compulsory. Number of primary schools, 2,743; high
schools, 54; normal, 8; universities, 2. The majority of the people belong
to the Orthodox Greek Church. In 1884 Rumania had 850 miles of state
railway; non-state lines numbered about 150 miles. There were about 3,000
miles of telegraph. {26}
TURKEY (OTTOMAN EMPIRE).
The Ottoman Empire comprehends all countries over which Turkey has
supremacy. The area and population are known only through estimates, the
latest of which give the area as 2,406,492 square miles, and the population
as 42,209,359. The most important part, that in Europe, was in 1878 greatly
reduced in area and population. The latest estimates give the immediate
possessions in Europe an area of 63,850 square miles, and a population of
4,490,000. The laws of the empire are based on the precepts of the Koran;
the government is in the hands of the Sultan, whose will is absolute,
unless opposed to the teachings of the Mohammedan religion. Capital,
Constantinople; population, 600,000.
While military service is compulsory on all Mohammedans over eighteen years
of age, there are some exemptions, and substitution is allowed.
Non-Mohammedans are not liable, but must pay an exemption tax. Number of
men under arms, 150,000; actual military strength, about 430,000.
The total value of exports, 1882, was $50,828,895; imports, $87,687,400.
Principal exports: fruit, fresh and dried, $7,886,375; wool and mohair,
$4,330,020. In 1883, the mercantile navy consisted of 10 steamers, of 8,866
tons; and 391 sailing vessels, of 63,896 tons.
As the Koran encourages public education, public schools have long been in
existence in most Turkish towns. The Mohammedans are estimated to number
16,000,000.
The first railroad was constructed in 1865, 45 miles being opened for
traffic that year. In 1882 the railroads numbered 1,076 miles, of which 904
were in Europe and 172 in Asia. In 1884 there were 14,617 miles of
telegraph and 26,060 miles of wire.
GREECE. Gr[=e]s.
A kingdom of Southeastern Europe. Area, including Thessaly, but excluding
the Albanian territory detached from Thessaly and Epirus, which was added
to Greece in 1881, 25,111 square miles. Total population, 1,979,453. Almost
wholly mountainous,--an important element in the political history of
Greece.
Executive power vested in the King, and the responsible heads of 7
departments; legislative, in the Chamber of Representatives.
Athens, capital and largest city; pop., 84,903. Over 82 per cent. of
inhabitants belong to the Greek Orthodox church. Greece has one university
and 2,698 other schools, with 140,776 pupils.
Main pursuit of inhabitants is agriculture. Manufactures few. Of total
area, 41 per cent. is productive, and 6 per cent. is under cultivation.
Land largely owned by a few proprietors. New Provinces of Thessaly
unusually fertile; annual yield of wheat, 21,700,000 bushels; oats,
11,528,000. Old Provinces produce 34,000,000 bushels of wheat and
21,700,000 bushels of corn per year. Currant crop covers vast districts.
Latest reports give 97,176 horses, 279,445 horned cattle, 45,440 mules, and
97,395 asses. Number of sheep in all the Provinces, 4,421,977; goats,
2,836,663; oxen, 200,000. For 1883, total imports, $27,267,400; exports,
mostly raisins, currants, and olive oil, $18,571,400. Chief resource,
maritime commerce.
Number of miles of railway now open for traffic, 107; projected railways,
435 miles. Land and submarine telegraphs, 3,720 miles. Postoffices, 213.
Army: peace footing, 30,292 men; war footing, 250,500. Commercial marine,
at the end of 1884, numbered 74 steamers, of 33,318 tons; and 3,164 sailing
vessels, of 239,361 tons. {27}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{28}
ITALY. It'a-le.
A kingdom in the South of Europe. Consists of a peninsula, the islands of
Sicily, Sardinia, Elba, and about 66 smaller ones. Area, 114,410 square
miles. Population, 28,459,628. Mean annual temperature: at Milan, 55deg; at
Rome, 59deg; at Naples, 61deg. Climate most unhealthy in Europe; due to
miasma generated in lagoons and marshes. Has many famous and picturesque
lakes.
Government is a constitutional monarchy. Executive power vested in King and
responsible ministers: legislative rests conjointly with the King and a
Parliament, composed of a Senate, appointed for life; and a Chamber of 508
Deputies, elected by the people for five years. Suffrage universal; freedom
of the press unrestricted. Famous rivers are the Po, Arno and Tiber.
Italy abounds in historic and populous cities. Rome, the capital, has pop.
of 273,268; Naples, the largest, 463,172; Milan, 295,543; Palermo, 205,712;
Genoa, 138,081; Florence, 134,992; Venice, 129,445; 31 cities of over
30,000 inhabitants.
Agriculture chief industry, though in a primitive condition; 87 per cent.
of total area productive; 12 per cent. under forest, 36 per cent.
cultivated; 28,000,000 acres in crops. Acreage of wheat, 12,000,000; annual
yield, 140,000,000 bushels. Vineyards occupy about 5,000,000 acres; olive
groves, 2,200,000. About 1,225,000 acres are devoted to chestnut culture.
Italy ranks next to France in wine production; average yield per annum,
605,000,000 gallons; average annual value of all agricultural products for
last 5 years, $640,000,000.
Number of cattle in 1881, 4,783,232; sheep, 8,596,108; goats, 2,016,307. In
1883, exported 127,003 cattle; sheep, 273,939; swine, 38,668. Wool product
insufficient for home consumption; import, in 1883, 20,987,500 lbs.
Mining is an important interest in Italy. Value of iron and steel mined
annually, $4,250,000. Sulphur is the chief mineral product; value, in 1882,
$9,328,505. Quarries employ 20,000 men. In 1883, total weight of cocoon
harvest, 92,886,200 lbs.; value, $26,491,665.
Leading imports, 1883: raw cotton, $18,173,400; coal, $13,166,200; tobacco,
$2,321,800; sugar, $10,633,200. Exports for same year: raw silk,
$49,712,400; olive oil, $20,156,600; wine in casks, $15,668,200; fruit,
$8,685,800. Total imports, 1883, $257,241,023; exports, $236,321,513. In
same year, 111,296 vessels, of 18,465,381 tons, entered Italian ports;
cleared the same, 110,554 vessels, of 18,367,948 tons.
Length of railway, in 1883, 5,651 miles; about 1,410 miles the property of
the state. In 1879, Italian Parliament passed bills for construction of
3,739 miles, to complete the railway system; cost, $200,000,000. Number of
postoffices in 1883, 3,497. Miles of telegraph, 17,258; about two-thirds
owned by the government; telegraph offices, not including railway and
private, 1,747; number of telegrams, 6,454,942.
There is a universal liability to military service. Total war force,
2,119,250: permanent army, 750,765 strong; mobile militia, 341,250;
territorial militia, 1,021,954; reserve, 5,281. Navy, 1884, consisted of 89
steamers, manned with 15,055 officers and men.
Roman Catholicism is the prevailing creed; not more than 124,000
Protestants and Jews in the kingdom. The present Roman Pontiff, or Pope Leo
XIII., is regarded as about the 263d Pope from St. Peter.
Recent improvements in education have been made. There are 17 state
universities, 4 free universities, 11 superior colleges, and 219 special
schools. Number of primary public schools, 41,423; sum allowed for
expenses, $6,485,505. {29}
[Illustration]
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{30}
AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Aws'tr[)o] H[)u]ng'ga-re.
A monarchy of Europe. Ranks next to Russia in size. Much of the territory
is mountainous, the Carpathians extending over about 800 miles. Four-fifths
of the area of Austria is 600 feet above sea-level.
Mean annual temperature ranges from about 48deg in the north to 59deg in
the south. Average temperature at Vienna, 50deg; highest, 94deg; lowest,
2deg. Rainfall: on Hungarian plains, 22 inches; in Alpine regions, 60
inches.
Austria, a German monarchy, and Hungary, a Magyar kingdom, together form a
bipartite state. Each has its own Parliament, ministers and government;
they are connected by a common ruler, Congress, army and navy. The
legislative power of Congress is limited to war and foreign affairs.
Area of Austro-Hungary, 240,942 square miles; area of Turkish Provinces
controlled by the monarchy, 24,247 square miles. Population, including
military, 37,883,226; in Austria, 10,819,737 males and 11,324,507 females;
in Hungary, 7,702,810 males and 7,939,192 females. In Austria, 6,000,000
people engaged in agriculture, 2,117,098 in manufacturing, and 177,870 in
mining. Farm population of Hungary, 2,848,868; miners, 25,905;
manufacturers, 766,416; traders, 177295
Vienna, the capital, has a population of 1,103,857. Budapest, 360,551.
Ninety-four per cent. of whole area is productive. Number of acres under
crops, fallow and grass, 67,608,070. Total production of cereals,
586,029,352 bushels; potatoes, 365,574,706 bushels; wines, 178,425,280
gallons. Total number of horses, 3,282,790; cattle, 13,181,620; sheep,
13,093,463.
Value of exports, 1883, $374,960,255. Chief exports: grain and flour,
$60,389,350; textiles, $55,516,850; animals, $48,519,015; fuel,
$38,979,570; sugar, $35,086,975.
Railway mileage, 1884, 12,820. In 1883 there were 32,684 miles of telegraph
line in operation. Commercial marine, 1884, consisted of 9,174 vessels,
with a combined capacity of 321,402 tons.
Army, in war, 1,072,300 strong; during peace, 291,078. Military service
compulsory on all males over 20 years of age.
The Roman Catholic is the state religion; 67.6 per cent. of inhabitants are
Catholics; other creeds are tolerated.
MONTENEGRO. Mon`t[=a]-n[=a]'gro.
A small state of Europe; independence recently admitted by Turkey. Area,
3,550 square miles. Population, 1879, 250,000. The land surface is composed
of a series of elevated ridges, with high mountain peaks. Agriculture chief
occupation. Main products, maize, potatoes, sumac, sardines, smoked mutton,
hides, skins and furs. Total yearly imports amount to $100,000; exports,
$1,000,000.
Constitution dates from 1852; government is a limited monarchy; executive
power rests with the reigning Prince; legislative, with a State Council.
Suffrage is extended to male citizens who are bearing or who have borne
arms. There is no standing army; but all male inhabitants are trained for
the service. The state could raise an armed force of 21,850 men.
Public schools are supported by the government; education is compulsory.
Capital, Cetigne; pop., 2,000. Podgoritza has 4,000 inhabitants; and
Dulcigno, 3,000.
Miles of telegraph, 280; number of offices, 15. {31}
[Illustration]
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{32}
SWEDEN. Swe'den.
This kingdom, united with Norway, forms the Scandinavian peninsula. The
government is vested in a King, a Council of State and a Parliament. Area,
170,979 square miles. Population, 4,603,595. Capital, Stockholm;
population, 194,469. The armed forces number 172,260 officers and men. The
Royal navy consists of 66 vessels, with 4,068 men.
The country has numerous lakes and rivers. In the north it is cold and
sterile; but the climate, on the whole, is milder than that of other
countries in the same latitude, and south of latitude 59deg the country is
generally fertile. About 7 per cent. of the land area is cultivated, and 5
per cent. is natural meadows. Agricultural population, 2,309,790. Emigrants
in 1883 numbered 29,490, of whom four-fifths came to the United States.
Value of imports, 1882, $63,840,000; exports, $70,524,000. Chief exports:
timber, $32,482,290; metals, $11,861,580. Mining is one of the chief
industries. In 1883 there were exported 34,319 tons of iron ore, 52,126
tons of bar iron, 3,602 pounds of silver, 945 tons of copper and 54,423
tons of zinc ore. Mining population numbered 410371
The state religion is Lutheran Protestant. The census of 1880 returned
4,544,434 persons of that faith, with 2,408 churches. There are 2
universities, with 2,540 students. Education is free and compulsory. The
total number of schools is about 9,800; pupils, 660,000; expenditures,
$2,718,390.
The commercial navy numbers 3,356 sailing vessels, of 439,932 tons, and 785
steamers, of 87,524 tons. Number of miles of railway, 1883, 4,000, of which
1,437 miles belong to the state; telegraph, 5,347 miles.
NORWAY. Nor'w[=a].
In 1814 united with Sweden into a joint kingdom. Area, 122,869 square
miles. Population, 1,806,900. Government an hereditary constitutional
monarchy; executive power in the hands of the King and Council of State;
legislative rests with Storthing, or Great Court. Capital, Christiania;
pop., 1884, 124,155.
Norway is an agricultural and pastoral country; but, owing to the light
character of the soil, the products are insufficient for home consumption,
and one-fourth of the total imports is grain.
Principal imports are metals, minerals, textile manufactures and corn;
total value in 1883, $44,810,000. Chief exports are timber and fish; value
of all exports, 1883, $32,261,000. Fisheries employ 120,000 people and
25,000 boats, three-fourths employed in the cod fisheries; total product,
1883, $6,757,500. Merchant marine, 7,913 vessels; tonnage, 1,530,004;
largest in the world, considering population.
Army raised by conscription and enlistment; war footing, 68,800 officers
and men. Armed force to exceed 18,000 unlawful without the consent of
Storthing. Navy, 31 sailing vessels and 40 steamers, with 152 guns, manned
by a force of 915.
Miles of railway, 1884, 971; 929 miles controlled by the state. Miles of
telegraph, 5,629; length of wire, 10,075. Number of postoffices, 1032
Protestants are in the majority; unlimited religious liberty, Jesuitism
excepted; none but Lutherans eligible to high offices.
Compulsory education prevails; primary schools, 6,617; 17 public high
schools, 1 university; total number of students, 284,035. {33}
[Illustration]
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{34}
DENMARK. Den'mark.
A constitutional kingdom in Europe. Area, 13,784 square miles. Population,
1,969,039. Almost entirely insular. Temperature at Copenhagen, 47deg.
Country low and level.
Constitution, dating back to 1849, and modified in 1855, '63, '66, vests
executive authority in the King and his responsible ministers; legislative,
in the Senate and House of Commons. King must belong to Evangelical
Lutheran church. The franchise is extended to all males over 30, who are
not recipients of charity.
Pop. of Copenhagen, the capital, 1880, 273,323; Aarhuus, 24,831; Adense,
20,804. In 1882, 11,614 emigrants left Denmark; vast majority of them for
the United States. Relatively, Denmark ranks among the first states of
Europe in point of agriculture. In 1880, 75 per cent. of area productive;
area under cereals, 1882, 2,681,691 acres; product, 86,706,937 bushels.
Cattle rearing increasing in importance. In 1881, value of cattle,
$7,350,395; number of horses, 347,561; sheep, 1,548,613; swine, 527,417.
There were exported 84,586 cattle, 72,487 sheep, 2,230,000 lbs. of wool,
and 253,294 hogs. Total value of exports in 1882, $52,225,300. Total
imports, $70,297,280. Army is recruited by conscription; it embraces 36,469
men, with a reserve of 14,000. In 1884, navy consisted of 40 steamers.
Miles of railway, 1,106; 932 miles operated by the state. Miles of
government telegraph, 2,283.
Education compulsory; number of schools supported by the state, 2,940.
RUSSIA. R[)u]sh'e-a.
The Russian Empire comprises one-seventh of the total land area of the
globe. The area and population are known only through estimates, the latest
of which give the total area as 8,520,637 square miles, and the population
as 102,682,124. Area of European Russia, 2,041,402 square miles;
population, 86,486,959. Asiatic Russia: area, 6,479,235 square miles;
population, 16,195,165. The government of Russia is an absolute hereditary
monarchy; the whole legislative, executive and judicial power being vested
in the Emperor. Capital, St. Petersburg; population, 929,100.
The established religion of the empire is the Greco-Russian, which numbers
63,835,000 members, 636 cathedrals and 41,807 churches. The mass of the
population is uneducated. European Russia has about 375 high schools, 61
normal and 22,770 primary schools; pupils number more than 1,220,000. The
empire has 8 universities, with 10,700 students.
Of European Russia, 63 per cent. of the area is productive; 21 per cent. is
cultivated. Chief products, cereals; the crop of 1883, exclusive of
Finland, was 1,671,012 tons; potatoes, 447,875 tons; tobacco, 119,200,000
lbs. Large areas are covered with forests; value of timber exported 1881,
$49,200,000. Value of total exports of Russian Empire, $308,898,000;
imports, $283,396,000. Minerals are abundant; the mining population numbers
392,304.
The total strength of the Russian army on a peace footing is 729,770 men
and 27,468 officers; war footing, 1,876,358 men and 41,551 officers. The
navy numbers 358 vessels, of 349,730 tons.
In 1883, European Russia had 15,274 miles of railway, of which 13,670 miles
belonged to the state. Number of miles of telegraph, 65,726. Postoffices,
4,586. The commercial navy, in 1883, consisted of 187 steamers, of 138,291
tons, and 2,155 sailing vessels, of 477,072 tons. {35}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{36}
ASIA.
Largest continental division of the globe, and oldest known in history.
Area, 17,241,538 square miles. Extends from Arctic Ocean to equator, and
through 165 degrees longitude; coast line nearly 40,000 miles.
