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In the Days of Queen Victoria

by Eva March Tappan · English · Gutenberg #35576 · 405,664 chars · public domain (US)

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Title: In the Days of Queen Victoria

Author: Eva March Tappan


        
Release date: March 14, 2011 [eBook #35576]

Language: English

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Important Historical Books for the Young
_Makers of England Series_

By EVA MARCH TAPPAN, Ph.D.

  _In the Days of Alfred the Great_
    Cloth. Illustrated. _Net_ $1.00

  _In the Days of William the Conqueror_
    Cloth. Illustrated. _Net_ $1.00

  _In the Days of Queen Elizabeth_
    Cloth. Illustrated. _Net_ $1.00

  _In the Days of Queen Victoria_
    Cloth. Illustrated. _Net_ $1.00


By CALVIN DILL WILSON

  _The Story of the Cid Young People_
    Cloth. Illustrated by J. W. Kennedy. $1.25


Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co., Boston



[Illustration: Her Majesty the Queen in her state robes.
(_From painting by Alfred F. Chalon, R.A., 1838._)]



Makers of England Series



IN THE DAYS

OF

QUEEN VICTORIA



By

EVA MARCH TAPPAN, Ph.D.

AUTHOR OF "IN THE DAYS OF ALFRED THE GREAT," "IN THE DAYS OF
WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR," "IN THE DAYS OF QUEEN ELIZABETH," ETC.

_ILLUSTRATED FROM FAMOUS PAINTINGS AND ENGRAVINGS AND FROM
PHOTOGRAPHS_



BOSTON:
LOTHROP, LEE & SHEPARD CO.

Published, August, 1903

COPYRIGHT, 1903, BY LEE AND SHEPARD
_All rights reserved_

IN THE DAYS OF QUEEN VICTORIA




PREFACE


To her own people Queen Victoria was England itself, the emblem of the
realm and of the empire. To millions who were not her people the words
"the Queen" do not bring even yet the thought of the well-beloved woman
who now shares the English throne, but rather of her who for nearly
sixty-four years wore the crown of Great Britain and gave freely to her
country of the gift that was in her.

Other women have been controlled by devotion to duty, other women
have been moved to action by readiness of sympathy, but few have
united so harmoniously a strong determination to do the right with
a never-failing gentleness, a childlike sympathy with unyielding
strength of purpose.

Happy is the realm that can count on the list of its sovereigns one
whose career was so strongly marked by unfaltering faithfulness, by
honesty of aim, and by statesmanlike wisdom of action.

EVA MARCH TAPPAN.

WORCESTER, MASS.
_February, 1903._




CONTENTS


CHAPTER                                           PAGE

   I. BABY DRINA,                                    1

  II. THE SCHOOLDAYS OF A PRINCESS,                 21

 III. EXAMINATION DAY,                              43

  IV. A QUEEN AT EIGHTEEN,                          68

   V. THE CORONATION,                               89

  VI. THE COMING OF THE PRINCE,                    114

 VII. HOUSEKEEPING IN A PALACE,                    138

VIII. A HOME OF OUR OWN,                           163

  IX. NIS! NIS! NIS! HURRAH!                       186

   X. THE ROYAL YOUNG PEOPLE,                      212

  XI. THE QUEEN IN SORROW,                         235

 XII. THE LITTLE FOLK,                             259

XIII. MOTHER AND EMPRESS,                          278

 XIV. THE JUBILEE SEASON,                          299

  XV. THE QUEEN AND THE CHILDREN,                  319

 XVI. THE CLOSING YEARS,                           338




ILLUSTRATIONS


Her Majesty the Queen in her state robes. (_From painting
by Alfred E. Chalon, R.A., 1838_)                     _Frontispiece_

                                                       _Facing page_

Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Kent and Princess Victoria
(_From painting by Sir W. Beechey, R.A._)                        16

The Princess Victoria at the age of eleven                       46

The coronation of Queen Victoria. (_From painting by Sir
George Hayter_)                                                 110

