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Surnames as a Science

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Title: Surnames as a Science

Author: Robert Ferguson


        
Release date: September 24, 2011 [eBook #37520]

Language: English

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SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE

BY
ROBERT FERGUSON, M.P.,
F.S.A., F.S.A. (SCOT.);
AUTHOR OF "THE TEUTONIC NAME-SYSTEM."

LONDON:
GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS,
BROADWAY, LUDGATE HILL,
NEW YORK: 9, LAFAYETTE PLACE.
1883.




LONDON:
R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR,
BREAD STREET HILL.

TO
MRS. R.H. DANA (_nee_ LONGFELLOW),
OF BOSTON, MASS.,
IN MEMORY OF EARLY AND VALUED FRIENDSHIP, AND OF DAYS
NOT TO BE FORGOTTEN, PASSED AT CRAGIE HOUSE,
THIS LITTLE VOLUME IS INSCRIBED
BY THE AUTHOR.




PREFACE.


That portion of our surnames which dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, and
so forms a part of the general system by which Teutonic names are
governed, is distinctly a branch of a science, and as such has been
treated by the Germans, upon whose lines I have generally endeavoured to
follow.

It has been a part of my object to show that this portion of our
surnames is a very much larger one than has been generally supposed, and
that it includes a very great number of names which have hitherto been
otherwise accounted for, as well as of course a great number for which
no explanation has been forthcoming.

Nevertheless, while claiming for my subject the dignity of a science, I
am very well aware that the question as to how far I have myself
succeeded in treating it scientifically is an entirely different one,
and one upon which it will be for others than myself to pronounce an
opinion.

This work is of the nature of a supplement to one which I published some
time ago under the title of _The Teutonic Name-system applied to the
Family-names of France, England, and Germany_ (Williams and Norgate),
though I have been obliged, in order to render my system intelligible,
to a certain extent to go over the same ground again.

I will only say, in conclusion, that in dealing with this subject--one
in which all persons may be taken to be more or less interested--I have
endeavoured as much as possible to avoid technicalities and to write so
as to be intelligible to the ordinary reader.

    ROBERT FERGUSON.

    MORTON, CARLISLE.




CONTENTS.


    CHAPTER I.                                                         PAGE

    THE ANTIQUITY AND THE UNSUSPECTED DIGNITY OF SOME OF OUR COMMON NAMES 1

    CHAPTER II.

    CLUE TO SOME OF THE ANCIENT FORMS REPRESENTED IN ENGLISH NAMES       23

    CHAPTER III.

    NAMES REPRESENTING ANCIENT COMPOUNDS                                 36

    CHAPTER IV.

    THE MEN WHO CAME IN WITH THE SAXONS                                  69

    CHAPTER V.

    MEN'S NAMES IN PLACE-NAMES                                           92

    CHAPTER VI.

    CORRUPTIONS AND CONTRACTIONS                                        113

    CHAPTER VII.

    THE OLD FRANKS AND THE PRESENT FRENCH                               123

    CHAPTER VIII.

    THE GERMAN ORIGIN OF GREAT ITALIANS AS EVIDENCED IN THEIR NAMES     143

    CHAPTER IX.

    VARIOUS UNENUMERATED STEMS                                          154

    CHAPTER X.

    NAMES WHICH ARE NOT WHAT THEY SEEM                                  171

    CHAPTER XI.

    CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN                                            197

    LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED                               213

    ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS                                           215

    INDEX OF NAMES                                                      217



CONTRACTIONS.

    A.S.    Anglo-Saxon.
    O.N.    Old Northern.
    O.G.    Old German.
    O.H.G.  Old High German.




SURNAMES AS A SCIENCE.

CHAPTER I.

THE ANTIQUITY AND THE UNSUSPECTED DIGNITY OF SOME OF OUR COMMON NAMES.


As some things that seem common, and even ignoble, to the naked eye,
lose their meanness under the revelations of the microscope, so, many of
our surnames that seem common and even vulgar at first sight, will be
found, when their origin is adequately investigated, to be of high
antiquity, and of unsuspected dignity. _Clodd_, for instance, might seem
to be of boorish origin, and _Clout_ to have been a dealer in old rags.
But I claim for them that they are twin brothers, and etymologically the
descendants of a Frankish king. _Napp_ is not a name of distinguished
sound, yet it is one that can take us back to that far-off time ere yet
the history of England had begun, when, among the little kinglets on the
old Saxon shore, "Hnaf ruled the Hocings."[1] _Moll_, _Betty_, _Nanny_,
and _Pegg_ sound rather ignoble as the names of men, yet there is
nothing of womanliness in their warlike origin. _Bill_ seems an honest
though hardly a distinguished name, unless he can claim kinship with
Billing, the "noble progenitor of the royal house of Saxony." Now
Billing, thus described by Kemble, is a patronymic, "son of Bill or
Billa," and I claim for our Bill (as a surname) the right, as elsewhere
stated, to be considered as the progenitor. Among the very shortest
names in all the directory are _Ewe_, _Yea_, and _Yeo_, yet theirs also
is a pedigree that can take us back beyond Anglo-Saxon times. Names of a
most disreputable appearance are _Swearing_ and _Gambling_, yet both,
when properly inquired into, turn out to be the very synonyms of
respectability. _Winfarthing_ again would seem to be derived from the
most petty gambling, unless he can be rehabilitated as an Anglo-Saxon
Winfrithing (patronymic of Winfrith.) A more unpleasant name than
_Gumboil_ (_Lower_) it would not be easy to find, and yet it represents,
debased though be its form, a name borne by many a Frankish warrior, and
by a Burgundian king fourteen centuries ago. Its proper form would be
Gumbald (Frankish for Gundbald), and it signifies "bold in war." Another
name which wofully belies its origin is _Tremble_, for, of the two words
of which it is composed, one signifies steadfast or firm, and the other
signifies valiant or bold. Its proper form is Trumbald, and the first
step of its descent is _Trumbull_. A name which excites anything but
agreeable associations is _Earwig_. Yet it is at any rate a name that
goes back to Anglo-Saxon times, there being an Earwig, no doubt a man
of some consideration, a witness to a charter (_Thorpe_, p. 333). And
the animal which it represents is not the insect of insidious repute,
but the sturdy boar so much honoured by our Teuton forefathers, _ear_
being, as elsewhere noted, a contraction of _evor_, boar, so that Earwig
is the "boar of battle." Of more humiliating seeming than even Earwig is
_Flea_ (vouched for by Lower as an English surname). And yet it is at
all events a name of old descent, for Flea--I do not intend it in any
equivocal sense, for the stem is found in Kemble's list of early
settlers--came in with the Saxons. And though it has nothing to do with
English "flea," yet it is no doubt from the same root, and expresses the
same characteristic of agility so marvellously developed in the insect.

Even _Bugg_, if he had seen his name under this metaphorical microscope,
might have felt himself absolved from changing it into Howard, for Bugg
is at least as ancient, and etymologically quite as respectable. It is a
name of which great and honourable men of old were not ashamed; there
was, for instance, a Buga, minister to Edward of Wessex, who signs his
name to many a charter. And there was also an Anglo-Saxon queen,
Hrothwaru, who was also called Bucge, which I have elsewhere given
reasons for supposing to have been her original name. There are moreover
to be found, deduced from place-names, two Anglo-Saxons named
respectively Buga and Bugga, owners of land, and therefore respectable.
In Germany we find Bugo, Bugga, and Bucge, as ancient names of men and
women in the _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_. And Bugge is at present a name
both among the Germans and the Scandinavians, being, among others, that
of a distinguished professor at Christiania. As to its origin, all that
we can predicate with anything like confidence is that it is derived
from a word signifying to bend, and of the various senses thus derived,
that of ring or bracelet (O.N. _baugr_) seems to me the most
appropriate. The bracelet was of old an honourable distinction, and the
prince, as the fountain of honour, was the "bracelet-giver."[2]

My object then at present is to show that many of our short and
unpretending names are among the most ancient that we have, being such
as our Saxon forefathers brought with them when they first set foot upon
our shores, and such as we find whenever history gives us a yet earlier
glimpse of the Teuton in his home. _Bass_, for instance, whose red
pyramid to-day stamps authenticity on many a bottle, was in ancient
times a well-known potter's name on the beautiful red Samian ware of the
Romans. The seat of this manufacture was on the banks of the Rhine, and
in the long list of potters' names, mostly of course Roman, there are
not a few that are those of Germans or of Gauls. And there is one
interesting case, that of a lamp found along the line of the Roman wall,
in which the German potter, one Fus, has asserted his own nationality by
stamping his ware with the print of a naked human foot, within which is
inscribed his name, thus proving, by the play upon his name, that _fus_
meant "foot" in the language which he spoke. Little perhaps the old
potter thought, as he chuckled over his conceit, that when fifteen
centuries had passed away, his trade-mark would remain to attest his
nationality.

But to return to Bass, let us see what can be done to bridge the gulf
between the princely brewers of to-day and the old potter on the banks
of the Rhine. And first, as to Anglo-Saxon England, we find Bass as a
mass-priest, and Bassus as a valiant soldier of King Edwin in the
Anglo-Saxon _Chronicle_, as also a Bassa in the genealogy of the Mercian
kings. Basing, the Anglo-Saxon patronymic, "son of Bass," occurs about
the twelfth century, in the _Liber Vitae_. And Kemble, in his list of
Anglo-Saxon "marks," or communities of the early settlers, finds
Bassingas, _i.e._ descendants or followers of Bass, in Cambridgeshire
and in Notts, while Mr. Taylor finds offshoots of the same family on the
opposite coast in Artois. In Germany we find many instances of Bass, and
its High German form Pass, from the seventh century downwards. And in
the neighbourhood of the Wurm-See, in Bavaria, we find, corresponding
with our Bassings, a community of Pasings, _i.e._ descendants or
followers of Pass. We may take it then that our name _Pass_ is only
another form of _Bass_, both names being also found at present in
Germany. As to the origin of the name, for which no sufficient
explanation is to be found in the Old German dialects, Foerstemann has
to turn to the kindred dialect of the Old Northern, where he finds it in
_basa_, anniti, to strive contend.

Thus far we have had to do with Bass as a name of Teutonic origin. But
it appears to have been a Celtic name as well, for Bassa, a name
presumably Welsh, occurs in the pathetic lament of Llywarch, written in
the sixth century, the name being, on the authority of the late Dr.
Guest, still retained in Baschurch near Shrewsbury. The name Bass, then,
or Pass, on Roman pottery might be either that of a German or of a Gaul,
but more probably the former, especially as we find also Bassico, a form
more particularly German, and some other forms more probably Teutonic.

Before parting with Bass, I may refer to one in particular of his
progeny, the name _Basin_, formed from it by the ending _en_ or _in_,
referred to in a subsequent chapter. The original of our Basin has been
supposed to have been a barber, the mediaeval leech, but I claim for him
a different origin, and connect his name, which is found as Basin in
Domesday, with the name Basin of a Thuringian king of the fifth century.

Let us take another of our common surnames, _Scott_. This has been
generally assumed to have been an original surname derived from
nationality, and we need not doubt that it has been so in many, perhaps
in most, cases. But Scott, as a man's name, is, not to say older than
the introduction of surnames, but as old probably as the name of the
nation itself. To begin with England, it occurs in the thirteenth
century, in the _Liber Vitae_, where it is the reverse of a surname,
Scott Agumdessune (no doubt for Agemundessune). I do not think,
however, that Agumdessune is here a surname, but only an individual
description, an earnest of surnames that were to be. For there is
another Scott who signs about the same time, and it might be necessary
to distinguish between these two men. There is in the same record yet
another Scott, described as "Alstani filius," who, in the time of
William the Conqueror, "for the redemption of his soul, and with the
consent of his sons and of all his friends," makes a gift of valuable
lands to the Church. Scott again occurs in an Anglo-Saxon charter of
boundaries quoted by Kemble, "Scottes heal," _i.e._ "Scot's hall." And
Scotta occurs in another in "Scottan byrgels," _i.e._ "Scotta's burial
mound." In Germany Scot occurs in the ninth century in the Book of the
Brotherhood of St. Peter at Salzburg, where it is classed by Foerstemann
as a German name, which seems justified by the fact that Scotardus, a
German compound (_hard_, fortis), occurs as an Old Frankish name in the
time of Charlemagne. In Italy, where, as I shall show in a subsequent
chapter, the Germans have left many Teutonic names behind them, we find
a Scotti, duke of Milan, in the middle ages, whose name is probably due
to that cause. Scotto is a surname at present among the Frisians, while
among the Germans generally it is most commonly softened into Schott.

Scot however, as a man's name, seems to have been at least as common
among the Celts as among the Teutons; Gluck cites four instances of it
from ancient, chiefly Latin, authors, in only one of which, however,
that of a Gaul, is the particular nationality distinguished. As to the
origin of the name, all that can be said is that it is most probably
from the same origin, whatever that may be, as the name of the nation;
just as another Celtic man's name, Caled, signifying hard, durus, is
probably from the same origin as that of Caledonia, "stern and wild."

Lastly, among the names on Roman pottery, we have Scottus, Scoto, and
Scotni, the last being a genitive, "Scotni manu." Of these three names
the first is the Latinisation of Scott; the second has the ending in _o_
most common for men's names among the old Franks, but also found among
the Celts; the third, as a genitive, presumably represents the form
Scotten, the ending in _en_, hereafter referred to, running through the
whole range of Teutonic names, but being also found in Celtic. Upon the
whole, then, there does not seem anything sufficiently distinctive to
stamp these names as either Teutonic or Celtic. I may observe that all
these three forms, _Scott_, _Scotto_, and _Scotten_, are found in our
surnames, as well as _Scotting_, the Anglo-Saxon patronymic, which
assists to mark the name as in Anglo-Saxon use. We have also _Scotland_,
which has been supposed to have been an original surname derived from
nationality, and so I dare say it may be in some cases. But Scotland
appears as a man's name in the _Liber Vitae_ about the twelfth or
thirteenth century, and before surnames begin to make their appearance.
Scotland again occurs as the name of a Norman in the _Acta Sanctorum_,
where it seems more probably of Frankish origin, and cannot at any rate
be from nationality. The fact seems to be that _land_, terra, was formed
into compounds, like _bald_, and _fred_, and _hard_, without reference
perhaps to any particular meaning. Similarly we find Old German,
apparently Frankish, names, Ingaland and Airland (more properly
Heriland), which might account in a similar way for our surnames
_England_ and _Ireland_.

Let us take yet one more name, _Gay_, a little more complicated in its
connections than the others, and endeavour to trace it up to its origin.
"Nay! but what better origin can we have," I can fancy the reader saying
at starting, "than our own word 'gay', French _gai_?" I would not
undertake to say that our name is not in any instance from this origin,
but what I say is that a proved Anglo-Saxon _name_ is better than any
assumed _word_, however suitable its meaning may seem to be. Moreover,
the same Anglo-Saxon word will account, not only for Gay, but for a
whole group of names, _Gay_, _Gye_, _Gedge_, _Gage_, _Kay_, _Key_,
_Kegg_, _Kedge_, _Cage_,--all variations, according to my view, of one
original name. It must inevitably be the case that a name dating back to
a remote antiquity, and in use over a wide area, must be subject to many
phonetic variations. And it matters nothing to etymology, so long as her
own strict rules are complied with, if some of these names have not a
single letter in common. Given, then, an Anglo-Saxon name Gagg, Gegg,
with its alternative form Cagg, Keg, and we get from it all the forms
that are required. For the English ear is averse, as a matter of
euphony, to a final _g_, and while it most commonly changes it into _y_
(which is in effect dropping it), as in A.S. _dag_, Eng. _day_, A.S.
_caeg_, Eng. _key_, it also not unfrequently changes it into _dg_, as in
A.S. _bricg_, Eng. _bridge_, &c. To come, then, to the Anglo-Saxon
names concerned, Kemble, in his list of original settlers, has both
Gagingas, _i.e._ descendants or followers of Gag, and Caegingas, _i.e._
descendants or followers of Caeg. And the Anglo-Saxon names cited below,
one of them the exact counterpart of Gay, are deduced from place-names
of a later period. The Old German names do not, in this case, throw any
light upon the subject, as, on account of the stem not being so
distinctly developed as it is in Anglo-Saxon, they have been placed by
Foerstemann to, as I consider, a wrong stem, viz. _gaw_, patria.

    _Anglo-Saxon names._--Gaecg, Geagga, Geah, Caeg, Ceagga, Ceahha
    (Gaeging, Gaing, _patronymics_).

    _Old German names._--Gaio, Geio, Kegio, Keyo, Keio.

    _Present German._--Gey, Geu.

    _Present Friesic._--Kay, Key.

    _English surnames._--Gay, Gye, Gedge, Gage, Kay, Key, Kegg, Kedge,
    Cage.

As to the origin and meaning of the word, I can offer nothing more than
a somewhat speculative conjecture. There is a stem _gagen_, _cagen_, in
Teutonic names, and which seems to be derived most probably from O.N.
_gagn_, gain, victory. We find it in Anglo-Saxon in Gegnesburh, now
Gainsborough, and in Geynesthorn, another place-name, and we have it in
our names _Gain_, _Cain_, _Cane_. It is very possible, and in accordance
with the Teutonic system, that _gag_ may represent the older and simpler
form, standing to _gagen_ in the same relation as English _ward_ does
to _warden_, and A.S. _geard_ (inclosure), to _garden_.

As in the two previous cases, so also in this case, there is an ancient
Celtic name, Geio, to take into account, and to this may be placed the
names _Keogh_ and _Keho_, if these names be, as I suppose, Irish and not
English. Also the Kay and the Kie in _McKay_ and _McKie_. Lastly, in
this, as in the other two cases, there is also a name on Roman pottery,
Gio, which might, as it seems, be either German or Celtic. Can there be
any connection, I venture to inquire, between these ancient names,
Celtic or Teutonic, and the Roman Gaius and Caius? Several well-known
Roman names are, as elsewhere noted, referred by German writers to a
Celtic origin.

It will be seen then that, in the case of all the three names of which I
have been treating, there is an ancient Celtic name in a corresponding
form which might in some cases intermix. And there are many more cases
of the same kind among our surnames. _Wake_, for instance, may represent
an ancient name, either German or Celtic; for the German a sufficient
etymon may be found in _wak_, watchful, while for the Celtic there is
nothing, observes Gluck, in the range of extant dialects to which we can
reasonably refer it. So _Moore_ represents an ancient stem for names
common to the Celts, the Germans, and the Romans, though at least as
regards the Germans, the origin seems obscure.[3]

Now it is quite possible, particularly in the case of such monosyllabic
words as these, that there might be an accidental coincidence between a
Celtic and a Teutonic name, without their having anything in common in
their root. It is possible, again, that the one nation may have borrowed
a name from the other, as the Northmen, for instance, sometimes did from
the Irish or the Gael, one of their most common names, Niel(sen), being
thus derived; while, on the other hand, both the Irish and the Gael
received, as Mr. Worsaae has shown, many names from the Northmen. So
also the Romans seem to have borrowed names from the Celts, several
well-known names, as Plinius, Livius, Virgilius,[4] Catullus, and
Drusus, being, in the opinion of German scholars, thus derived.

But though no doubt both these principles apply to the present case, yet
there is also, as it seems to me, something in the relationship between
Celtic and Teutonic names which can hardly be accounted for on either of
the above principles. And I venture to throw out the suggestion that
when ancient Celtic names shall have been as thoroughly collected and
examined as, by the industry of the Germans, have been the Teutonic,
comparative philology may--perhaps within certain lines--find something
of the same kinship between them that it has already established in the
case of the respective languages. Meanwhile, I venture to put forward,
derived from such limited observations as I have been able to make,
certain points of coincidence which I think go some way to justify the
opinion expressed above. In so doing I am not so much putting forward
etymological views of my own, as collecting together, so as to shape
them into a comparison, the conclusions which have, in various
individual cases, been arrived at by scholars such as Zeuss. There are,
then, four very common endings in Teutonic names,--_ward_, as in Edward,
_ric_, as in Frederic, _mar_, as in Aylmar, and _wald_, as in Reginald
(=Reginwald). The same four words, in their corresponding forms, are
also common as the endings of Celtic names, _ward_ taking the form of
_guared_ or _guaret_, the German _ric_ taking generally the form of
_rix_ (which appears also to have been the older form in the German, all
names of the first century being so given by Latin authors), _wald_
taking the form of _gualed_ or _gualet_, and _mar_ being pretty much the
same in both. Of these four cases of coincidence, there is only one
(_wald = gualet_) which I have not derived from German authority. And
with respect to this one, I have assumed the Welsh _gualed_, order,
arrangement, whence _gualedyr_, a ruler, to be the same word as German
_wald_, Gothic _valdan_, to rule. But we can carry this comparison still
further, and show all these four endings in combination with one and the
same prefix common to both tongues. This prefix is the Old German _had_,
_hat_, _hath_, signifying war, the corresponding word to which is in
Celtic _cad_ or _cat_. (Note that in the earliest German names on
record, as the Catumer and the Catualda of Tacitus, the German form is
_cat_, same as the Celtic. This seems to indicate that at that early
period the Germans so strongly aspirated the _h_ in _hat_, that the word
sounded to Roman ears like _cat_, and it assists perhaps to give us an
idea of the way in which such variations of tongues arise.)

I subjoin then the following names which, _mutatis mutandis_, are the
same in both tongues, and which, judging them by the same rules which
philology has applied to the respective languages, might be taken to be
from some earlier source common to both races:--

  _Ancient German Names._            _Ancient Celtic Names._

  Hadaward.                          Catguaret (_Book of Llandaff_).
  Haduric.                           Caturix (_Orelli_).
  Hadamar (Catumer, _Tacitus_).      Catmor (_Book of Llandaff_).
  Hadold (=Hadwald).                 Catgualet (_British king of Gwynedd_,
                                       A.D. 664).
  Catualda (_Tacitus_).              Cadwalladyr (_British king_)
                                       (Catgualatyr, _Book of Llandaff_)

In comparing Catualda with the British Cadwalladyr I am noting an
additional point of coincidence. Catualda is not, like other Old German
names, from _wald_, rule, but from _walda_, ruler. There is only one
other Old German name in the same form, Cariovalda,[5] also a very
ancient name, being of the first century. This then may represent the
older form, though this is not what I wish at present to note, but that
Catualda is the counterpart of the British Cadwalladyr, which also is
not from _gualed_, rule, but from _gualedyr_, ruler.

In suggesting that this coincidence may be confined within certain lines
I mean to guard against the assumption that it would, as in the case of
the language, be found to pervade the whole system, many of the
formations of which may be of a more recent time. There are some other
stems, considered by the Germans to be in coincidence, to only one of
which I will refer at present, the Old Celtic _tout_, Welsh _tud_ = the
Gothic _thiuda_. Hence the name Tudric, of a British king of Glamorgan,
would be the counterpart of that of the Gothic king Theuderic, or
Theoderic. I will take one more instance of a name presumed to be common
to the Germans and to the Celts as an illustration of the manner in
which--men's names being handed down from generation to generation
without, even in ancient times, any thought of their meaning--a name may
survive, while the word from which it was originally derived has
perished out of the language, or is retained in a sense so changed as
hardly to be recognised. The German name in question is that of Sigimar,
the brother of Arminius, dating from the first century of our era, a
name which we still have as _Seymore_, and in its High German form
Sicumar we have as _Sycamore_, intermediate Anglo-Saxon names being
found for both. The prefix _sig_ is taken, with as much certainty as
there can be in anything of the kind, to be from _sig_, victory; the
ending _mar_, signifying famous, is a word to which I have already
referred as common both to the Germans and to the Celts. Segimar was
also an ancient Celtic name, but while the ending _mar_ has a meaning
to-day in Celtic speech, the prefix _seg_ is a word of which they are
hardly able to render any account. Only in the Old Irish (which seems to
contain some of the most ancient elements) Gluck, finding a word _seg_
with the meaning of the wild ox, _urus_, deduces from it the ancient
meaning of strength (Sansc. _sahas_, vis, robor), and infers an original
meaning akin to the German.

It happens, perhaps yet more frequently, that a German name, which
cannot be explained by anything within the range of Teutonic dialects,
may find a sufficient etymon from the Celtic. That is to suppose that a
word originally common to the Teutonic and the Celtic, has dropped out
of the former, and been retained only in the latter. Thus there is a
word _arg_, _arch_, found in many Teutonic names, and from which we have
several names, as _Archbold_, _Archbutt_, _Archard_, _Argent_,
_Argument_, for which the meaning that can be derived from the German
seems very inadequate, but for which the Irish _arg_, hero or champion,
seems to offer as good a meaning as could be desired. So also _all_,
from which, as elsewhere shown, there are a number of names, in its
Teutonic sense of _omnis_, does not seem to give by any means so
satisfactory a result as in its Celtic sense of "great" or,
"illustrious." Many other instances might be adduced on both sides to
show the way in which a word has dropped out of the one language and
been retained in the other.