---------------+-----------+-------------+--------------------+-------
Divisions. | Area, | Population. | Capitals. | Pop.
| Sq. Miles | | |
---------------+-----------+-------------+--------------------+-------
Afghanistan | 278,000 | 2,500,000 | Kabul | 60,000
Arabia | 1,000,000 | 6,000,000 | Mecca | 40,000
Beloochistan | 140,000 | 1,000,000 | Kelat | 10,000
British India | 874,220 | 198,755,993 | Calcutta |871,504
Ceylon | 25,364 | 2,822,009 | Colombo |111,942
China | 1,537,590 | 350,000,000 | Pekin |500,000
Chinese Empire | 4,419,150 | 371,180,000 | " |500,000
Corea | 82,000 | 16,227,885 | Seoul |199,127
India, Native | 509,284 | 55,150,456 | Governed by Chiefs |
Japan | 148,456 | 36,700,118 | Tokio |823,557
Manchooria | 362,310 | 12,000,000 | Saghalinoola |
Mongolia | 288,000 | 2,000,000 | Governed by Chiefs |
Nepaul | 53,000 | 3,000,000 | Khatmandu | 50,000
Persia | 610,000 | 7,653,600 | Teheran |100,000
Russia | 6,479,235 | 16,195,165 | St. Petersburg |927,467
Siam | 280,564 | 5,750,000 | Bangkok |600,000
Syria | 146,070 | 2,750,000 | Damascus |150,000
Thibet | 651,500 | 6,000,000 | Lassa and |
| | | Tishoo-Loomboo |
Turkey | 729,350 | 16,172,981 | Constantinople |600,000
---------------+-----------+-------------+--------------------+-------
LENGTHS OF RIVERS.
Miles. Miles.
Amoo-Daria 900 | Hong-kiang 800
Amoor 2,600 | Irtysh 1,700
Brahmapootra 2,300 | Lena 2,700
Cambodia 2,000 | Saghalien 514
Euphrates 1,750 | Tigris 800
Ganges 1,600 | Ural 1,000
Hoang-ho 2,800 | Yang-tse-kiang 3,320
Indus 1,850 | Yenisei 3,400
Irrawaddy 1,200 |
AREAS SEAS AND LAKES.
Square | Square
Miles. | Miles.
Alakton-kul 1,300 | Palter 1,600
Aral 24,500 | Po-yang 2,800
Baikal 12,500 | Tingri-noor 2,800
Balkash 8,600 | Tong-Lung 3,000
Caspian 180,000 | Van 2,000
Dead Sea 400 | Zaisang 1,300
Gennesaret 90 | Zurrah 4,000
Koko-nor 2,040 |
{37}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{38}
JAPAN. Zipangu.
"SUNRISE KINGDOM."
An empire composed of islands lying east of Asia. Supposed to have been
founded 660 B.C. Area, 148,456 square miles. Pop., 36,700,118. The
population is divided into classes, as follows: Imperial family, 39;
kwazokii, or nobles, 3,204; shizoku, or knights, 1,931,824; common people,
34,765,051. Tokio, formerly known as Jeddo, or Yedo, is the capital; pop.,
823,557.
The government is an absolute monarchy. The title of the sovereign is
Supreme Lord, or Emperor (Mikado).
Agriculture is followed to a great extent. The chief annual agricultural
products are: rice, 155,629,409 bu.; wheat, 62,049,940 bu.; beans,
10,795,717 bu. The annual value of silk production is $20,500,000. The
principal manufactures are silk and cotton goods, japanned ware, porcelain
and bronze. The value of the exports, 1883, was $35,609,000; of imports,
$28,548,000.
A law went into effect in 1874, by which the government gives nine bushels
of rice annually to each person over seventy or under fifteen years of age
unable to work, and to foundlings until they reach the age of thirteen.
Latest reports place the number of paupers at 10,050, and expenditures at
$88,975.
School attendance is compulsory. There are 30,275 schools in the empire, of
which 71 are normal, 98 are technical, and 2 are universities; also, a
military college and military school, with 1,200 students. Latest reports
give 82,213 teachers and 2,703,343 pupils. School age is from 6 to 14.
Total number of school age, 5,750,946. Public libraries, 21. Shintoism is
the ancient religious faith; but Buddhism is the religion of nearly all the
common people.
The first railroad in the empire was opened June, 1875; it extended from
Hiogo to Osaka, twenty-five miles. At the end of June, 1884, there were 236
miles of railway in the empire. There are 4,880 miles of telegraph, with
13,144 miles of wire. Postoffices were first established in 1871, and now
number about 5,200.
CHINESE EMPIRE.
An immense empire of Eastern Asia; in territorial extent, the second in the
world; in population, the largest. Area, 4,419,150 square miles. Pop.,
371,180,000.
Longest rivers: Yang-tse-kiang, 3,320 miles; with basin, 950,000 sq. miles.
Hoang-ho, 2,800 miles; with basin, 715,000 sq. miles.
Capital Pekin; pop., 500,000. Twenty-three cities have more than 100,000
population; and 66, more than 50,000.
The state religion has no outward ceremonial, except a few symbolical rites
observed at New Year. It consists in the study of the teachings of
Confucius and Lao-tse. The majority of the people are Buddhists. Education
is almost universal, there being few adults unable to read and write. The
Chinese have had newspapers at least ten centuries.
Value of imports, 1883, $103,071,415; exports, $98,349,895. The chief
imports were: opium, valued at $35,510,260; and cotton goods, valued at
$30,888,465. Chief exports: tea,--value, $45,077,135; and silk, chiefly
raw, $33,537,990. The coal fields of China are among the first in the
world; about 3,000,000 tons are mined each year. The mines at Kai-p'ing, in
1883, produced 600 tons per day.
In June, 1876, a railway of twenty miles, between Shanghai and Woosung, was
opened for traffic; but the following year it was purchased by the Chinese
authorities, and closed. There are 20,000 Imperial roads in the empire. In
1884 there were 3,089 miles of telegraph line, with 5,482 miles of wire.
{39}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{40}
ANAM. An`nam'.
An empire of Indo-China under the protectorate of France. Area, 198,043
square miles. Population, 12,000,000. Drained by many rivers. In January,
temperature 41deg throughout the north; in southern part of Cochin China,
mean annual temperature is 83deg. The elephant, panther and tiger found in
the forests of Anam.
Inhabitants essentially agricultural. Country rich in metals. Government is
an absolute monarchy. Social equality exists among citizens. Buddhism and
doctrines of Confucius are dominant. Hue is the capital; pop., 100,000.
BURMA. Bur'mah.
As a result of the late war with Great Britain, Burma was on Jan. 1, 1886,
declared a part of the British Empire. The government is now administered
by the Governor General of India, though the country is not yet
incorporated with the Indian Empire. The late government was a despotism,
dependent on the will of the King. The area is 190,500 square miles.
Population estimated to be about 3,000,000. Capital, Mandalay; population,
70,000. Bhamo, on the Chinese frontier, is an important town. Education is
in the hands of the priests, but is very general. Buddhism is the
prevailing religion.
The country is not so fertile as British Burma; but wheat, corn, rice,
pulse, indigo, cotton, tobacco, and a large variety of fruits are grown.
The forests produce valuable timber trees in great variety. Minerals
abound, but are not generally worked. Petroleum, however, is quite largely
produced. Burma possessing no seacoast, the foreign trade is
inconsiderable.
SIAM. S[=i]-am'.
A kingdom of Southeastern Asia, divided into 41 Provinces. The government
is an absolute monarchy. Area and population are but imperfectly known;
foreign estimates place the former at 280,564 square miles, and the
population at about 5,750,000. Prevailing religion, Buddhism. Siam has no
public debt. Capital, Bangkok; population, 600,000. There is a small
standing army, and a general armament of the people in form of a militia.
Though much of the land is fertile, it is badly cultivated. Chief products,
rice, gums, teak, sandalwood, rosewood, spices and fruits. Foreign commerce
centres at Bangkok. Total value of exports from there in 1883, $8,525,655;
imports, $4,783,570. Commercial marine numbers 44 sailing vessels and 1
steam vessel. In 1883, 884 vessels, of 185,612 tons, cleared the port of
Bangkok.
MALAY. Ma-l[=a]'.
A peninsula of Asia; the southernmost point of the continent.
Area about 70,000 square miles. Estimated population, 650,000. Less known
of the interior than of any other point in Asia. Surface very uneven.
Climate is moist and hot: temperature on the Makran coast and in Persian
Gulf, 110deg; and at times, 125deg. Out of 365 days, 190 are rainy;
rainfall from 100 to 130 inches.
Politically, Malay consists of the Straits Settlements of Great Britain, 6
Provinces of Siam, and a number of small Malay States, either tributary to
or in treaty with the above powers. The Straits Settlements comprise the
Islands of Singapore and Penang and the territories of Malacca and Province
of Wellesley. Area, 1,445 square miles; pop., 423,384. {41}
COREA. Ko-ree'a.
A kingdom of Eastern Asia. Area estimated at 82,000 square miles.
Population, 16,227,885. Climate variable, on account of the unevenness of
the country; the thermometer at times registers 15deg below zero.
The history of Corea dates back to 1120, when the Chinese gained possession
of it. Seems first to have been subjugated by the Tartars. Japanese ruled
it between 1692 and 1698, when it reverted to China. The country pays an
annual tribute of 800 ounces of silver to the Chinese Emperor. The King of
Corea is an absolute despot. Capital, Seoul; pop., 199,127.
Minerals are said to abound in the peninsula; but the low state of
civilization in the country will not admit of their development. The
country is mountainous, and the cultivable portion small; principal crops
are rice, millet, beans and jute.
Value of imports, 1881, $1,944,735; exports, $1,882,650. Principal exports,
ginseng, hides, rice and silk. Wheeled vehicles are unknown, and there are
no bridges over the many streams. Doctrine of Confucius the established
creed.
HONG KONG.
A colony of Great Britain, formerly a part of China. It consists of the
Island of Hong Kong, ceded to Great Britain in 1841, and the opposite
peninsula of Kow-loon, ceded to Great Britain, 1861. The government is
administered by a Governor, aided by an Executive Council. There is also a
Legislative Council. The chief city is Victoria. In 1883 the government
sustained 87 schools, with 5,597 pupils. The total population of Hong Kong
is 160,420, of whom but 7,990 are white persons.
Hong Kong forms the centre of trade for many different kinds of goods. Its
commerce is virtually a part of that of China, and is chiefly carried on
with Great Britain, the United States and Germany. Of the exports and
imports only mercantile estimates are known; these place the former at
about $10,000,000, and the latter at $20,000,000. The tea and silk trade of
China is largely in the hands of Hong Kong firms. In 1882, 28,668 vessels,
of 4,976,233 tons, entered the ports of Hong Kong.
ARABIA. A-ra'be-a.
A peninsula of Asia. Area, 1,000,000 square miles; length, 1,200 miles;
breadth, 900 miles. Sandy desert comprises most of the country; fertile
regions are shores of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. Seacoast, 1,200 miles
in length. Heat intense: rainfall light.
Population variously estimated from 8,500,000 to 15,000,000. Claims descent
from Ishmael; nomadic habits; Mohammedans in belief.
The pearl fisheries, which are of great commercial importance, begin at the
Bahrein Islands, and extend southeast along the Persian Gulf, a distance of
nearly 200 miles. The yearly produce is estimated to be worth, over
$1,250,000.
Coffee, probably indigenous, chief article of export. Wheat, barley, beans,
millet, dates and lentils form food of the natives. Rivers unimportant.
Arabia was never subject to one sovereign. Inhabitants broken up into petty
tribes, each ruled by its own chief. {42}
INDIA. In'de-a.
An empire of Asia, divided into British territory and feudatory states,
acknowledging sovereignty of Great Britain. Richest and most populous
dependency of the English Crown. Area, 1,383,504 square miles. Population,
253,906,449.
Government is entrusted to Secretary of State for India; he is aided by a
Council of 15 members. Executive authority vested in Governor General,
appointed by the British Crown, and a Council of 7 members. Salary of
Governor General, $125,000 per year.
Population dense. The density varies from 441 per square mile to 43; the
average for all India being 184. Agriculture backward. Means of
transportation poor but improving. Eight famines have visited India, and
decimated the population of various Provinces. Soil is productive; rice,
corn, millet, barley and wheat are grown; cotton, indigo, opium and sugar
cane are largely exported.
Large quantities of bullion are imported for the manufacture of ornaments.
In 1884, imports of gold, $27,347,280; silver, $37,042,530. Leading
imports, 1883-84: cotton manufactures, $125,584,245; metals, $25,909,250;
machinery, $8,955,740. Chief exports: raw cotton, $71,806,605; opium,
$56,472,300; seeds, $50,450,990; wheat, $44,399,155; rice, $41,816,400.
Total imports, 1884, $318,007,480; exports, $445,006,975.
Capital, Calcutta; population, 871,504; 60 towns of over 50,000
inhabitants. Over 19 dialects and languages spoken in the empire.
Number vessels entered Indian ports, 1884, 5,812; cleared, 5,850; number
steamships entered by Suez Canal, 1,091; number vessels engaged in
interportal trade, 103,503. Miles of railway, 1854, 21; in 1885 there were
10,832; unfinished, 1,823. Miles of telegraph, 21,740; messages, 1,799,179.
Education progressing. Schools, 109,212; scholars, 2,790,783; universities,
3; governmental schools, 15,845; commission of investigation appointed in
1883.
European and native army, 190,476 men. Native states have an army of
349,835 men; 4,237 guns.
CEYLON. See-lon'.
An island situated in the Indian Ocean, southeast of India. Area, 25,364
square miles; length, 260 miles; average breadth, 100 miles. Climate much
pleasanter than that of Southern India. Ceylon was first settled in 1505;
formed into a separate colony in 1798; fell under British rule in 1815.
By the constitution of 1831 and 1833, government is administered by a
Governor, with an Executive Council and a Legislative Council. Minerals
abound; precious stones are often found; pearl fisheries of western coast
are famous. Bread-fruit, cinnamon, pepper, rice, cotton and tobacco are
among the chief products of the soil.
Principal exports in 1883: coffee (the least since 1853), valued at
$6,338,155; tea, $430,000; cinchona bark, $2,105,000; cocoanut oil,
$2,030,000. Total exports in 1883, $16,654,500; imports, $22,643,335.
There were 164 miles of railway open for traffic in 1884; 16 miles in
course of construction. Miles of telegraph were 989.
Estimated population, 1884, 2,822,009; 1,698,070 Buddhists, 493,630
Hindoos, 197,775 Mohammedans, and 147,977 Christians. The Europeans
numbered about 5,000, of whom 4,000 were English. There were 1,703 schools,
with nominal attendance of 102,109 pupils.
Colombo is the capital; pop., 111,942. {43}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{44}
PERSIA. Per'she-a.
A kingdom of Western Asia. Area, 610,000 square miles. Population,
7,653,600. Temperature ranges from 10deg to 110deg; winters severe in
central territory; summers hot and dry.
The government is an unlimited despotism. The Koran is law, the Shah being
looked upon as the vicegerent of the prophet. Persia has no national debt.
Persian army numbers 105,500 men on war basis; peace footing, 30,000.
Soil, in some of the extensive valleys, very fertile. Wheat and other
cereals, cotton, sugar, rice, tobacco and opium yield well; silk is an
important product of the country. Fruit trees and vegetables flourish.
Mineral resources undeveloped. Diamonds have been taken from mines in
Khorasan for centuries. Pearl fisheries of the Persian Gulf the most
extensive in the world.
Commerce centres at Tabriz. Bushire and Lingah principal ports. Imports, by
Lingah and Bushire, in 1883, $5,724,665. Exports, by same ports,
$3,071,705; opium, $1,403,415; grain and pulse, $342,250. System of
telegraph in the hands of Europeans; miles of line, 3,647; of wire, 5,947;
offices, 78. Mail service from Julfa to Tabriz and Teheran, thence to
Resht, established in 1877.
Capital, Teheran; pop., 100,000. Of total population, 1,963,800 live in
cities, 1,909,800 are nomadic tribes, 3,780,000 inhabit country districts
and villages. Education among the upper classes advanced; many colleges are
sustained by government.
AFGHANISTAN. Af-gan`is-tan'.
Name given to plateau on northwest frontier of India. Estimated area,
278,000 square miles. Temperature at Ghazni, 10deg to 15deg below zero; at
Kandahar, heat in summer reaches 120deg. No other country of equal area has
such diversities of climate. Distinguished for the mountain passes, through
which India has been frequently invaded.
Government is a despotism. Capital, Kabul. Population, 2,500,000,
consisting of numerous warlike clans. The Amir is a military dictator, with
a yearly revenue of $2,000,000, and a subsidy of $600,000 from India.
Two-thirds of inhabitants Mohammedans.
Agricultural and pastoral pursuits the chief industries of the people;
wheat the most important crop; rice, barley and millet grown. On terraces,
6,000 and 7,000 feet high, all the vegetables and fruits of Europe grow; in
the south, sugar cane and date palm.
BELUCHISTAN. Bel-oo`chis-tan'.
A country of Asia lying east of Persia. Area, 140,000 square miles.
Population, 1,000,000. Climate diverse; in higher parts, extremely cold; in
valleys, heat is oppressive. Deficiency of water throughout the whole
country. Surface rugged and barren.
The soil is unproductive, but has been cultivated until it supplies the
natives with necessaries. Fruits and vegetables flourish near the towns.
The only exports are horses, grain and dates. Imports: Indian silk, cotton
goods, rice, sugar, spices, and dye stuffs in small quantities.
The government is a despotism. Khan has unlimited power over life, person
and property; resides at Kelat, the capital, a city with a population of
10,000. Inhabitants divided into many tribes, ruled by chiefs. {45}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{46}
AFRICA.
A large insular continent lying south of Europe, from which it is separated
by the Mediterranean. Area, 11,512,480 square miles; extreme length, 4,330
miles; extreme breadth, 4,000 miles; coast line, only about 16,000 miles,
there being few indentations, and a lack of good harbors.
PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES.