Albert, Prince Consort, in the uniform of a field marshal       136

The Queen in 1845. (_From a painting by John Partridge_)        158

Queen Victoria; Prince Albert; Victoria, Princess Royal;
Albert Edward, Prince of Wales; Prince Alfred; Princess
Alice; Princess Helena. (_From a painting by F. Winterhalter,
1848_)                                                          188

Westminster Abbey                                               216

Balmoral Castle                                                 244

Houses of Parliament                                            274

Windsor Castle                                                  302

Her Majesty, Queen Victoria. (_From a photograph by
A .Bassano_)                                                    338




In the Days of Queen Victoria




CHAPTER I

BABY DRINA


"Elizabeth would be a good name for her," said the Duke of Kent.
"Elizabeth was the greatest woman who ever sat on the throne of
England. The English people are used to the name, and they like it."

"But would the Emperor Alexander be pleased?" asked the Duchess. "If he
is to be godfather, ought she not to be named for him?"

"Alexandra--no; Alexandrina," said the Duke thoughtfully. "Perhaps you
are right. 'Queen Alexandrina' has a good sound, and the day may come
when the sovereign of England will be as glad of the friendship of the
Emperor of Russia as the Regent is to-day."

"Are you so sure, Edward, that she will be a sovereign?" asked his wife
with a smile.

"Doesn't she look like a queen?" demanded the Duke. "Look at her golden
hair and her blue eyes! There, see how she put her hand out, just as if
she was giving a command! I don't believe any baby a week old ever did
that before. The next time I review the troops she shall go with me.
You're a soldier's daughter, little one. Come and see the world that
you are to conquer." He lifted the tiny baby, much to the displeasure
of the nurse, and carried her across the room to the window that looked
out upon Kensington Garden. "Now, little one," he whispered into the
baby's ear, "they don't believe us and we won't talk about it, but
you'll be queen some day."

"Is that the way every father behaves with his first baby?" asked the
Duchess.

"They're much alike, your Grace," replied the nurse rather grimly, as
she followed the Duke to the window with a blanket on her arm. The Duke
was accustomed to commanding thousands of men, and every one of them
trembled if his weapons and uniform were not spotless, or if he had
been guilty of the least neglect of duty. In more than one battle the
Duke had stood so firmly that he had received the thanks of Parliament
for his bravery and fearlessness. He would never have surrendered a
city to a besieging army, but now he had met his match, and he laid the
baby in the nurse's arms with the utmost meekness.

The question of a name for the child was not yet decided, for the
wishes of someone else had to be considered, and that was the Prince
Regent, the Duke's older brother, George. He thought it proper that his
niece should be named Georgiana in honor of himself.

"Georgiana let it be," said the Duke of Kent, "her first name shall be
Alexandrina."

"Then Georgiana it shall _not_ be," declared the Prince Regent. "No
niece of mine shall put my name second to any king or emperor here in
my own country. Call her Alexandrina Alexandra Alexander, if you
choose, but she'll not be called Alexandrina Georgiana."

When the time for the christening had arrived the Archbishop of
Canterbury and the Bishop of London came to Kensington in company with
the crimson velvet curtains from the chapel at St. James' and a
beautiful golden font which had been taken from the Tower for the
baptism of the royal baby. The Archbishop and the Bishop, the Prince
Regent, and another brother of the Duke of Kent, who was to represent
the Emperor of Russia as godfather, all stood around the golden font in
the magnificent cupola room, the grand saloon of Kensington Palace. The
godmothers were the child's grandmother and aunt, and they were
represented by English princesses. All the royal family were present.

After the prayers had been said and the promises of the sponsors made,
the Archbishop took the little Princess in his arms and, turning to the
godfathers and the godmothers, he said: "Name this child."

"Alexandrina," responded the Duke of York.

"Give her another name," bade the Duke of Kent in a low tone.

"Name her for her mother, then," said the Prince Regent to the
Archbishop, and the baby was christened Alexandrina Victoria.