Before passing from this part of the subject, I may be allowed to adduce
an illustration--a striking one I think, albeit that the name in this
case is not that of a man but of a dog--of the way in which a name may
be retained in familiar use, though the word from which it is derived
has perished out of the language, though the language itself has passed
out of use among us for more than a thousand years, and though the word
itself is only used in a sort of poetical or sentimental sense. Who has
not heard, in verse or in prose, of the "poor dog _Tray_"? And yet who
ever heard, excepting in books, of a dog being called Tray, a word which
conveys no meaning whatever to an English ear? What then is the origin,
and what is the meaning, of the name? It is, I venture to think, the
ancient British name for a dog, which is not to be found in any living
dialect of the Celtic, and which is only revealed to us in a casual line
of a Roman poet:--

    Non sibi, sed domino, venatur _vertragus_ acer,
      Illaesum leporem qui tibi dente feret.

    _Martial._


The British _vertrag_ must have been something of the nature of a
greyhound, though, from the description of his bringing back the game
unmangled to his master, perhaps capable of a higher training than the
greyhound generally attains to. Now the _ver_ in _vertrag_ is in the
Celtic tongues an intensitive, and as prefixed to a word, gives the
sense of preeminence. The ancient British word for a dog in general must
have been _trag_, a word of which we find a trace in the Irish _traig_,
foot, allied, no doubt, to Gothic _thragjan_, Greek [Greek: trechein],
Sanscrit _trag_, to run. The ancient British name then for a dog, _trag_
signified the "runner," and with the intensitive prefix _ver_, as in
_vertrag_, the "swift runner."[6] And _trag_ is, I take it, the word
from which, _g_ as usual in English becoming _y_, is formed our word
Tray.

It may be of interest, in connection with the antiquity of our names, to
take a few of the oldest Teutonic names of which history gives us a
record, and endeavour to show the relationship which they bear to our
existing surnames. It will be seen that not only have we the
representatives of these ancient names, but also in certain cases names
which represent a still more ancient form of the word.

And first let us take the name, dating back to the first century of our
era, of the old German hero Arminius, brought before us with such
magnanimous fairness by Tacitus. The old idea, let me observe, that
Armin is properly _herman_, leader or warrior, has long been given up by
the Germans. The name, of which the most correct form is considered to
be Irmin, is formed from one single word of which the root is _irm_, and
the meaning of which is, as Grimm observes, entirely obscure. We have
then as English surnames _Armine_, _Ermine_, and _Harmony_, the last,
no doubt, a slight corruption, though, as far as the prefix of _h_ is
concerned, it is as old as Anglo-Saxon times, for we find "Harmines
den," Harmine's valley, in a charter quoted by Kemble. Then we have
compounded with _gar_, spear, and corresponding with an O.G.
Irminger--_Arminger_, _Irminger_,[7] and again as a corruption,
_Iremonger_. And, compounded with _hari_, warrior, and corresponding
with an O.G. Irminhar, we have _Arminer_. And, as a Christian name of
women, one at least of our old families still retains the ancient name
_Ermentrude_, the ending _trude_, as found also in _Gertrude_, being
perhaps from the name Thrud, of one of the _Valkyrjur_, or
battle-maidens of Odin. The French also, among the many names derived
from their Frankish ancestors, have _Armingaud_, _Armandet_, and
_Ermingcard_, corresponding with the ancient names Irmingaud, Irmindeot,
and Irmingard. And _Irminger_, as I write, comes before me in the daily
papers as the name of a Danish admiral. But Irmin is not the oldest form
of the name,--"the older and the simple form," observes Foerstemann,
"runs in the form Irm or Irim," and with this also we can claim
connection in our family names. For we have the simple form as _Arms_
and _Harme_; and as compounds we have _Armiger_, corresponding with an
O.G. Ermgar; _Armour_, with an O.G. Ermhar; and _Armgold_, with an O.G.
Ermegild. Lastly, I may observe that both Irm and Irmin are found also
by Stark as ancient Celtic names. And certainly there is no stem more
likely than this, of the origin of which all trace is lost in the
darkness of the past, to be one that is older than the Arian separation.

The name Sigimar, of the brother of Arminius, I have already shown that
we have, not only in its own form as _Seymore_, but also in its High
German form as _Sycamore_, the Anglo-Saxon names from which they may be
taken to be more immediately derived being also found in the chapter on
place-names. And I have also shown that we have the name Cariovalda (or
Harwald) of a prince of the Batavi, of the first century, in our
_Harold_.

There was another old hero of the German race, not so fortunate as
Arminius in finding an historian in a generous foe, whose name only
comes before us in a line of Horace:--

    Occidit Daci Cotisonis agmen.

Cotiso must have been a leader of some High German tribe, perhaps
somewhere on the Upper Danube, and he must have made a gallant stand
against the Roman arms, inasmuch as his final overthrow is deemed by the
Roman poet a worthy subject on which to congratulate his imperial
patron. Cotiso is a High German form of another name, Godiso or Godizo,
elsewhere referred to, and hence may be represented, I venture to think,
in our names _Godsoe_ and _Goddiss_, while Cotiso itself may be
represented in our _Cottiss_, the ancient vowel-ending being in our
names, as I shall show in the next chapter, sometimes dropped and
sometimes retained.

Another name which goes back to the first century of our era is Arpus,
that of a prince of the Catti in Tacitus. The Eorpingas, descendants or
followers of Eorpa, were among the original settlers, and seem to have
confined themselves to Norfolk, where alone we have any traces of them.
The name may perhaps be referred to Anglo-Saxon _eorp_, wolf, though
other derivations have also been proposed. We have the name at present
as _Earp_ (the name of a member of the House of Commons), and also as
_Harp_. Upon this stem is formed the name Arbogastes (_gast_, guest) of
a Frankish general under the Emperor Gratian in the fourth century; and
_Arbogast_ is still a family name among the French.

Lastly, let us take the name of the German king, Ariovistus, brought
before us by Caesar. The proper form of this name, there seems little
doubt, is Arefastus, as found in some other O.G. names. There was also
an Arfast, bishop of East Anglia, in the time of William the Conqueror.
And Arfast is a present name among the Frisians, according to Outzen,
who compares it--rightly, as it seems to me--with the old name
Ariovistus. The corresponding name Arinfast (_aro_, _arin_, eagle) was
also in ancient use among the Danes. It seems to me that our name
_Harvest_ may easily be a corruption of Arfast; it has generally no
doubt been derived from a man's having been born at such a season, but I
distrust, as a general rule, as elsewhere stated, derivations of this
kind.

In connection with the subject of the antiquity of Teutonic names
generally, and of English names as derived from them, I shall have, in a
subsequent chapter, to refer to the names of original settlers in
England as deduced by Kemble from ancient charters, and compare them
with names of a similar kind found in Germany. The coincidence that will
be found in these names at that early period, from England and Friesland
in the north to Bavaria in the south, will, I think, be a very strong
argument to show that these names could not have originated within the
Teutonic area itself, and so dispersed themselves over it in its length
and breadth, but that they must have been brought with them by the
Teutonic invaders from their earlier homes.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] From the old Saxon fragment called the "Traveller's Song." Hnaf is
no doubt from the Ang.-Sax. _cnafa_, _cnapa_, son, boy, the Anglo-Saxons
often representing _c_ by a (no doubt aspirated) _h_.

[2] Stark also adduces an instance in the eleventh century of Buggo as a
contraction of Burchard.

[3] So at least Foerstemann seems to think, observing that we can
scarcely derive it from Maur, AEthiops, English "Moor." Nevertheless,
seeing the long struggle between the Teutons and the Moors in Spain, it
seems to me that such a derivation would be quite in accordance with
Teutonic practice. See some remarks on the general subject at the end of
Chapter IV.

[4] So that we may take it that Virgilius, as the name of a Scot who
became bishop of Salzburg in the time of Boniface, was his own genuine
Celtic name, and not derived from that of the Roman poet.

[5] This name, that of a prince of the Batavi, is considered by the
Germans to be properly Hariovalda, from _har_, army, and hence is
another instance of an initial _h_ being represented among the Romans by
a _c_. The name is the same as the Anglo-Saxon Harald, and as our
present name _Harold_.

[6] For this explanation of _vertragus_ I am indebted to Gluck.

[7] There was an English admiral of this name, though I do not know of
it at present.




CHAPTER II.

CLUE TO SOME OF THE ANCIENT FORMS REPRESENTED IN ENGLISH NAMES.


So long as our surnames are treated as if each name were something
standing apart by itself, very little progress can be made in their
elucidation; it is by collation and comparison that, in this as in any
other science, definite results are to be obtained. And a moderate
amount of attention to the forms in which these names appear, and to the
various endings prevalent among them, will enable many names, otherwise
unrecognisable, to be brought within the pale of classification and of
possible explanation. I am of course referring to that portion of our
surnames--a much larger one according to my judgment than is generally
acknowledged--which dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, and so forms a part
of the general system by which Teutonic names are governed.

I shall have, in the course of this work, frequently to refer to the
Teutonic system, and to names which do, or do not, according to my
judgment, enter into it. And I will therefore, before going further,
endeavour to explain what I mean by the Teutonic system. There is, then,
a class of words which, at a time of remote antiquity, have been adopted
as stems upon which, in some cases by a sort of phonetic accretion, in
some cases by the addition of a diminutive ending, in some cases by
forming a patronymic, in some cases by taking in another word as a
compound, a number of other names have been formed. Thus, when we find
such a group of names as _Dill_, _Dilly_, _Dillow_, _Dillen_, _Dilling_,
_Dilke_, _Dilwyn_, or as _Budd_, _Budden_, _Buddle_, _Budding_,
_Buddrich_, _Budmore_, we may take it that these are all ancient names,
of which _Dill_ and _Budd_ are respectively the stems. And whenever we
find a group of names with endings such as it is my object in the
present chapter to explain, and in compounds such as will be dealt with
in a succeeding chapter, we shall be warranted in assuming the antiquity
of the group.


The endings in _a_, _ay_, _ah_, _ey_, _ie_, _o_, _oe_, _ow_.

And in the first place, let us take the endings in _a_, _i_, and _o_, of
which the above are nothing more than arbitrary variations of spelling.
Now ancient Teutonic names formed of one single word had commonly,
though not invariably (and the same thing applies also to ancient Celtic
names), a vowel-ending in _a_, _i_, or _o_; this ending is in our names
sometimes dropped and at other times retained. (It is to be observed,
however, that even in Anglo-Saxon times it is not an unfrequent thing to
find the same name variously with and without a vowel-ending, of which
some instances may be noted in Chapter V.) Thus we have _Abbe_, _Abba_,
and _Abbey_, we have _Bell_, _Belly_, and _Bellow_, we have _Earl_ and
_Early_, we have _Dand_, _Dandy_, and _Dando_, we have _Brand_ and
_Brandy_, we have _Todd_ and _Toddy_, we have _Dane_ and _Dana_, we have
_Marr_, _Marry_, and _Marrow_. These are all ancient names, variously
with and without the vowel-ending, and it will be readily seen how apt
the addition is to disguise the name, and to give it the appearance of
something else.

The question now to consider is--What is the value and meaning of this
vowel-ending, which was only given to simple names and never to
compounds? It might be, in some cases, used simply as a sort of euphonic
rounding-off of a name which might seem meagre and insignificant without
something of the sort. We ourselves appear to use _s_ in the same manner
in the case of some very short names, such as Wills and Epps, in which
the final _s_ may perform the same service that was rendered by the
vowel-ending. But there is also another principle which I think obtains,
and which, indeed, may be the guiding principle in such cases. In
Anglo-Saxon (and the same principle applied to other Teutonic dialects),
the addition of _a_ to a word implied connection with it. Thus, from
_scip_, a ship, is formed _scipa_, one connected with a ship, a sailor.
Now, going back to the remote origin of names, there were many cases in
which a man took a name from an abstraction, such as war, peace, glory,
victory, or from a weapon, as the sword or the spear, and it is obvious
that in such cases he required something to connect his name with it,
and this is, as it seems to me, what was effected by the ending in
question. And the principle is still a living one among us, and we form
names daily in accordance with it, though we no longer use the ending in
_a_, which has been superseded by that in _i_.[8] A connection with
anything whatever is expressed by this ending, as when a stupid person
is called "Duncey," one with a remarkable nose "Nosey," or one with a
halting gait "Stumpy." The French seem to have retained their old
ending, and, when they form names of this sort, to do it with the ending
in _o_ (_eau_) which appears to be in accordance with the genius of
their language, as that in _i_ (_ey_) is with that of ours.

Of these three endings, that in _a_ is the one which was in use among
the Goths, in such names as Cniva, Totila, Ulfila. And the same was also
the case among the Saxons, a branch of the same Low German stock, in
such names as Anna, Ella, Penda, Dodda. The ending in _i_ was also
common among the Old Saxons, and, if we may judge by the _Liber Vitae_ of
Durham (which might naturally be supposed to contain a large proportion
of Northern names), was also prevalent in the ancient Northumbria. We
have in that record the names Alli, Arni, Bynni, Betti, Cyni, Diori,
Elsi, Paelli, Tidi, Tilli, Terri, all of which are found in our present
names _Alley_, _Arney_, _Binney_, _Betty_, _Kinney_, _Deary_, _Elsey_,
_Paley_, _Tidy_, _Tilley_, _Terry_. The ending in _o_ was that which
was in favour among the Franks and the High Germans generally, the
oldest instance on record being probably that of Cotiso, p. 20. This is
the usual ending in French names (so far as they are of Old Frankish
origin, and come under this head), the form being generally _eau_, as in
_Baudeau_, _Godeau_, _Fredeau_, representing the ancient names Baldo,
Godo, Fredo. Hence our names ending in _o_ may be taken to be, to some
extent, names of Old Frankish origin come to us through the Normans. But
the number of such names is larger than could reasonably be accounted
for in such a way, and in point of fact, we meet occasionally with such
names at a much earlier period. The Frisians certainly seem to have had
names in this form, and it is a question whether such names may not be
partly due to them. It must be observed, then, that names with these
three various endings represent the stem just the same as those that are
without it.

The ending in _an_, _en_, _in_, or _on_.

This ending runs through the whole range of Teutonic names, and is
common in English surnames. Hence we have _Doran_, _Lingen_, _Bolden_,
_Hannen_, _Farren_, the names on which they are formed being represented
in _Dore_, _Ling_, _Bold_, _Hann_, _Farre_. As to the value and meaning
of this ending, we have nothing more to guide us than its parallel use
in the languages most nearly concerned, where it is what may be called
formative. That is to say, it is a form of speech which is used to form
the endings of words, not adding anything to the meaning, but forming a
kind of euphonic rounding-off of the word. Thus from A.S. _wearda_ is
formed _warden_, from _geard_ (inclosure) is formed _garden_, from
_Brytta_ is formed Briton, from _maegd_, maid, is formed _maiden_. Cf.
also the old word _ratten_ for _rat_, still used in provincial speech.
In many cases in Teutonic names we have words thus formed, and also the
simpler forms on which they have been founded, _e.g._ we have _bero_,
bear, and also _berin_, we have _aro_, eagle, and also _arin_ (=A.S.
_earn_), both forming the stems on which a number of other names have
been built. I take the ending in _en_, then, to be most probably a kind
of phonetic accretion, adding nothing to the sense, but sometimes
representing a secondary word, and starting a stem on its own account.


The ending in _ing_.

This is the Anglo-Saxon and ancient German patronymic, as in _Browning_,
"son of Brown," _Dunning_, "son of Dunn," _Winning_, "son of Winn." It
must have been superseded during, or very soon after, Anglo-Saxon times,
by the patronymic in _son_, inasmuch as no names of Scriptural origin
appear to be formed with it. Hence we have such names as _Bulling_,
_Burning_, _Canning_, _Gambling_, _Halling_, _Harding_, _Hopping_,
_Loving_, _Manning_, _Swearing_, _Telling_, _Walking_, _Willing_, some
of which have been popularly supposed to be from the present participle.
All of the above except two, _Swearing_ and _Gambling_, are found in the
list of early Saxon settlers, and of these two (which are found in after
Anglo-Saxon times) _Swearing_, which corresponds with an Old German
Suaring, finds its stem in an Anglo-Saxon name Sweor, signifying
important, honourable; and _Gambling_ (properly Gamling) is the
patronymic of an A.S. and O.N. name, Gamol, signifying "old," probably
in the honorific sense of old descent. From this origin, I take it, are
also our names _Farthing_ and _Shilling_, the former from the stem
_fard_, or _farth_, signifying "travel," found in several ancient names,
and which I rather take to be the same as _ford_, found in the Fordingas
among the early settlers. And _Shilling_, which corresponds with a
present German _Schilling_, is probably the same as the Scilling in the
"Traveller's Song," a supposed contraction of Scilding, from A.S.
_scyld_, shield, in which case our name _Shield_ would be the parent of
_Shilling_. I have referred at the beginning of this book to the
curious-looking name _Winfarthing_ (quoted from Lower) as perhaps a
corruption of an A.S. Winfrithing, though it is a case in which I do not
feel much certainty, finding one or two other such names as _Turnpenny_,
which may have been sobriquets.


The ending in _el_ or _il_.

This ending in Teutonic names may be taken, as a general rule, to be a
diminutive, though in a few cases it may be more probably, like that in
_en_, formative. Thus in the list of early A.S. settlers we have
Bryd(ingas) and we have Brydl(ingas), representing the words _bride_ and
_bridle_. Now, as German writers have taken the word _brid_ in ancient
names to mean "bridle," comparing it with French _bride_, it would seem
probable that, in the above A.S. name, Brydl is not a diminutive, but
the extended word "bridle." However, as a general rule, it may be
presumed to be a diminutive, and in such sense I take the following,
premising that this, as well as all other diminutives, except _kin_,
_lin_, and _et_, is subject to a vowel-ending just the same as simple
forms. We have _Bable_, corresponding with an A.S. Babel, and an O.G.
Babilo; _Ansell_ and _Anslow_ (Ansilo), corresponding with an O.G.
Ansila; _Mundell_ and _Mundella_, with a Gothic Mundila;[9] _Costall_,
_Costello_, and _Costly_, with an O.G. Costila. _Costly_ is properly
Costili, with the ending in _i_, as also _Brightly_ is Brightili, and
some other names with an adverbial look may be similarly explained.


The ending in _ec_ or _ic_.

This ending, with rare exceptions, may also be taken to be a diminutive.
The oldest instance on record is stated by Stark as that of the Vandal
general Stilicho in the fourth century, though, as found on Roman
pottery (in the names Bassico and Bennicus), it may be still older. It
seems rather singular that, though, according to Grimm, this ending was
more particularly in favour among the Saxons, not a single instance of
it occurs among the names of our early settlers, nor indeed any other
form of diminutive except that in _el_, though the form in question is
not uncommon in after Anglo-Saxon times. This diminutive is still in
living use among us, at least in Scotland, where a "mile and a bittock"
(little bit) has proved a snare to many a tourist. We have _Willock_,
_Wilkie_, and _Wilke_, corresponding with an O.G. Willico, and an A.S.
Uillech; _Lovick_ and _Lubbock_, corresponding with O.G. Liuvicho;
_Jellicoe_, corresponding with O.G. Geliko, Jeliko, and an A.S. Geleca,
some of these examples being with, and some without, the vowel-ending.


The ending in _lin_.

This ending, which is also a diminutive, is probably formed from that in
_el_, by the addition of _en_. It is found in Foerstemann's list as
early as the fifth century, but, as found on Roman pottery, must
probably be still older. We have _Bucklin_, corresponding with a
Buccellin, general of the Alemanni in the sixth century, and with a
Buccellan on Roman pottery. Also _Tomlin_, corresponding with an O.G.
Domlin; _Applin_, with an O.G. Abbilin; _Franklin_, with an O.G.
Francolin; _Papillon_, with an O.G. Babolen, &c. This form of diminutive
never takes a vowel-ending.


The ending in _kin_.

This diminutive ending is formed from that in _ec_ by the addition of
_en_. It is the youngest-born of all, not being found, unless in rare
cases, before the tenth century. And it is one that is still in living
use both in England and in Germany, in the latter country more
especially. We have _Wilkin_, corresponding with an O.G. Williken, and
an O.N. Vilkinr; _Godkin_, with an O.G. Gotichin; _Hipkin_, with an O.G.
Ibikin or Ipcin; and _Hodgkin_, with an A.S. Hogcin.


The ending in _et_.

There is an ending in _d_ or _t_ in O.G. names, which may be taken,
though perhaps not with anything like certainty, to have the force of a
diminutive. Hence might be such a name as _Ibbett_, corresponding with
O.G. names Ibed and Ibet, from an unexplained stem _ib_; also our names
_Huggett_, _Howitt_, and _Hewitt_, corresponding with an Anglo-Saxon
Hocget, and an O.G. Huetus, from the stem _hog_, _hug_, signifying study
or thought. But some other endings are so liable to intermix, and
particularly the common one _had_, war, that there is very seldom
anything like certainty.


The ending in _es_ or _is_.

I take this ending also to be diminutive, and to be possibly akin to our
_ish_, as in blue-_ish_, which, as signifying a "little blue," seems to
have the force of a diminutive. Hence we have _Riches_, corresponding
with an O.G. Richizo, and a present French _Richez_; and _Willis_,
corresponding with an O.G. Willizo. Then we have _Godsoe_, corresponding
with an O.G. Godizo, of which Cotiso, mentioned in Horace (p. 20), is a
High German form; and _Abbiss_, corresponding with the name, Abissa, of
the son of Hengest, from, as supposed, Gothic _aba_, man. And we have
_Prentiss_, corresponding with an A.S. Prentsa (=Prentisa), respecting
which I have elsewhere suggested that the name should be properly
Pentsa. Another name which I take to be from this ending is _Daisy_.
There is an A.S. Daegsa, which as Dagsi, with the alternative ending in
_i_, would give us _Daisy_. We have another name, _Gipsy_, which I take
to be from Gibb or Gipp (A.S. _geban_, to give) with this ending. This
ending in _is_ is naturally very apt to be corrupted into _ish_, and it
is from this source, I take it, that we have such names as _Radish_,
_Reddish_, _Varnish_, _Burnish_, and _Parish_, the two last of which we
have also in their proper form as _Burness_, and _Parez_ or _Paris_.


The ending in _cock_.

This ending is not one that enters into the Teutonic system, unless so
far as it may turn out to be a corruption of something else. I have not
met with it earlier than A.D. 1400, nor do I know of anything to make me
think that it is much older. There has been at different times a good
deal of discussion as to its origin in _Notes and Queries_ and
elsewhere. Mr. Lower has supposed it to be a diminutive, for which I do
not think that any etymological sanction can be found, unless indeed we
can suppose it to be a corruption of the diminutive _eck_ or _ock_
before referred to, which seems not impossible. But on the whole I am
disposed to agree with the suggestion of a writer in _Notes and Queries_
that _cock_ is a corruption of _cot_,--not, however, in the sense which
I suppose him to entertain, of _cot_ as a local word, but of _cot_ as an
ancient ending, the High German form of _gaud_ or _got_, signifying, as
supposed, "Goth." So far as the phonetic relationship between the two
words _cock_ and _cot_ is concerned, we have an instance, among others,
in our word _apricot_, which was originally _apricock_.

I am influenced very much in coming to the above conclusion by finding
_coq_ as a not unfrequent ending in French names, as in _Balcoq_ and
_Billecoq_, also in _Aucoq_, _Lecoq_, _Videcocq_, _Vilcocq_, which
latter seem to be names corresponding with our _Alcock_, _Laycock_,
_Woodcock_, and _Willcock_. They might all be formed on Teutonic stems,
if we suppose _Lecoq_ and _Laycock_ to have lost a _d_, like _Lewis_ and
_Lucas_, from _leod_, people. Now, that the ending _gaud_, with its
alternative forms _got_, _caud_, _cot_, is present in French names as
well as in English will be clearly seen from the following. From the Old
German Faregaud we have _Faragut_, and the French have _Farcot_; from
the O.G. Benigaud they have _Penicaud_, and we have _Pennycad_; from the
O.G. Ermingaud they have _Armingaud_, and from Megingaud they have
_Maingot_; from the O.G. Aringaud we have _Heringaud_, from Wulfegaud we
have _Woolcot_, from Adogoto we have _Addicott_, and from Madalgaud we
have _Medlicott_. I am also disposed on the same principle to take
_Northcott_, notwithstanding its local appearance, to represent the O.G.
name Nordgaud, and in this case we have also the name _Norcock_ to
compare.

Presuming the above derivation to be the correct one, the question then
arises,--Has this ending come to us through the French, or has the
corruption proceeded simultaneously in both countries? That the latter
has been the case, the French _Videcocq_, as compared with our
_Woodcock_, goes some way to show, the one having the High German form
_vid_ or _wid_, and the other the Saxon form _wud_. I may also mention,
as being, so far as it goes, in accordance with the above theory, that
we have a number of names both in the form of _cot_ and _cock_, as
_Adcock_ and _Addicott_, _Alcock_ and _Alcott_, _Norcott_ and _Norcock_,
_Jeffcock_ and _Jeffcott_. I do not, however, desire to come to a
definite conclusion, though, as far as I am able to carry it, the
inquiry seems in favour of the view which I have advocated. But the
whole subject will bear some further elucidation.