------------------+----------+------------+-----------------+---------
Name. | Area, | Population.| Capitals. | Pop.
| Sq. Mls. | | |
------------------+----------+------------+-----------------+---------
Abyssinia | 200,000 | 3,000,000 | Gondar | 7,000
Algeria | 161,476 | 3,310,412 | Algiers | 70,747
Cape Colony | 229,815 | 1,027,168 | Cape Town | 33,239
Congo Free State |1,056,200 | 27,000,000 | |
Egypt | 394,240 | 6,806,381 | Cairo | 368,108
Liberia | 14,300 | 1,068,000 | Monrovia | 3,000
Madagascar | 228,500 | 3,500,000 | Tananarivo | 100,000
Morocco | 219,000 | 5,000,000 | Marocco | 50,000
Mozambique | 38,000 | ? 300,000 | Mozambique | ? 35,000
Natal | 21,150 | 416,219 | Pietermaritzburg| 14,231
Nubia | ? 35,000 | ? 400,000 | Dongola |
Orange River Free | 70,000 | 133,518 | Bloemfontein | 2,567
State| | | |
Transvaal | 114,360 | 750,000 | Pretoria | 4,440
Tunis | 42,000 | 2,100,000 | Tunis | 120,000
Zanzibar | 625 | 300,000 | Zanzibar | 90,000
------------------+----------+------------+-----------------+---------
LENGTHS OF RIVERS.
Miles. Miles.
Congo 2,400 | Orange 1,600
Niger 2,900 | Senegal 1,000
Nile 5,100 | Zambesi 1,800
LATEST REPORTED EXPORTS.
Cape Colony: | Madeira:
Ostrich Feathers $4,656,900 | Wine $525,740
Angora Hair 1,359,020 | Sugar 165,800
Diamonds 13,712,350 | Bananas 9,680
Copper 2,270,565 | Pineapples 2,110
|
Marocco: | Sierra Leone:
Almonds $394,000 | Cola Nuts 819,175 lbs.
Cattle 393,880 | Gum Copal 452,196 "
Dates 27,480 | Palm Oil 250,730 gals.
Eggs 156,210 | Palm Kernels 21,624,681 lbs.
Gums 244,885 | Ginger 1,277,635 "
Shoes 527,420 | Rubber 1,084,219 "
|
Liberia: | Egypt:
Ivory 1,116 lbs. | Cotton $37,328,905
Coffee 250,136 " | Rice 606,785
Rubber 133,119 " | Sugar 1,971,590
Palm Oil 1,100,222 gals. | Cottonseed 8,482,670
{47}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{48}
MAROCCO. Ma-rok'ko.
An empire of Africa, formerly the largest of the Barbary States. Area,
219,000 square miles. Population, 5,000,000. Atlas Mountains cross the
country; rivers few and small. Atlantic coast line, 750 miles long;
Mediterranean, 250 miles.
The Sultan's authority is supreme in spiritual and temporal matters.
Estimated yearly revenue of Sultan, $2,500,000. Marocco has three capitals:
Fez (pop., 80,000) is the chief; Marocco, the old metropolis (pop.,
50,000); and Mequinez (pop., 56,000).
Both climate and soil are well suited to the production of wheat, barley,
corn and other grains; agriculture is neglected for pastoral pursuits.
Marocco supposed to be rich in minerals.
Foreigners control the maritime trade; Tangier is the main port; seven
others open to foreign commerce. Import of cotton, 1882, valued at
$3,401,130; sugar, $1,390,240; rice, flour, etc., $1,462,090. Exports,
1882: wool, $1,116,850; shoes, $527,420; almonds, $394,000; cattle,
$393,880. In 1882, 1,050 vessels, of 314,794 tons, entered, and 1,047, of
315,559 tons, cleared, the ports of Marocco.
ALGERIA. Al-jee're-a.
Situated in North Africa; the most important French colonial possession.
Area, about 161,476 square miles. Coast line, 550 miles. Climate variable;
mean annual temperature at Algiers, 66.5deg.
Government of settled districts administered by a Governor General; others
under military rule. Civil government divided into three departments, each
of which sends 2 Deputies and 1 Senator to the French Chambers. Algiers the
capital; pop., 1881, 70,747. Total population of Algeria, 1881, 3,310,412;
French, 233,937.
Agriculture the principal industry; in 1881, 2,328,636 thus engaged. In
1882, 40,000,000 acres in farms; 5,460,000 under cereals; wheat product,
559,500 tons; barley, 790,000; number of acres devoted to vine culture,
99,000. Olive oil manufactured in 1880, 574,000 gals. Yield of tobacco,
from 20,000 acres, 9,490,000 lbs. In 1882 there were 1,027,913 cattle,
5,142,321 sheep, 3,056,660 goats.
Imports, 1883, $47,639,790; exports, $33,788,880. In 1883, 4,803 vessels,
of 1,954,423 tons, entered Algerian ports. Number miles railway, 993. Miles
of line of telegraph in 1882, 3,645. In 1881 there were 619 students in the
higher schools; number of secondary schools, 16; pupils, 3,561; 916 infant
and primary schools, with 79,201 pupils.
TUNIS. Tu'niss.
A kingdom or regency of Africa, formerly one of the Barbary States; since
1881 under the protectorate of France. The government is practically
administered by a Minister Resident and two Secretaries. The area of the
country is about 42,000 square miles, and the population is estimated to
number 2,100,000. Capital, Tunis; population variously estimated from
100,000 to 120,000.
There are twelve ports open to foreign trade. The imports average
$5,500,000 per annum, and the exports $6,500,000. The principal articles of
export are wheat, barley, esparto grass (used in making paper), olive oil,
dates, wool and skins. Principal imports, manufactured goods, liquors,
sugar and flour.
In 1883, 3,768 vessels, of 1,524,429 tons, entered Tunisian ports; of these
1,222, of 1,018,538 tons, were French. Tunis has about 200 miles of
railway, and 2,500 miles of telegraph. {49}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{50}
EGYPT. E'jipt.
A dependency of Turkey, situated in North Africa. Estimated area, 394,240
square miles. Population, 6,806,381. Territory covered by sandy deserts,
except where the annual inundations of the Nile render it fertile. Rain
falls once in three or four years. The agricultural population forms 61 per
cent. of the total.
Egypt is a Province of the Ottoman Empire; yet it is independent at the
same time, and its sovereignty is dependent on the will of stronger powers,
England being dominant. Absolute executive power is in the hands of the
Khedive, under the supervision of England. Provincial Councils and a
Legislative Council advise with the Khedive on matters purely local. Cairo,
capital; pop., 368,106.
Under the Pharaohs, Egypt was an agricultural country. It is distinguished
for the prominent part it played in ancient history, its ruins, and
situation with reference to the Suez Canal.
Commerce extensive, consists largely of goods in transit; carries on a
large trade with Central Africa. In 1883, imports, $42,984,880; exports,
$61,549,425. Principal export, cotton; value, 1883, $37,328,905.
The railway system, 1884, consisted of a single line, 1,276 miles long.
Miles of government telegraph, 1884, 2,767. Eastern telegraph company have
a line to Cairo, 455 miles in length.
Population of chief towns, 1882: Alexandria, 208,755; Damietta, 34,046;
Tantah, 33,735; Mansourah, 26,784; Zagazig, 19,046; Rosetta, 16,671; Port
Said, 16,560; Suez, 10,913.
The Nile is the only river in Egypt. The Suez Canal connects the
Mediterranean with the Red Sea; opened for navigation, November, 1869;
length, 100 miles; number of vessels passed through in 1883, 3,307, of
8,106,001 tons; gross receipts, $13,227,530; net profits, $7,172,700. In
1883, postoffice carried 9,587,000 letters.
NUBIA. Nu'be-a.
A country of Eastern Africa. From 1821 to 1884 Nubia was under the dominion
of Egypt. Since the southern boundary of Egypt can not yet be regarded as
fixed, it is impossible to give trustworthy statistics of the area and
population of Nubia. The fertile part of the country lies chiefly in the
valley of the Nile. The climate is hot and dry, but generally healthful.
Chief products are barley, cotton, indigo, durrah, dates, tobacco, senna
and coffee. An extensive transit trade is carried on with Egypt and
interior Africa, in gold dust, ostrich feathers and senna. The entire
valley contains the remains of ancient buildings, the most numerous lying
below Dongola.
ABYSSINIA, (Ab-is-sin'e-a.)
or HABESH.
An isolated country of Eastern Africa, consisting of three divisions,
Amhara, Tigre and Shoa. Tigre and Amhara constitute one kingdom, and Shoa
another; they are all divided into a great number of smaller provinces.
Gondar, in Amhara, is the capital of all Ethiopia. Capital of Shoa,
Ankobar; of Tigre, Adowa. Area about 200,000 square miles. Population about
3,000,000. Drained by numerous rivers emptying into the Nile.
Lowland soil grows wheat, cotton, maize, rice, sugar cane and flax. No
foreign trade except exportation of small quantities of ivory, musk, coffee
and gold dust; manufactures limited. Inhabitants a mixture of many races,
warlike and uncivilized. {51}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{52}
MADAGASCAR. Mad`a-gas'kar.
The largest African island; the third largest in the world. Area, 228,500
square miles. Population, 3,500,000. Near the centre of island, within an
arc of 90 miles, there are 100 extinct volcanoes. Mean yearly temperature
about 77deg.
Government is an absolute monarchy, limited by powerful customs. The island
has been swayed by the dynasty of the Hovas since 1810. Since the treaty of
Tamatave, March 17, 1886, the country has been under the protectorate of
France. Commercial and diplomatic relations established between the island
and United States, Great Britain and France, in this century, previous to
1868. Capital, Tananarivo; population estimated at 100,000.
Soil generally fertile; forests of valuable timber abound. Chief products
are rice, sugar, silk, cotton, bananas, potatoes, India rubber. Stock
raising and agriculture are the main industries. Chief exports are cattle,
hides, coffee, lard, sugar, vanilla, wax, gum, rice and seeds; principal
imports are metal goods, rum and cotton goods. Silver five-franc piece the
only legal coin; franc is cut into pieces for smaller coins. Tamatave
principal port; pop., 6,000; number of ships entering her harbor during
last six months of 1882, 116. In the same time the value of imports at
Tamatave from the United States was $207,410; value of exports to United
States, $257,485.
Standing army, 20,000. Three-fourths of people Pagans. Christianity the
state religion. Education is compulsory; 1,167 schools, with 150,906
pupils, in Imerina, the chief Province.
MOZAMBIQUE. Mo-zam-beek'.
A colonial possession of Portugal on the east coast of Africa. Area, 38,000
square miles. A few settlements and military posts exercise feeble
authority over the inhabitants. The climate is genial, and the soil capable
of producing wheat, maize, tobacco, cotton and sugar cane. The chief towns
are: St. Sebastian (pop., 1,510), Ibo (pop. about 2,000), Sofala (pop.
2,000), and St. Thiajo Major. The forests abound in valuable timber trees;
pearl fisheries are important, and the mineral deposits are of exceptional
value. The gold mines of Mauica are supposed to be the richest in East
Africa. Ivory is obtained in large quantities for the Indian market; annual
value about $350,000. Other exports are India rubber, gums, oil, beeswax
and corn. Shipping trade is carried on by about 400 vessels. The capital is
Mozambique.
ZANZIBAR. Zan`ze-bar'.
An empire of Eastern Africa, consisting of the Island of Zanzibar, and
settlements along the coast from Cape Delgado as far as 3deg north
latitude. The limits of the Sultan's dominions inland are not known; but,
beyond a few travel routes, his authority extends but a little way from the
coast. The island has an area of 625 square miles, and a population
variously estimated from 150,000 to 300,000. Population of the town of
Zanzibar, 90,000; of Bagamoyo, on the opposite mainland, 10,000.
The religion of the country is Mohammedanism. Christian missions are
established on the island and far into the mainland. Value of imports,
1882, $4,000,000; exports, $5,000,000. The exports are ivory, cloves, India
rubber and gum. In 1882, 85 vessels, of 89,773 tons, entered the ports. The
imports are chiefly cotton cloths, rice, cereals, kerosene oil and guns.
{53}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{54}
CAPE COLONY.
A colony in South Africa, originally founded by the Dutch, in 1652. Since
1806 controlled by Great Britain. Climate generally dry and salubrious. At
Cape of Good Hope, mean annual temperature is placed at about 62deg.
Average rainfall per year, 24 inches. Total area of Cape Colony, 229,815
square miles. Estimated population, 1,027,168. Capital, Cape Town; pop.,
33,239.
The government is administered by a Governor, an Executive and a
Legislative Council and House of Assembly. Colonists are employed in
agricultural and pastoral pursuits. Ostrich breeding is successfully
carried on. Sheep farms often comprise from 8,000 to 15,000 acres and
upward. Total cultivated area in 1875, 580,000 acres. Vines occupied 18,000
acres, yielding 4,484,665 gallons of wine. The colony had, in 1875,
1,111,713 head of cattle, 10,976,663 sheep, and 3,065,202 goats. The
principal exports from the colony in 1883 were: wool, valued at $8,015,700;
ostrich feathers, $4,656,900; grease wool, $1,948,025; hides and skins,
$2,180,250; copper ore, $2,270,565; Angora hair, $1,359,020; diamonds,
$13,712,350. Total exports in 1883 valued at $22,044,490; total imports,
$32,351,955.
Vast majority of the population members of Dutch Reformed church, the
Episcopalian ranking next in number. Cape Colony has 1 university and 5
colleges; education not compulsory; 71 per cent. of children who have
attained school age are in school.
Army in 1883 consisted of 1,614 officers and men. By a law of 1878, every
able-bodied colonist between 18 and 50 years is liable to military service
beyond, as well as within, colonial limits. In 1884 the total length of
government railway was 1,213 miles; telegraph, 4,031 miles.
ORANGE RIVER FREE STATE.
An independent republic of South Africa. Founded by Boers from Cape Colony,
in 1836; constitution proclaimed 1854. Area, 70,000 square miles.
Population, 133,518: colored or native, 72,496; whites, 61,022. Annual
amount devoted to education, $1,000,000. Capital, Bloemfontein; pop.,
2,567.
Law-making power vested in a popular Assembly of 55 members; executive, in
President, elected for 5 years. Climate salubrious. Agricultural and
pastoral pursuits the chief industries. In 1881 there were 6,000 farms;
total number of acres, 23,592,400; cultivated, 114,916; number of horses,
131,594; 5,056,301 merino sheep, 673,924 goats; ostriches, 2,253. There are
many rich coal mines. Diamonds and other precious stones are found. Miles
of telegraph in operation, 559
NATAL. Na-tal'.
Previous to 1856, Natal formed part of Cape Colony; in that year it was
erected into a separate colony under Great Britain. The government is
administered by a Governor, an Executive Council, and a Legislative
Council. Estimated area, 21,150 square miles. Pop., 1881, 416,210; white,
28,463; native, 329,253; coolies, 20,196. Principal town, Durban; pop.,
16,630. Capital, Pietermaritzburg; pop., 14,231.
Value of imports, 1883, $8,755,535; exports, $4,158,735. Principal exports:
hides, $255,040; ostrich feathers, $72,530; unrefined sugar, $610,420;
wool, $2,595,805. Principal imports are manufactured goods and flour. In
1883, 328 vessels, of 232,097 tons, entered, and 326, of 231,892 tons,
cleared, the ports. There are 105 miles of railway built, and 120 under
construction. {55}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{56}
TRANSVAAL. Trans-val'.
A South African republic founded by Boers who left Cape Colony in 1835 for
Natal, quitted the latter country on its annexation to Great Britain, and
settled in the territory north of the Vaal river. Recognized as an
independent state in 1852. Executive authority is in the hands of a
President, assisted by a Council of 4 members; legislative vested in a
Volksraad of 44 members. Area of republic, 114,360 square miles. Population
estimated, 1884, at 50,000 whites, of whom 40,000 are Dutch, and about
700,000 natives. Chief city, Pretoria; population, 4,440.
The country is favorable for agriculture and stock raising. Chief crop,
wheat; sugar, coffee and cotton are grown. Cattle, sheep and ostriches are
reared. There is a great deal of mineral wealth, which has been but little
developed. The yearly exports are valued at $3,000,000, and are principally
grain, cattle, hides, wool, ostrich feathers, butter, ivory, gold and other
minerals.
LIBERIA. Li-bee're-a.
A republic of South Africa, founded in 1820 as a colony by the American
Colonization Society in behalf of liberated slaves from the United States.
Liberia was declared an independent state in 1847. The government is
modeled after that of the United States. The republic has 600 miles of
coast line, and extends inland about 100 miles; area, 14,300 square miles.
The population is wholly African, and numbers 18,000 Americo-Liberians and
1,050,000 aborigines. Capital, Monrovia; population, 3,000. The Liberians
have established churches and schools, and possess a number of printing
presses. The climate, which is still fatal to Europeans, has been much
improved by systematic drainage.
The country is well watered, and the natural resources are very great.
Cotton and coffee are both indigenous, the former yielding two crops per
year. The oil palm is abundant, palm oil, ivory, India rubber and nuts
being the chief exports.
CONGO FREE STATE.
The Act defining and constituting the Congo Free State was signed by the
International Congo Conference at Berlin, February 26, 1885. The area of
the State is estimated at 1,056,200 square miles, with a population of
27,000,000. While the Congo state is under the sovereignty of the King of
Belgium, the latter country or government has no power or responsibility in
relation to it. The state is divided into four Provinces,--the Lower Congo,
the Upper Congo, Livingstone Falls and the Pool, and the district between
the Pool and Equator. The government is in the hands of an Administrator
General, under whom are a number of white subordinates, chiefs of Provinces
and other officials.