It made little difference to either the Duke or the baby how the Prince
Regent might feel about her name, for the Duke was the happiest of
fathers, and the little Drina, as the Princess was called, was a merry,
sweet-tempered baby. Everyone at Kensington loved her, and over the sea
was a grandmother, the Dowager Duchess of Coburg, who could hardly wait
for the day to come when she would be able to see the child. "How
pretty the little Mayflower will be," she wrote, "when I see it in a
year's time." Another letter said: "The English like queens, and the
niece of the beloved Princess Charlotte will be most dear to them."
Princess Charlotte was the only child of Prince George, and the nation
had loved her and longed to have her for their queen. She had married
Leopold, the brother of the Duchess of Kent, and had died only two
years before "Princess Drina" was born.

The succession to the English crown was in a peculiar condition. The
king, George III., had become insane, and his eldest son, George, was
ruling as Prince Regent. If the Regent lived longer than his father, he
would become George IV. His next younger brother was Frederick, Duke of
York; then came William, Duke of Clarence; and then the Duke of Kent.
George and Frederick had no children, and William's baby girl died on
the very day that the Princess Alexandrina was born. If these three
brothers died without children, the Duke of Kent would become king; but
even then, if the Duke should have a son, the law was that he, rather
than the daughter, should inherit the crown. The baby Princess, then,
stood fifth in the succession to the throne, and a child born to any
one of these three uncles, or a son born to her father, would remove
her still further from sovereignty.

The English people had talked of all these possibilities. The Duke of
Kent had also several younger brothers, but they were all middle-aged
men, the youngest forty-five, and not one of them had a child. If all
the children of George III. died without heirs, the English crown would
descend to a line of Germans who had never walked on English soil. "We
have had one king who could not speak English," said the people, "and
we do not want another." The Duke of Kent was a general favorite among
them, and they hoped that he, and after him his daughter, would become
their ruler. Indeed, they hoped for this so strongly that they began to
feel sure that it would come to pass. Everyone wanted to see the little
Princess. Many a person lingered under the palace windows for hours,
and went away feeling well repaid for the delay if he had caught a
glimpse of the royal baby in her nurse's arms.

When the Princess was four months old, the Duke gave orders one
afternoon that she should be made ready for a drive with him.

"But is it not the day of the military review on Hounslow Heath?" asked
the Duchess.

"Yes," replied the Duke, "and where else should a soldier's daughter be
but at a review? I want to see how she likes the army. You know she
will be at the head of the army some day," he added half in jest and
half in earnest. "Won't you let me have her?" The Duchess shook her
head playfully. Just then the nurse entered the room with the little
Princess in her outdoor wraps. The tall Duke caught up the child and
ran to the carriage like a naughty boy with a forbidden plaything, and
the nurse followed.

At the review the Duke was not so stern a disciplinarian as usual, for
more than one man who was expected to stand "eyes front" took a sly
look at the pretty baby in her nurse's arms, and the proud father
forgot to blame him for the misdemeanor. After the review the people
gathered about the carriage.

"God bless the child," cried an old man. "She'll be a Princess
Charlotte to us."

"Look at her sweet face," said another. "Did you ever see such bright
blue eyes? She'll be a queen who can see what her people want."

There were hurrahs for the Princess and hurrahs for the Duke. Then a
voice in the crowd cried: "Give us a rousing cheer for the Duchess who
cares for her own baby and doesn't leave her to the hired folk."

In all this hubbub and confusion the blue-eyed baby did not cry or show
the least fear. "She's a soldier's child," said the Duke with delight,
and he took her from the nurse and helped her to wave her tiny hand to
the admiring crowd.

Prince George had never been on good terms with his brother, the Duke
of Kent, and after the affair of the name he was less friendly than
ever. He was always jealous of the child, and when he heard of her
reception at the review he was thoroughly angry. "That infant is too
young to be brought into public," he declared.

She was not brought into so public a place again, but she won friends
wherever she went. The Duke could not bear to have her away from him
for an hour, and the greatest honor he could show to a guest was to
allow him to take the little one in his arms. An old friend was at the
Palace, one evening, and when he rose to go, the Duke said: "No, come
with me first and see the child in her crib." As they entered the room
of the little Princess, the Duke said: "We are going to Sidmouth in two
or three days to cheat the winter, and so we may not meet again for
some time. I want you to give my child your blessing. Pray for her, not
merely that her life may be brilliant and free from trouble, but that
God will bless her, and that in all the years to come He will guide her
and guard her." The prayer was made, and the Duke responded with an
earnest "Amen."