FOOTNOTES:

[8] How or when this change took place is a question that awaits
solving, but I observe that, in 1265, the Countess of Montford, giving
names (or sobriquets) to her servants, calls one of her messengers
Treubodi (trusty messenger), and not Treuboda, as the Anglo-Saxon form
would have been.

[9] This name appears as [Greek: Moundilas] in Procopius, but, judging
by the present pronunciation of Greek, it would sound as Mundila.




CHAPTER III.

NAMES REPRESENTING ANCIENT COMPOUNDS.


The subject of the relative antiquity of simple names (_i.e._ those
formed from one single word) and of compound names is one which has
occupied a good deal of the attention of the Germans. And the conclusion
at which some of them at least seem to have arrived, and which perhaps
has been stated the most distinctly by Stark, is that the compound names
are the older of the two. And the principal ground upon which this
conclusion is based seems to be this, that in a very great number of
cases we find that a simple name was used as a contraction of a compound
name, just as we use Will for William, and Ben for Benjamin. Stark, in
particular, has gone into the subject with German thoroughness, and
produced a most complete list of instances of such contractions, such as
Freddo for Fredibert, Wulf for Wulfric, Benno for Bernhard; and among
the Anglo-Saxons, Eada for Edwine, and Siga for Siwerd, &c., from which
he seems to arrive at the general conclusion that simple names are in
all cases contractions of compound names.

Nevertheless, I must say that it seems to me that to assume the compound
to be older than the simple looks very much like something that is
contrary to first principles, and indeed the very fact that simple names
are so often used in place of compounds appears to me to show that they
are more natural to men, and that men would generally adopt them if they
could. I cannot but think then, going back to the far remote origin of
Teutonic names, that the vocabulary of single words must have been
exhausted before men began to take to the use of compounds. When this
period arrived, and when the confusion arising from so many men being
called by the same name could no longer be endured, some other course
required to be adopted. And the course that was adopted was--I put this
forward only as a theory--when the range of single names was exhausted,
to _put two names together_. The number of changes that could be thus
introduced was sufficient for all purposes, and there is, as I believe,
no established case of a Teutonic name being formed of more than two
words. From this point of view Teutonic names would not be translatable,
or formed with any view to a meaning, and this is, as it seems to me,
what was in fact the case, as a general rule, though I should be very
far from laying it down as a universal principle. If names were formed
with a view to a meaning, it does not seem very probable that we should
have a name compounded with two words, both of which signify war; still
less with two words, one of which signifies peace and the other war.
"Bold in war" might have a meaning, but "bold in peace," if it means
anything, seems satirical. In point of fact, there was a certain set of
words on which the changes were rung in forming names without any
apparent reference either to meaning or congruity. Thus we find that the
early Frankish converts in the time of Charlemagne, the staple of whose
names was German derived from their heathen ancestors, adopted not a few
words of Christian import from the Latin or the Hebrew, and mixed them
up with the old words to which they had been accustomed in their names.
Thus a woman called Electa, no doubt meaning "elect," calls her son
Electardus (_hard_, fortis); thus from _pasc_ (passover) is formed
Pascoin (_wine_, friend); from the name of Christ himself is formed
Cristengaudus (_gaud_, Goth.) Now these are three of the common endings
of German names, but no one can suppose that any sense was intended to
be made out of them here, or that they were given for any other reason
than that they were the sort of words out of which men had been
accustomed to form their names. Indeed, the idea present to the minds of
the parents seems to have been in many cases to connect the names of
their children with their own, rather than anything else, by retaining
the first word of the compound and varying the second. Thus a man called
Girveus and his wife Ermengildis give their children the names of
Giroardus, Girfridis, Gertrudis, Ermena, and Ermengardis, three of the
names connecting with that of the father, and two with that of the
mother. In the case of a man called Ratgaudus and his wife Deodata, the
names of four of the children are Ratharius, Ratgarius, Ratrudis, and
Deodatus, the names of two other children being different. Many other
instances might be given of this sort of yearning for some kind of a
connecting-link in the names of a family. Now the people by whom these
names were given were common peasants and serfs, so that the case was
not one like that of the Anglo-Saxon kings of Northumbria, among whose
names the prefix _os_, signifying "semi-deus," and expressive of a claim
to a divine lineage, was of such frequent recurrence. It may be a
question then whether, while the former word of the compound connected
with the father or the mother, the latter part did not sometimes connect
with some other relative whose name it was desired to commemorate,
giving the effect that is now frequently expressed by a Christian name
and a surname. Again, when we look at the remote origin of these names,
when we find in the opening century of our era, and who can tell for how
many centuries before, precisely the same names that have been current
in all these centuries since, we can hardly doubt that some of these
names, derived from words that had long died out from the language, must
have been used even in ancient times without any more thought of their
meaning than parents have now when they call a child Henry or John. I
desire, however, to put forward the above theory as to the origin of
compound names rather with a view of raising the question than of
expressing a definite conclusion.

The vowel ending in _a_, _i_, or _o_, to which I have referred as in
general use in the case of simple names was not used in the case of
compounds, unless indeed it happened to be an original part of the
second word as in Frithubodo, from _bodo_, messenger. Only in the case
of women, to mark the sex, the ending in _a_ was given. And in the case
of some names, such as _Gertrud_, in which the second part is a word
that could only be given to a woman, as no vowel-ending was required, so
none was given.

I now proceed to give a list of the principal compounds occurring in
English names, with the ancient forms corresponding. I have been
obliged, as a matter of necessity, to compare our names more frequently
with Old German than with Anglo-Saxon equivalents, on account of the
former having been collected and collated--a work which it remains for
some one of our well qualified Anglo-Saxon scholars to do with regard to
the latter.

The meanings which I have assigned for these names are such as have been
most generally adopted by the German writers who have made a special
study of the subject. But it must be borne in mind that this study is
one in which there is no context by which conclusions can be verified,
and that in the vast majority of cases we have nothing more to go upon
than a reasonable presumption.


_Adal_, _athel_, _ethel_, "noble."

(_Hard_, fortis), Old Germ. Adalhard--Ang.-Sax. Ethelhard--Eng.
_Adlard_. (_Helm_), O.G. Adalhelm--Eng. _Adlam_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S.
Ethilheri--Eng. _Edlery_. (_Stan_, stone), A.S. AEthelstan--Eng.
_Ethelston_.


_Ag_, _ac_, _ec_, "point, edge."

(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Agihard--Eng. _Haggard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Agiher, Egiher--Eng. _Agar_, _Eager_. (_Leof_ dear), O.N. Eylifr--Eng.
_Ayliffe_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Egiman--A.S. AEcemann--Eng. _Hayman_,
_Aikman_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Agemund--Eng. _Hammond_. (_Ward_),
O.G. Eguard--A.S. Hayward--Eng. _Hayward_.


_Agil_, _Ail_, of uncertain meaning, but perhaps formed on the previous
stem _Ag_.

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Egilger, Ailger--Eng. _Ailger_. (_Hard_, fortis),
O.G. Agilard, Ailard--Eng. _Aylard_. (_Man_), O.G. Aigliman--Eng.
_Ailman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Agilmar, Ailemar--Eng. _Aylmer_.
(_Ward_, guardian), O.G. Agilward, Ailward--Eng. _Aylward_. (_Wine_,
friend), A.S. Aegelwine--Eng. _Aylwin_.


_Alb_, _Alf_, signifying "elf."

(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Alfhard--Eng. _Alvert_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S.
AElfhere--O.G. Alfheri, Albheri--Eng. _Alvary_, _Albery_, _Aubrey_.
(_Rad_, _red_, counsel), O.G. Alberat--A.S. Alfred--Eng. _Alfred_.
(_Run_, mystery), O.G. Albrun[10]--Eng. _Auberon_.


_Ald_, signifying "old."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Aldebert--Eng. _Aldebert_. (_Hari_, warrior),
A.S. Aldheri--Eng. _Alder_, _Audrey_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. Eldecar
(Moneyer of Edmund)--Eng. _Oldacre_ (?). (_Rad_, _red_, counsel), O.G.
Aldrad--Eng. _Aldred_, _Eldred_. (_Rit_, ride), O.G. Aldarit--Eng.
_Aldritt_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Alderich, Olderich, Altrih--Eng.
_Aldrich_, _Oldridge_, _Altree_. (_Man_, vir), A.S. Ealdmann--Eng.
_Altman_.


_Amal_, of uncertain meaning.

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Amalgar--Eng. _Almiger_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Amalhari, Amalher--Eng. _Ambler_, _Emeler_.


_Angel_, signifying "hook, barb"(?).

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Engilbert--Eng. _Engleburt_. (_Hard_, fortis),
O.G. Englehart--Eng. _Engleheart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Angelher--Eng. _Angler_. (_Man_), O.G. Angilman--Eng. _Angleman_.
(_Dio_, servant), O.G. Engildeo--A.S. Angeltheow--Eng. _Ingledew_.
(_Sind_, companion), O.G. Ingilsind--Eng. _Inglesent_.


_Ans_, High Germ, form of A.S. _os_, "semi-deus."

(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Ansard--Eng. _Hansard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Ansher--Eng. _Anser_. (_Helm_), O.G. Anshelm--Eng. _Anselme_, _Hansom_.


_Ark_, _Arch_ (see page 16).

(_Bald_, bold), Eng. _Archbold_. (_Bud_, envoy), O.G. Argebud--Eng.
_Archbutt_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Archard--Eng. _Archard_. (_Hari_,
warrior), O.G. Erchear--Archere, _Roll of Battle Abbey_--Eng. _Archer_.
(_Rat_, counsel), O.G. Archarat--Eng. _Arkwright_(?). (_Mund_,
protection), O.G. Argemund--Eng. _Argument_.


_Aud_, _Aut_, High Germ. form of A.S. _ead_, "prosperity."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Authar--Eng. _Auther_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G.
Audricus--Eng. _Auterac_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. Audram--Eng. _Autram_,
_Outram_.


_All_ (see page 16).

(_Frid_, peace), O.G. Alufrid--Eng. _Allfrey_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S.
Algar--Eng. _Alger_. (_Hard_, fortis), A.S. Ealhard--Eng. _Allard_.
(_Mar_, famous), O.G. Alamar--Eng. _Almar_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S.
Ealmund--O.G. Alamunt--Eng. _Almond_, _Alment_. (_Noth_, bold), A.S.
AElnoth--Eng. _Allnut_. (_Ward_), O.G. Aloard--A.S. Alwerd--Eng.
_Allward_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G. Aluid--Eng. _Allwood_. (_Wig_, _wi_,
war), A.S. Alewih--Eng. _Allaway_.[11] (_Wine_, friend), O.G.
Allowin--Eng. _Alwin_.


_Al_, _el_, probably "foreigner."

(_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Ellebod--Eng. _Albutt_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G.
Eligaud--Eng. _Allgood_, _Elgood_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Elger--Eng.
_Elgar_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Eleard--Eng. _Ellard_. (_Hari_,
warrior), O.G. Elier--Eng. _Ellery_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Alimer--Eng.
_Elmore_. (_Mund_, protection), Elmund, _Domesday_--Eng. _Element_.
(_Wine_, friend), Elwin, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Elwin_. (_Wood_), Elwod,
_Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Elwood_. (_Gern_, eager), O.G. Aligern--Eng.
_Hallgreen_.


_Ad_, _at_ (Gothic, _atta_), "father."

(_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Atgis--Eng. _Atkiss_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G.
Adogoto--Eng. _Addicott_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Adohar--Eng. _Adier_.
(_Mar_, famous), O.G. Adamar--Eng. _Atmore_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S.
AEtheric--Eng. _Attridge_. (_Rid_, ride), O.G. Atharid--Eng. _Attride_.
(_Wulf_), A.S. Athulf--Eng. _Adolph_.


_An_, _han_ (O.H.G. _ano_), "ancestor."

(_Fred_, peace), O.G. Enfrid--Eng. _Henfrey_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G.
Anager, Eneger--Eng. _Hanger_, _Henniker_. (_Man_, vir), O.G.
Enman--Eng. _Hanman_, _Henman_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. Henred--Eng.
_Hanrot_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Anawalt--Eng. _Anhault_.


_Arm_, of uncertain meaning.

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Ermgar--Eng. _Armiger_. (_Gild_, value?) O.G.
Ermegild--Eng. _Armgold_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Ermhad--Eng. _Armat_.
(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Ermhar--Eng. _Armour_, _Armory_. (_Rad_,
counsel), O.G. Ermerad--Eng. _Ormerod_.


_Armin_, of uncertain meaning

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Irminger--Eng. _Irminger_, _Arminger_ (_Hari_,
warrior), O.G. Irminhar--Eng. _Arminer_.


_Arn_, _ern_ (A.S. _earn_), "eagle."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Arnheri--Eng. _Harnor_. (_Helm_), O.G.
Arnhalm--Eng. _Arnum_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Arnoald--Eng. _Arnold_.
(_Wulf_), O.G. Arnulf--Eng. _Arnulfe_.


_Ask_, _ash_, perhaps in the sense of "spear."

(_Bert_, famous), A.S. _AEscbyrht_--Eng. _Ashpart_. (_Hari_, warrior),
A.S. AEschere--Eng. _Asher_. (_Bald_, fortis), Eng. _Ashbold_. (_Man_,
vir), A.S. AEscmann--Aschmann, _Hund_. _Rolls_--Eng. _Ashman_. (_Mar_,
famous), A.S. AEscmer--Eng. _Ashmore_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G.
Asquid--Ascuit, _Domesday_--Eng. _Asquith_, _Ashwith_. (_Wine_, friend),
A.S. AEscwine--Eng. _Ashwin_. (_Wulf_), O.G. Ascolf--Eng. _Ascough_.


A.S. _beado_, "war."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Bathari--Eng. _Badder_, _Bather_. (_Hard_,
fortis), A.S. Badherd--Beadheard, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Beddard_. (_Man_,
vir), Badumon, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Badman_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G.
Betterich--A.S. Baedric--Eng. _Betteridge_. (_Ulf_, wolf), O.G.
Badulf--Eng. _Biddulph_.


_Bald_, "fortis."

(_Hari_, warrior), A.S. Baldhere--Eng. _Balder_, _Boldery_. (_Ric_,
rule), O.G. Baldric, Baldrih--Eng. _Baldridge_, _Baldry_. (_Wine_,
friend), A.S. Baldwine--Eng. _Baldwin_.


A.S. _band_, _bend_, "crown, chaplet."

(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Pantard--Eng. _Pindard_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S.
Pender--Eng. _Pender_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. Bandrad--Eng. _Banderet_,
_Pendered_.


A.S. _ben_, "wound."

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Benegar--Eng. _Benger_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G.
Benegaud--Eng. _Pennycad_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Beniher--Eng.
_Benner_. (_Man_, vir), Eng. _Beneman_, A.D. 1535, _Penman_. (_Nid_,
strife), O.G. Bennid--Eng. _Bennet_.


A.S. _bera_, "bear."

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Bereger[12]--Eng. _Berger_. (_Grim_, fierce), O.G.
Peragrim--Eng. _Paragreen_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Berhard--Eng.
_Barehard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Beriher--Eng. _Berrier_. (_Helm_),
O.G. Perrhelm--Eng. _Perriam_. (_Land_, terra), O.G. Perelant--Eng.
_Purland_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Berman--Eng. _Burman_, _Perman_. (_Mar_,
famous), O.G. Bermar--Eng. _Barmore_, _Paramore_. (_Rat_, counsel), O.G.
Perratt--Eng. _Perrott_. (_Dio_, servant), O.G. Peradeo--Eng. _Purdue_.
(_Ward_), O.G. Beroward--Eng. _Berward_. (_Wise_, sapiens), O.G. Berois
(=Berwis)--Eng. _Barwise_.


_Berin_, _bern_, "bear."

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Beringar--Eng. _Berringer_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G.
Berinhard--Eng. _Bernard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Bernher,
Pernher--Eng. _Berner_, _Pirner_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Berneold--Eng.
_Bernold_. (_Kel_, for _Ketil_), O.N. Biornkel--Eng. _Barnacle_.


_Bil_, supposed to mean "mildness, gentleness."

(_Frid_, peace), O.G. Bilfrid--Eng. _Belfry_. (_Grim_, fierce), O.G.
Biligrim, Pilgrim--Eng. _Pilgrim_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Belemar--Eng.
_Billamore_, _Belmore_. (_Gard_, protection), O.G. Biligard--Eng.
_Billiard_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Pilimunt--Eng. _Belment_.
(_Wald_, rule), Biliald, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Billyald_.


_Bert_, "bright, illustrious."

(_Ram_, raven), O.G. Bertram--Eng. _Bertram_. (_Land_, terra), O.G.
Bertland--Eng. _Brightland_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Brihtmar--Eng.
Brightmore. (_Rand_, shield), O.G. Bertrand--Eng. _Bertrand_. (_Ric_,
rule), O.G. Perhtric--A.S. Brihtric--Partriche, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng.
_Partrick_, _Partridge_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Brihtwine--Eng.
_Brightwine_.


_Black_, _blake_, signifying "brightness."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Blicher--Eng. _Blacker_, _Blaker_. (_Man_), A.S.
Blaecman (genealogy of the kings of Northumbria), Blacman (Moneyer at
Norwich)--Blaecmon, _Lib. Vit._--Blacheman, _Domesday_--Eng. _Blackman_,
_Blakeman_. (_Wine_, friend), Eng. _Blackwin_.


_Bod_, _bud_, "envoy."

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Baudochar--Eng. _Bodicker_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Botthar--Boterus, _Domesday_--Eng. _Butter_, _Buttery_. (_Gis_,
hostage), O.G. Boutgis, Boggis--Eng. _Boggis_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G.
Baudomir--Eng. _Bodmer_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Buttericus, Bauderich--Eng.
_Butterick_, _Buddrich_. (_Rid_, rit, "ride"), O.G. Bodirid,
Buotrit--Eng. _Botright_.


_Boll_, _bull_ (prob. M.H.G. _buole_), "friend."

(_Gar_, spear), O.G. Pulgar--Eng. _Bulger_. (_Hard_), Pollardus,
Domesday--Eng. _Bullard_, _Pollard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Bolheri--Eng. _Buller_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Bulemaer--Eng. _Bulmer_.


_Burg_, signifying "protection."

(_Hard_), A.S. Burghard--Eng. _Burchard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Burghar--Eng. _Burger_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G. Burgoald--Eng. _Purgold_.
(_Wine_, friend), Eng. _Burgwin_.


_Ball_, _bale_, signifying "bale, woe."

(_Frid_, peace), O.G. Palfrid--Eng. _Palfrey_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G.
Ballomar, Belimar--Eng. _Balmer_, _Bellmore_.


_Coll_, signifying "helmet."

(_Brand_, sword), A.S. Colbrand--Eng. _Colbran_. (_Biorn_, bear), O.N.
Kolbiorn--Eng. _Colburn_. (_Man_, vir), A.S. Colman--Eng. _Colman_.
(_Mar_, famous), A.S. Colomor--Eng. _Collamore_. (_Hard_), A.S.
Ceolheard--Eng. _Collard_.


_Cost_, _cust_, "skill, science" (Germ, _kunst_).

(_Hard_), O.G. Custard--Eng. _Custard_.


_Dag_, "day," in the sense of brightness, glory.[13]

(_Bald_, bold), O.G. Tagapald--Daegbald, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Daybell_.
(_Bern_, bear), O.G. Tagapern--Eng. _Tayburn_. (_Burg_, protection),
O.G. Tagabirg--Eng. _Tackabarry_. (_Gisil_, hostage), O.G.
Daigisil--Eng. _Daggesell_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Daiher--Dacher,
_Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Dagger_, _Dacker_, _Dayer_. (_Helm_), O.G.
Dachelm--Eng. _Dacombe_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Dagamund--A.S.
Daiemond--Eng. _Daymont_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Dagemar--Dagemar on
Roman pottery--Eng. _Damer_.


_Dall_, _dell_, as supposed, "illustrious."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Dalbert--Talbercht, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Talbert_.
(_Fare_, travel), O.G. Dalferi--Eng. _Telfer_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Dealher--Eng. _Deller_. (_Man_), O.G. Dalman--Eng. _Dalman_, _Tallman_.
(_Wig_, _wi_, war), Daliwey, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Dalloway_.


_Dan_, _den_, of uncertain meaning, perhaps, "Dane."

(_Hard_), A.S. Daeneheard--Eng. _Denhard_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G.
Thangar--Eng. _Danger_. (_Wulf_), A.S. Denewulf--Eng. _Denolf_.


_Dar_, signifying "spear."

(_Nagel_, nail), A.S. Dearnagel--Eng. _Darnell_. (_Gund_, war), O.G.
Taragun--Eng. _Darrigon_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Daroin--- Eng.
_Darwin_.


_Dear_, "carus."

(_Leof_, dear), A.S. Deorlaf--Eng. _Dearlove_. (_Man_, vir), Dereman,
_Domesday_--Eng. _Dearman_. (_Mod_, courage), A.S. Deormod--Eng.
_Dermott_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Deorwyn--Eng. _Derwin_.


Gothic, _thius_ (O.H.G. _dio_), "servant."

(_Log_, _loh_, clean?), O.G. Thioloh--Eng. _Dialogue_. (_Mad_,
reverence), O.G. Deomad--Eng. _Demaid_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Dioman--Eng.
_Demon_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Thiomunt--Eng. _Diamond_.


Old North. _dolgr_, "foe."

(_Fin_, people's name), O.N. Dolgfinnr--Eng. _Dolphin_. (_Man_, vir),
A.S. Dolemann--Eng. _Dolman_.


A.S. _dom_ (O.H.G. _tuom_), "judgment."

(_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Domigis, Tomichis--Eng. _Tomkies_. (_Hard_,
fortis), O.G. Domard--Eng. _Dummert_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Domarius--Domheri, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Dummer_.


A.S. _dugan_, to be "doughty."

(_Man_, vir), O.G. Dugiman, Tugeman--A.S. Ducemann--Eng. _Tugman_,
_Duckman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Daumerus--Eng. _Dugmore_. Probably from
the noun, _duguth_, virtue, A.S. Dogod--Eng. _Doggett_, _Dugood_.


_Erl_, supposed same as "earl."

(_Bad_, war), O.G. Erlebad--Eng. _Hurlbat_ (_Bert_, famous), O.G.
Erlebert--Eng. _Hurlburt_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Erleher--Eng.
_Hurler_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Erliwin, A.S. Herlawine--Eng. _Urlwin_.


_Evor_, "boar."

(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Everhard--Eng. _Everard_, _Earheart_. (_Rad_,
counsel), O.G. Eburrad--Eng. _Evered_, _Everett_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G.
Eburicus--Eng. _Every_. (_Wacar_, watchful), O.G. Eburacar--Eureuuacre,
_Domesday_--Eng. _Earwaker_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Eberwic--A.S.
Earwig--Eng. _Earwig_.


Anglo-Saxon _ead_, "prosperity."

(_Burg_, protection), A.S. Eadburh--Eng. _Edbrook_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S.
Eadgar--Eng. _Edgar_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Eadmund--Eng. _Edmond_.
(_Ric_, rule), A.S. Eadric--Eng. _Edridge_. (_Ward_), A.S.
Eadweard--Eng. _Edward_. (_Wig_, war), A.S. Eadwig--Eng. _Edwick_.
(_Wulf_), A.S. Eadwulf--Eng. _Edolph_. (_Wacar_, watchful), O.G.
Odoacer--A.S. Edwaker--Eng. _Eddiker_?


_Far_, _fare_, signifying "travel."

(_And_, life, spirit), O.G. Ferrand, Eng. _Ferrand_. (_Gaud_, Goth),
O.G. Faregaud--Eng. _Farragut_, _Forget_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Feriher--Eng. _Ferrier_. (_Man_), O.G. Faraman--Fareman, _Hund.
Rolls_--Eng. _Fairman_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Faramund--Eng.
_Farrimond_. (_Ward_), O.G. Faroard--Eng. _Forward_.


_Fard_, also signifying "travel."

(_Hari_, warrior), A.S. Forthere--Eng. _Forder_. (_Man_), O.G.
Fartman--Eng. _Fortyman_. (_Nand_, daring), O.G. Ferdinand--Eng.
_Ferdinand_. (_Rad_, counsel), Forthred, _Lib. Vit._,--Eng. _Fordred_.


_Fil_, _ful_, signifying "great."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Filibert--Eng. _Filbert_. (_Gar_, spear),--Eng.
_Fullagar_. (_Leof_, dear), O.G. Filuliub--Eng. _Fullalove_. (_Man_),
O.G. Filiman--Eng. _Fileman_. (_Mar_, famous), A.S. Fealamar, O.G.
Filomor--Eng. _Fillmer_, _Phillimore_. (_Dio_, _thius_, servant), O.G.
Filethius--Eng. _Filldew_.


_Frid_, _free_,[14] signifying "peace."