Free commerce, in its widest sense, has been established in the basin of
the Congo, and for a distance of 360 miles along the Atlantic. In this
territory, no import duties can be levied for twenty years, and the Powers
reserve the right to decide if freedom of entry shall be maintained beyond
that period. The principal articles for export are said to be palm oil,
ivory, rubber, gum copal, ground nuts, orchilla weed and cam-wood;
principal imports are textiles, spirits, tobacco, guns and powder. {57}
[Illustration]
{58}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{59}
OCEANIA.
A fifth division of the globe, comprising island groups and the large
islands of the Pacific. The divisions are Australasia, Malaysia and
Polynesia.
Australasia extends from equator to 47deg south latitude, and from 112deg
to about 170deg east longitude. It includes Australia, Papua, New Zealand
and Tasmania.
Malaysia comprises the islands and groups lying just off the coast of
Southeastern Asia, and contains the large islands of Luzon, Mindanao,
Celebes, Java, Sumatra and Borneo.
Polynesia includes Islands and island groups between Philippines and 100deg
west longitude. Among the most important groups are Caroline, Feejee,
Friendly, Gilbert, Hawaiian, Marshall and Society Islands.
--------------------+----------+-----------+-------------+--------
| Area Sq. | Pop. | Capital. | Pop.
| Miles. | | |
--------------------+----------+-----------+-------------+--------
New South Wales | 316,320 | 840,614 | Sydney | 220,427
New Zealand | 105,342 | 532,000 | Wellington | 20,563
Queensland | 668,224 | 36,695 | Brisbane | 36,109
South Australia | 903,690 | 293,509 | Adelaide | 38,479
Tasmania | 26,375 | 122,479 | Hobart | 21,118
Victoria | 87,884 | 915,948 | Melbourne | 291,464
West Australia | 975,920 | 29,708 | Perth | 5,044
|----------|-----------| |
Total Australasia |3,083,755 | 2,770,953 | |
|----------|-----------| |
Hawaiian Islands | 6,667 | 57,985 | Honolulu | 7,000
Borneo | 12,745 | 2,183,974 |{Brunai | 20,000
| | |{Banjarmasin | 30,000
Celebes | 71,791 | 2,000,000 | Macassar | 20,000
Java | 50,848 |20,259,450 | Batavia | 99,109
Mindanao | 36,000 | 732,802 | Selangan | 10,000
Luzon | 37,505 | 4,450,191 | Manila | 160,000
Sumatra | 177,000 | 3,000,000 |{Acheen | 45,000
| | |{Padang | 10,000
------------------------------------------------------------------
AUSTRALASIA.--Crop Production, 1882.
Wheat 81,763,098 bu. | Other cereals 889,789 bu.
Oats 16,430,205 " | Potatoes 346,834 tons.
Barley 1,928,595 " | Hay 862,602 "
Maize 5,611,903 " | Wine 1,496,175 gals.
Gold produced 1881 $ 30,510,709
Coin and bullion exported 1882 38,480,960
Aggregate imports, 1882 310,698,578
Aggregate exports, 1882 246,407,125
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.--Exports, 1881.
Coffee $ 959,346 | Liquid Indigo $ 8,256
Cordage 137,031 | Rice 7,791
Hemp 8,889,872 | Sugar 12,403,993
Indigo 138,958 | Sapan-wood 58,230
SOCIETY ISLANDS, 1882.
IMPORTS. | EXPORTS.
General Merchandise $702,475 | Gen. Mdse.
Cotton, copra, | (re-exp'rt'd) $358,604
mother-of-pearl | Cotton, copra,
shell and other | mother-of-pearl
produce 367,975 | shell, etc. 516,583
| Fire Wood & cocoanuts. 1,041
---------- | --------
Total $1,070,450 | Total $876,228
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, 1883--Domestic Exports.
Sugar 114,107,155 lbs. | Rice 11,619,000 lbs.
Molasses 193,997 gals. | Coffee 16,057 lbs.
Paddy 1,368,705 lbs. | Bananas 44,902 bunches.
{60}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{61}
NETHERLANDS INDIES.
The Netherlands Indies are by far the most important colonial possessions
of the Netherlands. They cover all the Dutch possessions in the East
Indies, and include Java, Madura, Banca, Sumatra, Bingtang, Billiton,
Celebes, the Moluccas, Lombok Bali, and many smaller islands and parts of
New Guinea, Borneo and Timor. Area of the colonies estimated at 636,329
square miles; population, 27,784,959. The superior administration is in the
hands of a Governor General, assisted by a Council of 5 members.
The most important colony is Java, which politically includes the
neighboring island of Madura. Total area, 50,848 square miles; population,
20,259,450. Java is governed under what is termed the culture system, which
was established in 1832.
The strength of the total army in 1883 was 30,421 men, of whom 15,032 were
Europeans, and 15,389 natives. There is a military academy near Batavia,
and attached to every battalion is a school for soldiers. The navy, royal
and colonial, consisted of 79 vessels and 5,029 men.
By far the larger part of the commerce of Dutch India is with the
Netherlands. The average value of the total imports for three years was
$62,500,000: exports, $75,000,000. About two-thirds of the imports were
from the Netherlands, and three-fourths of the exports were sent to that
country. The principal exports are sugar, coffee, rice, indigo and tobacco.
Latest reports give value of coffee exported, $13,086,790; sugar,
$19,625,470; indigo, $1,245,170; spices, $1,021,720; tobacco, $6,457,680.
The Netherlands Indies had, in 1882, 3,682 miles of telegraph, with 84
offices. Number of postoffices, 221. Java has now about 750 miles of
railway.
HAWAII (SANDWICH ISLANDS). Ha-wi'ee.
A kingdom of Oceania, consisting of a group of 15 islands, of which 8 are
inhabited. The government is a limited monarchy. Hawaii is the largest
island; but Honolulu, the capital, is situated on the island of Oahu.
Population of Honolulu, 7,000. Area of the islands, 6,667 square miles. At
the last census, the population numbered 57,985: male, 34,103; female,
23,882; native, 44,088; Chinese, 5,916; white, 4,561, of whom 1,276 were
Americans, 883 English, 436 Portuguese, 272 Germans, 81 French; half-caste,
3,420.
To a great extent the islands are mountainous, and there are numerous
volcanoes, several of which are active. The volcano of Mauna Loa, on the
Island of Hawaii, is one of the highest active volcanoes in the world. The
soil is exceedingly fertile and productive. Chief products, sugar and rice;
but coffee, hides, bone, whale oil and wool are exported in considerable
quantities. Value of exports, 1883, $8,121,200; imports, $5,624,240.
In 1883, 267 vessels, of 183,316 tons, entered, and 263 vessels, of 189,494
tons, cleared the ports. Of the former, 195 vessels were American. The
islands own 64 vessels, of 15,588 tons. The islands of Hawaii and Maui are
provided with telegraphs, and have about 32 miles of railway. Almost every
house in Honolulu has its telephone.
There are numerous schools in the islands; the annual sum devoted to public
instruction is $95,850. The King is a member of the Church of England; but
all forms of religion are permitted and protected. {62}
AUSTRALASIA. Aws-tral-[=a]'she-a.
Under this bead are grouped all the Australian colonies belonging to Great
Britain. They are seven in number, and geographically are comprised in the
continent of Australia and the islands of Tasmania and New Zealand and part
of New Guinea. Total area, 3,075,135 square miles. Population, 1883,
3,091,897.
Each colony has a Governor, appointed by the Crown, in whom is vested the
executive power. The legislative power of each is vested in a Parliament of
two houses.
Minerals abound in all the colonies. The most extensive coal mines are
those of New South Wales, the product of which in 1884 was 2,521,457 tons;
value, $6,009,705. Gold product of the colony, 1883, 122,256 ounces; value,
$1,705,620. Coal product of New Zealand, 1883, 421,764 tons. Gold
discovered 1857. Value of total exports to March, 1884, $203,535,370. In
Queensland, tin, copper, lead and coal are mined. Value of tin raised,
1883, $2,940,060. Gold discovered 1858. Product, 1882, 230,090 oz.; value,
$4,148,275. The chief mineral of South Australia is copper, but valuable
iron ores also exist. Value of copper and copper ore, 1883, $1,876,625.
Tasmania is rich in iron, tin and coal. Value of tin exported, 1883,
$1,882,230. Amount of gold produced, 46,577 oz.; value, $882,210. In 1851
gold was discovered in Victoria. Total product to 1883, 52,214,150 oz.;
value, $1,044,283,000. Principal minerals of Western Australia are copper,
lead and coal.
Principal agricultural products of the colonies: Wheat product of New South
Wales, 1884, 4,345,437 bushels; corn, 4,538,604 bushels; sugar, 35,220,640
lbs.; wine, 589,604 gallons. New Zealand--Wheat, 9,827,136 bushels; oats,
9,231,339 bushels. Leading grain crop of Queensland, corn. Yield of sugar,
1883, 73,534,000 lbs.; cotton, 70,020 lbs. South Australia--Wheat,
14,649,230 bushels; wine, 430,520 gallons. Principal products of Tasmania,
grain, hops and fruit; value of green and preserved fruits exported 1883,
$881,120. Wheat product of Victoria, 1884, 15,570,245 bushels; oats,
4,717,624 bushels; barley, 1,069,803 bushels; potatoes, 161,088 tons; hay,
433,143 tons.
The following table shows the number of farm animals in the colonies in
1884:
------------------+------------+-----------+----------+---------------
Colonies. | Sheep. | Cattle. | Horses. | Pigs.
------------------+------------+-----------+----------+---------------
New South Wales | 34,000,000 | 1,646,753 | 326,964 | 189,050
New Zealand | 14,056,266 | 698,637 | 161,736 | 200,083
Queensland | 9,308,911 | 4,266,172 | 253,116 | 51,796
South Australia | 6,677,067 | 319,620 | 184,360 |
Tasmania | 1,831,069 | 130,525 | 26,840 | 55,774
Victoria | 10,739,021 | 1,297,546 | 286,779 | 233,525
Western Australia | 1,547,061 | 71,102 | 37,111 |
------------------+------------+-----------+----------+---------------
Value of total exports and imports of the colonies, 1883: New South
Wales--Exports, $99,430,090; imports, $104,800,785. New Zealand--Exports,
$35,479,995; imports, $39,870,190. Queensland--Exports, $26,383,040;
imports, $31,166,755. South Australia--Exports, $24,417,305; imports,
$31,550,275. Tasmania--Exports, $8,657,995; imports, $9,163,185.
Victoria--Exports, $81,994,315; imports, $88,719,230. Western
Australia--Exports, $2,235,050; imports, $2,584,230.
In 1883, New South Wales had 1,320 miles of railway, and 597 under
construction; New Zealand, 1,486 miles; Queensland, 1,038 miles, and 454
under construction; South Australia, 990.75 miles, and 225 under
construction; Tasmania, 167 miles, and 207 under construction; Victoria,
1,562 miles, and 130 under construction; Western Australia, 55 miles, and
68 under construction. {63}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{64}
NORTH AMERICA.
Northern and largest division of Western Continent, separated from South
America by Gulf of Mexico, and connected with it by Isthmus of Panama.
Area, 8,918,346 square miles; extends from Arctic Ocean to about 8deg north
latitude; extreme width, over 3,000 miles. Eastern coast line to southern
extremity of Mexico, about 13,000 miles; western, about 11,000 miles. Has
remarkable lake and river systems: the latter includes the Mississippi and
its tributaries, whose combined navigable length is about 40,000 miles, and
it is estimated that the great lakes contain a third of all fresh waters on
the globe. The political divisions are Greenland, Iceland, Dominion of
Canada, Newfoundland, United States, Central America and Mexico.
Extent in latitude results in great variety of climate, while the Gulf of
Mexico and surrounding oceans furnish to most localities abundant moisture.
Ottawa, capital of Dominion of Canada, and great lumber depot; pop.,
27,412; St. Johns, capital of Newfoundland, and easternmost seaport of
North America; pop., 22,583. Number lighthouses in United States, Canada
and Spanish America, 1,127.
Record of great fires: New York, 1835; loss $29,199,000. San Francisco,
1851; loss, 2,500 blocks. Chicago, 1871; loss, $160,594,500. Boston, 1872;
loss, $72,997,500.
Rich soil and excellent tillage combine to produce abundant food supply for
home consumption and foreign export. Tobacco, cotton, woods, dye-stuffs,
grain, flour, meat, eggs and butter are among the supplies exported. Value
of grain crops, United States and Canada, $1,114,428,500. Annual import of
fruit in United States since 1871, 6 lbs. per inhabitant.
Canada has 900,000,000 acres forest; income, $58,398,000. United States,
560,000,000 acres; income, $374,720,500. Mexico and Central America are
rich in mahogany and dye-stuffs. Number acres forest felled daily by United
States wood-cutters, 10,000; annual consumption of firewood, United States
and Canada, 1,550,000,000 cubic feet; number saw-mills, 1882, 15,740.
Nearly every variety of minerals abundant; iron widely diffused. Copper
especially plentiful in region of great lakes; gold and silver in mountain
regions of both sides of continent; lead abundant in central United States;
quicksilver, in California and Mexico, coal fields numerous, and supply
almost inexhaustible; salt also widely distributed. Annual consumption of
coal in United States and Canada, 72,000,000 tons; gold production,
1830-1880, United States and Spanish America, 4,262 tons.
Lakes and rivers well stocked with fish; coast fisheries productive and
profitable, especially on banks of Newfoundland, and along coasts of
Washington and Oregon. Newfoundland has a world-wide reputation for cod
fisheries, and seal fisheries rank next in importance. Average annual catch
of cod, about 1,500,000 quintals; number seals taken yearly, about 600,000;
of herring, about 175,000 bbls. Value fisheries of United States and
Canada, $16,546,100,000.
Population, over 60,000,000, Mexico numbering 10,046,872, and Canada,
4,324,810.
Greenland and Iceland are Danish colonies. Canada and Newfoundland belong
to Great Britain. Executive power of Canada vested in the Governor General,
a representative of the Queen; legislative power exercised by a Senate and
House of Commons, each Province having its own Lieutenant Governor and
legislature. Public affairs of Newfoundland managed by governor, executive
council, and legislative assembly. {65}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{66}
ONTARIO. On-t[=a]'re-o.
The most populous Province of the Dominion of Canada; established in 1867.
Previous to 1791 formed part of the Province of Quebec; from 1791 to 1840
known as Upper Canada; in 1840 reunited with Quebec, under the name of
Canada.
Area, census of 1881, 101,733 square miles. Total land occupied, 19,259,909
acres; improved, 11,294,109 acres, of which 8,370,266 acres were under
crops; 2,619,038 acres in pasture, and 304,805 acres in gardens and
orchards.
Temperature at Toronto: winter, 4.8deg to 62.5deg; summer, 38.7deg to
92.7deg; mean temperature, 44.16deg. Rainfall at Toronto, 28.43 inches.
The surface of the country is diversified by numerous lakes and rivers. The
agricultural resources are very great, and the mineral wealth varied and
rich.
Public affairs are administered by a Lieutenant Governor, assisted by an
Executive Council of 6, and a House of Assembly of 89 members. Capital,
Toronto; pop. 86,415. Ottawa, the capital of the Dominion; pop., 27,412.
Ontario sends 24 members to the Dominion Senate.
Agricultural products, 1881: wheat, 27,406,091 bushels; barley, 14,279,841
bushels; oats, 40,209,929 bushels; rye, 1,598,871 bushels; peas and beans,
9,434,872 bushels; buckwheat, 841,649 bushels; corn, 8,096,782 bushels;
potatoes, 18,994,559 bushels; turnips, 33,856,721 bushels; other root
crops, 6,479,222 bushels; hay, 2,038,659 tons; grass and clover seed,
173,219 bushels; flaxseed, 38,208 bushels; tobacco, 160,251 pounds; hops,
615,967 pounds.
Latest reported orchard products: apples, 11,400,517 bushels; grapes,
3,697,555 pounds; other fruits, 644,707 bushels.
Amount of butter produced on farms, 54,862,365 pounds; cheese, 1,701,721
pounds; wool, 6,013,216 pounds; cloth, flannel and linen, 1,440,199 yards.
Maple sugar produced 1881, 4,169,706 pounds; honey, 1,197,628 pounds; flax
and hemp, 1,073,197 pounds. Value of fur product, $129,578.
Number of farm animals in the Province, 1881: horses, 590,298; oxen,
23,263; milch cows and other cattle, 1,678,904; sheep, 1,359,178; swine,
700,922.
Latest reported timber product: white pine, 12,262,570 cu. ft.; red pine,
1,848,927 cu. ft.; oak, 5,448,263 cu. ft.; tamarack 1,515,360 cu. ft.;
walnut, 741,431 cu. ft.; birch and maple, 612,760 cu. ft.; elm, 2,925,382
cu. ft.; all other timber, 26,577,869 cu. ft.; number of pine logs,
14,945,670; other logs, 7,621,610.
The Province has 259 steam vessels, with a tonnage of 44,550; and 289
sailing vessels, with a tonnage of 55,058. There are 5 vessels with 14 men,
and 1,129 boats with 2,101 men and 928,008 fathoms of nets engaged in the
681 fisheries. Product for 1881: herring, 15,605 barrels; whitefish, 38,301
barrels; trout, 55,497 barrels; other fish, 18,817 barrels; fish oil, 1,629
gallons.