(_Bad_, war), O.G. Fridibad--Eng. _Freebout_. (_Bern_, bear), O.G.
Fridubern--Friebern _Domesday_--Eng. _Freeborn_. (_Bod_. envoy), O.G.
Frithubodo--Eng. _Freebody_. (_Lind_, gentle), O.G. Fridulind--Frelond
_Hund_. _Rolls_--Eng. _Freeland_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Frithuric--Eng.
_Frederick_. (_Stan_, stone), A.S. Frithestan--Eng. _Freestone_.


_Fin_, supposed from "the nation."

(_Bog_, bow), Old Norse, Finbogi--Eng. _Finbow_. (_Gar_, spear), Old
Norse, Finngeir--Eng. _Finger_.


_Gad_, of uncertain meaning, perhaps "friend."

(_Man_, vir), A.S. Caedmon--Eng. _Cadman_. (_Leof_, dear),--Eng.
_Gatliffe_.


_Gal_, signifying "spirit, cheerfulness."

(_And_, life, spirit), Galaunt, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Galland_,
_Gallant_. (_Frid_, peace), A.S. Galfrid, Gaufrid--Eng. _Geoffry_.
(_Hard_), Gallard _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Gallard_. (_Wig_, war), O.G.
Geilwih--Galaway, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Galloway_.


_Gand_, signifying "wolf."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Ganthar--A.S. Gandar--Eng. _Gander_, _Ganter_.
(_Ric_, rule), O.G. Gendirih, Cantrih--Eng. _Gentery_, _Gentry_,
_Chantrey_.


_Gar_, signifying "spear."

(_Bad_, war), O.G. Kerpat--Eng. _Garbett_. (_Bald_), O.G. Garibald,
Kerbald--Eng. _Gorbold_, _Corbould_. (_Brand_, sword), O.G.
Gerbrand--Eng. _Garbrand_. (_Brun_, bright), O.G. Gerbrun--Eng.
_Gorebrown_. (_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Gaerbod--Gerbode _Lib. Vit._--Eng.
_Garbutt_. (_Hard_), O.G. Garehard--Eng. Garrard. (Hari, warrior), O.G.
Garoheri, Caroheri--Eng. _Carary_, _Carrier_. (_Lac_, play), O.G.
Gerlac--Eng. _Garlick_. (_Man_), O.G. Garaman--A.S. Jaruman--Eng.
_Garman_, _Jarman_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Garimund--Eng. _Garment_.
(_Noth_, bold), O.G. Garnot--Eng. _Garnett_. (_Rod_, red), O.G.
Kaerrod--Old Norse, Geirraudr Eng. _Garrod_. (_Laif_, relic), O.G.
Gerlef--Eng. _Gerloff_. (_Ferhth_, life, spirit), Gerferth, _Lib.
Vit._--Eng. _Garforth_. (_Stan_, stone), O.G. Kerstin--Eng. _Garstin_.
(_Wald_, power), O.G. Garold--Eng. _Garrold_. (_Was_, keen), O.G.
Gervas--Eng. _Jervis_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G. Gervid--Eng. _Garwood_.
(_Wig_, war), O.G. Garavig, Gerwi--Eng. _Garroway_, _Garvey_. (_Wine_,
friend), O.G. Gerwin, Caroin--Eng. _Curwen_?[15] (_Van_, beauty), O.G.
Geravan--Eng. _Caravan_.


_Gan_, _gen_, supposed to mean "magic, sorcery."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Gimbert--Eng. _Gimbert_. (_Had_, war), O.G.
Genad--Eng. _Gennett_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Genear, Ginheri--Eng.
_Genner_, _Jennery_. (_Rid_, ride), O.G. Generid--Eng. _Jeannerett_.


_Gab_, _Geb_, Eng. "give."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Gibert--Eng. _Gippert_. (_Hard_), O.G. Gebahard,
Givard--Eng. _Giffard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gebaheri--Eng.
_Gaffery_.


_Gart_, _cart_, signifying "protection."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gardar, Karthar--Eng. _Garter_, _Carder_.
(_Dio_, servant), O.G. Cartdiuha--Eng. _Carthew_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S.
Gyrdhricg--Eng. _Cartridge_.


_Gald_, _gold_, "reddere, valere."

(_Birin_, bear), O.G. Goldpirin--Eng. _Goldbourne_. (_Red_, counsel),
O.G. Goltered--Eng. _Coulthred_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Goldericus--Eng.
_Goldrick_. (_Run_, mystery), O.G. Goldrun, Coldrun--Coldrun _Lib.
Vit._--Eng _Calderon_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Gildewin--Eng. _Goldwin_.


_Geld_, _gild_, probably same as above.

(_Hard_), O.G. Gildard--Eng. _Gildert_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Gelther--Eng. _Gilder_. (_Wig_, _wi_, war), O.G. Geltwi--Eng.
_Gildawie_.


_Gisal_, _gil_, "hostage."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Gisalbert, Gilbert--Eng. _Gilbert_. (_Brand_,
sword), O.G. Gislebrand--Eng. _Gillibrand_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G.
Gisalfred--Eng. _Gillford_. (_Hard_), O.G. Giselhard--Eng. _Gillard_.
(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gisalhar--- A.S. Gislher--Eng. _Giller_,
_Killer_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Gislehad--Eng. _Gillett_. (_Helm_), O.G.
Gisalhelm--Eng. _Gilliam_. (_Man_), O.G. Gisleman--Eng. _Gillman_,
_Killman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Gisalmer--Eng. _Gilmore_.


_God_, supposed to mean "Deus."[16]

(_Bald_), O.G. Godebald--Godebaldus, _Domesday_--Eng. _Godbold_,
_Godbolt_, _Cobbold_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Godafrid--Eng. _Godfrey_.
(_Gisil_, hostage), O.G. Godigisil--Eng. Godsell. (Heid, state, "hood"),
O.G. Gotaheid--Eng. _Godhead_. (_Hard_), O.G. Godehard--Eng. _Goddard_,
_Goodheart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Godehar--Eng. _Goddier_,
_Goodyear_. (_Laif_, relic), O.G. Godolef--Eng. _Goodliffe_. (_Lac_,
play), O.G. Godolec--Eng. _Goodlake_. (_Land_), O.G. Godoland--Godland
_Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Goodland_. (_Man_), O.G. Godeman--Godeman _Lib.
Vit._--Eng. _Godman_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Godemund--Eng.
_Godmund_. (_Niu_, young), O.G. Godeniu--Eng. _Goodnow_. (_Ram_, raven),
O.G. Godramnus--Eng. _Goodram_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G. Gotrat--Eng.
_Goodred_. (_Rit_, ride), O.G. Guderit--Godritius _Domesday_--Eng.
_Goodwright_. (_Ric_, rule), Godricus _Domesday_--Eng. _Godrick_.
(_Scalc_, servant), O.G. Godscalc--Eng. _Godskall_. (_Ward_), O.G.
Godeward--Eng. _Godward_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Godwine--Eng. _Godwin_.


_Goz_, _Gos_, supposed High Germ. form of _gaud_=Goth.

(_Bald_), O.G. Gauzebald--Eng. _Gosbell_. (_Hard_), O.G. Gozhart,
Cozhart--Eng. _Gozzard_, _Cossart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Gauzer,
Cozhere--Eng. _Gozar_, _Cosier_. (_Lind_, gentle), O.G. Gauzlind--Eng.
_Gosland_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Gozmar--Eng. _Gosmer_. (_Wald_, power),
O.G. Gausoald--Eng. _Goswold_.


_Grim_, "fierce, terrible."

(_Bald_), O.G. Grimbald--Eng. _Grimbald_, _Grimble_. (_Hari_, warrior),
O.G. Grimhar--Eng. _Grimmer_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Grimund--Eng.
_Grimmond_. (_Hard_), O.G. Grimhard--Eng. _Grimerd_.


_Gund_, _gun_, signifying "war."

(_Bald_), O.G. Gundobald, Gumbald--Eng. _Gumboil_. (_Hari_, warrior),
O.G. Gunther, Cundher--Eng. _Gunter_, _Conder_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G.
Gunderih--Eng. _Gundry_. (_Stan_, stone), Old Norse, Gunstein--Eng.
_Gunston_.


_Hun_, probably from "the people."

(_Bald_), O.G. Hunibald--Eng. _Hunibal_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G. Hunfrid,
Humfrid--Eng. _Humphrey_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Hunger--Eng. _Hunger_.
(_Hard_), O.G. Hunard--Eng. _Hunnard_. (_Man_), Huniman _Hund.
Rolls_--Eng. _Honeyman_. (_Wald_, power), O.G. Hunewald--Hunewald, _Lib.
Vit._--Eng. _Hunhold_.


_Had_, _hath_, signifying "war."

(_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Hadegis--Eng. _Hadkiss_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G.
Hadamar--Eng. _Hattemore_. (_Rat_, counsel), O.G. Hadarat--Eng.
_Hadrott_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Hadaricus--Eng. _Hattrick_. (_Wig_, war),
O.G. Hathuwi--Eng. _Hathaway_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Hadawin--Eng.
_Hadwen_.


_Hard_, _hart_, "strong, hardy."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Hardier--Eng. _Harder_. (_Land_, terra), O.G.
Artaland--Eng. _Hardland_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hartman--Eng. _Hardman_.
(_Mund_, protection), O.G. Hartomund--Eng. _Hardiment_. (_Nagel_, nail),
O.G. Hartnagel--Eng. _Hartnoll_. (_Nid_, strife), O.G. Hartnit--Eng.
_Hartnott_. (_Rat_, counsel), O.G. Hartrat--Eng. _Hartwright_. (_Ric_,
rule), O.G. Harderich, Hertrih--Eng. _Hartridge_, _Hartry_. (_Wulf_),
O.G. Hardulf--Eng. _Hardoff_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Hardwic--Eng.
_Hardwick_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Hardwin--Eng. _Ardouin_.


_Har_, _her_, "army" or "soldier."[17]

(_Bad_, war), O.G. Heripato--Eng. _Herepath_. (_Bert_, famous), O.G.
Hariberaht--A.S. Herebritt--Eng. _Harbert_, _Herbert_. (_Bord_, shield),
O.G. Heribord--Eng. _Harboard_. (_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Heribod--Eng.
_Harbud_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Hariker--A.S. Hereger--Eng. _Harker_.
(_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Haregaud--Eng. _Hargood_. (_Land_, terra), O.G.
Hariland--Eng. _Harland_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hariman--Eng. _Harryman_,
_Harman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Harmar--Eng. _Harmer_. (_Mund_,
protection), O.G. Herimund--Eng. _Harmond_. (_Sand_, envoy), O.G.
Hersand--Eng. _Hersant_. (_Wald_, rule), A.S. Harald--Eng. _Harold_.
(_Ward_), A.S. Hereward--Eng. _Harward_. (_Wid_, wood), O.G. Erwid--Eng.
_Harwood_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Herewig, Hairiveo--Eng. _Harvey_. (_Wine_,
friend), O.G. Harwin--A.S. Herewine--Eng. _Harwin_.


_Hild_, _hil_, "war."

(_Brand_, sword), O.G. Hildebrand--Eng. _Hildebrand_. (_Gard_,
protection), O.G. Hildegard--Eng. _Hildyard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Hildier--Eng. _Hilder_, _Hillyer_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hildeman--Eng.
_Hillman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Hildemar--Eng. _Hilmer_. (_Rad_,
counsel), O.G. Hildirad--Eng. _Hildreth_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G.
Hilderic--Eng. _Hilridge_.


_Ing_, _ink_, "son, descendant."

(_Bald_), O.G. Ingobald, Incbald--Eng. _Inchbald_. (_Bert_, famous),
O.G. Ingobert--Eng. _Inchboard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Inguheri--Eng.
_Ingrey_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. Ingram--Eng. _Ingram_. (_Wald_, power),
O.G. Ingold--Eng. _Ingold_.


_Ise_, signifying "iron."

(_Burg_, protection), O.G. Hisburg--Eng. _Isburg_. (_Man_), O.G.
Isman--A.S. Hysemann--Eng. _Heasman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Ismar--Eng.
_Ismer_. (_Odd_, dart), Old Norse, Isodd--Eng. _Izod_.


_Isen_, signifying "iron."

(_Hard_), O.G. Isanhard--Eng. _Isnard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Isanhar--Eng. _Isner_.


_Ken_, _kin_, "nobility."

(_Hard_), A.S. Cyneheard--Eng. _Kennard_, _Kinnaird_. (_Laf_, relic),
A.S. Cynlaf--Eng. _Cunliffe_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Cynemund--Eng.
_Kinmonth_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. Cynric--Eng. _Kenrick_. (_Ward_), A.S.
Cyneweard--Eng. _Kenward_. (_Wig_, war), Kenewi, _Hund. Rolls_--Eng.
_Kennaway_.


_Land_, "terra."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Landbert, Lambert--Eng. _Lambert_. (_Burg_,
protection), O.G. Landburg--Eng. _Lambrook_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G.
Landfrid--Lanfrei _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Landfear_, _Lanfear_, _Lamprey_.
(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Landar--Eng. _Lander_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G.
Landerich--Landric _Domesday_--Eng. _Landridge_, _Laundry_. (_Wig_,
war), O.G. Lantwih--Eng. _Lanaway_. (_War_, defence), O.G. Landoar--Eng.
_Lanwer_. (_Ward_), O.G. _Landward_--Eng. _Landlord?_


_Laith_, _let_, "terrible."

(_Hara_), O.G. Lethard--Eng. _Leathart_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Lethar--Eng. _Leather_. (_Ward_), O.G. Lethward--Eng. _Lateward_.


_Led_, _lud_, "people."

(_Burg_, protection), O.G. Luitburc--Eng. _Ludbrook_. (_Gar_, spear),
O.G. Leodegar--Eng. _Ledger_. (_Gard_), O.G. Liudgard--A.S.
Lidgeard--Eng. _Ledgard_. (_Goz_. Goth), O.G. Luitgoz, Luikoz--Lucas
_Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Lucas_. (_Hard_), O.G. Luidhard--Eng. _Liddard_.
(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Liuthari--A.S. Luder--Eng. _Luther_. (_Man_),
O.G. Liudman--A.S. Ludmann--Eng. _Lutman_. (_Ward_), O.G. Liudward--Eng.
_Ledward_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Liudwig--Eng. _Lutwidge_.


Anglo-Saxon _leof_, "dear."

(_Dag_, day), O.G. Leopdag--Luiedai, _Domesday_--Eng. _Loveday_.
(_Hard_), O.G. Luibhard, Leopard--A.S. Lipperd--Eng. _Leopard_. (_Hari_,
warrior), O.G. Liubheri, Libher--A.S. Leofer--Eng. _Lover_. (_Lind_,
gentle), O.G. Liublind--Eng. _Loveland_. (_Man_), O.G. Liubman--A.S.
Leofmann--Eng. _Loveman_.[18] (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Liubmar--Eng.
_Livemore_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. Leofric--Eng. _Loveridge_. (_Drud_,
friend), O.G. Lipdrud--Eng. _Liptrot_.[19] (_Gaud_, _goz_, Goth), O.G.
Liobgoz--Eng. _Lovegod_, _Lovegood_.



_Mal_, signifying to "maul."

(_Hard_), O.G. Mallard--Maularde, _Roll. Batt. Abb._--Eng. _Mallard_.
(_Ric_, rule), O.G. Malarich--Eng. _Mallory_. (_Thius_, servant), O.G.
Malutheus--Eng. _Malthus_. (_Wulf_), O.G. Malulf--Eng. _Maliff_.


_Man_, as the type of "manliness."

(_Frid_, peace), O.G. Manfrit--Eng. _Manfred_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G.
Mangar--Eng. _Manger_. (_Leof_, dear), A.S. Manlef--Eng. _Manlove_.
(_Gald_, value), O.G. Managold--Eng. _Manigault_.


_Mar_, signifying "famous."

(_Gaud_, Goth), Merigeat _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Margot_. (_Gild_, value),
O.G. Margildus--Eng. _Marigold_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Merovecus,
Maroveus--Eng. _Marwick_, _Marvey_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G.
Maruin--Mervinus _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Marvin_.


_Mag_, _may_, Goth. _magan_, "valere."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Magher--Eng. _Mager_, _Mayer_. (_Had_, war),
O.G. Magodius--Magot _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Maggot_. (_Ron_, raven), O.G.
Megiran--Eng. _Megrin_.


_Main_, also signifying "strength, vigour."

(_Hard_), O.G. Mainard--Eng. _Maynard_.


_Mad_, _med_, Anglo-Saxon _math_, "reverence."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Mather--Eng. _Mather_. (_Helm_), O.G.
Madelm--Eng. _Madam_. (_Lac_, play), O.G. Mathlec--Eng. _Medlock_.
(_Land_), O.G. Madoland--Eng. _Medland_. (_Man_), O.G. Medeman--Eng.
_Maidman_, _Meddiman_. (_Wald_, power), O.G. Meduald--Eng. _Methold_.
(_Wine_, friend), Eng. _Medwin_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Medoveus--Eng.
_Meadway_.


_Madel_, _medal_, "discourse, eloquence."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Madalhar--Eng. _Medlar_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G.
Madalgaud--Eng. _Medlicott_.


_Mil_, _mel_, of uncertain meaning.

(_Dio_, servant), O.G. Mildeo--Eng. _Mellodew_, _Melody_, _Melloday_.
(_Hard_), O.G. Milehard--Eng. _Millard_.


_Mald_, Anglo-Saxon _meald_, "strife, friction."

(_Wid_, wood), O.G. Maldvit--Maldwith, _Domesday_--Eng. _Maltwood_.


Ang.-Sax. _mod_. O.H.G. _mot_, "courage."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Muatheri, Modar--Eng. _Mutrie_, _Moder_. (_Ram_,
_ran_, raven), O.G. Moderannus--Eng. _Mottram_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G.
Moderich--Eng. _Mudridge_.


_Mark_, of uncertain meaning.

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Marcher--A.S. Marker--Eng. _Marcher_, _Marker_.
(_Leif_, relic), O.G. Marcleif--Eng. _Marklove_. (_Wig_, war), O.G.
Marcovicus--Eng. _Markwick_.


Old North. _as_, Ang.-Sax. _os_, "semi-deus."

(_Beorn_, bear), A.S. Osbeorn--Eng. _Osborn_. (_Got_, goth), A.S.
Osgot--Eng. _Osgood_. (_Lac_, play), A.S. Oslac--O.N. Asleikr--Eng.
_Aslock_, _Hasluck_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Asman, Osman--Asseman _Hund.
Rolls_--Eng. _Asman_, _Osman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Osmer--Osmer,
_Domesday_--Eng. _Osmer_. (_Ketil_), O.N. Asketil--Eng. _Ashkettle_.
(_Mund_, protection), A.S. Osmond--Eng. _Osmond_. (_Wald_, rule), A.S.
Oswald--Eng. _Oswald_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Oswin--Eng. _Oswin_.


_Rad_, _red_, signifying "counsel."

(_Brand_, sword), O.G. Redbrand--Eng. _Redband_. (_Geil_, elatus), O.G.
Ratgeil--Eng. _Redgill_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Rathere, Rateri--Eng.
_Rather_, _Rattray_. (_Helm_), O.G. Rathelm--Eng. _Rattham_. (_Leif_,
relic), O.G. Ratleib--Eng. _Ratliffe_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Redman--Eng.
_Redman_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Radmar, Redmer--Eng. _Radmore_,
_Redmore_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Redemund--Eng. _Redmond_. (_War_,
defence), O.G. Ratwar--Eng. _Redwar_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Redwi--Eng.
_Reddaway_. (_Wine_, friend), A.S. Redwin--Eng. _Readwin_. (_Bald_,
fortis), O.G. Ratbold--Eng. _Rathbold_. (_Bern_, bear), O.G. Ratborn,
Ratbon--Eng. _Rathbone_.


_Rag_, _ray_, signifying "counsel."

(_Bald_, fortis), O.G. Ragibald--Eng. _Raybauld_, _Raybolt_. (_Hari_,
warrior), O.G. Racheri--Eng. _Rarey_ (=Ragheri). (_Helm_), O.G.
Rachelm--Eng. _Rackham_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Raimond--Eng.
_Raymond_, _Rayment_. (_Ulf_, wolf), A.S. Rahulf--Raaulf, _Lib.
Vit._--Eng. _Ralph_.


_Ragin_, _rain_, same as above.

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Raginbert, Reinbert--Eng. _Rainbird_. (_Bald_,
fortis), O.G. Raginbald--Eng. _Raynbold_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G.
Rainfred--Eng. _Rainford_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Raingar, Reginker--Eng.
_Ranger_, _Ranacre_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Regnard, Rainhard--Eng.
_Regnard_, _Reynard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Reginhar--A.S.
Reiner--Eng. _Reyner_. (_Helm_), O.G. Rainelm--Eng. _Raynham_, (_Wald_,
rule), O.G. Reginold--A.S. Reinald--Eng. _Reynolds_.


_Ric_, _rich_, signifying "rule."

(_Bald_, fortis), O.G. Richbold--Eng. _Richbell_. (_Gard_, protection),
O.G. Richgard--Eng. _Ridgyard_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Ricohard--Eng.
_Riccard_, _Richard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Richer--Richerus,
_Domesday_--Eng. _Richer_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Ricman--Eng. _Rickman_,
_Richman_. (_Mund_, protection), O.G. Richmund--Eng. _Richmond_.
(_Wald_, rule), O.G. Ricoald--Eng. _Richold_. (_Wig_, war), O.G.
Ricwi--Eng. _Ridgway_.


_Ring_, perhaps signifying "armour."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Rincar--Eng. _Ringer_. (_Wald_, rule), A.S.
Hringwold--Eng. _Ringold_.


_Rod_, signifying "glory."

(_Bero_, bear), O.G. Hruadbero--Eng. _Rodber_. (_Bern_, bear), O.G.
Roudbirn--Eng. _Rodbourn_. (_Bert_, famous), O.G. Hrodebert--Eng.
_Robert_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Hrodgar--Eng. _Rodger_. (_Gard_,
protection), O.G. Hrodgard--Eng. _Rodgard_, _Rodyard_. (_Hari_,
warrior), O.G. Hrodhari, Rotheri, Rudher--Eng. _Rothery_, _Rudder_.
(_Land_), O.G. Rodland--Eng. _Rolland_. (_Leik_, play), O.G.
Rutleich--Eng. _Rutledge_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G. Rothram--Eng.
_Rotheram_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Hrodman--Eng. _Rodman_, _Roman_. (_Niw_,
young), O.G. Hrodni--Eng. _Rodney_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Hrodric--Eng.
_Rodrick_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Hrodwig--Eng. _Rudwick_. (_Ulf_, wolf),
O.G. Hrodulf--Roolf, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Rolfe_.


_Ros_, perhaps signifying "horse."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Rospert--Eng. _Rosbert_. (_Kel_, contraction of
Ketel),[20] Old Norse Hroskel--Eng. _Roskell_.


_Rum_, O.H.G. hruam, "glory."

(_Bald_, bold), A.S. Rumbold--Eng. _Rumbold_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Rumhar--Eng. _Rummer_.


_Sal_, perhaps meaning "dark."[21]

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Salaher--Eng. _Sellar_. (_Man_, vir), O.G.
Salaman--Eng. _Salmon_. (_Wig_, war), O.G. Selwich--Eng. _Salloway_.


_Sar_, signifying "armour" or anything used for defence.

(_Bod_, envoy), O.G. Sarabot--Eng. _Serbutt_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G.
Saregaud--Eng. _Sargood_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Saraman--Eng. _Sermon_.
(_Had_, war), O.G. Sarratt--Eng. _Sarratt_.


_Sig_, signifying "victory."

(_Bald_, bold), A.S. Sigebald--Eng. _Sibbald_. (_Bert_, famous), A.S.
Sigiberht, Sibriht--Eng. _Sibert_. (_Fred_, peace), A.S. Sigefred--Eng.
_Seyfried_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S. Siggaer--Eng. _Segar_. (_Man_), O.G.
Sigeman--Eng. _Sickman_. (_Suff._, _Surn._). (_Mar_, famous), O.G.
Sigimar, Sicumar--A.S. Simaer, Secmaer--Eng. _Seymore_, _Sycamore_.
(_Mund_, protection), O.G. Sigimund--Eng. _Simmond_. (_Wig_, war), O.G.
Sigiwic--Eng. _Sedgewick_. (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Sigiwin--Seguin, _Roll
Batt. Abb._--Eng. _Seguin_.


_Sea_, "mare."

(_Bera_, bear), Sebar, _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Seaber_. (_Bern_, bear), Old
Norse Saebiorn--Sberne, _Domesday_--Eng. _Seaborn_. (_Bert_, famous),
A.S. Saeberht--Eng. _Seabright_. (_Burg_, protection), O.G. Seburg,
Seopurc--Seaburch _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Seabrook_, _Seabury_. (_Rit_,
ride), O.G. Seuerit--Eng. _Searight_, _Sievewright_. (_Wald_, rule),
O.G. Sewald--Eng. _Seawall_. (_Ward_), O.G. Saeward--Eng. _Seaward_,
_Seward_. (_Fugel_, fowl), A.S. Saefugl--Eng. _Sefowl_.


_Stain_, "stone," in the sense of firmness or hardness.

(_Biorn_, bear), O.N. Steinbioern--Eng. _Stainburn_. (_Burg_,
protection), O.G. Stemburg--Eng. _Steamburg_. (_Hard_), O.G.
Stainhard--Stannard _Domesday_--Eng. _Stonard_, _Stoneheart_. (_Hari_,
warrior), O.N. Steinhar--Eng. _Stainer_, _Stoner_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G.
Stainold--Eng. _Stonhold_, and perhaps _Sternhold_ as a corruption.


_Tank_, perhaps "thought."

(_Hard_), O.G. Tanchard--Eng. _Tankard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Thancheri--Eng. _Tankeray_, _Thackeray_ (Scandinavian form). (_Rad_,
counsel), O.G. Tancrad--Eng. _Tancred_.


_Tad_, supposed "father."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Tether--Eng. _Tedder_, _Teather_. (_Man_, vir),
A.S. Tatmonn--Eng. _Tadman_.[22] (_Wine_, friend), O.G. Daduin--Eng.
_Tatwin_.


_Thor_, supposed from the name of the god, a stem specially Danish.

(_Biorn_, bear), O.N. Thorbiorn--Thurbern _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Thorburn_.
(_Gaut_, Goth), O.N. Thorgautr--Turgod _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Thurgood_,
_Thoroughgood_. (_Geir_, spear), O.N. Thorgeir--Eng. _Thorgur_. (_Fin_,
nation), O.N. Thorfinnr--Thurfin _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Turpin_. (_Mod_,
courage), O.N. Thormodr--Eng. _Thurmot_. (_Stein_, stone), O.N.
Thorsteinn--Turstin _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Thurstan_. (_Wald_, rule), O.N.
Thorvaldr--Eng. _Thorold_. (_Vid_, wood), O.N. Thorvidr--Eng.
_Thorowood_. (_Ketil_[23]) O.N. Thorketil--Eng. _Thirkettle_. (_Kel_,
contraction of _ketel_), O.N. Thorkel--Turkillus _Lib. Vit._--Eng.
_Thurkle_. (Hence is borrowed as supposed the Gaelic Torquil.)


Ang.-Sax. _theod_, "people."

(_Bald_, fortis), A.S. Theodbald--Tidbald _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Theobald_,
_Tidball_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Theodahar, Tudhari--A.S.
Theodhere--Eng. _Theodore_, _Tudor_. (_Ran_, raven), O.G. Teutran--Eng.
_Teuthorn_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Tiadman--Eng. _Tidman_. (_Mar_, famous),
O.G. Thiudemer--A.S. Dydemer--Eng. _Tidemore_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S.
Theodric--Eng. _Todrig_, _Doddridge_.


_Wad_, _Wat_, "to go," in the sense of activity?

(_Gis_, hostage), O.G. Watgis--Eng. _Watkiss_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G.
Waddegar--Eng. _Waddicar_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Vadomar--Eng.
_Wadmore_. (_New_, young), O.G. Wattnj--Eng. _Watney_.


_Wald_, signifying "power" or "rule."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Waldhar--A.S. Wealdhere--Eng. _Walter_. (_Man_)
O.G. Waldman--Eng. _Waldman_. (_Ran_, raven), O.G.
Walderannus--Walteranus _Domesday_--Eng. _Waldron_.


_Wal_, "stranger" or "foreigner."

(_And_, life, spirit), O.G. Waland--Eng. _Waland_. (_Frid_, peace), O.G.
Walahfrid--Eng. _Wallfree_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Walaheri,
Walher--Eng. _Wallower_, _Waller_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Wallod--Eng.
_Wallet_. (_Raven_), Gothic Valerauan--Walrafan _Lib. Vit._--Eng.
_Wallraven_ (_Suffolk Surnames_). (_Rand_, shield), O.G.
Walerand--Walerandus _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Walrond_.


_War_, perhaps signifying "defence."[24]

(_Bald_, bold), O.G. Warbalt--Eng. _Warbolt_. (_Burg_, protection), O.G.
Warburg--Eng. _Warbrick_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Weriger--Eng. _Warraker_.
(_Goz_, Goth), O.G. Werigoz--Eng. _Vergoose_ (_Suffolk Surnames_).
(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Warher--Eng. _Warrior_. (_Laik_, play), O.G.
Warlaicus--Warloc _Hund. Rolls_--Eng. _Warlock_. (_Man_), O.G.
Warman--A.S. Wearman--Eng. _Warman_. (_Mar_, famous). O.G. Werimar--Eng.
_Warmer_. (_Lind_, gentle), O.G. Waralind--Eng. _Warland_.


_Wern_, in the sense of "nationality."

(_Burg_, protection), O.G. Warinburg--Eng. _Warrenbury_. (_Frid_,
peace), O.G. Warnefrid--Eng. _Warneford_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Warenher, Warner--Eng. _Warrener_, _Warner_. (_Had_, war), O.G.
Warnad--Eng. _Warnett_.


_Wag_, _way_, to "wave, brandish."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Wagher--Eng. _Wager_. (_Bert_, famous), O.G.
Wagpraht--Eng. _Weybret_.


_Wid_, _wit_, of uncertain meaning.[25]

(_Brord_, sword), A.S. Wihtbrord, Wihtbrod--Witbred _Hund. Rolls_--Eng.
_Whitbread_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Witker--A.S. Wihtgar--Eng.
_Whittaker_, _Whitecar_. (_Hard_), O.G. Witart--Eng. _Whitehart_.
(_Ron_, raven), O.G. Widrannus--Eng. _Witheron_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G.
Withar, Wither _Domesday_--Eng. _Wither_, _Whiter_. (_Ring_, armour),
O.G. Witering--Eng. _Wittering_. (_Lag_, law), A.S. Wihtlaeg,--Eng.
_Whitelegg_, _Whitlaw_. (_Laic_, play), O.G. Widolaic,--A.S.
Wihtlac--Eng. _Wedlake_, _Wedlock_. (_Man_, vir), O.G. Wideman,
Witman--Eng. _Wideman_, _Whiteman_. (_Mar_, famous), Goth.
Widiomar--Uitmer _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Whitmore_. (_Rad_, counsel), O.G.
Widerad, Witerat--A.S. Wihtraed--Eng. _Withered_, _Whitethread_,
_Whiterod_. (_Ric_, rule), Goth. Witirich--A.S. Wihtric--Eng.
_Witherick_, _Whitridge_.


_Will_, in the sense of "resolution"?

(_Bern_, bear), O.G. Wilbernus--Eng. _Wilbourn_. (_Gom_, man), O.G.
Willicomo--Uilcomae _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Wilcomb_, _Welcome_. (_Frid_,
peace), A.S. Wilfrid--Eng. _Wilford_. (_Gis_, hostage), A.S.
Wilgis--Eng. _Willgoss_. (_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Willard--A.S.
Willeard--Eng. _Willard_. (_Heit_, state, "hood") O.G. Williheit--Eng.
_Willett_. (_Helm_), A.S. Wilhelm--Eng. _Williams_. (_Mar_, famous),
O.G. Willemar--Eng. _Willmore_. (_Mot_, courage), O.G. Willimot--Eng.
_Willmot_. (_Mund_, protection), A.S. Wilmund--Uilmund, _Lib.
Vit._--Eng. _Willament_.


_Wind_, _Wend_, supposed "from the people."

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Winidhar--Eng. _Winder_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G.
Winidram--Eng. _Windram_. (_Rad_, counsel)--Eng. _Windred_.


_Wine_, "friend."

(_Bald_, fortis), O.G. Winebald--Eng. _Winbolt_. (_Cof_, strenuous),
A.S. Wincuf--Eng. _Wincup_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Winegaud--Eng.
_Wingood_. (_Gar_, spear), O.G. Wineger, Vinegar--A.S. Winagar--Eng.
_Winegar_, _Vinegar_. (_Hari_, warrior), A.S. Wyner--Eng. _Winer_.
(_Laic_, play), O.G. Winleich--Uinlac _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Winlock_.
(_Man_, vir), O.G. Winiman--A.S. Winemen--Eng. _Wineman_, _Winmen_.
(_Stan_, stone), A.S. Wynstan--Eng. _Winston_.


_Wig_, _Wick_, "war."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Wigbert, Wibert--Eng. _Vibert_. (_Burg_,
protection), O.G. Wigburg--Wiburch _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Wyberg_, _Wybrow_.
(_Hard_, fortis), O.G. Wighard, Wiart--A.S. Wigheard--Uigheard _Lib.
Vit._--Eng. _Wyard_. (_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Wigheri, Wiccar,
Wiher--Uigheri _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Wicker_, _Vicary_, _Wire_. (_Helm_),
A.S. Wighelm--Uighelm _Lib. Vit._--Eng. _Whigam_. (_Ram_, raven), O.G.
Wigram--Eng. _Wigram_. (_Mar_, famous), O.G. Wigmar, Wimar--Wimar _Lib.
Vit._--Eng. _Wymer_.[26] (_Gern_, eager), O.G. Wicchern--A.S.
Weogern--Eng. _Waghorn_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Wicod, Wihad--A.S.
Wigod--Eng. _Wiggett_, _Wichett_, _Wyatt_. (_Man_, vir), O.G.
Wigman--Eng. _Wigman_, _Wyman_. (_Ric_, rule), O.G. Wigirich--Eng.
_Vickridge_.


Ang.-Sax. _wulf_, "wolf."

(_Bert_, famous), O.G. Wolfbert--Eng. _Woolbert_. (_Gar_, spear), A.S.
Wulfgar--Eng. _Woolgar_. (_Gaud_, Goth), O.G. Wulfegaud--A.S.
Wulfgeat--Eng. _Woolcot_. (_Hard_, fortis), A.S. Wulfheard--Eng.
_Woollard_. (_Had_, war), O.G. Wolfhad--Eng. _Woollat_. (_Helm_), A.S.
Wulfhelm--Eng. _Woollams_. (_Heh_, high), A.S. Wulfheh--Eng. _Woolley_.
(_Mar_, famous), A.S. Wulfmer--Eng. _Woolmer_. (_Noth_, bold), A.S.
Wulfnoth--Eng. _Woolnoth_. (_Ric_, rule), A.S. Wulfric--Eng. _Woolrych_.
(_Sig_, victory), A.S. Wulfsig--Eng. _Wolsey_. (_Stan_, stone), A.S.
Wulfstan--Eng. _Woolston_.


Ang.-Sax. _ju_, O.H.G. _ewa_ "law."[27]

(_Hari_, warrior), O.G. Euhar--Eng. _Ewer_. (_Man_, vir), O.G.
Eoman--perhaps Iman and Iiman on Roman pottery--Eng. _Yeoman_, _Yeaman_.
(_Ric_, rule), O.G. Eoricus--Eng. _Yorick_. (_Wald_, rule), O.G.
Ewald--Eng. _Ewald_. (_Ward_, guardian), O.G. Euvart--Eng. _Ewart_,
_Yeoward_. (_Wolf_), O.G. Eolf--Eng. _Yealfe_.


The foregoing is not put forward as by any means an exhaustive list of
the ancient compounds represented in our names, but only of the more
common and more important. And there are some ancient stems well
represented in other forms, such as those referred to in Chapter II.,
from which I have not been able to trace any compounds. It will be
observed that I have in two or three instances assigned a place to an
English name, without finding an ancient form to correspond. This indeed
I might have done to a greater extent than I have done, for when we have
such a well-defined system, with the same forms of compounds regularly
recurring, we may in many cases assign a place to a name even though the
ancient equivalent may not yet have come to light.

FOOTNOTES:

[10] Hence I take to be the name of the fairy king Oberon. Albruna was
also the name of a "wise woman" among the ancient Germans referred to by
Tacitus.

[11] Probably also A.S. Haluiu--Eng. _Halloway_.

[12] Here probably the name Biracrus, on Roman pottery, corresponding
with an O.G. form, Berecar.

[13] Or perhaps of beauty, like a Celtic stem _tac_, found in names of
men, and perhaps a corresponding word.

[14] As an ending also _frid_ commonly becomes _free_, as in Humphrey
from Humfrid, Godfrey from Godfred, Geoffry from Galfrid.

[15] This name might perhaps be from the Irish Cwaran, whence probably
the present _Curran_. This name appears also to have been sometimes
borrowed by the Northmen, as in the case of Olaf Cwaran.

[16] But not in a Christian sense, the stem being much older than
Christian times. There is another stem _gaud_, supposed to mean Goth,
very liable to intermix.

[17] As a prefix this may mean "army," but as an ending, where it is
often _hari_ or _heri_ (and perhaps was originally always so), it may be
taken, as suggested by Grimm, to mean warrior.

[18] Also as a contracted form, Ang.-Sax. Leommann (=Leofmann, Eng.
_Lemon_).

[19] This seems to be a name of an exceptional kind, the ending _drud_
being a female one. That our name Liptrot (which I take from Lower), is
really from the above origin is rendered the more probable by the
corresponding name Liebetrut as a present German name, similarly derived
by Foerstemann. But it may well be that the ending in this case is from
a different word to that which, see p. 19, forms the endings of women's
names, viz. O.H.G. _trut_, amicus, which, as a prefix, enters into
several men's names.

[20] From the mythological kettle of the gods, which enters into many
Old Norse men's names.

[21] "The Anglo-Saxons seem to have used sallow in the sense of dark.
The raven is called sallow both by Caedmon and the author of Judith,"
_Skeat_. It seems to me, however, a question whether, seeing how
frequently the names of nationalities enter into Teutonic men's names,
the word contained in the above stem may not be "Salian." This, however,
still leaves open the question as to what is the origin of Salian.

[22] A corresponding name may be the Dutch Tadema, if _ma_, as is
supposed, stands for _man_.

[23] Probably from the mythological kettle of the AEsir.

[24] So many different words might be suggested in this case that the
meaning must be left uncertain. It is most probable that there may be an
admixture.

[25] Three different words found in ancient names intermix so as to be
hardly separable, viz., Anglo-Saxon _wiht_, strength or courage; _wid_,
wood; and _wit_, wisdom.

[26] The name of Wigmore Street seems to imply a man's name _Wigmore_,
but I do not know of it at present.

[27] Hence probably the name of the Eows, a tribe or family mentioned in
the "Traveller's Song." Also probably the name Eawa, in the genealogy of
the Mercian kings. The stem is represented in our names by _Ewe_, _Yeo_,
and _Yea_, and we have also the patronymic _Ewing_ (Euing in
_Domesday_).




CHAPTER IV.

THE MEN WHO CAME IN WITH THE SAXONS.


The researches of Mr. Kemble, supplemented by those of Mr. Taylor, in
connection with the early Saxon settlements in England, have an
important bearing upon the subject of our existing surnames. Mr. Kemble
was the first to call attention to the fact that very many of the names
of places in England, as disclosed by the forms in which these names
appear in ancient charters, consist of a personal name in a patronymic
form. Some of these names consist simply of a nominative plural in
_ingas_, as AEscingas, the sons or descendants of AEsc, others of a
genitive plural in _inga_, with _ton_, _ham_, &c., appended, as in
Billingatun, the town of the Billings, _i.e._ sons or descendants of
Billa. These he takes to denote tribal or family settlements, forming
the Anglo-Saxon "mark," consisting of a certain area of cultivated land,
surrounded by a belt of pasture land enjoyed by all the settlers in
common, the whole inclosed by the forest.

Of these names he has made two lists, the one derived from the names
found in ancient charters, and so perfectly trustworthy, the other
inferred from existing names of places which appear to be in the same
form. The latter list is of course subject to considerable correction
and deduction, inasmuch as it depends entirely upon the ancient forms in
which these names would appear whether they would come under this
category or not. Thus, if a name were anciently Billing_a_ham, it would
be "the home of the Billings," while if it were Billingham, it would
simply be the home of an individual man called Billing. And in looking
through this list, a few names will be found, which a comparison with
his own index of place-names shows to be incorrectly assigned. Thus he
infers Impingas from Impington in Cambridgeshire, and Tidmingas from
Tidmington in Worcester, whereas it appears from his index that the
ancient name of the one was Impintun, and of the other Tidelminctun,
both being thus from the name of an individual and not of a tribe or
family. Sempringham again in Lincolnshire, whence he derives Sempringas,
I find to have been Sempingaham, and so used already for Sempingas. I
also feel very great doubt about names taken from places ending in _by_,
_thorp_, and _toft_, in Lincolnshire and the ancient Denelaga, as being
Scandinavian, and given at a distinctly later period. Indeed I have a
certain amount of distrust of all names taken from the North of England,
in the absence, as far as I know, of any distinct proof in any one case.
Northumberland would perhaps be the county to which, as containing the
greatest number of such forms, any such doubt would the least strongly
apply. Moreover, I do not feel at all sure that _ing_ is not in some
cases simply a form of the possessive, and that Dunningland, for
instance, is not simply Dunn's land. This doubt is considerably
strengthened when the name is that of a woman, as in Cyneburginctun (now
Kemerton in Glouc). Cyneburg is certainly a woman's name, and as such
could not, I should suppose--though the question is one for more
experienced Anglo-Saxon scholars--form a patronymic, in which case
Cyneburginctun can only be "Cyneburg's tun." And if it be so in one
case, it may of course be so in others. Mr. Kemble's second list, then,
requires to be used with a certain amount of caution, though in the main
his deductions may be taken as trustworthy.

The corresponding forms in Germany have since been collected by
Professor Foerstemann from ancient charters up to the eleventh century,
and must all be considered therefore as trustworthy. His list contains
upwards of a thousand different names, but inasmuch as many of these
names are found in different parts of Germany, the total number of such
names must amount to many thousands. These consist sometimes of a form
in _ingas_, same as in England, and this obtains more particularly in
Bavaria, sometimes of a form in _inga_, which he takes to be also a
nominative plural, but most commonly of a dative plural, in _ingen_, as
in Herlingen, "to the Harlings." This dative plural explains the origin
of many existing names of places in Germany, as Goettingen, Dettingen,
Tuebingen, &c. A dative plural also occurs occasionally in England in the
corresponding Anglo-Saxon form _ingum_, as in Godelmingum, now
Godalming, Angemeringum, now Angmering, &c.

Meanwhile Mr. Taylor has instituted a detailed and very important
comparison between the names contained in Mr. Kemble's two lists, and
those of a corresponding kind in Germany, not indeed from ancient
records, but from existing place-names. And he has further supplemented
this by a list of similar forms disclosed by his own very interesting
discovery of a Saxon area in France opposite to the shore of England,
and which we can hardly doubt to be, as he considers it to be, the
result of a Saxon emigration from England. He has, moreover, given some
similar instances of German occupation in the north of Italy, and it can
hardly be doubted that a more detailed examination would add to their
number.

The question now to be considered is--what is the value of these various
forms in _ingas_, _inga_, and _ingen_, in England and in Germany? In
Anglo-Saxon and other Teutonic dialects _ing_ is a patronymic, as in
Bruning, son of Brun. But it has also a wider sense implying any
connection with a person or thing, and in certain of the names under
consideration both in England and in Germany, it seems very clear that
it is used simply in a geographical sense. Thus we cannot doubt that
Madelungen and Lauringen, in Germany, signify, as Foerstemann suggests,
the people of the Madel and of the Lauer, on which two rivers the places
in question are respectively situated. Also that Salzungen signifies the
people of the salt springs, in the neighbourhood of which the name is
found.[28] So in England it seems clear that the Leamingas found in
Leamington signifies the people of the Leam, on which river the place is
situated. So also the Heretuningas, the Hohtuningas, and the
Suthtuningas, must mean simply the people respectively of Heretun, of
Hohtun, and of Suthtun, the Beorganstedingas the people of Beorgansted,
the Eoforduningas the people of Eofordun, and the Teofuntingas, the
people dwelling by the two fountains. But with these and perhaps one or
two other exceptions, the word contained is simply a personal name, and
the question is--in what connection is it used? Does Billingas mean the
descendants of the man Bill or Billa, under whose leadership the
settlement was made, or does it, as Mr. Kemble seems to think, refer to
some older, perhaps mythical ancestor from whom the Billings claimed a
traditional descent? Now, considering the great number of these names,
amounting to more than a thousand in England alone, seeing the manner in
which they are dispersed, not only over different counties of England,
but as the annexed table will show, over the length and breadth of
Germany, it seems to me utterly impossible to consider them as anything
else than the every-day names of men common to the great German family.
I am quite in accord then with the view taken by Sir J. Picton
(Ethnology of Wiltshire).[29] "When the Saxons first invaded England,
they came in tribes and families headed by their patriarchal leaders.
Each tribe was called by its leader's name, with the termination _ing_,
signifying family, and where they settled they gave their patriarchal
name to the _mark_ or central point round which they clustered." This
is also the view taken by Foerstemann with regard to the German names,
and I cannot doubt that Mr. Kemble, if he had had the opportunity of
extending his survey over this wider area, would have come to the same
conclusion. I take it then that the name contained in these forms is
simply that of the leader under whose guidance these little settlements
were made, and that, inasmuch as members of the same family would
generally keep together, it is in most cases that of the patriarch or
head of the family. Each man would no doubt have his own individual
name, but as a community exercising certain rights in common, from which
outsiders were excluded, they would require some distinctive
appellation, and what so natural as that of their leader.

I now come to consider some points of difference between the Anglo-Saxon
settlements and the German. While all the settlements in England must be
taken to have been made by a Low German race, a large proportion of
those in Germany must be taken to have been made by a High German
people. Thus when we find Baebingas in England represented by Papinga in
Austria, Bassingas by Pasingas, and Baedingas by Patinga in Bavaria, we
have the distinction between High and Low German, which might naturally
be expected. So when we find Eastringas represented by Austringa in
Baden, we have again a High German form to compare with a Low German.
But this distinction is by no means consistently maintained throughout,
and we seem to have a considerable mixture of High and Low German forms.
Thus we have both Baecgingas and Paeccingas, Dissingas and Tissingas,
Garingas and Coringas, Edingas and Odingas (representing as it seems the
Anglo-Saxon _ead_ or _ed_, and the High German _aud_ or _od_). And even
in some cases the rule seems to be reversed, and we have the High German
in England, as in Eclingas against Egilinga in Bavaria, Hoppingas
against Hobinga in Alsace, Ticcingas against Dichingen, &c. It would
seem as if our settlements were made, at least in part, by a people who
if not High German, had at any rate considerable High German affinities.
To what extent the speech of the Angles which I suppose to have been the
main element in the Northumbrian dialect, would answer these conditions,
I would rather leave to our higher Anglo-Saxon scholars to decide. But
it seems to me, so far as I may venture to give an opinion, that
Lappenberg's theory, that the Saxons were accompanied by Franks,
Frisians, and Lombards, would perhaps better than any other meet all the
requirements of the case. Whence for instance could come such a form as
Cwichelm for Wighelm, apparently a rather strongly marked Frankish form?
Or Cissa (Chissa) for, as I suppose, Gisa, which would be apparently in
conformity with a Frisian form? I have endeavoured to go into this
subject more fully in a subsequent chapter, more particularly with
regard to the Franks, and to show that there are a number of names in
Anglo-Saxon times which might be of Frankish origin, and which perhaps
it would be difficult to account for on any other theory. And it must be
borne in mind that the earlier date now generally assigned for the first
Teutonic settlements, naturally tends to give greater latitude to the
inquiry as to the races by whom those settlements were made.

Another difference to be noted is that whereas all our settlements seem
to have been made in heathen times, those of Germany extend into
Christian times, as shown by such names as Johanningen, Jagobingen, and
Steveningen, containing the scriptural names John, Jacob and Stephen.
There is another and a curious name, Satanasinga, which, the place to
which it is applied being a waste, seems to describe the people who
lived in it, or around it, perhaps in reference to their forlorn
condition, as "the children of Satan." The adoption of scriptural names
seems to have taken place at a later period in England than either in
Germany or in France. And we have not, as I believe, a single instance
in our surnames of a scriptural name in an Anglo-Saxon patronymic form,
as the Germans, judging from the above, might--possibly may--have.