Population of the Province, 1881, 1,923,228; male, 976,461; female, 946767
Number of churches, 5,075: of which 2,375 are Methodist, 852 Presbyterian,
680 Church of England, 389 Baptist, and 367 Roman Catholic. There are 21
hospitals, and 22 orphanages. Number of colleges and universities, 17;
boarding schools, 44.
There is an excellent system of free schools under the control of a
Minister of Education and a Chief Superintendent. School pop., 405,857.
Number of high schools, public and private, 410; public elementary schools,
5,313. Number miles of railway in the Province, 5223 {67}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{68}
QUEBEC. Kwe-bek'.
One of the most important of the Canadian Provinces. Earliest settlement
made by Europeans, in 1541; first permanent settlement made by the French
on the present site of the city of Quebec, 1608. Country occupied by the
French until 1759, when, through the victory of Gen. Wolfe, it fell into
the hands of the English.
Area, census of 1881, 188,688 square miles. Total amount of land occupied,
12,625,877 acres; improved, 6,410,264 acres, of which 4,147,984 were under
crop, 2,207,422 in pasture, and 54,858 in gardens and orchards. Population,
1,359,027: male, 678,175; female, 680,852.
While the climate is similar to that of Ontario, it is colder in winter,
and warmer in summer. At Montreal the winters are very severe, the
temperature often ranging from zero to 10deg and even 30deg below it, and
in summer it is frequently 90deg in the shade.
Public affairs are administered by a Lieutenant Governor, assisted by an
Executive Council, a Legislative Council of 24 members, and a Legislative
Assembly of 65 members. The Province sends 24 members to the Dominion
Senate. Quebec is the capital; population, 62,446. Montreal the commercial
metropolis of the Province, and also of the Dominion; population, 140,747.
The surface of the country is varied, consisting of extensive forests,
large rivers, lakes and prairies, and bold, rocky heights. The Province
abounds in numerous minerals.
Agricultural products for 1881: wheat, 2,019,004 bushels; barley, 1,751,539
bushels; oats, 19,990,205 bushels; rye, 430,242 bushels; peas and beans,
4,170,456 bushels; buckwheat, 2,041,670 bushels; corn, 888,169 bushels;
potatoes, 14,873,287 bushels; turnips, 1,572,476 bushels; hay, 1,612,104
tons; grass and clover seed, 119,306 bushels; tobacco, 2,356,581 pounds;
hops, 218,542 pounds.
This Province produces three times as much maple sugar as all the others
combined; total amount produced 1881, 15,687,835 pounds; amount of honey
produced, 559,024 pounds; apples, 777,557 bushels; grapes, 158,031 pounds.
Value of fur product, $163,310. Butter produced on farms, 1881, 30,630,397
pounds; cheese, 559,278 pounds; wool, 2,730,544 pounds; cloth and flannel,
2,958,180 yards; flax and hemp, 865,310 pounds; linen, 1,120,301 yards.
Farm animals in the Province, 1881: horses, 273,852; oxen, 49,237; milch
cows and other cattle, 900,096; sheep, 889,833; swine, 329,199.
Public instruction is under a Superintendent of Education. School pop.,
209,623. Number of elementary public schools, 4,404; pupils, 170,858;
colleges, 44; academies, 246; special schools, 18; normal, 3; model, 333.
The forests are extensive, and the lumbering and shipbuilding interests are
large. Timber product, 1881: pine, 5,495,183 cu. ft.; oak, 59,587 cu. ft.;
tamarack, 2,707,745 cu. ft.; birch and maple, 2,784,395 cu. ft.; all other
timber, 14,612,669 cu. ft. Number of logs produced, 13,582,407; masts and
spars, 104,248.
There are in the Province 293 steam vessels; tonnage, 132,097: 757 sailing
vessels; tonnage, 110,356. The fisheries furnish employment to 14,744 men;
there are 146 vessels and 6,761 boats engaged in this industry. Products of
the fisheries, 1881: cod, 462,388 quintals; herring, 130,354 barrels;
mackerel, 10,725 barrels; sardines, 4,360 barrels; canned lobsters, 517,734
pounds; all other fish, 101,861 barrels; fish oil, 263,374 barrels.
The prevailing religion is Roman Catholic. The number adhering to that
faith is 1,170,718, or about seven-eighths of the entire population. Number
of churches in the Province, 1,280, of which 712 are Roman Catholic. Number
of hospitals, 29; orphanages, 11. There are 1,911 miles of railway. {69}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{70}
NOVA SCOTIA. No'va Sko'she-a.
A Province of the Dominion of Canada, created in 1784; became part of the
Dominion, 1867. Area, 20,907 square miles. Population, 1881, 440,572.
Executive authority vested in Lieutenant Governor and Executive Council;
legislative, in Legislative Council and House of Assembly.
Capital, Halifax; pop., 36,100. Capital of Cape Breton Island, Sydney. Soil
generally fertile. Principal products are wheat, rye, oats, barley,
potatoes and Indian corn. Grain product, 1880, 5,570,444 bushels; potatoes,
6,961,016 bushels; hay, 414,046 tons. Timber product, 1881, 3,144,323 cubic
feet. Fisheries employ 755 vessels, 13,214 boats and 26,900 men; latest
reports give 715,781 quintals of cod, haddock and hake; other fish, 301,756
barrels; lobsters, 3,841,467 lbs.; fish oil, 275,352 gallons.
There is a good system of common schools, organized In 1864. Annual
expenditure for educational purposes, about $700,000. Miles of railway,
500; many short canals.
NEW BRUNSWICK.
Settled by French, 1639, and formed with Nova Scotia part of Arcadia. First
British settlers came from Scotland, 1764. Province created 1784; became
part of the Dominion, 1867.
Government vested in a Lieutenant Governor, an Executive, a Legislative
Council and a House of Assembly. Area, 27,174 square miles. Population,
321,233. Capital, Fredericton; pop., 6,218.
Climate subject to extremes; temperature in winter, 30deg; in summer,
95deg. Soil exceedingly fertile. In 1881, acres in crops, 849,678; in
pasture, 392,169. Products: grain, 5,490,896 bushels; potatoes, 6,961,016;
hay, 414,046 tons. In 1881, wool product, 760,531 pounds. The number of
horses in 1881 was 52,975; oxen, 8,812; horned cattle, 203,748; sheep,
221,163; swine, 53,087.
There is a good system of non-sectarian free schools in the Province.
Telegraphic and railway communication throughout the Province. Number miles
of railway, 1,148.
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.
A Province of the Dominion of Canada, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. First
settled by the French, who ceded it to Great Britain in 1758. Province
created 1768; admitted into the Dominion, 1873. Area, 27,174 square miles.
Total land occupied, 1,126,653 acres; improved, 596,731 acres; under crops,
467,211 acres.
Climate milder than that of the adjoining continent. All ordinary cereals
may be cultivated. Grain product, 1881: 4,301,110 bu.; potatoes, 6,042,191
bu.; turnips, 1,198,407 bu.; butter, 1,688,690 pounds; cheese, 196,273
pounds. Farm animals, 328,734.
Population, 108,891: male, 54,729; female, 54,162. Capital, Charlottetown;
population, 11,485.
The government is vested in a Lieutenant Governor, an Executive and a
Legislative Council and a House of Assembly.
The fisheries are very valuable. Products, 1881: cod, 18,736 quintals;
herring, 21,501 bbls; mackerel, 91,792 bbls; canned lobsters, 3,275,316
lbs; oysters, 175,408 bbls; fish oil, 8,139 gals.
The Province owns 11 steam vessels, and 224 sailing vessels, with a tonnage
of 45,237. Timber product, 1881, 910,200 cu. ft.
Number of churches, 231. Free school system introduced 1853. School
population, 22,711. Number of district schools, 355; grammar, 15; high, 46;
colleges, 3. Number of miles of railway, 200. {71}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{72}
MANITOBA. Man-i-to'ba.
A Province of the Dominion of Canada, formerly known as the Red River
Settlement, and also Assiniboia; admitted into the Confederation in 1870.
Area, 123,200 square miles. Population, 65,954. The climate is healthful
and cold; average summer temperature, 65deg; winter, 3deg below zero.
Government is in the hands of a Lieutenant Governor, appointed by the
Governor General of the Dominion, with an Executive Council of 6 members
and a Legislative Assembly. Manitoba sends 3 Senators to the Dominion
Senate. Capital, Winnipeg; pop., 7,985.
Surface level. Land occupied, 2,384,337 acres; improved, 250,416 acres;
under crops, 230,264 acres. Principal crop, wheat; latest reported product,
1,033,673 bu.; oats, 1,270,268 bu.; barley, 253,604 bu. Farm animals, 1881:
horses, 16,739; oxen, 12,269; milch cows and other cattle, 48,012. Butter
made on farms, 957,152 lbs.; cheese, 19,613 lbs. Timber produced, 895,445
cu. ft.
The Canadian Pacific Railway has 670 miles in the Province. There are 4
colleges and 5 boarding schools. No. of churches, 88.
NORTHWEST TERRITORIES.
This large possession was purchased by the Dominion from the Hudson's Bay
Company in 1870. In 1882 a portion of it was subdivided into four
districts: Assiniboia, 95,000 square miles; Saskatchewan, 114,000 square
miles; Alberta, 100,000 square miles; Athabasca, 122,000 square miles.
Area of the Territories, 2,665,252 square miles. Total land occupied,
314,107 acres, of which 28,833 acres are improved. Furs from this country
are found in every market of the world; value of the product for 1881,
$428,177. Timber product, 109,873 cu. ft.
The country is well watered by numerous large lakes and rivers. There are
at least 600,000 square miles fitted for agriculture. One of the most
fertile belts is the Saskatchewan, through a portion of which the Canadian
Pacific Railway passes.
Public affairs in the hands of a Lieutenant Governor and Council. Capital,
Regina. Number of churches, 44. School population, 578.
Population, census of 1881, 56,446: male, 28,113; female, 28,333.
BRITISH COLUMBIA. Ko-l[)u]m'be-a'.
Colony established 1858; admitted into the Dominion, 1871. Area, including
Vancouver's Island, 341,305 square miles. Population, 49,459. Climate
milder than that of same latitude on the Atlantic coast. Country traversed
by Rocky and Cascade Mountains. Loftiest peak, Mount Browne, 16,000 feet
high. Government consists of a Lieutenant Governor, an Executive Council,
and a Legislative Assembly, elected by the people. Capital, Victoria; pop.,
5,925.
Amount of land occupied, 441,255 acres; improved, 184,885 acres. Grain
product, 1881, 559,220 bu.; potatoes, 556,193 bu.; hops, 24,899 lbs. Farm
animals, 151,202. Butter made on farms, 343,387 lbs.; cheese, 33,252. Value
of fur product, $153,442. Timber product, 2,427,882 cu. ft. There are 406
fisheries. Salmon product, 50,105 bbls.; other fish, 12,767 bbls. Fish oil
237,492 gals.
The mineral wealth of the Province is very great, the chief source being
coal. On the mainland and Vancouver's Island large deposits of bituminous
coal are found, and on Queen Charlotte's Island a fine grade of anthracite.
Gold is found in various localities. In ten years the yield in the Province
exceeded $22,000,000. {73}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{74}
ALASKA. A-las'-ka.
At the time of its discovery by the Russians, it was called by the natives
Alayeska, which has changed through Alaksa and Alashka to its present form.
Largest possession of United States; discovered by Vitus Behring, 1741;
purchased from Russia, 1867.
Area, 531,409 square miles: Arctic division, 125,245; Yukon, 176,515;
Kuskokvim, 114,975; Aleutian, 14,610; Kadiak, 70,884; Southeastern, 28,980.
Extreme length, north and south, 1,100 miles; extreme breadth, 800 miles.
Yukon, the great highway through the country, navigable in summer about 700
miles; coast line, exclusive of smaller indentations, over 4,000 miles.
Climate of Pacific coast much modified by the Pacific gulf stream and the
long days of summer: mean annual temperature of Yukon country, about 25deg;
at Sitka, about 44deg; winter temperature at latter place about that of
Washington, D.C. Rainfall copious, and foggy weather common on coasts and
islands; Sitka one of rainiest places in the world outside the tropics, the
annual precipitation being 65 to 90 inches, and number rainy days 200 to
285.
Sitka is seat of Bishop of Greek church, and headquarters of the Governor,
who assumed official control, December, 1884. Pop., 995: white, 163;
creole, 219; Thlinket, 613. Other settlements next in importance are Fort
St. Nicholas, Cook's Inlet and Fort St. Michael, Norton's Sound. Harbors at
Port Clarence, Michaelooski and Captain's Harbor.
Salaries Territor'l Officers.
Governor $3,000
District Judge 3,000
Clerk of Dist. Court
& ex-officio Sec. & Treas. 2,500
Dist. Attorney 2,500
Marshal and Surveyor General 2,600
Col. of Customs 2,500 & fees
3 Deputy Colls. 1,500
1 Deputy Col. 1,200
2 Inspectors, per day 3
[Illustration]
Number persons employed in fisheries, 6,130; capital invested, $447,000;
value of products, $2,661,640; value of seal fisheries, $2,096,500; value
general fisheries, $564,640.
Total pop., 33,426; white, 430; creole, 1,756; Innuit, 17,617; Aleut,
2,145; Tinneh, 3,927; Thlinket, 6,763; Hyda, 788.
Aleutian and Sitka districts are the agricultural regions. Most fertile
land near Cook's Inlet; good oats, barley and root crops are raised here
without much difficulty. Rich grass land in the valley of Yukon, but
extreme dampness and want of summer heat prevent the ripening of grain.
Timber abundant on mainland; yellow cedar the best, being of great value
for boat-building. Edible berries are plentiful.
A fine quality of white marble is found on Lynn Channel; coal, amber and
lignite on Aleutian Islands, the best coal being on Cook's Inlet. Gold,
silver, copper, cinnabar and iron are found; sulphur is abundant in
volcanic districts.
Noted for its fur-bearing animals, the chief of which are beaver, ermine,
fox, marten, otter, squirrel and wolf. The main source of revenue is the
fur seal, the taking of which is regulated by law. The United States
receives a revenue from the company to which the monopoly of the trade is
granted. The walrus is of value in furnishing ivory and oil. Whales, cod,
herring and halibut abound, and various species of salmon are found. {75}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{76}
MEXICO.
A large republic, forming southwestern boundary of the United States. Area,
743,948 square miles; northern frontier, 1,400 miles; southern frontier,
345 miles; seacoast, 6,086 miles. Number of States, 27; Federal District,
1; Territories, 2.
POLITICAL DIVISIONS.
----------------+--------+-------------+-------------------+----------
Name. | Area, | Population. | Capitals. | Pop.
|Sq. Mls.| | |
----------------+--------+-------------+-------------------+----------
Aguascalientes | 2,895 | 139,800 | Aguascalientes | 39,000
Campeche | 25,832 | 90,413 | Campeche | 12,600
Chiapas | 16,048 | 200,000 | San Cristobal | 15,000
Chihuahua | 83,746 | 245,657 | Chihuahua | 20,000
Coahuila | 50,890 | 144,594 | Saltillo | 24,000
Colima | 3,743 | 65,827 | Colima | 31,744
Durango | 42,510 | 200,000 | Durango | 28,000
Guanajuato | 11,411 | 898,072 | Guanajuato | 73,500
Guerrero | 24,550 | 325,000 | Chilpancingo | 3,300
Hidalgo | 8,163 | 500,000 | Pachuca | 25,000
Jalisco | 39,168 | 934,850 | Guadalajara | 93,875
Mexico | 7,838 | 710,579 | Toluca | 13,500
Michoacan | 25,689 | 784,108 | Morelia | 25,000
Morelos | 1,776 | 160,300 | Cuernavaca | 16,000
Nuevo Leon | 23,635 | 210,000 | Monterey | 50,000
Oaxaca | 33,591 | 754,468 | Oaxaca | 26,708
Puebla | 12,021 | 784,466 | Puebla | 78,000
Queretaro | 3,207 | 203,290 | Queretaro | 36,000
San Luis Potosi | 27,500 | 650,000 | San Luis Potosi | 56,800
Sinaloa | 36,198 | 201,918 | Culiacan | 9,000
Sonora | 79,021 | 141,000 | Ures | 5,000
Tabasco | 11,851 | 104,759 | San Juan Bautista | 12,000
Tamaulipas | 30,225 | 141,000 | Victoria | 8,000
Tlaxcala | 1,620 | 138,988 | Tlaxcala | 18,000
Vera Cruz | 26,232 | 595,780 | Jalapa | 12,000
Yucatan | 29,567 | 450,000 | Merida | 61,000
Zacatecas | 22,998 | 470,000 | Zacatecas | 16,500
----------------+--------+-------------+-------------------+----------
TERRITORIES.
----------------+--------+-------------+-------------------+----------
Federal District| 461 | 439,769 | Mexico |350,000
Lower California| 61,562 | 30,000 | La Paz | 4,000
Tepic | | | Tepic | 9,000
----------------+--------+-------------+-------------------+----------
LATEST REPORTED EXPORTS.
Coffee $ 1,193 | Brazil Wood $ 54,450
Eagle Dollars 176,123 | Silver Coin and Bullion 69,541
Gold Bullion 79,640 | Silver Ore 55,446
Fruit 60,681 | Cattle Hides 127,847
* * * * *
Number cattle ranches, 20,574; value, $501,249,500. Number cattle in
Northern Mexico,--area, 300,000 square miles,--1,500,000; goats, 2,500,000;
horses, 1,000,000; sheep, 1,000,000.
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.