Another point of difference between the Anglo-Saxon and the German
settlements would seem to be this, that while the German list contains a
considerable proportion of compound names, such as Willimundingas and
Managoldingas, the Anglo-Saxon list consists almost exclusively of names
formed of a single word, and the exceptions may almost be counted upon
the fingers. With this I was at first considerably puzzled, but on
looking more carefully into the lists, it seemed to me apparent that
many of the names assumed by Mr. Kemble from names of places were in
reality compound names in a disguised and contracted form. And as
Tidmington, whence he derives Tidmingas, was properly Tidhelmingtun, so
I conceive that Osmingas derived from Osmington, ought properly to be
Oshelmingas, and Wylmingas, found in Wilmington, to be Wilhelmingas. So
also I take it that Wearblingas, found in Warblington, ought to be
Warboldingas, that Weomeringas, deduced from Wymering, ought to be
Wigmeringas, and that Horblingas, found in Horbling, ought to be
Horbaldingas. There are several other names, such as Scymplingas,
Wramplingas, Wearmingas, Galmingas, &c., that seem as they stand, to be
scarcely possible for names of men, and which may also contain compounds
in a corrupted or contracted form. In addition to this, I note the
following, found in ancient charters, which Mr. Kemble seems to have
overlooked, AEgelbyrhtingas, found in AEgelbyrtingahyrst, No. 1041,
Ceolredingas, found in Colredinga gemerc, 1149, and Godhelmingas found
in Godelmingum, 314. If all these were taken into account, the
difference, though it would still exist, might not be so great as to be
unaccountable, considering that our settlements were made to a
considerable extent at an earlier date, and by tribes more or less
differing from those of Germany. It raises, moreover the question, dealt
with in a very thorough manner by Stark, as to the extent to which these
short and simple names may be contractions of compound names. I have
referred to the subject in another place, and I will only observe at
present that from the instances he cites the practice seems to have been
rather specially common among the Frisians. Now it will be found on
comparing the names of our ancient settlers with the Frisian names past
and present cited by Outzen and Wassenberg, that there is a very strong
family likeness between them, though we need not take it to amount to
more than this, that the Frisian names may be taken as a type of the
kind of names prevalent among the other neighbouring Low German tribes,
until it can be more distinctly shown that there were settlements made
by the Frisians themselves. And I have brought these names into the
comparison simply as being the nearest representatives that I can find.

Notwithstanding the complete and valuable tables drawn up by Mr. Taylor
for the purpose of comparing the Anglo-Saxon settlements with those of
Germany, I have thought it useful to supplement them by another confined
exclusively to the names drawn from ancient German records, and
therefore, so far as they go, entirely trustworthy. And I take the
opportunity to compare our existing surnames with these ancient names
thus shown to be common to the great Teutonic family.

In the following table I have given then, first the Anglo-Saxon names
from Kemble's lists, then the corresponding Old German from that of
Foerstemann, with the district in which it is found, and, wherever
identified, the existing name of the place, then names corresponding
from the _Liber Vitae_ or elsewhere to show continued Anglo-Saxon use,
with also Frisian names as already mentioned, and finally, the existing
English surnames with which I compare them. It will be seen that these
surnames in not a few cases retain an ancient vowel-ending in _a_, _i_,
or _o_, as explained in a preceding chapter.

  _THE EARLY SAXON SETTLEMENTS COMPARED WITH THOSE OF GERMANY._

  Anglo-Saxon.  German.   Locality         (L.V.), Liber Vitae.  English
                          in Germany.      (F.), Frisian.       Surnames.

  Aldingas}     Aldinge   {Now Aldingen,}  {Alda (L.V.),} {_Allday_, _Allt_,
  Oldingas}               {in Wuertemburg}  {  Alte (F.) } {  _Old_, _Olding_.

  AEceringas[30] Aguringas {Now Egringen}    Aker (L.V.)    _Ager_, _Acres_.
                          {  in Bavaria}

  AElingas       Allingen   Bavaria         {Alli (L.V.),}  _Alley_, _Allo_.
                                           {  Alle (F.) }

  AElfingas}     Albungen   Hesse Cassell    Alef (F.)     {_Aulph_, _Alpha_,
  AElpingas}                                               {  _Elvy_.

  AEfeningas  {Heveningare  Appenzell        Afun (L.V.)    _Heaven? Evening_.
             { marca

  Antingas      Endinga   {Now Endingen,}   Anta (A.S.)   {_And_, _Andoe_,
                          {  in Baden   }                 {  _Hand_.

  AEscingas      Esginga     .....           AEsc (A.S.)     _Ask_, _Ashe_.

  AEtingas       Adinga     Pruss. Saxony   {Atta (A.S.),}  _Hatt_.
                                           {  Atte (F.) }

  Baebingas      Papinga   {Now Pabing, }   {Babba (A.S.),} _Babb_.
                          {  in Austria}   {  Babe (F.)  }

  Baningas      Boninge     .....          {Beana (L.V.),}  {_Bann_,
                                           {  Banne (F.) }  {  _Banning_.

  Baedingas }            {Now Beddingen,  } {Bada,         } {_Batt_, _Batty_,
           }    Patinga {  in Brunswick; } {  Betti (L.V.)} {  _Betty_,
  Beadingas}            {  also Baden,   }                  {  _Batting_.
                        {  Prussia, Austria}

  Bassingas     Pasingas   Bavaria          Bass (A.S.)    _Bass_, _Pass_.

  Baecgingas}    Bachingen  Wuertemburg     } {Baga,       } {_Bagge_, _Back_,
  Beccingas}    Beckinga   Rhenish Prussia} {Backa (L.V.)} {  _Beck_, _Peck_.
  Paeccingas}

  Bensingas     Pinsinga   Bavaria          Benza (L.V.)   _Bence_.

  Bircingas     Biricchingen .....           .....         _Birch_.

  Bebingas      Bebingun   Bavaria, Wuertg.  Bebba (A.S.)  {_Bibb_, _Bibby_,
                                                          {  _Beeby_.

  Billingas     Bilinga   {Hess., Wuert.,}    .....        {_Bill_, _Billow_,
                          {  Friesland  }                 {  _Billing_.

  Binningas     Binnungen {Now Bingen,  }  {Bynni (L.V.),} {_Binney_,
                          {  on Rhine   }  {Binne (F.)   } {  _Binning_.

  Bydelingas    Budilingen {Luxembg.,}      Botel (F.)     _Biddle_.
                           {  Austria}

  Briningas      .....      .....           Bryni (L.V.)  {_Brine_,
                                                          {  _Brinney_.

  Beorningas    Pirninga   Wuertemburg       Beorn (L.V.)  {_Burn_,
                                                          {  _Burning_.

  Bondingas      .....      .....           Bonde (L.V., F.) _Bond_.

  Beormingas    Bermingahem .....            .....         _Breem_.

  Brydingas     Breidinge {Hesse Cass., }    .....         _Bride_, _Bird_.
                          {  Pruss. Sax.}

  Bridlingas    Britlingi {Now Bruetlingen,}  .....         _Bridle_.
                          {  in Hanr.     }

  Blaecingas      .....      .....           Blaca (L.V.)   _Black_.

  Bruningas     Brunninga  Austria         {Bron (L.V.),} {_Brown_,
                                           {Bruyn (F.)  } {  _Browning_.

  Beorhtingas}  Perhtingen Bavaria         {Bercht (L.V.),} {_Burt_,
  Byrtingas  }                             {  Berti (F.)  } {  _Bright_,
                                                            {  _Brighty_,
                                                            {  _Brighting_.

  Brihtlingas   Bertelingas Rhen. Prussia    .....        {_Brightly_,
                                                          {  _Brittell_.

  Buccingas     Puchinga    .....           {Bocco,     }  _Buck_, _Puck_.
                                            {  Buco (F.)}
  Bullingas     Bollinga  {Bullingen, in }  Bolle (F.)    {_Bull_, _Bolley_,
                          {  Rh. Pruss. }                 {  _Bulling_.
                          {Also Tyrol and}
                          {  Westphal.   }

  Byttingas}    Buddinga  {Baden, Wuert.,}   Bota (L.V.)   {_Budd_, _Butt_,
                          {  Friesland  }                 {  _Botting_.

  Potingas }    Potingin  {Baden, Aust.,}   Botte (F.)    {_Pott_, _Potto_.
                          {  Friesland  }

  Bobingas }    Bobinga   {Bobingen,}      {Bofa (L.V.),} {_Boby_, _Poppy_.
  Bofingas }              {  in Bav.}      {  Poppe (F.)}

  Bosingas      Bosinga    Austria, Wuert.   Bosa (L.V.)   {_Boss_, _Bossey_.

  Buslingas     Buselingen {Buessling,        } .....       _Bussell_.
                           {  by Schaffhausen}

  Burringas     Buringen   Wuertemburg.     {Burra (L.V.),} _Burr_.
                                           {  Bore (F.)  }

  Caegingas      Cachinga    .....           Kay, Key (F.) {_Kay_, _Key_
                                                          {  (see p. 10).

  Callingas     Callinge   Holland          Kalle (F.)     _Call_, _Callow_.

  Ceaningas     Conninge   Wuertemburg      {Canio (L.V.),} {_Cann_,
                                           {  Keno (F.)  } {  _Canning_.

  Cearlingas    Chirlingen {Kierling,   }  {Karl (L.V.),} {_Charley_,
                           {  in Austria}  {  Carl (F.) } {  _Charles_.

  Cifingas      Cheffingin Wuertemburg       Ceefi (L.V.)  {_Chaff_,
                                                          {  _Chaffey_.

  Ceopingas     Chuppinga  Wuertemburg        .....        {_Chope_, _Chubb_.

  Copingas      Cofunga    Hesse Cassel    {Cufa, Coifi  } {_Coffey_, _Cuff_,
                                           {  (Ang.-Sax.)} {  _Cuffey_.

  Codingas }    Cuttingas  Near Metz       {Goda, (L.V.) } {_Goad_, _Codd_,
  Cotingas }    Gotinga    Bavaria         {  Gode (F.)  } {  _Coate_,
                                                           {  _Godding_.

  Colingas      Cholinga   Ceolla (L.V.)     .....        {_Coll_, _Collie_,
                                                          {  _Colling_.

  Cocingas      Gukkingin {Gugging,    }     .....         _Cock_.
                          {  in Austria}

  Cressingas    Chresinga  Wuertemberg        .....         _Cressy_.

  Cnottingas    Knutingen   .....           Cnut (L.V.)    _Knott_.

  Cnudlingas    Cnutlinga  Baden             .....         _Nuttall_.

  Cenesingas[31] {Kenzinga  Kenzingen,   }
                              in Baden   }   .....         _Chance?_
                 {Gensingen Gensungen,   }
                              Hess. Cass.}

  Centingas     Gandingen  Friesland        Kaenta (L.V.) {_Cant_, _Gant_,
                                                          {  _Gandy_.

  Culingas       .....      .....            .....        {_Cull_,
                                                          {  _Cooling_.

  Denningas     Daningen   Baden            Dene (L.V.)   {_Dane_, _Dana_,
                                                          {  _Denn_,
                                                          {  _Denning_.
  Dillingas     Dilinga   {Dillengen,}
                          {  in Bav. }     {Tilli (L.V.),} {_Dill_, _Till_,
                                           {  Tilo (F.)  } {  _Tilly_.

  Deorlingas}   Darlingin  Brunswick         .....        {_Darrell_,
  Teorlingas}                                             {  _Darling_.

  Dissingas}    Tisinga    Bavaria          Tisa, Disa (F.) {_Dyce_, _Dicey_,
  Tissingas}                                                {  _Tisoe_.

  Ticcangas     Dichingen  Friesland, Bav.  Tycca (A.S.)   _Dick_.

  Dyclingas     Tuchilingen Now Tuchling     .....        {_Dickle_,
                                                          {  _Tickle_.

  Doccingas     Dockinga   Friesland       {Tocki (L.V.),} {_Dock_,
                                           {  Tocke (F.) } {  _Tocque_,
                                                           {  _Docking_.

  Dodingas       .....       .....          Doda (F.)      _Dodd_, _Todd_.

  Dunningas     Tuningas     .....          Duna (L.V.)   {_Dunn_, _Dunning_.

  Eastringas    Austringa {Oestringen,}      .....         _Easter_.
                          {  in Baden }

  Edingas }     Edinga    {Holland,     }  {Ede (L.V.),}   _Eddy_.
                          {  Baden, Bav.}  {  Edde (F.)}
  Oddingas}     Odinga    {Westphal.,   }  {Oda (L.V.),}   _Oddy_.
                          {  Bav.       }     Odde (F.) }

  Elcingas      .....       .....            .....        {_Elk_, _Elcy_,
                                                          {  _Elgee_.

  Ecgingas      Eginga    {Schaffhausen,}  {Ecga (L.V.),}  _Egg_.
                          {  Bav.       }  {Egga (F.)   }

  Eclingas      Egilinga   Bavaria          Ecgel (A.S.)  {_Edgell_, _Egle_.

  Elsingas      Elisingun  Hesse           {Elsi (L.V.),} {_Else_, _Elsey_,
                                           {  Ealse (F.)} {  _Elliss_.

  Eppingas}     Ebinga     Baden, Austria   Ebbi (L.V.)   {_Epps_.
  Ippingas}     Ippinga   {Ippingen,  }     Eppe (F.)     {_Hipp_.
                          {  on Danube}

  Everingas }   Eburingen  Pruss. Silesia    .....        {_Ever_, _Every_,
  Eoforingas}                                             {  _Heber_.

  Eorpingas     Arpingi     .....          {Earbe (L.V.),} _Harp_, _Earp_.
                                           {  Arpe (F.)  }

  Fearingas     Faringa   {Upper Bav.        .....        {_Farre_,
                          {  & L. Constance               {  _Farrow_.

  Fearningas    .....       .....           Forne (L.V.)   _Fearn_.

  Finningas     Finninga    .....           Finn (A.S.)   {_Finn_, _Finney_.

  Fincingas     .....       .....          {Finc (A.S.),}  _Finch_.
                                           {  surname   }

  Folcingas     Fulchingen  .....           Folco (L.V.)   _Fulke_.

  Frodingas     .....       .....           Frode (L.V.)   _Froude_.

  Garingas}     Geringen   Wuertemberg        .....         _Gore_, _Cory_.
  Coringas}

  Gestingas     .....       .....            .....        {_Guest_,
                                                          {  _Gasting_.

  Geofuningas   Gebeningen Austria                         _Giffen_.

  Gisilingas}   Gisilinga  Bavaria         {Gisle,        } _Gill_.
  Gillingas }                              {  Gille (L.V.)}

  Gealdingas}   Geltingen {Gelting, }      {Golde (A.S.),} {_Gold_, _Galt_,
  Goldingas }             {  in Bav.}      {  Giolt (F.) } {  _Golding_.

  Hallingas     Halinge    Bavaria          Halle (L.V.)  {_Hall_,
                                                          {  _Halling_.

  Haeglingas     Hegelinge  Bavaria          Hagel (A.S.)  {_Hail_,
                                                          {  _Hailing_.

  Hanesingas    Anzinga    Bavaria           .....         _Hance_.

  Heardingas}   Hardinghen  Pas de Calais   Hart (F.)     {_Hard_, _Hardy_.
  Heartingas}   Hertingen   Bavaria          .....        {_Hart_,
                                                          {  _Harding_.

  Haeslingas}    Hasalinge  Near Bremen     {Esel (L.V.), } _Hasell_.
  AEslingas }                               {  Hessel (F.)}

  Hanningas}    Heninge     .....          {Anna (L.V.),} {_Hann_, _Hanning_,
  Heningas }                               {  Hanne,    } {  _Henn_,
  Anningas }                               {  Enno (F.) } {  _Anning_,
                                                          {  _Anne_.

  Hillingas}    Illingun  {Illingen,       {Ylla (L.V.),}  _Hill_.
  Illingas }              {  in Baden      {  Hille (F.)}

  Honingas      Oningas   {Oeningen,  }    {Ona (L.V.),}   _Hone_.
                          {  on L.    }    {Onno (F.)  }
                          {  Constance}

  Horningas     .....       .....           Horn (A.S.)    _Horne, Horning_.

  Herelingas    Herlingun  Austria          Harrol (F.)   {_Harle_, _Harley_,
                                                          {  _Harling_.

  Hoppingas     Hobinga    Near Metz       {Obbe,       } {_Hopp_, _Hoby_,
                                           {  Hobbe (F.)} {  _Hopping_.

  Haecingas      Hahhinga  {Haching,        {Hacci (L.V.),} {_Hack_,
                          {  near Munich   {  Acke (F.)  } {  _Hacking_.

  Hafocingas    Hauechingas  Rhen. Pruss.   Hauc (L.V.)    _Hawke_.

  Hocingas      Hohingun  {Near Cologne}    Hoco (F.)      _Hockey_.
                          {  and Zurich}

  Hucingas      Huchingen  Friesland         .....         _Hook_.

  Huningas      Huninga   {Hueningen,   }   {Una (L.V.), }  _Hunn_, _Honey_.
                          {  near Basle}   {  Hunne (F.)}

  Huntingas     Huntingun  Baden             .....         _Hunt, Hunting_.

  Ifingas       .....       .....           Ivo (L.V.)     _Ive, Ivy_.

  Immingas      Eminga    {Emmingen, }     {Imma (L.V.),} {_Eames_, _Yems_,
                          {  in Wuert.}     {  Emo,      } {  _Hime_.
                                           {  Imme (F.) }

  Laeferingas    Livaringa  Near Salzburg     .....         _Laver_.

  Lullingas     Lolinga   {Lullingen, in}   Lolle (F.)     _Lull_, _Lully_.
                          {  Rh. Pruss. }

  Luddingas     Liutingen  Baden           {Lioda (L.V.),} _Lyde_, _Lutto_.
                                           {  Ludde (F.) }

  Lofingas      Luppinge    .....          {Lufe (L.V.),} {_Love_,
                                           {  Lubbe (F.)} {  _Loving_.

  Lidelingas    Lutilinga  Wuertemburg        .....         _Liddle_.

  Locingas       .....      .....           Locchi (L.V.) {_Lock_,
                                                          {  _Lockie_.

  Leasingas     Lasingi     .....           Leising (L.V.) _Lees_, _Lessy_.

  Manningas     Meningen    .....          {Man (L.V.), } {_Mann_, _Manning_.
                                           {  Manno (F.)}

  Massingas     Masingi     .....           Maessa (A.S.)  {_Massey_,
                                                          {  _Messing_.

  Madingas      Madungen   Sax-Weimar        .....         _Maddey_.

  Maegdlingas[32] .....      .....           Maedle          _Madle_.

                          {Maching, in   }                {
                          {  Bavaria     }  Mecga (A.S.)  {_Maggy_, _May_.
  Maeccingas     Maginga   {Mechingen, by }                {
                          {  L. Constance}  Mekke (F.)    {

  Mycgingas      .....      .....            .....        {_Mico_, _Michie_.

  Merlingas     Marlingen  Bavaria           .....        {_Merrill_, _Marl_,
                                                          {  _Marling_.

  Mundlingas    Mundilinga Bavaria           .....        {_Mundell_.

  Marringas     Maringen   Baden, Wuert.     Mar (A.S.)     _Marr_.

  Meringas      Meringa    Hanover           .....         _Merry_.

  Millingas     Milinga   {Bav., Rhen.}     Milo (L.V.)   {_Millie_, _Milo_,
                          {  Pruss.   }                   {  _Millinge_.

  Myrcingas[33] Mirchingen Lower Austria    Murk (F.)     {_Murch_,
                                                          {  _Murchie_.


  Nydingas }    Nidinga   {Neidingen, in}  {Nytta (L.V.),} _Need_, _Neate_.
  Neddingas}              {  Rh. Pruss. }  {  Nette (F.) }

  Nottingas     Notingen   Upper Bavaria    Noedt (F.)    {_Nott_,
                                                          {  _Nutting_.

  Ossingas      Ossingen   Rh. Bavaria      Hosa (L.V.)    _Hose_.

  Palingas      .....       .....           Paelli (L.V.) {_Palev_,
                                                          {  _Paling_.

  Pegingas      Biginga    Westphalia       Pega (L.V.)    _Pegg_, _Bigg_.

  Penningas     Penningin  North Germany    Benna (A.S.)   _Penn_, _Benn_.

  Puningas      Buninga     .....           Buna (A.S.)    _Bunn_.

  Pitingas      Pidingun   Austria           .....         _Pitt_.

  Poclingas     Puchilinga {Pueckling,  }     .....        {_Puckle_,
                           {  on Danube}                  {  _Buckle_.

  Piperingas     .....      .....            .....         _Piper_.

  Readingas     Radinga   {Reding,          Reid (F.)      _Read_.
                          {  in Luxembg.
  Riccingas      .....      .....           Riki (F.)     {_Rich_, _Richey_.

  Ridingas      Ridingin  {Rieding,      }   .....        {_Riddy_, _Rita_,
                          {  in Upp. Bav.}                {  _Ridding_.

  Riclingas     Richilinga {Reichling,}     Rykle (F.)    {_Regal_,
                           {  on Rhine}                   {  _Wrigley_.

  Riplingas     Rupilinga  Upper Bavaria     .....         _Ripley_.

  Rollingas     Roldingen {Rolingen,    }   Rolle (F.)     _Rolle_.
                          {  in Luxembg.}

  Raefningas     Ravininge  Bavaria          Reuen (L.V.)  _Raven_.

  Rodingas      Hrotthingun {Rh. Pruss.,}  {Rudda (L.V.),} {_Rodd_, _Rudd_,
                            {  Bav.     }  {  Rode (F.)  } {  _Rudding_.

  Rossingas     Rossunga    .....           Russe (F.)     _Ross_.

  Ruscingas      .....      .....           Rosce (L.V.)   _Rush_.

  Rocingas      Roggingun  Bavaria         {Rogge,       } _Rock_.
                                           {  Rocche (F.)}

  Rucingas       .....      .....           Rouke (F.)    {_Rugg_, _Ruck_.

  Sandringas    Sinderingum  Wuertemburg     Sander (F.)    _Sander_.

  Swaningas     Swaningun {Schwanningen, }
                          {  near        }  Suan (L.V.)    _Swan_.
                          {  Schaffhausen}

  Syclingas     Sikilingin {Sittling,}       .....        {_Sickle_,
                           {  in Bav.}                    {  _Sickling_.

  Seaxlingas    Saxlinga    .....            .....         _Satchell?_

  Sceardingas   Scardinga  Bavaria           .....        {_Scard_, _Scarth_.

  Scytingas     Scithingi   .....           Scytta (A.S.) {_Skitt_, _Skeat_,
                                                          {  _Shute_.

  Surlingas      .....      .....           Serlo (L.V.)  {_Sarle_, _Searle_.

  Scyrlingas    Skirilinga  Schierling, in Bav.  .....     _Shirley_.

  Saelingas       .....      .....           Salla (L.V.)   _Sale_, _Sala_.

  Sceafingas    Sceuinge    .....            .....         _Sheaf_.

  Scealingas    Scelinga    .....           Sceal (L.V.)  {_Scally_,
                                                          {  _Scales_.

  Snoringas    {Snoringer} Rh. Bav.        Snearri (L.V.)  _Snare_.
               {  marca  }

  Snotingas     Snudinga    .....           Snod (A.S.)    _Snoad_.

  Sealfingas    Selvingen   .....            .....        {_Self_, _Selvey_.

  Stubingas     Staubingen {Staubing,   }   Stuf (A.S.)   {_Stubbs_,
                           {  in Bavaria}                 {  _Stubbing_.

  Secgingas     Siggingahem  Belgium        Sigga (L.V.)  {_Siggs_, _Sick_.

  Specingas     Speichingas {Spaichengen,   Spech (Domesday) _Speck_.
                            {  in Westph.

  Sceaflingas  Schuffelinga {Schiflingen, }  .....         _Shovel_.
                            {  in Luxembg.}

  Staeningas      .....      .....          {Stean (L.V.),} {_Stone_,
                                           {  Steen (F.) } {  _Stenning_.

  Sinningas     Siningas    .....           Sinne (F.)    {_Siney_, _Shinn_.

  Stellingas     .....      .....            .....         _Stell_.

  Taedingas      Tattingas  {Dettingen,}     Tade (F.)      {_Tadd_, _Taddy_.
                           {  in Bav. }
  Taelingas      Telingen   Bavaria         {Tella (L.V.),} {_Tall_,
                                           {  Tiele (F.) } {  _Telling_.

  Dorringas     Torringun {Toerring,    }    Tori (L.V.)    _Torr_.
                          {  in Austria

  Tutlingas     Tutlingun  Dutling, in Bav.  .....         _Tuttle_.

  Trumpingas[34] .....      .....            .....        {_Trump_,
                                                          {  _Trumpy_.

  Thorningas    Thurninga {Duerningen, }      .....        {_Thorne_,
                          {  in Alsace}                   {  _Thorning_.

  Terringas      .....      .....           Terri (L.V.)   _Terry_.

  Tucingas      Tuginga   Switzerland      {Tuk (A.S.),  } _Tuck_, _Duck_.
                                           {  Duce (L.V.)}

  Duringas      Turinga   Wuertemburg         .....        {_Turr_, _Durre_,
                                                          {  _Turing_.

  Uffingas      Uffingen  {Oeffingen,     } Offa (L.V.)   {_Ough_, _Hough_,
                          {  in Wuertemburg}               {  _Huff_.

  Wearningas    Warningas  .....            Warin (L.V.)  {_Warren_, _Warne_.

  Waceringas    Wacheringa Friesland and Bav.  .....       _Waker_.

  Wealdringas   Waltringen .....            Wealdere (A.S.) {_Walder_,
                                                            {  _Walter_.

  Wasingas      Wasunga   {Wuertg., Sax.}    Wasso (A.S.)   _Wass_.
                          {  Mein.     }

  Wippingas      .....      .....             .....        _Whipp_.

  Wittingas     Wittungen  Pruss. Sax.     {Uitta (L.V.),} _Whit_.
                                           {  Witte (F.) }

  Willingas     Willinga   Bavaria          Wille (F.)    {_Will_, _Willow_,
                                                          {  _Willing_.