Cotton $6,429,454 | Wheat $ 16,970,789
Pulque 8,769,700 | Corn 109,169,429
Sugar 8,527,290 | ------------
| Total Ag. Prod. $172,721,803
{77}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{78}
UNITED STATES.
A republic occupying the central portion of North America, together with
Alaska, in extreme northwest.
Area land surface, 3,547,000 square miles; greatest length, east and west,
about 2,800 miles; average breadth, about 1,200 miles; British American
boundary, 3,540 miles; Mexican, 1,550 miles; coast line, exclusive of land
indentations, 5,715 miles; lake shore line, 3,450 miles. Number States, 38;
Territories, 10.
New York ranks first in population; Pennsylvania, second; Ohio, third;
Illinois, fourth. New York City, metropolis of republic; Philadelphia ranks
second; Brooklyn, third; Chicago, fourth. Washington, capital; population,
147,293.
Railway mileage, 1830, 23, having increased to 126,718, January, 1886.
Increase, 1885, 3,214
Salt Industry. Breweries.
Capital $8,225,740 | Number 2,741
Bushels 29,800,298 | Quantity Brewed 513,192,120 gals.
Value $4,817,636 | Consumption per head 10-1/4 gals.
Imported Merchandise. Immigrants.
Gums $ 4,400,166 | Professional occupations 2,284
Tea 13,636,053 | Skilled 55,061
Breadstuffs 6,704,543 | Miscellaneous 184,195
Laces, etc. 10,012,894 | Occupations not stated 31,665
Manuf. of Silk 36,673,646 | Without occupation 245,387
Wines 5,660,833 | -------
| Total 518,592
STATISTICS FOR YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1884.
Whale Fisheries $1,517,353 | Breadstuffs exported $162,544,715
Other Fisheries 4,731,043 | Cotton and manuf. of,
---------- | exported 208,900,415
Total $6,248,396 | Coal, exported 5,031,959
Total value of dutiable merchandise imported $457,813,509
Total value merchandise imported free from duty 209,884,184
IMPORTS. EXPORTS.
Merchandise $667,697,693 $740,513,609
Coin and Bullion 37,426,262 67,133,383
DOMESTIC EXPORTS. FOREIGN EXPORTS.
Merchandise $724,964,852 $15,548,757
Coin and Bullion 50,225,635 16,907,748
COMMERCE OF PACIFIC COAST.
IMPORTS. EXPORTS.
Europe $5,156,311 $31,225,433
Asia, Australasia and Oceanica 18,766,855 4,166,516
Hawaiian Islands 7,925,925 3,109,697
Mexico, Central and South America 2,738,444 3,321,938
British Columbia 1,283,931 2,502,954
All other 1,308,064 2,059,746
----------- -----------
Totals $37,179,530 $46,386,284
Total value of products of industry $10,000,000,000
Average annual coal production 77,908,874 tons.
Average annual value exports domestic merchandise $794,060,103
Average annual value imports domestic merchandise 635,227,511
Average annual value exports of cotton 12,322,428
Average annual value imports cotton manufactures 32,285,660
{79}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{80}
MAINE. M[=a]n.
"PINE TREE STATE."
Settled by the English at Bristol, 1624; admitted 1820.
Area, 33,040 square miles; extreme length, 300 miles; extreme breadth, 210
miles; shore line over 2,400 miles, including islands; the Penobscot,
Androscoggin, Saco, St. Croix, Aroostook and St. John are the most
important streams. Number counties, 16.
Temperature of Portland: winter, 23deg to 38deg; summer, 63deg to 69deg.
Rainfall at Brunswick, 45 inches.
Portland, the metropolis and principal seaport; pop., 31,413. Augusta, the
capital; pop., 8,665. Bangor, a port of entry and lumber centre; pop.,
16,856. Biddeford, an important manufacturing town; pop, 12,651. Lewiston,
principal seat cotton manufactures; pop., 19,083.
Number farms, 64,309; average value per acre, cleared land, $12.87;
woodland, $12.66. Hay the most valuable crop, yielding l,214,033 tons in
1883; corn crop, 1884, 1,062,000 bu.: wheat, 629,400 bu.; oats, 2,428,000
bu.; latest reported dairy products, 3,720,783 gallons milk, 14,109,966
lbs. butter and 1,945,095 lbs. cheese.
Lumbering one of chief industries, forests covering over 10,000,000 acres;
number saw-mills, 848; total products, $7,933,868.
Fisheries give employment to 11,071 persons, and produce an income of
$3,614,178, including oyster fisheries, valued at $37,500.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor $2,000
Sec'y of State 1,200
Treasurer 1,600
Attorney Gen. 1,000
Adjutant Gen. 900
Sup. Com. Schls 1,000
Sec. Bd. of Agr. 600
State Librarian 600
Chief Justice 3,000
7 Asso. Justices 3,000
Senators, } $150;
Representatives } mileage, 20 cents.
District Judge 3,500
Col. Int. Rev. 2,500
Col. Customs 6,000
Surveyor Cus. 4,500
Pension Agt. 4,000
[Illustration]
Presidential P. O.
Auburn $2,200
Augusta 3,100
Bangor 2,700
Bath 2,200
Belfast 1,800
Biddeford 2,200
Brunswick 1,700
Calais 1,600
Eastport 1,500
Ellsworth 1,500
Gardiner 1,800
Hallowell 1,600
Lewiston 2,500
Portland 3,300
Rockland 2,100
Saco 1,700
Skowhegan 1,700
Waterville 2,000
19 P.O. 1,500 to 1,000
Valuable slate quarries from the Kennebec to the Penobscot; granite is
obtained in blocks of immense size; latest reported product, 2,203,670
cubic feet; value, $1,175,286. Ranks fifth in buckwheat and copper; eighth
in hops and potatoes.
The State has 379 shipbuilding establishments; number new vessels built,
88; boats, 970; total value, $2,909,846.
Pop., 648,936: male, 324,058; female, 324,878; native, 590,053; foreign,
58,883; white, 646,852; colored, 1,451; Chinese, 8; Indians, 625.
State elections, second Monday in September; congressional and
presidential, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 31;
Representatives, 151; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting
first Wednesday in January; limit of session, none; terms of Senators and
Representatives, 2 years each.
Number electoral votes, 6; number voters, 187,323; paupers and Indians not
taxed excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 3; system of common, high and normal schools excellent; of
519,669 persons 10 years old and upward, 3.5 per cent. are unable to read;
school age, 4-21.
Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, any rate. {81}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{82}
NEW HAMPSHIRE. N[=u] Hamp'shir.
"GRANITE STATE."
One of the thirteen original States; settled by English Puritans at Dover
and Portsmouth, 1623.
Area, 9,335 square miles; length, 180 miles; average breadth, 45 miles;
seacoast, 18 miles; best harbor at Portsmouth. Number counties, 10.
Average temperature at Concord, 46deg; Hanover,43deg; Manchester, 49deg;
Portsmouth, 46deg. Rainfall at Hanover, 40 inches.
Manchester, chief city and manufacturing town, pop., 32,630. Pop. Nashua,
13,397; Concord, 13,843; Dover, 11,687; Portsmouth, 9690
Number farms, 32,181; average value per acre, cleared land, $15; woodland,
$32. Hay the most valuable crop, yielding nearly 600,000 tons by last
report; corn crop, 1884, 1,286,000 bu., 33 bu. to the acre; wheat, 170,700
bu., 14.6 bu. to the acre; oats, 993,000 bu., 32.4 bu. to the acre.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor $1,000
Sec. State $800 & fees
Treasurer 1,800
Attorney Gen. 2,200
Supt. Pub. Ins. 2,000
3 R. R. Commission'rs 2,000 to 2,500
Adjutant Gen. 1,000
Sec. Bd. Agr. 1,000
Librarian 800
Chief Justice 2,900
6 Asso. Justices 2,700
Senators, } $3 a day
Representatives } and mileage.
District Judge 3,500
Pension Agent 4,000
Col. Int. Rev. 1,125
[Illustration]
Presidential P. O.
Claremont $1,800
Concord 2,700
Dover 2,300
Exeter 1,600
Franklin Falls 1,400
Great Falls 1,700
Hanover 1,500
Keene 2,300
Laconia 1,700
Lancaster 1,500
Lebanon 1,700
Littleton 1,600
Manchester 2,300
Milford 1,400
Nashua 2,500
Plymouth 1,500
Portsmouth 2,400
Rochester 1,600
14 P.O. $1,300 to 1,000
Ranks third in manufacture of cotton goods, value, $18,228,573; value
woolen goods, $8,113,839; worsted goods, $2,694,232; sawed lumber,
$3,842,012; leather, $4,477,350; paper, $1,731,170; boots and shoes,
$7,230,804; flouring and grist mill products, $2,542,784; hosiery and knit
goods, $2,362,779.
Mica is quarried at Grafton, and is very valuable; soapstone is found at
Haverhill, Keene and Francestown; granite of fine quality is quarried at
Plymouth, Troy, Roxbury, Concord and elsewhere.
Population, 346,991: male, 170,526; female, 176,465; native, 300,697;
foreign, 46,294; white, 346,229; colored, 685; Chinese, 14; Indians, 63.
State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday
in November; number Senators, 24; Representatives, 321; sessions of
legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in
June; limit of session, none; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2
years each.
Number electoral votes, 4; number voters, 105,138. Paupers are excluded
from voting.
Dartmouth College, at Hanover, founded 1769; compulsory education law;
common schools excellent; school age, 5-15.
Mount Washington, highest point east of the Mississippi excepting two or
three peaks in North Carolina; a three-mile railroad extends to the summit.
No asylum for deaf, dumb or blind.
Legal interest, 6; usury forfeits thrice the excess. {83}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{84}
VERMONT. Ver-mont'.
"GREEN MOUNTAIN STATE."
First settled by Massachusetts emigrants near Brattleboro, 1724; admitted
1791,--the first State to join the original thirteen.
Area, 9,565 square miles, a little larger than New Hampshire; length, 150
miles; breadth, 35 to 50 miles. Lake Champlain frontage, over 100 miles;
Burlington the chief harbor. Number counties, 14.
Temperature at Burlington: winter, 18deg to 33deg; summer, 66deg to 71deg;
rainfall, 34 inches. Death rate, only 1.07 per cent. per annum.
Burlington, seat of Vermont lumber trade; pop., 11,365. Montpelier,
capital. Rutland, famous for its marble works; pop., 12,149. Pop. of
Bennington, 6,333; of Saint Albans, 7,193.
First railroad, 1849, from Bellows Falls to Burlington by way of Rutland;
present mileage, 937.
Number farms, 35,522. Average value per acre, cleared land, $15.28;
woodland, $17.73. Corn crop, 1884, 1,998,700 bushels; wheat, 364,500
bushels; oats, 3,625,000 bushels. Latest report for hay, 1,148,100 tons;
potatoes, 4,708,550 bushels; cheese, 6,121,130 lbs.; butter, 25,245,826
lbs.
Salaries State Officers.
Governor $1,000
Lieut. Gov. $6 a day.
Sec'y of State 1,700
Treasurer 1,700
Auditor 2,000
Insp. Finances 500
R. R. Com'r 500
Adjutant Gen. 750
Supt. Pub. Inst'n 1,400
Chief Justice 2,500
6 Asso. Justices 2,500
Senators, Representatives $3 a day.
Dist. Judge 3,500
Col. Int. Rev. 2,650
Col. of Customs 1,000 & fees
[Illustration]
Presidential P. O.
Barre $1,400
Bellows Falls 1,800
Bennington 1,700
Bradford 1,600
Brandon 1,500
Brattleboro 2,400
Burlington 2,600
Fair Haven 1,400
Middlebury 1,700
Montpelier 2,300
Poultney 1,400
Rutland 2,500
St. Albans 2,100
St. Johnsbury 2,200
Springfield 1,500
Vergennes 1,600
West Randolph 1,500
Woodstock 1,500
11 P. O. $1,400 to 1,000
Mineral wealth of great value; manganese, copper pyrites, iron ore, and
gold deposits have been found. Black, white, red and variegated marbles are
abundant; annual value marble, over $3,000,000, and of slate, about
$1,000,000.
Number different industries, 2,874, giving employment to 17,540 persons.
Number butter and cheese establishments, 85; flour and grist, 227;
furniture, 56; leather tanning, 53; lumber sawing, 688; marble and stone
work, 69; wares of tin, sheet-iron and copper, 95.
Ranks fourth in copper, and seventh in hops and buckwheat.
Population: 332,286; male, 166,887; female, 165,399; native, 291,327;
foreign, 40,959; white, 331,218; colored, 1,057: Indians, 11.
State elections biennial, first Tuesday in September; congressional and
presidential, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 30;
Representatives, 240; sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered
years, meeting first Wednesday in October; limit of session, none; terms or
Senators and Representatives, 2 years each.
Number electoral votes, 4; number voters, 95,621. Bribers excluded from
voting.
Number colleges, 2; school population, 99,463: school age, 5-20.
Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits excess of interest. {85}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{86}
MASSACHUSETTS. M[)a]s-sa-ch[=u]'sets.
"OLD BAY STATE."
One of the thirteen original States; first permanent settlement made by
English Puritans, at Plymouth, 1620.
Area, 8,315 square miles; length, northeast and southwest, 160 miles;
breadth, 47 to 100 miles. Number counties, 14.
Temperature at Boston: winter, 27deg to 38deg; summer, 66deg to 71deg;
rainfall, 45 inches.
Boston, capital and metropolis; pop., 390,406. Lowell, Lawrence and Fall
River famous for cotton manufactures; pops., 64,051, 38,845 and 56,863.
Worcester, great railroad and manufacturing centre; pop., 68,383.
Cambridge, seat of Harvard College, the oldest in America, pop., 59,660.
Lynn, famous for manufacture of boots and shoes; pop., 45,861. New Bedford,
greatest whaling port in the world; pop., 33,393. Springfield contains
greatest arsenal in the United States; pop., 37,577.
Number of farms, 38,406; average value per acre, cleared land, $85;
woodland, $43.25. Hay, the most valuable crop; wheat, 1884, 19,000 bushels;
oats, 717,000; corn, 1,941,300 bu. Ranks first in cotton, woolen and
worsted goods, and in cod and mackerel fisheries, owning over half of the
fishing vessels of the United States; second in wealth and commerce; third
in manufactures and in printing and publishing; fourth in silk goods; fifth
in soap; sixth in iron and steel; ninth in agricultural implements.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor $5,000
Lt. Governor 2,000
Sec'y of State 3,000
Treasurer 4,000
Auditor 2,500
Attorney Gen. 4,000
Chief Justice 6,500
6 Asso. Justices 6,000
District Judge 4,000
Senators, }
Representatives } $650 per year.
Pension Ag't 4,000
3 Collectors Int. Rev. 3,000 to 4,500
Coll. of Customs, Boston 8,000
Naval Officer 5,000
[Illustration]
Presidential P. O.
Boston $6,000
Brockton 2,500
Fall River 2,800
Fitchburg 2,600
Gloucester 2,500
Haverhill 2,600
Holyoke 2,700
Lawrence 2,700
Lowell 3,200
Lynn 3,100
New Bedford 3,000
Northampton 2,500
Pittsfield 2,700
Salem 2,700
Springfield 3,200
Taunton 2,600
Worcester 3,300
101 Offices 2,400 to 1,000
Population 1,941,465; male, 932,429; female, 1,009,036; native, 1,459,982;
foreign, 481,483; white, 1,920,498; colored, 20,361; Chinese, 229;
Japanese, 8; Indians, 369.
State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday
in November. Number Senators, 40; Representatives, 240; sessions annual,
meeting first Wednesday in January; limit of session, none; terms of
Senators and Representatives, one year each. Number electoral votes, 14;
number voters, 544,192; native white, 353,347; foreign white, 184,439;
colored, 6,406; Paupers, persons under guardians, non-taxpayers, and men
unable to read and write excluded from voting.
Number quarries, 113; ports of entry, 9; customs districts, 11. First
American newspaper, Boston, 1690; first freight railroad in United States,
Quincy; first American library at Harvard College.
Number colleges, 7; education compulsory; schools excellent; school age,
5-15.
Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, any rate. {87}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{88}
RHODE ISLAND. R[=o]d I'land.
"LITTLE RHODY."
One of the thirteen original States and smallest in the Union; supposed
temporary settlement by Icelanders as early as 1000; settled by Roger
Williams at Providence, 1636; last of the thirteen colonies to ratify the
Constitution, which it did in 1790.
Area, 1,250 square miles; extreme length, north and south, 47 miles;
extreme width, 40 miles. Good harbors at Providence, Bristol, Warren and
Newport, the latter one of the finest in the world. Number counties, 5.
Temperature at Newport: Winter, 29deg to 43deg; summer, 64deg to 71deg:
rainfall, 43 inches.
United States customs districts at Newport, Providence, Bristol and Warren;
two capitals, Providence and Newport; populations, 117,628 and 19,552.
Population of Lincoln, 17,269; of Pawtucket, 22,894; of Warwick, 13,284; of
Woonsocket, 16,145.
Number farms, 6,216. Hay the most valuable crop; yield of 1883, 81,708
tons; potato crop, 845,185 bushels; corn crop, 1884, 890,000 bushels; oats,
161,000 bushels. Latest reported dairy products: milk, 3,831,706 gallons;
butter, 1,007,103 lbs.; cheese, 67,171 lbs.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor $1,000
Lieut. Gov 500
Sec'y of State 2,500
Gen. Treasurer 2,500
State Auditor }
Ins. Com'r } 2,500
Railroad Com'r 500
Attorney Gen 2,500
Adjutant Gen 600
Com. Pub. Schls 2,500
Chief Justice 4,500
4 Asso. Justices 4,000
Senators, } $1 per day
Representatives } mileage 8 cents.