  Winingas      Winninge  {Winningen,}     {Wynna,       } {_Wine_, _Winn_,
                          {  on Rhine}     {  Uini (L.V.)} {  _Winning_.

  Wealdingas    Waltingun  Austria         {Wald (A.S.),} {_Waldie_, _Waldo_.
                                           {  Walte (F.)}

  Waelsingas     Walasingas .....             .....         _Walsh_.

  Watingas      Waddinga  {Weddingen,     } {Uada (L.V.),} {_Watt_, _Waddy_.
                          {  in Rh. Pruss.} {  Uatto (F.)}

  Wellingas     Wellingen  Baden             .....         _Well_.

  Wigingas }    Wikinka    Bavaria         {Uicga (L.V.),} {_Wigg_,
  Wiccingas}                               {  Wigge,    } {  _Wicking_.
                                           {  Wicco (F.)}

  Wylfingas     Vulfinga   .....            Wulf (A.S.)    _Wolf_.

  Wrihtingas    Wirtingen  Austria           .....         _Wright_.

  Watringas     Wateringas  {Wettringen, }   .....         _Water_.
                            {  in Westph.}

  Wendlingas    Wenilinga  Near Strasburg    Windel (A.S.) {_Windle_,
                                                           {  _Wintle_.

  Wrihtlingas   Riutilinga {Reutlingen,      .....         _Riddle_.
                           {  in Wuertg.

  Wealcingas     .....      .....          {Walch (L.V.),} {_Walk_, _Walkey_,
                                           {  Walke (F.) } {  _Walking_.

  Wealcringas    .....      .....           Wealcere (A.S.) _Walker_.

  Wealingas    {Walanger  } On the Lahn     Walls (F.)     _Wall_.
               {  marca   }

  Waplingas       Waplinga  .....            .....         _Waple_.

  Wraeningas      .....      .....            .....        {_Wren_, _Rennie_.

  Wilrincgas    Williheringa {Willering,    Wyller (A.S.)  _Willer_.
                             {  on Danube

I may observe with regard to the Anglo-Saxon names in the above lists
that there is occasionally a little corruption in their forms. The
English trouble with the letter _h_ seems to have been present even at
this early day. We have Allingas and Hallingas, Anningas and Hanningas,
Eslingas and Haslingas, Illingas and Hillingas, in all of which cases
the analogy of Old German names would show the _h_ to be in all
probability an intruder. And the same applies to the Hanesingas, the
Honingas, and the Hoppingas. There is also an occasional intrusion of
_b_ or _p_, thus the Trumpingas, whence the name of Trumpington, should
be properly, I take it, Trumingas, A.S. _trum_, firm, strong. Stark
suggests a Celtic word, _drumb_, but the intrusion of _p_ is so easy
that I think any other explanation hardly necessary. The Sempingas,
found in Sempingaham, now Sempringham, should also, I take it, be
Semingas, which would be in accordance with Teutonic names, whereas
_semp_ is a scarcely possible form. Basingstoke, the original of which
was Embasingastoc, owes its name to a similar mistake. It would be
properly I think Emasingastoc, which would correspond with a Teutonic
name-stem. A similar intrusion of _t_ occurs in the case of
Glaestingabyrig (now Glastonbury), which should I think be
Glaessingabyrig; this again would correspond with an ancient name-stem,
which in its present form it does not. So also I take it that Distingas,
found in Distington in Cumberland, is only a phonetic corruption of
Dissingas, if indeed, (which I very strongly doubt) Distington is from a
tribe-name at all. Both of these intrusions are natural from a phonetic
point of view, tending as they do to give a little more backbone to a
word, and they frequently occur, as I shall have elsewhere occasion to
note, in the range of English names.

My object in the present chapter has been more especially to show the
intimate connection between our early Saxon names, and those of the
general Teutonic system. But now I come to a possible point of
difference. All the names of Germany would tend to come to England, but
if Anglo-Saxon England made any names on her own account, they would not
go back to Germany. For the tide of men flows ever west-ward, and there
was no return current in those days. Now there do seem to be certain
name-stems peculiar to Anglo-Saxon England, and one of these is _peht_
or _pect_, which may be taken to represent Pict. The Teutonic peoples
were in the habit of introducing into their nomenclature the names of
neighbouring nations even when aliens or enemies. Thus the Hun and the
Fin were so introduced, the latter more particularly by the
Scandinavians who were their nearest neighbours. There is a tendency
among men to invest an enemy upon their borders, of whom they may be in
constant dread, with unusual personal characteristics of ferocity or of
giant stature. Thus the word _Hun_, as Grimm observes, seems to have
become a synonym of giant, and Ohfrid, a metrical writer of the ninth
century, describes the giant Polyphemus as the "grosse hun." Something
similar I have noted (in a succeeding chapter on the names of women, _in
voce_ Emma) as possibly subsisting between the Saxons and their Celtic
neighbours. The Fins again, who as a peculiarly small people could not
possibly be magnified into giants, were invested with magical and
unearthly characteristics, and the word became almost, if not quite,
synonymous with magician. This then seems to represent something of the
general principle, upon which such names have found their way into the
Teutonic system of nomenclature.

While then England received all the names formed from peoples throughout
the Teutonic area, the Goth, the Vandal, the Bavarian, the Hun, and the
Fin, in the names of men, there was one such stem which she had and
which the rest of Germany had not, for she alone was neighbour to the
Pict. Perhaps I should qualify this statement so far as the Old Saxons
of the seaboard are concerned, for they were also neighbours, though as
far as we know, the Pict did not figure in their names of men. From the
stem _pect_ the Anglo-Saxons had a number of names, as Pecthun or
Pehtun, Pecthath, Pectgils, Pecthelm, Pectwald, Pectwulf, all formed in
accordance with the regular Teutonic system, but none of them found
elsewhere than in Anglo-Saxon England. Of these names we may have one,
Pecthun, in our surname _Picton_, perhaps also the other form Pehtun in
_Peyton_ or _Paton_. The Anglo-Saxons no doubt aspirated the _h_ in
Pehtun, but we seem in such cases either to drop it altogether, or else
to represent it by a hard _c_, according perhaps as it might have been
more or less strongly aspirated. Indeed the Anglo-Saxons themselves
would seem to have sometimes dropped it altogether, if the name Piott,
in a will of Archbishop Wulfred, A.D. 825, is the same word (which
another name Piahtred about the same period would rather seem to
indicate). And this suggests that our name _Peat_ may be one of its
present representatives. We have again a name _Picture_, which might
represent an Anglo-Saxon Pecther (_heri_, warrior) not yet turned up,
but a probable name, the compound being a very common one.

I do not think it necessary to go into the case of any other name-stem
which I do not find except among the Anglo-Saxons, inasmuch as, there
being in their case no such reason for the restriction as in that to
which I have been referring, it may only be that they have not as yet
been disinterred.

FOOTNOTES:

[28] From a similar origin is the name of the Scandinavian Vikings,
Vik-ing, from _vik_, a bay.

[29] _Archaeological Journal._

[30] The reader must bear in mind that Ang.-Sax. _ae_ is pronounced as
_a_ in "ant."

[31] I take the word contained herein to be "ganz," an ancient stem in
names.

[32] Properly, I think, "Maedlingas," as it has nothing to do with
Ang.-Sax. "maegd," _maid_.

[33] The same, I take it, as the "Myrgingas" in the _Traveller's Tale_.

[34] Properly, I take it, "Trumingas," Ang.-Sax. "_trum_" firm, strong.




CHAPTER V.

MEN'S NAMES IN PLACE-NAMES.


We have seen in a preceding chapter that the earliest Saxon place-names
in England are derived from a personal name, and that the idea contained
is that of a modified form of common right. We shall find that a very
large proportion of the later Anglo-Saxon place-names are also derived
from the name of a man, but that the idea contained is now that of
individual ownership or occupation. The extent to which English
place-names are derived from ancient names of men is, in my judgment,
very much greater than is generally supposed. And indeed, when we come
to consider it, what can be so naturally associated with a _ham_ as the
name of the man who lived in that home, of a _weorth_ as that of the man
to whom that property belonged, of a Saxon _tun_ or a Danish _by_ or
_thorp_ as that of the man to whom the place owed its existence? If we
turn to Kemble's list of Anglo-Saxon names of places as derived from
ancient charters, in the days when the individual owner had succeeded to
the community, we cannot fail to remark to how large an extent this
obtains, and how many of these names are in the possessive case. Now,
it must be observed that there are in Anglo-Saxon two forms of the
possessive, and that when a man's name had the vowel ending in _a_, as
noted at p. 24, it formed its possessive in _an_, while otherwise it
formed its possessive in _es_. Thus we have Baddan byrig, "Badda's
borough," Bennan beorh, "Benna's barrow" or grave, and in the other form
we have Abbodes byrig, "Abbod's borough," Bluntes ham, "Blunt's home,"
and Sylces wyrth, "Silk's worth" or property. And as compound names did
not take a vowel ending, such names invariably form their possessive in
_es_, as in Haywardes ham, "Hayward's home," Cynewardes gemaero,
"Cyneward's boundary," &c. I am not at all sure that _ing_ also has not,
in certain cases, the force of a possessive, and that AElfredincgtun, for
instance, may not mean simply "Alfred's town" and not Alfreding's town.
But I do not think that this is at any rate the general rule, and it
seems scarcely possible to draw the line. From the possessive in _an_ I
take to be most probably our present place-names Puttenham, Tottenham,
and Sydenham, (respecting the last of which there has been a good deal
of discussion of late in _Notes and Queries_), containing the
Anglo-Saxon names _Putta_, _Totta_, and _Sida_. With regard to the last
I have not fallen in with the name _Sida_ itself. But I deduce such a
name from Sydanham, C.D. 379, apparently a place in Wilts, also perhaps
from Sidebirig, now Sidbury, in Devon; and there is, moreover, a
corresponding O.G. _Sido_, the origin being probably A.S. _sidu_,
manners, morals. Further traces of such a stem are found in _Sidel_
deduced from Sidelesham, now Sidlesham, in Sussex, and also from the
name _Sydemann_ in a charter of Edgar, these names implying a
pre-existing stem _sid_ upon which they have been formed.

As well as with the _ham_ or the _byrig_ in which he resided, a man's
name is often found among the Anglo-Saxons, connected with the
boundary--whatever that might be--of his property, as in Abbudes mearc,
Abbud's mark or boundary, and Baldrices gemaero, Baldrick's boundary.
Sometimes that boundary might be a hedge, as in Leoferes haga and
Danehardes hegeraew, "Leofer's hedge," and "Danehard's hedge-row."
Sometimes it might be a stone, as in Sweordes stan, sometimes a ridge,
as in Eppan hrycg, "Eppa's ridge," sometimes a ditch or dyke, as in
Tilgares dic and Colomores sic (North. Eng. syke, wet ditch). A tree was
naturally a common boundary mark, as in Potteles treow, Alebeardes ac
(oak), Bulemaeres thorn, Huttes aesc (ash), Tatmonnes apoldre
(apple-tree). Sometimes, again, a man's name is found associated with
the road or way that led to his abode, as in Wealdenes weg (way),
Sigbrihtes anstige (stig, a footpath), Dunnes stigele (stile). Another
word which seems to have something of the meaning of "stile" is _hlip_,
found in Freobearnes hlyp and in Herewines hlipgat. In Anglo-Saxon,
_hlypa_ signified a stirrup, and a "hlipgat" must, I imagine, have been
a gate furnished with some contrivance for mounting over it. Of a
similar nature might be Alcherdes ford, and Brochardes ford, and also
Geahes ofer, Byrhtes ora, and AEscmann's yre (_ofer_, contr. _ore_, shore
or landing-place). Something more of the rights of water may be
contained in Fealamares broc (brook), Hykemeres strem (stream), and
Brihtwoldes were (weir); the two latter probably referring to
water-power for a mill. The sense of property only seems to be that
which is found in Cybles weorthig, AEscmere's weorth (land or property),
Tilluces leah (lea), Rumboldes den (_dene_ or valley), Bogeles pearruc
(paddock), Ticnes feld (field). Also in Grottes graf (grove), Sweors
holt (grove), Pippenes pen (pen or fold), Willeardes hyrst (grove),
Leofsiges geat (gate), Ealdermannes haec (hatch), and Winagares stapol
(stall, market, perhaps a place for the sale or interchange of produce).
The site of a deserted dwelling served sometimes for a mark, as in
Sceolles eald cotan (Sceolles old cot), and Dearmodes ald tun
(Deormoda's old town, or inclosure, dwelling and appurtenances?).

But it is with a man's last resting-place that his name will be found in
Anglo-Saxon times to be most especially associated. The principal words
used to denote a grave are _beorh_ (barrow), _byrgels_, and _hloew_
(low), in all of which the idea seems to be that of a mound raised over
the spot. We have Weardes beorh, "Weard's barrow," also Lulles, Cartes,
Hornes, Lidgeardes, and many others. We have Scottan byrgels, "Scotta's
barrow," also Hoces, Wures, and Strenges. And we have Lortan hlaew,
"Lorta's low," also Ceorles, Wintres, Hwittuces, and others. There is
another word _ho_, which seems to be the same as the O.N. _haugr_,
North. Eng, _how_, a grave-mound. It is found in Healdenes ho, Piccedes
ho, Scoteho Tilmundes ho, Caegesho, and Fingringaho. It would hardly
seem, from the location of four of them, Worcester, Essex, Beds, Sussex,
that they can be of Scandinavian origin. Can the two words, _haugr_ and
_hlau_ (_how_, and _hlow_), be from the same origin, the one assuming,
or the other dropping an _l_?

I take the names of persons thus to be deduced from Anglo-Saxon
place-names, and which are in general correspondence with the earlier
names in the preceding chapter, though containing some new forms and a
greater number of compound names, to give as faithful a representation
as we can have of the every-day names of Anglo-Saxons. And as I have
before compared the names of those primitive settlers with our existing
surnames, so now I propose to extend the comparison to the names of more
settled Anglo-Saxon times.


    Anglo-Saxon
    Men's Names.        Place-Names.                 English Surnames.

    Abbod               Abbodesbyrig          } _Abbott_
    Abbud               Abbudesmearc          }
    AEcemann             AEcemannes ceaster       _Ackman, Aikman_
    Acen                Acenes feld             _Aikin_
    AEgelweard           AEgelweardes mearc       _Aylward_
    Alberht             Alcherdes ford          _Allcard_
    Alder               Aldrestub               _Alder_
    AElfgar              AElfgares gemaero         _Algar_
    AElfred              AElfredes beorh          _Alfred_, _Allfrey_
    AElfher, or   }
    AElfheri      }      AElfheres stapol         _Alvary_
    AEscmer              AEscmeres weorth         _Ashmore_
    AEscmann             AEscmannes yre           _Ashman_
    Alebeard            Alebeardes ac           _Halbard_
    Amber               Ambresbyrig             _Amber_
    AEthelstan           AEthelstanes tun         _Ethelston_

    Babel               Babeles beorh           _Bable_
    Badherd             Badherdes sled          _Beddard_
    Baldher             Baldheresberg           _Balder_
    Baldric             Baldrices gemaero        _Baldridge_
    Baldwin             Baldwines heath         _Baldwin_
    Beored, or Beoret   Beoredes treow          _Berrette_
    Beornheard          Beornheardes lond       _Bernard_
    Beornwold           Beornwoldes saetan       _Bernold_
    Blunt               Bluntesham              _Blunt_
    Bogel               Bogeles pearruc         _Bogle_
    Bohmer              Bohmeres stigele        _Bowmer_
    Bregen              Bregnesford             _Brain_
    Brochard            Brochardes ford         _Brocard_
    Buga                Buganstoc             } _Bugg_
    Bugga               Bugganbroc            }
    Bulemaer             Bulemaeres thorn         _Bulmer_
    Buntel              Bunteles pyt            _Bundle_
    Bunting             Buntingedic             _Bunting_
    Burhgeard           Burhgeardeswerthig      _Burchard_

    Carda               Cardan hlaew             _Card_, _Cart_
    Ceapa               Ceapan hlaew             _Cheape_
    Ceawa               Ceawan hlaew             _Chew_
    Cerda               Cerdan hlaew             _Chard_
    Cissa               Cissan anstige          _Cheese_
    Chetol (Danish)     Chetoles beorh          _Kettle_
    Creoda              Creodan ac            } _Creed_
    Cridd               Criddes ho            }
    Cumen               Cumenes ora             _Cummin_
    Ceatewe             Ceatewesleah            _Chattoway_
    Ceada               Ceadanford              _Chad_
    Catt                Cattes stoke            _Cat_, _Catty_
    Caestael              Caestaelesham             _Castle_
    Cludd               Cludesleah              _Cloud_
    Coten               Cotenesfeld             _Cotton_
    Cruda               Crudan sceat            _Crowd_
    Colomor             Colomores sic           _Colmer_
    Cydd                Cyddesige               _Kidd_
    Cyble               Cybles weorthig         _Keble_
    Celc                Celces ora              _Kelk_
    Cylman              Cylmanstun              _Killman_
    Cynlaf              Cynlafes stan           _Cunliffe_
    Cynric              Cynrices gemaero         _Kenrick_
    Cyneward            Cynewardes gemaero       _Kenward_
    Cyppa               Cyppanham               _Chipp_

    Daegel, or           Daeglesford            } _Dale_
    Deil                Deilsford             }
    Dearnagel           Dearnagles ford         _Darnell_
    Daeneheard           Daeneheardes hegerawe    _Denhard_
    Deorlaf             Deorlafestun            _Dearlove_
    Deormod[35]         Deormodes ald tun       _Dermott_
    Dodd                Doddesthorp           } _Dodd_
    Dodda               Doddan hlaew           }
    Dolemann            Dolemannes beorh        _Dollman_
    Duceman             Ducemannestun           _Duckman_
    Ducling             Duclingtun              _Duckling_
    Dunn                Dunnes stigele          _Dunn_
    Dogod               Dogodeswel              _Doggett_, _Dugood_
    Dydimer             Dydimertun              _Tidemore_

    Ealder              Ealderscumb             _Alder_
    Ealdmann            Ealdmannes wyrth        _Altman_
    Ealdermann[36]      Ealdermannes haec        _Alderman_
    Ealmund             Ealmundes treow         _Almond_
    Eanulf              Eanulfestun             _Enough_
    Earn                Earnesbeorh             _Earney_

    Eastmond            Eastmondestun           _Esmond_
    Ecgell              Ecgeles stiel           _Edgell_, _Eagle_

    Fealamar            Fealamares broc       { _Fillmore_
                                              { _Phillimore_
    Flegg               Flegges garan           _Flew_
    Focga               Focgancrundel           _Fogg_, _Foggo_
    Freobearn           Freobearnes hlyp        _Freeborn_
    Frigedaeg            Frigedaeges treow        _Friday_
    Fuhgel              Fuhgeles beorh          _Fuggle_, _Fowl_

    Gandar              Gandrandun              _Gander_
    Gaecg                Gaecges stapol         { _Gay_
    Geah                Geahes ofer           {
    Gatehlinc           Gatehlinces heafod      _Gatling_
    Geleca              Gelecancamp             _Jellicoe_
    Geyn                Geynes thorn            _Gain_
    Giselher            Gislhereswurth          _Giller_
    Godincg             Godincges gemaero        _Godding_
    Godmund             Godmundesleah           _Godmund_
    Godwin              Godwines gemaero         _Godwin_
    Grobb               Grobbes den             _Grove_, _Grubb_
    Grott               Grottes graf            _Grote_
    Gund                Gundestige              _Gunn_, _Gundey_

    Haerred              Haerredesleah            _Herod_
    Heafoc              Heafoceshamme           _Hawk_
    Hassuc              Hassuces mor            _Haskey_
    Hering              Heringesleah            _Herring_
    Hnibba              Hnibbanleah             _Knibb_, _Knipe_
    Hayward             Haywardes ham           _Hayward_
    Healda              Healdan graf            _Hald_
    Healden             Healdenes ho            _Haldan_
    Helm                Helmes treow            _Helme_
    Helfaer              Helfaeres gemaero         _Helper_
    Help                Helpestonne             _Helps_
    Herebritt           Herebrittes comb        _Herbert_
    Herewin             Herewines hlipgat       _Irwine_
    Hiccemann           Hiccemannes stan        _Hickman_
    Humbald             Humbalding graf         _Humble_
    Hycemer, or       }
    Higemar           } Hycemeres strem         _Highmore_
    Hnaef                Hnaefes scylf            _Knapp_
    Hocg                Hocgestun               _Hogg_, _Hodge_
    Horn                Hornes beorh            _Horne_
    Hringwold           Hringwoldes beorh       _Ringold_
    Hwittuc             Hwittuces leah          _Whittock_
    Hutt                Huttes aesc              _Hutt_
    Hygelac[37]         Hygelaces git           _Hillock_

    Kyld                Kyldesby                _Kilt_

    Leofer              Leoferes haga           _Lover_
    Laferca             Lafercanbeorh           _Laverick_
    Leofmann            Leofmannes gemaero       _Loveman_
    Leommann            Leommannes graf         _Lemon_
    Leofsig             Leofsiges geat          _Lovesy_
    Leofric             Leofrices gemaero        _Loveridge_
    Lidgeard            Lidgeardes beorh        _Ledgard_
    Lipperd             Lipperdes gemaero        _Leopard_
    Lower               Lowereslege             _Lower_
    Locer               Loceresweg              _Locker_
    Lorta               Lortanberwe             _Lord_
    Lorting             Lortinges bourne        _Lording_
    Luder               Luderston               _Luther_
    Ludmann             Ludmannes put           _Lutman_
    Lull                Lulles beorh            _Lull_, _Lully_

    Myceld              Myceldefer              _Muckelt_
    Mul                 Muleshlaew               _Moule_

    Negle               Neglesleah              _Nagle_
    Nael                 Naelesbroc               _Nail_
    Nybba               Nybban beorh            _Nibbs_

    Oslac               Oslaces lea             _Hasluck_
    Ogged               Oggedestun              _Hodgett_, _Howitt_
    Oswald              Oswaldes mere           _Oswald_
    Orlaf               Orlafestun              _Orlop_
    Owun                Owunes hild             _Owen_

    Pehtun              Pehtuns treow           _Peyton_
    Pender              Penderes clif           _Pender_
    Picced              Piccedes ho             _Pickett_
    Pinnel              Pinnelesfeld            _Pennell_
    Pippen              Pippenes fen            _Pippin_
    Pyttel              Pittelesford            _Piddel_
    Pitterich           Piterichesham           _Betteridge_
    Pottel              Potteles treow          _Pottle_
    Potten              Pottenestreow           _Potten_
    Punt                Puntes stan             _Punt_
    Puntel              Punteles treow          _Bundle_
    Prentsa             Prentsan hlaw           _Prentiss_

    Redwin              Redwines thorn          _Readwin_
    Rahulf              Rahulfes furlong        _Ralph_
    Rugebeorg           Rugebeorges gemaero      _Rubery_
    Rumbold             Rumboldes den           _Rumbold_

    Sceaft              Sceaftesbirig           _Shaft_, _Shafto_
    Sceoll              Sceolles ealdcotan      _Sholl_
    Scytta              Scyttandun              _Skeat_, _Shute_
    Scyter[38]          Scyteres flod           _Shuter_
    Scealc              Scealces hom            _Shawkey_, _Chalk?_
    Scyld               Scyldes treow           _Shield_
    Simaer               Simaeres ford            _Seymour_
    Secmaer              Secmaeres ora            _Sycamore_
    Sigbriht            Sigbrihtes anstige      _Sibert_
    Sibriht             Sibrihtesweald          _Seabright_[39]
    Siger               Sigeres ac              _Segar_
    Snell               Snellesham              _Snell_
    Snod                Snodes hyl              _Snoad_
    Streng              Strenges ho             _Strong_
    Stut                Stutes hyl              _Stout_, _Stott_
    Stutard             Stutardes cumb          _Stothard_, _Studeard_
    Sucga               Sucgangraf              _Sugg_
    Sumer               Sumeresham              _Summer_
    Sumerled (Danish)   Sumerledetun            _Sommerlat_
    Sunemann            Sunemannes wyrthig      _Sunman_
    Sweor               Sweores holt            _Swire_, _Swears_
    Sweord              Sweordes stan           _Sword_

    Taecel               Taecelesbroc             _Tackle_
    Tatmonn             Tatmonnes apoldre       _Tadman_
    Tatel               Tatlestrop              _Tattle_
    Thuner              Thunresfeld             _Thunder_
    Thurgar (Danish)    Thurgartun              _Thurgur_
    Thrista             Thristan den            _Trist_
    Theodher            Theoderpoth             _Theodore_
    Thurold (Danish)    Thuroldes gemaero        _Thorold_
    Toma                Tomanworthig            _Tomey_
    Ticcen              Ticnesfeld              _Dickin_
    Tilgar              Tilgares dic            _Dilger_
    Tilluc              Tilluces leah           _Tillick_, _Dilke_
    Tilmann             Tilmannes den           _Tilman_
    Titferth            Titferthes geat         _Titford_

    Upicen              Upicenes hlyw           _Hopkin_

    Wahgen              Wahgenes gemaero         _Wain_
    Wealden             Wealdenes weg           _Walden_

    Wealder             Wealderes weg           _Walter_
    Westan              Westanes treow          _Weston_
    Wigheard            Wigheardes stapol       _Wyard_
    Wighelm             Wighelmes land          _Whigam_
    Wihtlac             Wihtlaces ford          _Whitelock_
    Wihtric             Wihtricesham            _Whitridge_
    Wilmund             Wilmundes leah          _Williment_
    Willher             Willheres triow         _Willer_
    Wicg                Wicgestan               _Wigg_
    Uuigga              Wuiggangeat
    Winagar             Winagares stapul        _Winegar_
    Wileard             Wileardes hyrste        _Willard_
    Wistan for        } Wistanes gemaero         _Whiston_
    Wigstan?          }
    Wulfsig             Wulfsiges croft         _Wolsey_
    Wulfgar             Wulfgares gemaero        _Woolgar_
    Wulfmer             Wulfmeres myln          _Woolmer_
    Wulfric             Wulfrices gemaero        _Woolrych_
    Wyner               Wyneres stig            _Winer_
    Waring              Waering wic              _Waring_
    Wifel               Wifelesham              _Whipple_
    Woden[40]           Wodnesbeorg             _Woodin?_
    Wydda               Wyddanbeorh             _Widow_

The above names are deduced entirely from the names of places found by
Mr. Kemble in ancient charters. The list is not by any means an
exhaustive one, as I have not included a number of names taken into
account in Chap. IV., and as also the same personal name enters
frequently into several place-names. With very few exceptions these
names may be gathered to the roll of Teutonic name-stems,
notwithstanding a little disguise in some of their forms, and a great,
sometimes a rather confusing, diversity of spelling. I take names such
as the above to be the representatives of the every-day names of men in
Anglo-Saxon times, rather than the names which come before us in history
and in historical documents. For it seems to me that a kind of fashion
prevailed, and that while a set of names of a longer and more dignified
character were in favour among the great, the mass of the people still,
to a great extent, adhered to the shorter and more simple names which
their fathers had borne before them. Thus, when we find an AEthelwold who
was also called Mol, an AEthelmer who was also called Dodda, and a Queen
Hrothwaru who was also called Bucge, I am disposed to take the simple
names, which are such as the earlier settlers brought over with them, to
have been the original names, and superseded by names more in accordance
with the prevailing fashion. Valuable then as is the _Liber Vitae_ of
Durham, as a continuous record of English names for many centuries, yet
I am inclined to think that inasmuch as that the persons who come before
us as benefactors to the shrine of St. Cuthbert may be taken to be as a
general rule of the upper ranks of life, they do not afford so faithful
a representation of the every-day names of Anglo-Saxons as do the little
freeholders who lived and died in their country homes. And, moreover,
these are, as it will be seen, more especially the kind of names which
have been handed down from Anglo-Saxon times to the present day.

In connection with this subject, it may be of interest to present a list
of existing names of places formed from an Anglo-Saxon personal name, as
derived from the same ancient charters dealt with in the previous list.
And in so doing I confine myself exclusively to the places of which the
present names have been positively identified by Mr. Kemble. And in the
first place I will take the place-names which consist simply of the name
of a tribe or family unqualified by any local term whatever.

    Name in
    Anglo-Saxon
    Charters.                  Present Name.

    AEfeningas           Avening          Gloucestershire
    Angemeringum        Angmering        Sussex
    Ascengas            Eashing          Surrey
    Banesingas          Bensington       Oxfordshire
    Baerlingas           Barling          Kent
    Beadingum           Beden            Gloucestershire
    Berecingas          Barking          Essex
    Brahcingum          Braughin         Herts.
    Byrhtlingas         Brightling       Sussex
    Cerringes           Charing          Kent
    Ciwingum            Chewing          Herts.
    Culingas            Cooling          Kent
    Cytringas           Kettering        Northampton
    Diccelingas         Ditchling        Sussex
    Geddingas           Yeading          Middlesex
    Godelmingum         Godalming        Surrey
    Hallingas           Halling          Kent
    Herlinge            Harling          Norfolk
    Horningga           Horning          Norfolk
    Meallingas          Malling          Kent
    Paeccingas           Patching         Sussex
    Puningas            Poynings         Surrey
    Readingan           Reading          Berkshire
    Rodinges            Roothing         Essex
    Staeningas           Steyning         Sussex
    Swyrdhlincas      } Swarling         Kent
    (Swyrdlingas)     }
    Terringes           Tarring          Sussex
    Terlinges           Terling          Essex
    Totingas            Tooting          Surrey
    Wellingum           Wellwyn          Herts.
    Werhornas           Warehorne        Kent
    Wihttringas         Wittering        Surrey
    Uoccingas           Woking           Surrey
    Wyrtingas           Worting          Hants.

I will now take the places which in a later and more settled time have
been derived from the name of a single man, as representing his
dwelling, his domain, or in not a few cases his grave.

    Anglo-Saxon
    Man's Name.       Place-Name.             Present Name.

    Abba              Abbandun             Abingdon          Berks.
                    { AEgelesbyrig          Aylesbury         Bucks.
    AEgel            { AEglesford            Aylesford         Kent
                    { AEgeleswurth          Aylesworth        Nthmptn.
    Agmod             Agmodesham           Agmondesham       Bucks.
    AEsc               AEscesbyrig           Ashbury           Berks.
    AEscmer            AEscmeres weorth      Ashmansworth      Hants.
    Amber           { Ambresbyrig          Amesbury          Wilts.
                    { Ambresleah           Ombersley         Worc.
    AElfreding         AElfredincgtun        Alfreton          Derby.

    Badda             Baddanby             Badby             Nthmptn.
    Badhelming        Badimyncgtun         Badminton         Glouc.
    Baldher           Baldheresberg        Baltonsborough    Somerset.
    Becca             Beccanleah           Beckley           Sussex.
    Beda              Bedanford            Bedford           Beds.
    Benna             Bennanham            Beenham           Berks.
    Benning           Benningwurth         Bengworth         Worc.
    Bledda            Bleddanhlaew          Bledlow           Bucks.
    Blunt             Bluntesham           Bluntisham        Hunts.
    Bodeca            Bodecanleah          Butleigh          Somerset.
    Bodek             Bodekesham           Bottisham         Camb.
    Bocga             Bocganora            Bognor            Sussex.
    Bordel            Bordelestun          Burleston         Dorset.
    Brand             Brandesburh          Bransbury         Hants.
    Bregen            Bregnesford          Bransford         Worc.

    Cada              Cadandun             Chadlington       Oxford.
    Caeg               Caegesho              Keysoe            Beds.
    Calmund           Calmundes den        Calmsden          Glouc.
    Ceadela           Ceadelanwurth        Chaddleworth      Berks.
    Ceadel            Ceadeleshunt         Chadshunt         Warw.
    Ceader            Ceadresleah          Chaseley          Worc.
    Cendel            Cendeles funta       Chalfont          Bucks.
    Celta             Celtenhom            Cheltenham        Glouc.
    Ceol              Ceolesig             Cholsey           Berks.
    Cippa             Cippenham            Chippenham        Wilts.
    Ceolbalding       Ceolbaldinctun       Chilbolton        Hants.
    Ceort             Ceortesege           Chertsey          Surrey
    Cinhild (woman)   Cinildewyrth         Kenilworth        Warw.
    Cissa             Cissanceaster        Chichester        Sussex.
    Coda              Codanford            Codford           Wilts.
    Codda             Coddanhrycg          Cotheridge        Worc.
    Coling            Colingham            Collingham        Notts.
    Crym              Crymesham            Crimsham          Sussex.
    Croppa            Croppanthorn         Cropthorn         Worc.
    Cumen             Cumenora             Cumnor            Berks.
    Cungar            Cungaresbyrig        Congressbury      Somerset.
    Cwichelm          Cwichelmes hlaew      Cuckamslow hill   Berks.
    Cyneburging[41]    Cyneburgincton       Kemerton          Glouc.
    Cynlaf            Kynleveden           Kelvedon          Essex.
    Ketel (Danish)    Kitlebig             Kettleby          Linc.

    Daecca, or       } Daccanhaam           Dagenham          Essex.
    Daegga           }
    Daegel             Daeglesford           Daylesford        Worc.
    Deorlaf           Deorlafestun         Darlaston         Staffs.
    Dodda             Doddanford           Dodford           Nthmptn.
    Dodd              Doddesthorp          Dogsthorp         Nthmptn.
    Dogod             Dogodeswel           Dowdswell         Glouc.
    Domec             Domecesige           Dauntsey          Wilts.
    Duceling          Duceling dun         Ducklington       Oxford.
    Dunning           Dunnincland          Donyland          Essex.
    Dideling          Didelingtun          Didlington        Dorset.

    Eadric            Eadricestun          Edstone           Warw.
    Eccing            Eccingtun            Eckington         Worc.
    Eccle, or Egil    Eccleshale           Exhall            Warw.
    Effing            Effingeham           Effingham         Surrey.
    Erping            Erpingham            Erpingham         Norfolk.
    Eof, or Eofa      Eofesham             Evesham           Worc.

    Fecca             Feccanhom            Feckenham         Worc.
    Flaeda             Flaedanburg           Fladbury          Worc.
    Folc              Folcesstan           Folkstone         Kent.

    Gidding           Giddincford          Gidding           Suffolk.
    Gyseling          Gyselingham          Gislingham        Suffolk.
    Godmer            Godmeresham          Godmersham        Kent.
    Grim              Grimaston            Grimstone         Norfolk.
    Gun or Gund       Gunthorpe            Gunthorp          Nthmptn.
    Gyp               Gypeswich            Ipswich           Suffolk.

    Hauek             Hauekestun           Hauxton           Camb.
    Haefar             Haefaresham           Haversham         Bucks.
    Hamela            Hamelendun           Hambledon         Hants.
    Haerigeard         Haerigeardesham       Harrietsham       Kent.
    Haling            Halington            Hallington        Linc.
    Hanekyn           Hanekynton           Hankerton         Wilts.
    Hanning           Hanningtun           Hannington        Hants.
    Haeda              Haedanham             Haddenham         Camb.
    Helming           Helmyngton           Hemington         Nthmptn.
    Help              Helpestonne          Helpstone         Nthmptn.
    Hemming           Hemmingford        { Hemingford      } Hunts.
                                         {   Abbots        }
    Hengest         { Hengesteshricg       Henstridge        Somerset.
                    { Hengestesige         Hinksey           Berks.
    Hild              Hildesdun            Hillersdon        Bucks.
    Heorulf           Heorelfestun         Harleston         Staff.
    Heorting          Heortingtun          Hardington        Somerset.
    Honekyn           Honekynton           Hankerton         Wilts.
    Honing            Honingtun            Honington         Linc.
    Horning         { Horningeseie         Horningsea        Camb.
                    { Horningges haeth      Horningsheath     Suffolk
    Hod               Hodesac              Hodsoak           Worc.
    Hunewald          Hunewaldesham        Windlesham        Surrey
    Hunta             Huntandun            Huntingdon        Hants.
    Hwiting           Hwitingtun           Whittington       Worc.

    Kyld              Kyldesby             Kilsby            Nthmptn.

    Laua              Lauanham             Lavenham          Suffolk
    Lauing            Lauingtun            Barlavington      Sussex
    Lamb (Danish?)    Lambehith            Lambeth
    Lott              Lottisham            Lottisham         Somerset.

    Mealdhelm         Mealdumesburg        Malmsbury         Wilts.
    Myceld            Myceldefer           Mitcheldover      Hants.
    Mul             { Muleseige            Moulsey           Surrey
                    { Mulesham             Moulsham          Essex
    Munda             Mundanham            Mundham           Sussex

    Neteling          Netelingtun          Nettleton         Wilts.

    Offa              Offanleah            Offley            Herts.
    Orlaf             Orlafestun           Orleston          Derby.
    Orm (Danish)      Ormisby              Ormsby            Norfolk
    Osgot             Osgotbi              Osgodby           Linc.
    Oshelming         Osmingtun            Osmington         Dorset
    Oswald            Oswaldeshlaw         Oswaldslow        Worc.

    Pading            Padingtun            Paddington
    Parting           Partingtun           Patrington        Yorks.
    Peda              Pedanhrycg           Petridge          Surrey
    Peada             Peadanwurth          Padworth          Berks.
    Peatting          Peattingtun          Pattingham        Salop
    Pecga             Pecganham            Pagham            Sussex
    Peden             Pednesham            Pensham           Worc.
    Piterich          Piterichesham        Petersham         Worc.
    Port              Portesham            Portisham         Dorset.

    Raculf            Raculfcestre         Reculver          Kent
    Remn[42] for Raven Remnesdun           Ramsden           Sussex
    Rydemaer, or     } Rydemaereleah         Redmarley         Worc.
    Redmer          }
    Riking            Rikinghal            Rickinghall       Suffolk
    Ring              Ringestede           Ringstead         Norfolk
    Rodda             Roddanbeorg          Rodborough        Glouc.
    Rolf, for         Rolfestun            Rolleston         Staffs.
    Rodulf            Rollesby             Rollesby          Norfolk

    Sidel             Sidelesham           Sidlesham         Sussex
    Sceaft            Sceaftesbirig        Shaftesbury       Dorset.
    Secg              Secgesbearue         Sedgeberrow       Worc.
    Snodd             Snoddesbyrig         Upton Snodsbury   Worc.
    Snoding           Snodingland          Snodland          Worc.
    Sumer             Sumeresham           Somersham         Hunts.
    Sumerled (Danish) Sumerledetun         Somerleyton       Suffolk
    Sunna             Sunnandun            Sundon            Beds.
    Swythbriht        Swythbrihtesweald    Sibbertswold      Kent
    Swithreding       Swithraedingden       Surrenden         Kent
    Sylc              Sylceswyrth          Silksworth        Durham

    Tadmaer            Tadmaertun            Tadmarton         Oxford.

    Taefing            Taefingstoc           Tavistock         Devon.
    Teotting          Teottingtun          Teddington        Wor.
    Taling            Talingtun            Tallington        Linc.
    Toda              Todanhom             Toddenham         Glouc.
    Toma              Tomanworthig         Tamworth          Warw.
    Theogen           Theogendethorp       Theddlethorp      Linc.
    Thunar            Thunresfeld          Thundersfield     Surrey
    Ticen             Ticnesfeld           Tichfield         Hants.
    Tidhelming        Tidelminctun         Tidmington        Worc.
    Tilling           Tillingham           Tillingham        Essex
    Tocca             Toccanham            Tockenham         Wilts.
    Toting            Totingtun            Tottington        Norfolk
    Treding         { Tredingtun           Tredington        Glouc.
                    { Tredinctun           Tredington        Worc.
    Trosting          Trostingtun          Troston           Suffolk
    Tuding            Tudingtun            Teddington        Middlsx.
    Tunweald          Tunwealdes stan      Tunstone          Glouc.
    Turca             Turcanden            Turkdean          Glouc.
    Twica             Tuicanham            Twickenham        Middlsx.
    Thurgar (Danish)  Thurgartun           Thurgarton        Norfolk

    Ufing             Ufinctun             Ovington          Hants.

    Wacen             Uacenesfeld          Watchfield        Berks.
    Watling           Uaetlinctun           Watlington        Oxford.
    Wassing           Wassingburg          Washingborough    Linc.
    Wald              Waldeswel            Woldswell         Glouc.
    Weard             Weardesbeorh         Warborough        Oxford.
    Wifel           { Wifeles cumb         Wiveliscomb       Somerset.
                    { Wifelesford          Wilsford          Wilts.
    Wilburg (Woman) { Wilburgeham          Wilbraham         Camb.
                    { Wilburhtun           Wilburton         Camb.
    Willer            Willerseia           Willersey         Glouc.
    Weogern           Weogernacester       Worcester         Worc.
    Wine            { Uines hlau           Winslow           Bucks.
                    { Wines hyl            Winshill          Derby.
    Wrening           Wreningham           Wreningham        Norfolk
    Werot             Uurotaham            Wrotham           Kent
    Wulfwarding       Wulfweardiglea       Wolverley         Worc.
    Wendel, or        Wendlesora, or       Windsor           Berks.
    Windel            Windlesora

The last name, Windsor, is an amusing instance of the older attempts at
local etymology. First it was supposed, as being an exposed spot, to
have taken its name from the "wind is sore;" then it was presumed that
it must have been a ferry, and that the name arose from the constant cry
of "wind us o'er" from those waiting to be ferried across. It was a
great step in advance when the next etymologist referred to the ancient
name and found it to be Windelsora, from _ora_, shore, (a contraction of
_ofer?_) Still, the etymon he deduced therefrom of "winding shore" is
one that could not be adopted without doing great violence to the word;
whereas, without the change of a letter, we have Windels ore, "Windel's
shore," most probably in the sense of landing-place. The name Windel
forms several other place-names; it was common in ancient times, and it
has been taken to mean Vandal. I refer to this more especially to
illustrate the importance of taking men's names into account in
considering the origin of a place-name.

The above names are confined entirely, as I have before mentioned, to
the places that have been positively identified by Mr. Kemble. And as
these constitute but a small proportion of the whole number, the
comparison will serve to give an idea of the very great extent to which
place-names are formed from men's names.

FOOTNOTES:

[35] Cf. also Diormod, moneyer on Anglo-Saxon coins, minted at
Canterbury. There is, however, an Irish Diarmaid which might in certain
cases intermix, and whence we must take _McDermott_.

[36] I take Ealdermann to be, as elsewhere noted, a corruption of
Ealdmann.

[37] Mr. Kemble, in default of finding Hygelac as a man's name in
Anglo-Saxon times, has taken the above place-name to be from the
legendary hero of that name. The fact is, however, that Hygelac occurs
no fewer than four times as an early man's-name in the _Liber Vitae_, so
that there does not seem to be any reason whatever for looking upon it
as anything else than the every-day name of an Anglo-Saxon.

[38] From a similar origin is probably Shooter's Hill, near London.

[39] There is also an A.S. Saebriht, from _sae_, sea, whence _Seabright_
might be derived.

[40] Upon the whole I am inclined to think that Woden is here an
Anglo-Saxon man's name, though the traces of it in such use are but
slight. There is a Richard Wodan in the _Lib. Vit._ about the 15th
century. And Wotan occurs once as a man's name in the _Altdeutsches
Namenbuch_.

[41] Or Cyneburg; see p. 71.

[42] It seems clear from the names collated by German writers that
_ramn_, _remn_, and _ram_ in ancient names are contractions of raven.
Compare the names of the ports, Soderhamn, Nyhamn, and Sandhamn, for, no
doubt, Soderhaven, Nyhaven, and Sandhaven.




CHAPTER VI.

CORRUPTIONS AND CONTRACTIONS.


Corruptions may be divided broadly into two kinds, those which proceed
from a desire to improve the sound of a name, and those which proceed
from a desire to make some kind of sense out of it. The former, which we
may call phonetic, generally consists in the introduction of a letter,
either to give more of what we may call "backbone" to a word, or else to
make it run more smoothly. For the former purpose _b_ or _p_ is often
used--thus we have, even in Anglo-Saxon times, _trum_ made into _trump_,
_sem_ into _semp_, and _emas_ into _embas_. So among our names we have
_Dumplin_, no doubt for Dumlin (O.G. Domlin), _Gamble_ for Gamel, and
_Ambler_ for Ameler, though in these names something of both the two
principles may apply. In a similar manner we have _glas_ made into
_glast_ in Glaestingabyrig, now Glastonbury (p. 88). So _d_ seems
sometimes to be brought in to strengthen the end of a word, and this, it
appears to me, may be the origin of our names _Field_, _Fielding_,
_Fielder_. The forms seem to show an ancient stem, but as the word
stands, it is difficult to make anything out of it, whereas, as Fiell,
Fielling, &c., the names would fall in with a regular stem, as at p.
50. So also our name _Hind_ may perhaps be the same, assuming a final
_d_, as another name, _Hine_, which, presuming the _h_ not to be
organic, may be from the unexplained stem _in_ or _ine_, as in the name
of Ina, King of Wessex. In which case _Hyndman_ might be the same name
as _Inman_. Upon the same principle it may be that we have the name
_Nield_ formed upon the Celtic Niel. So also _f_ appears to be sometimes
changed for a similar purpose into _p_, as in _Asprey_ and _Lamprey_ for
Asfrid (or Osfrid) and Landfrid. The ending _frid_ commonly becomes
_frey_ (as in Godfrey, Humphrey, Geoffrey), and when we have got Asfrey
and Lanfrey (and we have Lanfrei in the _Liber Vitae_), the rest is easy.

The most common phonetic intrusion is that of _r_, and one of the ways
in which it most frequently occurs is exhibited in the following group
of names: _Pendgast_, _Pendegast_, _Prendergast_, _Prendergrass_.
Pendgast is, I take it, an ancient compound, from the stem _bend_ (p.
44), with _gast_, hospes. It first takes a medial vowel between the two
words of the compound, and becomes Pend-e-gast. Then _e_ naturally
becomes _er_, passing the very slight barrier which English
pronunciation affords, and the name, having become Pendergast, finds the
need of a second _r_ to balance the first, and becomes Prendergast. In
the last name, Prendergrass, the other principle comes in, and a slight
effort is made to give a shade of meaning to the word.[43] One of the
features in men's names, it will be seen, is that as they have
(differently to what is the case with regard to the words of the
language) become crystallised in all stages, one is sometimes permitted
to see the various steps of a process.

Now it is in such a way as that described above that the Anglo-Saxon
name Ealdermann (whence our name _Alderman_) has, according to my
opinion, been formed. There is another Anglo-Saxon name, Ealdmann, an
ancient compound. Now if you, as in the previous case, introduce a
medial vowel, and make it Eald-e-mann, there is virtually nothing left
between that and Ealdermann. Such a name, as derived from the office,
would be impossible as a regular Anglo-Saxon name. The only other
alternative would be that he had been so called as a _sobriquet_ by his
office till it had superseded his regular name. And there does appear to
have been such a case, viz., that of a man called Preost who _was_ a
priest, but the way which I have suggested seems to me to account more
easily for the name. From a similar origin I take to be our name
_Ackerman_, and the present German _Ackermann_. There is an Anglo-Saxon
AEcemann (p. 96), from which, on the principle described above, they
might be derived. So also _Sigournay_ may be formed in a similar manner
from an old German name Siginiu (_niu_, "new," perhaps in the sense of
"young"), and _Alderdice_ from an old Frankish Aldadeus (_deus_,
servant).

I have taken Prendergast for Pendgast as an illustration of the
intrusion of _r_, and there is even in Anglo-Saxon times an example of
the very same word as so treated. This is the name Prentsa (p. 101),
(whence our _Prentiss_), and which I take to be properly Pentsa. This
would bring it in as a regular Anglo-Saxon stem (_Cf._ Penda, Pender,
Penduald, Pendwine), whereas otherwise it is difficult to know what to
make of it. Among English surnames thus treated we have _Bellringer_ for
Bellinger, _Sternhold_ for Stonhold (p. 63), _Proudfoot_ for _Puddefoot_
(_bud_, messenger), and possibly _Cardwell_ for the Anglo-Saxon
Cadweal.[44] On the same principle I think that _Wordsworth_, a name of
local origin, may be, with an intrusive _r_, the same as Wodsworth or
Wadsworth (Wad's property or estate). There is certainly a stem _wurd_
(supposed to mean fate, destiny), in ancient names, but it is of rare
occurrence, and I do not know of it in English names, though we have
_Orde_, which I take to be from the Scandinavian form of it. On the
other hand we have an instance in Anglo-Saxon times of the reverse
process, viz., the elision of _r_, in the case of Wihtbrord, Minister of
Edward the Elder, who, though he spells his names both ways, spells it
more frequently Wihtbrod, the other being no doubt etymologically the
correct form (_brord_, sword), though euphony is certainly promoted by
the elision. This may probably be the origin of our name _Whitbread_,
with the variation _Wheatbread_.

The intrusion of _d_ has had the effect of changing a man's name into a
woman's in two cases, _Mildred_ and _Kindred_. The former should be
properly Milred, answering to an Anglo-Saxon Milred, and the latter
should be Kenred, answering to the German Conrad; Mildryd and Cynedryd
were, and could only be, Anglo-Saxon women's names.

On the other hand, the loss of an _r_ has had such a disastrous effect
in the case of an American _Bedbug_ as to compel him to apply, like his
English namesake, for a change of name. For while, in America, all
insects of the beetle tribe are called by the name of "bug," the
"bedbug" is that particular insect which is a "terror by night," so that
the name was pointedly disagreeable. It ought properly to be, I doubt
not, Bedburg, a name of local origin, and the same as Bedborough.

Before going on to deal with the corruptions which originate in the
desire to make some kind of sense out of a name, I propose to refer
briefly to some of the changes and contractions which are more strictly
in accordance with regular phonetic princip

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