District Judge $3,500
Apr. of Cust'ms 3,000
Clerk 1,200
3 Collectors Fees.
4 Dep. Colls. $1,000 to 2,000
Col. Int. Rev 2,750
5 Dep. Colls. 1,200 to 1,400
Supt. Life Saving Ser. 1,800
Asst. Supt. 1,000
36 Keepers 700
[Illustration]
Presidential P. O.
Bristol $1,700
Central Falls 1,700
E. Greenwich 1,600
Lonsdale 1,300
Newport 2,700
Olneyville 1,700
Pawtucket 2,600
Providence 3,500
Warren 1,300
Westerly 2,100
Woonsocket 2,300
Outranks, in proportion to its size, all other States in value of
manufactures. Number looms, 30,274; spindles, 1,649,295, using 161,694
bales of cotton, and giving employment to 22,228 persons. Ranks second in
cotton, flax and linen goods.
Value of cotton goods manufactured, $24,609,461; woolen goods, $15,410,450;
worsted goods, $6,177,754; boots and shoes, rubber, $1,455,420; dyeing and
finishing textiles, $6,874,254; foundry and machine-shop products,
$6,281,707; jewelry, $5,650,133.
Population. 303,816; male, 146,135; female, 157,681; native, 222,697;
foreign, 81,119; white, 296,585; colored, 7,127; Chinese, 27; Indians, 77.
State elections, first Wednesday in April; congressional, and presidential,
Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 36;
Representatives, 72; sessions annual; meeting last Tuesday in May, at
Newport, and an adjourned session annually at Providence; limit of session,
none; terms of Senators and Representatives, 1 year each.
Number electoral votes, 4; number voters, 84,460; persons without property
to the value of $134 excluded from voting.
Number colleges. 1; Brown's University, at Providence, founded 1764; common
school system excellent; school age, 5-15.
Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, any rate. {89}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{90}
CONNECTICUT Kon-net'e-kut.
"NUTMEG STATE."
Name of Indian origin, signifying Long River.
One of the thirteen original States; first permanent settlement made by
English at Hartford, 1635.
Area, 4,990 square miles; average length, 86 miles; average breadth, 55
miles; seacoast, over 100 miles. Principal river valleys: Thames,
Connecticut and Housatonic. Most important harbors: Bridgeport, New Haven,
New London, Saybrook and Stonington. Number counties, 8.
Temperature at New Haven: winter, 27deg to 40deg; summer, 68deg to 74deg:
rainfall, 44 inches.
Hartford the capital, and noted for banking and insurance business;
population, 42,015. New Haven, "City of Elms," the metropolis, and noted
for educational institutions; population, 62,882. Bridgeport, noted for
manufacture of fire-arms and sewing machines; population, 27,343.
Waterbury, an important manufacturing city; population, 17,806. Fairfield,
Middletown, New Haven, New London and Stonington are ports of entry.
Number farms, 30,598. Average value per acre, cleared land, $29; woodland,
$24.50. Corn crop of 1884, 1,767,790 bu.; wheat, 86,200 bu.; oats,
1,112,000 bu. Latest reported dairy products: milk, 12,289,893 gals.;
butter, 8,292,360 lbs.; cheese, 1,028,015 lbs.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor $4,000
Lieut. Gov. 500
Sec'y of State 1,500
Treasurer 1,500
Comptroller 1,500
Sec. State Bd. Ed. 3,000
Adjutant Gen. 1,200
Ins. Com'r. 3,500
3 R. R. Com'rs. 3,000
Chief Justice 4,500
4 Asso. Justices 4,000
Senators, } $300 and
Representatives } mileage
District Judge 3,500
2 Colls. In. Rev. 3,000
13 Deputy Collectors 800 to 1,775
Stmpd. En. Agt. 2,500
[Illustration]
Presidential P. O.
Ansonia $2,100
Birmingham 2,200
Bridgeport 3,100
Bristol 1,900
Danbury 2,400
Hartford 3,400
Meriden 2,700
Middletown 2,600
New Britain 2,500
New Haven 3,400
New London 2,600
Norwalk 2,000
Norwich 2,700
South Norwich 2,000
Stamford 2,400
Waterbury 2,700
Willimantic 2,100
38 Offices 1,800 to 1,000
Number different industries, 4,488. Capital invested in manufacture: rubber
goods, $1,681,600; carpets, other than rag, $3,085,000; clocks, $1,816,400;
cotton goods, $21,104,200; woolen goods, $7,907,452; sewing machines and
attachments, $6,490,650.
Ranks first in clocks, third in silk goods, fourth in cotton goods, eighth
in tobacco.
Population, 622,700: male, 305,782; female, 316,918; native, 492,708;
foreign, 129,992; white, 610,769; colored, 11,547; Chinese, 123; Japanese,
6; Indians, 255.
State elections, annual, at same date as congressional and presidential;
number Senators, 21; Representatives, 249; meeting of legislature,
Wednesday after first Monday in January; limit, none; term of Senators, 2
years; of Representatives, 1 year.
Number electoral votes, 6; number voters, 177,291. Convicts and those
unable to read are excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 3, having about 160,000 volumes in libraries; Yale
College, at New Haven, founded, 1701. School age, 4-16.
Legal interest rate, 6; no penalty for usury, but more than 6 per cent. can
not be collected by law. {91}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{92}
NEW YORK. "EMPIRE OR EXCELSIOR STATE."
One of the thirteen original States; named in honor of the Duke of York to
whom the patent was granted; first settled by Dutch, on Manhattan Island,
1614.
Area, 49,170 square miles; extreme length, east and west, 412 miles;
extreme breadth, 311 miles; two-thirds of boundaries formed by navigable
rivers; total water frontage, 880 miles. Number counties, 60. Temperature
at Albany: winter, 22deg to 36deg; summer, 67deg to 73deg. Rainfall at
Buffalo, 34 inches, and at Penn Yan, 28 inches.
New York City, chief commercial point of United States, ranking 1st in
exports and imports; pop., 1,206,299,--greater by nearly three-fifths than
that of the Territories. Brooklyn is 2d in size; pop. 566,663. Buffalo,
"Queen City of the Lakes," is, next to Chicago, most important shipping
point for grain on the lakes; pop., 155,134. Rochester, noted for
manufactures and extensive nurseries; pop., 89,366. Syracuse has extensive
salt works; pop., 51,792. Albany, the capital; pop., 90,758; customs
districts, 10.
First railroad, from Albany to Schenectady, 1831; present railroad mileage,
7,349; artificial waterways, 907 miles.
Number farms, 241,058; average value per acre, cleared land, $58.48;
woodland, $40.88
Salaries of State Officers.
Gov'r $10,000 and house
Lieut. Gov. 5,000
Sec'y of State 5,000
Treasurer 5,000
Comptroller 6,000
Attorney Gen. 5,000
Chief Justice 7,500
Senators & } 1,500
Representatives } m'l'ge 10 cts.
3 Dist. Judges 4,000
Pension Agt. 4,000
Pos. Stamp Agt. 2,500
D. Supt. R'y Ser. 2,500
12 Colls. Int. Revenue 2,750 to 4,500
Col. Customs New York 12,000
Supt. Assay O. 4,500
[Illustration]
Presidential P. O.
Albany $3,500
Auburn 2,900
Binghamton 3,000
Brooklyn 3,800
Buffalo 3,800
Elmira 3,000
Lockport 2,700
Newburgh 2,700
New York 8,000
Oswego 2,700
Poughkeepsie 2,900
Rochester 3,600
Saratoga Spr. 2,700
Syracuse 3,400
Troy 3,300
Utica 3,200
Watertown 2,700
204 Post Offices 2,600 to 1,000
Corn crop, 1884, 22,674,300 bu.; wheat, 12,729,000 bu. Latest reported
dairy products: milk, 231,965,533 gallons; butter, 116,119,847 lbs.;
cheese, 117,085,442 lbs. Ranks first in value of manufactures, soap,
printing and publishing, hops, hay, potatoes, buckwheat and milch cows;
second in salt, silk goods, malt and distilled liquors, miles railway and
barley; third in agricultural implements, iron ore, iron and steel, oats
and rye.
Population, 5,082,871: male, 2,505,322; female, 2,577,549; native,
3,871,492; foreign, 1,211,379; white, 5,016,022; colored, 65,104; Chinese,
909; Indians, 819. Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and
legislature every two years; State, congressional and presidential
elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number Senators, 32;
Representatives, 128; sessions of legislature annual, meeting first Tuesday
in January; limit of session, none; term of Senators, 2 years; of
Representatives, 1 year.
Number electoral votes, 36; number voters, 1,408,751; native white,
852,094; foreign white, 536,598. Election betters or bribers, and convicts,
excluded from voting.
Number of colleges, 28; school pop., 1,681,101; school age, 5-21.
Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits principal and interest. {93}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{94}
NEW JERSEY. Jer'zee.
"JERSEY BLUE."
Named in honor of a grantee, Sir George Carteret, at one time Governor of
the Island of Jersey. One of the thirteen original States, settled by
Dutch, at Bergen, 1620. Area, 7,815 square miles; extreme length, 157 mls.;
breadth, 37 to 70 mls.; frontage on Atlantic and Delaware Bay, about 120
miles each. Number counties, 21.
Temperature at Atlantic City: winter, 32deg to 42deg; summer, 66deg to
73deg. Rainfall at Newark, 45 inches.
Newark, Perth Amboy, Great Egg Harbor, Tuckerton, Bridgeton and Lumberton
are ports of entry. Newark, metropolis; population, 152,988. Jersey City, a
suburb of New York; population, 153,513. Trenton, capital; pop. 34,386.
Paterson, manufacturing city; pop., 63,273. Extensive zinc works at Newark
and Jersey City. Pop. Elizabeth, 32,119; Hoboken, 37,721; Camden, 52,884.
Number farms, 34,307. Average value per acre, cleared land, $82.52;
woodland, $56.82. Number engaged in agriculture, 59,214.
Hay the most valuable crop; potato yield, 1883, 4,275,857 bu.; wheat, 1884,
2,022,000 bu.; corn 10,992,032 bu.; cranberry growing a specialty,
Burlington, Ocean and Atlantic counties being especially adapted to this
industry. Central region a vast market garden.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor $5,000
Sec'y of State 6,000
Treasurer 4,000
Comptroller 4,000
Attorney Gen. 7,000
Supt. Pub. Inst. 3,000
Adjutant Gen. 1,200
Librarian 1,500
Chief Justice 7,500
8 Asso. Justic's 7,000
Chancellor 10,000
Senators, Representatives 500 a year
District Judge 3,500
Supt. Life Saving Service 1,800
39 Keepers 700
3 Collectors Int. Rev. $2,375 to 4,500
[Illustration]
Presidential P. O.
Asbury Park $2,300
Atlantic City 2,400
Bridgeton 2,100
Camden 2,800
Elizabeth 2,700
Hoboken 2,400
Jersey City 3,200
Morristown 2,400
Newark 3,400
New Brunswick 2,500
Orange 2,300
Paterson 2,800
Plainfield 2,500
Rahway 2,200
Trenton 3,100
Washington 3,100
46 P.O., 2,000 to 1,100
Latest reports give, for cotton used, 20,569 bales; 108 factories for silk
and silk goods, and number hands employed, 12,549; 2,234 hands employed in
jewelry factories; number of flour and grist mills, 481; brick and tile
factories, 107.
Latest figures received for iron ore, 757,372; value sea fisheries,
$1,115,154; oysters sold, $2,080,625; marl dug in 1882, 1,080,000 tons.
Ranks first in fertilizing marl, zinc and silk goods; fourth in iron ore;
fifth in iron and steel; sixth in buckwheat and soap; seventh in rye.
Population, 1,131,116: male, 559,922; female, 571,194; native, 909,416;
foreign, 221,700: white, 1,092,017; colored, 38,853; Chinese, 172; Indians,
74.
State elections annual; same date as congressional and presidential; number
of Senators 21, of Representatives, 60; meeting of legislature, 2d Tuesday
in January; limit of session, none; term of Senators, 3 years; of
Representatives, 1 year. Number electoral votes, 9; number voters, 300,635.
Paupers, idiots, insane and convicts excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 4; number enrolled in public schools, 209,526; school age,
5-18.
Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits entire interest. {95}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{96}
PENNSYLVANIA. Pen-sil-va'ne-ah.
"KEYSTONE STATE."
Named in honor of William Penn, the grantee. One of the thirteen original
States. First permanent settlement made by Swedes at Chester, 1638.
Area, 45,215 square miles; extreme length, 303 miles; greatest breadth, 176
miles. Largest rivers, Delaware, Susquehanna, Alleghany Monongahela, Ohio.
Number counties, 67. Temp. at Philadelphia: winter, 31deg to 42deg; summer,
70deg to 75deg: rainfall, 44 in.
Philadelphia founded 1682; chief city of State, and second in U. S.;
contains U. S. mint and navy yard; pop., 846,984. Pittsburg, extensive
manufacturing city; pop., 156,389. Harrisburg is capital; pop., 30,762.
Philadelphia, Pittsburg and Erie are ports of entry.
Number farms, 156,357, averaging about 100 acres each. Average value per
acre, cleared land, $45.75; woodland, $29.75. Corn crop, 1884, 43,466,000
bushels; wheat, 20,820,000 bushels; annual value butter, milk and cheese,
over $35,000,000.
Manufacture of pig iron the great industry; total production in U. S.,
1880, 4,295,414 tons, of which Penn. produced 2,083,121 tons. Number
manufacturing establishments, 10,381; flour and grist, 2,873; iron and
steel, 321; sawed lumber, 2,826; paper, 78; woolen goods, 324.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor $10,000
Lieut. Gov. 3,000
Sec'y of State 4,000
Treasurer 5,000
Auditor Gen. 3,000
Attorney Gen. 3,500
Chief Justice 8,500
6 Asso. Justices 8,000
Senators, } $1,000 for 100 days.
Representatives. } $10 per d.
Mileage 5 cents.
2 Dist. Judges 4,000
2 Pension Agts. 4,000
10 Colls. Int. Revenue 4,500 to 2,375
Col. Customs, Philadelp'ia 8,000
[Illustration]
Presidential P. O.
Alleghany $2,900
Allentown 2,600
Altoona 2,500
Bradford 2,700
Easton 2,600
Erie 3,000
Harrisburg 3,100
Lancaster 2,900
Meadville 2,500
Philadelphia 6,000
Pittsburg 3,800
Reading 3,000
Scranton 2,900
Titusville 2,500
Wilkesbarre 2,700
Williamsport 2,800
York 2,700
149 Offices. 2,400 to 1,000
Anthracite coal field central division; bituminous in west and southwest.
Produces all the anthracite and more than half the bituminous coal of the
United States.
Ranks first in rye, iron and steel, petroleum and coal; second in
buckwheat, potatoes and printing and publishing; third in milch cows, hay,
soap and miles railway; fourth in oats and tobacco; fifth in silk goods,
malt and distilled liquors; sixth in salt, copper, and agricultural
implements; eighth in horses and sheep.
Population, 4,282,891: male, 2,136,655; female, 2,146,236; native,
3,695,062; foreign, 587,829; white, 4,197,016; colored, 85,535; Chinese,
148; Japanese, 8; Indians, 184.
State elections annual, same date as congressional and presidential; number
Senators, 50; of Representatives, 201; sessions biennial, meeting first
Tuesday in January; limit of session, 150 days; term of Senators, 4 years;
of Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 30; number voters,
1,094,284. Non-taxpayers and political bribers excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 26; enrolled in public schools, 945,345; school age, 6-21.
Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits excess of interest. {97}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{98}
DELAWARE. Del'a-war.
"THE DIAMOND STATE."
One of the thirteen original States; named in honor of Lord Delaware,
Governor of Virginia, who entered the bay, 1610. First permanent settlement
made by Swedes, near present city of Wilmington, 1638. First to ratify
Federal constitution, 1787.
Area, 2,050 square miles; extreme length, 96 miles; breadth, about 36 miles
on south, and 10 miles on north. Number counties, 8. Temperature at
Delaware breakwater: winter, 30deg to 38deg; summer, 69deg to 74deg:
rainfall, about 50 inches.
Wilmington, metropolis, and has important coasting trade; population,
42,478. Dover is capital. Breakwater protecting Delaware Bay at Cape
Henlopen greatest work of its kind in America, cost the United States
$2,127,400, and was over 40 years in course of construction.
Number farms, 6,658, of which 5,041 are occupied by owners. Average value
per acre, cleared land, $19; woodland, $15.
Corn crop of 1884, 3,975,000 bushels; wheat, 1,007,000 bushels; peaches,
berries and garden products find ready market. Value peach crop, over
$1,500,000 annually. The growing of sweet potatoes a valuable industry.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor $2,000
Secy' of State 1,000
Treasurer 1,450
Auditor 700
Adjutant Gen. 200
Attorney Gen. 2,000
Supt. Pub. Ins. 1,500
State Librarian 450
Chief Justice 2,500
Chancellor 2,500
3 Asso. Justices 2,200
Senators, } $3 pr. day
Representatives } and mileage.
District Judge 3,500
Dist. Att. $200 & fees
Col. Inter. Rev. 2,875
6 Deputy Collectors $900 to 1,600
Clerk 1,000
Collector of Customs 500 & fees
2 Deputy Collectors 500 to 1600
5 Boatmen 300
[Illustration]
Presidential P. O.
Dover $1,700
Middletown 1,300
Milford 1,400
Newark 1,200
Newcastle 1,100
Smyrna 1,400
Wilmington 3,100
Number different industries, 746; flour and grist mills, 81; canning and
preserving, 33; shipbuilding, 18; lumber sawing, 86.
Canning and preserving fruits and vegetables an important industry; capital
invested, $396,379; value of products, $634,940.
Capital invested in fisheries, $268,231; persons employed, 1,979. Value
products general fisheries, $309,029: menhaden, $941; oysters, $687,725:
total, $997,695.
Value manufactured cotton goods, $1,057,257; iron and steel, $2,347,177;
iron pipe, wrought, $2,000,000; leather, dressed skins, $1,886,597;
shipbuilding, $2,162,503. Products of all manufacturing and mechanical
industries, $20,514,438.
Pop., 146,608: male, 74,108; female, 72,500; native, 137,140; foreign,
9,468; white, 120,166; colored, 26,442; slaves, 1860, 1,798.
State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday
in November; number Senators, 9; Representatives, 21; sessions of
legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Tuesday in
January; limit of session, 21 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of
Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 3; number voters, 38,298.
Idiots, insane, paupers and criminals excluded from voting.
Colleges at Newark and Wilmington; school age: 6-21.
Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits the principal. {99}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{100}
MARYLAND. M[=a]'re-land.
One of the thirteen original States; named in honor of Maria, wife of
Charles II., King of England; first permanent settlement made by English
Roman Catholics at St. Mary's, 1634.
Area, 12,210 square miles; greatest length, east and west, 196 miles;
seacoast, 83 miles, or, including the tidewater region of Chesapeake Bay,
411 miles, and, with shores of islands, 509 miles. Number counties, 23.
Temperature at Baltimore: winter, 33deg to 41deg; summer, 73deg to 79deg;
rainfall, 41 inches.
Baltimore, the metropolis; laid out 1730; port of entry and commercial
centre; has regular lines European steamers; pop., 332,313. Annapolis,
capital; contains United States Naval Academy; pop. 5,744. Cumberland,
depot of western mining region; pop., 10,693.
Number farms, 1860, 25,494; 1880, 40,517. Average value per acre cleared
land, $24.65; woodland, $35.50.
Value principal orchard products,--peaches, pears, plums and
apples,--nearly $2,000,000; canned and preserved fruits and vegetables,
over $2,000,000; oyster fisheries, nearly $5,000,000.
Wheat crop, 1884, 8,260,000 bu.; corn, 15,237,000 bu.; oats, 1,980,000 bu.;
buckwheat, 1883, 117,800 bu.; tobacco, 31,570,793 lbs.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor $4,500
Sec'y of State 2,000
Treasurer 2,500
Comptroller 2,500
Attorney Gen. 3,000
Chief Justice 3,500
7 Asso. Justices 3,500
District Judge 4,000
Senators, } $5 pr. day
Repres'ntatives } and mileage.
2 Colls. Int. Revenue 2,625 to 4,500
Col. of Customs 7,000
2 Colls. 250 and 1,200 fees.
Auditor 2,500
Naval Officer 5,000
Surveyor 4,500
[Illustration]
Presidential P. O.
Annapolis $2,400
Baltimore 5,000
Bel Air 1,200
Cambridge 1,400
Centreville 1,300
Chestertown 1,300
Cumberland 2,300
Easton 1,700
Elkton 1,500
Ellicott City 1,300
Emmittsburgh 1,300
Frederick 2,200
Frostburgh 1,300
Hagerstown 2,300
Havre de Grace 1,300
Port Deposit 1,100
Salisbury 1,400
Towson 1,100
Westminster 1,500
Number manufacturing establishments, 6,787; capital invested $58,742,384;
hands employed, 74,945; bales cotton used, 46,947; pig iron produced,
61,437 tons; flour and grist mills, 546; tons coal mined, 2,227,844.
Ranks fourth in coal, seventh in tobacco, eighth in copper, ninth in iron
ore. Copper is found in Frederick and Carroll counties; iron ore, in
Alleghany, Anne Arundel, Carroll, Baltimore, Frederick and Prince George's
counties.
Population, 934,943: male, 462,187; female, 472,756; native, 852,137;
foreign, 82,806 white, 724,693; colored, 210,230; Chinese, 5; Indians, 15.
Slaves, 1860, 87,189.
State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday
in November; number Senators, 26; Representatives, 91; sessions biennial,
in even-numbered years; meeting of legislature, first Wednesday in January;
limit of session, 90 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2
years.
Number electoral votes, 8; number voters, 232,106; native white, 144,586;
foreign white, 38,936; colored, 48,584. Insane, convicts and bribers
excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 11; school population, 319,201; school age, 5-20.
Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits excess of interest. {101}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{102}
VIRGINIA. Ver-jin'e-ah.
"OLD DOMINION."
Named in honor of Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen. One of the thirteen original
States. Settled by English at Jamestown, 1607. Slavery introduced 1619.
Seceded May, 1861; re-admitted Jan., 1870.
Area, 42,450 square miles; greatest length, east and west, 440 miles;
greatest breadth, 190 miles. Coast line, about 120 miles, or tidal
frontage, 1,500 miles. Number counties, 100. Temperature at Norfolk:
winter, 40deg to 48deg; summer, 75deg to 80deg. Rainfall at White Sulphur
Spring, 38 inches.
Richmond, capital and metropolis; pop., 63,600. Pop. of Norfolk 21,966; of
Petersburg, 21,656. Hampton Roads is one of the best harbors on Atlantic
coast. Seven ports of entry.
Number farms, 118,517; 51 per cent. of laborers are engaged in agriculture.
Average value per acre, cleared lands, $9.42; woodland, $7.48.
Marble quarried on Potomac. Number sandstone quarries, 10; shipbuilding
establishments, 65; saw-mills, 907; sawed lumber, $3,434,163; flour and
grist mills, 1,385; value products, $12,210,272; foundry and machine-shop,
$1,361,231; iron and steel, $2,585,999; cotton goods, $1,040,962; leather
tanned, $1,011,830; slaughtering and meat packing, $1,054,500. Total number
industries, 5,710; capital invested, $26,968,990; value products,
$51,780,992.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor $5,000
Lieut. Gov. 900
Sec'y of State 2,000
Treasurer 2,000
Auditor 3,000
Sec. Auditor 2,000
Attorney Gen. 2,500
Supt. Pub. Ins. 2,500
Adjutant. Gen. 600
Com'r of Agr. 1,500
Supt. of Land O. 1,300
Pres. Sup. Ct. 3,250
4 J'dg's Sup. Ct. 3,000
2 Dist. Judges 3,500
Senators, Representatives $540 per year.
5 Colls. Int. Revenue 3,000 to 4,500
[Illustration]
Presidential P. O.
Abingdon $1,500
Alexandria 2,400
Charlottesville 1,900
Danville 2,400
Freder'cksb'gh 1,800
Hampton 1,600
Harrisonbu'gh 1,600
Lexington 1,600
Liberty 1,600
Lynchburgh 2,800
Norfolk 3,100
Petersburgh 2,600
Portsmouth 1,900
Richmond 3,400
Roanoke 2,100
Staunton 2,400
Winchester 1,900
5 Post Offices 1,500
10 P.O. $1,400 to 1,000
Gold produced, 1882, $15,000; latest reported iron ore product, 182,326
tons; zinc, 10,448 tons; lead, 11,200 tons.
Ranks first in peanuts, second in tobacco, eighth in salt and iron ore.
Population, 1,512,565; male, 745,589; female, 766,976; native, 1,497,869;
foreign, 14,696; white, 880,858; colored, 631,616; Chinese, 6; Indians, 85;
slaves, 1860, 490,865.
State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday
in November; number Senators, 40; Representatives, 100; sessions of
legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in
December; limit of session, 90 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of
Representatives, 2 years.
Number electoral votes, 12; number voters, 334,505; colored, 128,257;
native white, 198,277; foreign white, 7,971. Lunatics, idiots, convicts,
duelists, United States army, and non-taxpayers of capitation tax excluded
from voting.
Number colleges, 7; school population, 555,807; school age, 5-21.
Legal interest, 6; by contract, 8: usury forfeits excess over 6 per cent.
{103}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{104}
WEST VIRGINIA. Ver-jin'e-ah.
"PAN-HANDLE STATE."
Composed of northern and western counties of the original State of
Virginia; denounced passage of secession ordinance. April 22d, 1861; became
a State, 1863.
Area, 24,780 square miles; greatest length north and south, about 240
miles; greatest breadth, 160 miles. Big Sandy, Great and Little Kanawha,
Guyandotte and Monongahela are navigable rivers. Number counties, 54.
Temperature at Morgantown: winter, 34deg to 42deg; summer, 70deg to 75deg.
Rainfall at Romney, 45 inches.
Charleston, capital; pop. 4,192. Wheeling metropolis, principal seat of
manufactures, and port of delivery; pop. 30,737. Parkersburg, port of
delivery; pop. 6,582. Pop. of Martinsburg, 6,335.
Number farms, 1870, 39,778; 1880, 62,674. Average value per acre cleared
land, $21.05; woodland, $9.39. A rich agricultural tract, 61 per cent. of
laborers engaged in agriculture; staples are tobacco, wheat and corn, the
last being the most valuable crop; number bu. grown 1884, being 11,900,000;
wheat, 3,318,000; oats, 2,212,000; tobacco, 1883, 1,952,872 lbs.
On farms, Jan., 1884: Sheep, 671,226; swine, 424,626: annual wool clip,
2,000,000 lbs. The yield of butter, 1880, was 9,315,895 lbs; of fruit, over
$1,000,000. Wine made 1880, 71,026 gallons; total value lumber products,
$2,431,857.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor $2,700
Secretary of State 1,000 and fees.
Treasurer 1,400
Auditor 2,000 and fees.
Supt. of Free Schools 1,500
Attorney Gen. 1,000
Presiding Jdg. Supm. Court 2,250
Asso. Judges 2,250
Senators, } $4 per d.
Representatives } mileage 10 cents.
District Judge 3,500
2 Colls. Int. R. 2,875
30 Deputy Colls. $700 to 1,600
[Illustration]
Presidential P. O.
Charleston $2,100
Charlestown 1,500
Clarksburg 1,600
Fairmont 1,200
Grafton 1,400
Huntington 1,700
Lewisburgh 1,000
Martinsburgh 1,800
Morgantown 1,000
Moundsville 1,200
Parkersburg 2,300
Piedmont 1,300
Pt. Pleasant 1,000
Wellsburgh 1,300
Weston 1,200
Wheeling 3,000
Iron ore yields 50 to 80 per cent. pure metal, latest amount reported,
61,216 tons; coal, 1,792,570 tons; salt, 2,679,438 bu.; petroleum is
extensively produced in Ritchie, Pleasants, Wood and Wirt counties. Ranks
fifth in salt and coal; eighth in buckwheat, iron and steel.
Population, 618,457; male, 314,495; female, 303,962; native, 600,192;
foreign, 18,265; white, 592,537; colored, 25,886; Indians, 29; 40 per cent.
increase in pop. 1870 to 1880; number slaves, 1860, 18,371. Governor and
State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every two years;
State elections, second Tuesday in October; congressional and presidential,
Tuesday after the first Monday in November; number Senators, 26;
Representatives, 65; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years; limit of
session, 45 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years.
Number electoral votes, 6; number voters, 139,161; native white, 123,569;
foreign white, 9,208; colored, 6,384. Insane, paupers and convicts excluded
from voting.
Flourishing free school system; school population, 216,605; school age,
6-21.
Legal interest, 6; by contract, 6; usury forfeits excess of interest. {105}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{106}
NORTH CAROLINA. "OLD NORTH STATE," "TAR STATE."
One of the thirteen original States; discovered by Lord Raleigh, 1584;
settled by English at Albemarle, 1650; seceded May, 1861, re-admitted June,
1868.
Area, 52,250 square miles; length, 450 miles; breadth, 185 miles; coast
line, over 400 miles; area dismal swamp, 150,000 acres; number counties,
96.
Temperature at Wilmington: winter, 46deg to 51deg; summer, 76deg to 80deg.
Frost seldom occurs before November. Rainfall at Gaston, 43 inches. Deaths
by consumption, 1.5 per 1,000 of population.
Wilmington, principal seaport and chief city; pop., 13,446; Raleigh,
capital, and contains the State institutions; pop., 7,790 Charlotte
contains assay office; pop., 4,473; pop. New Bern, 5,849.
Farms in 1860, 75,203, increased to 157,609 in 1880; average value per
acre, cleared land, $9.77; woodland, $5.53.
Agriculture the leading industry; corn the most valuable crop; tobacco the
leading product; value orchard products over $900,000. Latest reports give
4,576,148 bu. sweet potatoes; 5,609,191 lbs. rice; value tar and turpentine
products, $1,758,488; tobacco crop, 1883, 29,048,213 lbs.; wheat crop,
1884, 4,650,000 bu.; oats, 4,632,000 bu.; corn, 31,499,000 bu.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor $3,000
Sec'y of State 2,000
Treasurer 3,000
Auditor 1,500
Attorney Gen. 2,000
Supt. Pub. Inst. 1,500
Adjutant Gen. 600
Com'r of Agr. 1,200
State Librarian 750
Chief Justice 2,500
2 Asso. Justices 2,500
Senators, } $4 a day,
Representatives } mileage 10 c.
4 Collectors Int. Rev. 2,500 to 3,750
64 Deputy Collectors 300 to 1,700
2 Dist. Judges 3,500
[Illustration]
Presidential P. O.
Asheville $1,900
Charlotte 2,400
Durham 1,600
Elizabeth City 1,200
Fayetteville 1,600
Goldsborough 1,800
Greensborough 1,800
New Berne 1,900
Oxford 1,200
Raleigh 2,600
Reidsville 1,200
Salisbury 1,500
Statesville 1,400
Tarborough 1,500
Wilmington 2,600
Wilson 1,400
Winston 1,800
10 P.O. 1,200 to 1,000
Ranks first in tar and turpentine, second in copper, third in peanuts and
tobacco, fourth in rice, ninth in cotton.
Number of different industries, 3,802; flour and grist mills, 1,313; saw
mills, 776; latest reported value oyster fisheries, $60,000; number boats
engaged in general fisheries, about 3,000; copper mined, 1,640,000 lbs.
State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday
in November; number Senators, 50; Representatives, 120; sessions biennial,
in odd-numbered years, meeting Wednesday after first Monday in January;
limit of session, 60 days; terms of Senator and Representatives, two years
each. Number electoral votes, 11; number voters, 294,750; native white,
187,637; foreign white, 2,095; colored, 105,018. Convicts are excluded from
voting.
Population, 1,399,750: male, 687,908; female, 711,842; natives, 1,396,008;
foreign, 3,742; white, 867,242: colored, 531,278; Indians, 1,230. Slaves,
1860, 331,059.
Public school system adopted 1840; at present over 2,000 public schools in
operation; school age, 6-21.
Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 8; usury forfeits interest. {107}
[Illustration]
* * * * *
{108}
SOUTH CAROLINA. South Kar-o-l[=i]'na.
"PALMETTO STATE."
Named in honor of Charles II. of England, by whom the province was created
in 1663. One of the thirteen original States. First permanent settlement
made by English at Port Royal, 1670. Famous nullification troubles occurred
1832-33; led by J. C. Calhoun, and opposed vigorously by Pres. Jackson,
during which his famous expression "by the Eternal" was first used. Seceded
November, 1860; re-admitted June, 1868.
Area, 30,170 square miles; extreme length, 275 miles; greatest breadth, 210
miles; coast line, 200 miles. Largest rivers, Savannah, Great Pee Dee,
Santee and Edisto. Number counties, 84.
Temperature at Charleston: summer, 79deg to 83deg; winter, 50deg to 54deg;
rainfall, 43 inches; frosts seldom occur. Aiken, noted winter resort for
consumptives. Deaths, consumption, 1.5 per 1,000 population.
Charleston, largest city; laid out 1680; population, 49,984; port of entry;
seat of a Catholic bishop. United States customs districts at Beaufort,
Charleston and Georgetown.
First railroad to use American locomotives, the South Carolina, built
1830-33; number miles railroad January 1, 1886, 1,693.
Number farms, 1860, 33,171; 1870, 51,889; 1880, 93,864. Average value per
acre, cleared land, $6.24; woodland, $8.64.
Salaries of State Officers.
Governor $3,500
Lieut. Gov. 1,000
Sec'y of State. 2,100
Treasurer 2,100
Compt'ller Gen. 2,100
Attorney Gen. 2,100
Supt. Pub. Inst. 2,100
Com'r Agricult. 2,100
Adj & Insp. Gen. 1,500
Chief Justice 4,000
Asso. Justices 3,500
Clerk of Supreme Court 1,000
Senators, } $5 pr. day
Representatives } mileage 10 cents.
District Judge 3,500
Col. Int. Rev. 3,250
[Illustration]
Presidential P. O.
Aiken $1,600
Anderson C.H. 1,400
Beaufort 1,400
Camden 1,300
Charleston 3,200
Chester C.H. 1,400
Columbia 2,500
Florence 1,200
Georgetown 1,100
Greenville C.H. 2,000
Marion 1,100
Newberry C.H. 1,500
Orangeb'h C.H. 1,300
Rock Hill 1,000
Spart'nb'h C.H. 1,800
Sumter C.H. 1,600
Union 1,000
Winnsborough 1,200
Yorkville 1,000
Number of flour and
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