In a few days the family set out for Sidmouth. Kensington was becoming
cold and damp, and the precious baby must not be risked in the London
chills of the late autumn. The Duchess, moreover, had devoted herself
so closely to her child that she needed a change and rest.

At Sidmouth the old happy life of the past six months went on for a
little while. The house was so small that it was called "hardly more
than a cottage," but it had pretty verandas and bay windows, shaded by
climbing roses and honeysuckles. It stood on a sunny knoll, with tall
trees circling around it. Just below the knoll was a little brook
running merrily to the sea, a quarter of a mile away, and, following
the lead of the brook, was the road. Sidmouth was a nest of sunbeams,
and the baby Princess was well and strong. "She is too healthy, I
fear," wrote the Duke, "in the opinion of some members of my family by
whom she is regarded as an intruder."

The people of Sidmouth did not look upon the pretty, blue-eyed baby as
an intruder, and there was great excitement in the village when it was
known that the Duke had taken Woolbrook Glen. Every boy in the country
around was eager to see the soldier Duke who had been in real battles,
and every girl longed for a sight of the little Princess, There was no
difficulty in seeing them when they had once come, for whenever it was
pleasant they were out of doors, walking or driving. A lady who met the
party one morning wrote that the Duke and the Duchess were strolling
along arm in arm, and close to them was the nurse carrying the Princess
with her white swansdown bonnet and cloak. She was holding out her hand
to the Duke, and just as the village people drew near, he took her from
the nurse and lifted her to his shoulder.

When the Duke had been away from the house, his first thought on
returning was the little daughter. One morning, only a few days after
this meeting with the lady and her children, he took a long walk in the
rain. He was hardly over the threshold on his return before he called,
"Where's my daughter? Bring little Drina."

"But, Edward," the Duchess objected, "your boots must be wet through.
Won't you change them first? You will surely be ill."

"Soldiers aren't ill, my lady," replied the Duke, laughing. "I never
was ill in all my life. Where's my queen?"

An hour's romp with the merry baby followed. But then came a chill, and
the strong man was overcome with inflammation of the lungs. In those
days physicians had little knowledge how to treat such a disease. They
had an idea that whenever one was feverish he had too much blood, and
that some of it must be taken away; so the Duke was bled until, if he
had not been in the least ill, the loss of blood would have made him
faint and weak. A messenger was sent to London to bring a famous
doctor, but when he came the Duke was dead. "I could have done nothing
else," said the great man, "except to bleed him much more than you have
done."

Prince Leopold had come to Sidmouth a day or two earlier, and he went
with the Duchess and the Princess to London. The villagers gathered
about the carriage to bid a silent farewell to the sorrowful company.
Many of them were weeping and their tears flowed still faster when the
nurse held the baby up to the carriage window and whispered, "Say
good-by to the people;" for the little one waved her hand and patted
the glass and sprang up and down in her nurse's arms without the least
realization of her loss.

The carriage rolled away, but the people stood watching it until it was
out of sight.

"That's the sweetest child in all England," said one woman, wiping her
eyes with the corner of her apron, "and now the poor little thing will
have no father."

"Did ever you see a man so fond of his child as the Duke?" said another
with a sob.

"King George had nine sons," said a man who stood near, "and the Duke
was every whit the best of them. The King never treated him fairly.
When the others wanted money, they had it; but when the Duke needed it,
his father just said, 'Get along as you can.' There wasn't one of the
sons that the King wasn't kinder to than to the Duke."

"He'll have little more chance to be kind or unkind," declared another.
"Have you not heard the news from London? The King is very ill, and the
Prince Regent will soon be George IV."

"It's bad luck speaking ill of him that's to be king," said one, "but
the man that's gone to London in his coffin was the man that I'd have
liked to see on the throne."

"Will the Duchess go back to her own land, think you?" questioned the
first woman.

"Yes, that she will," replied the second positively "There never was a
woman that loved her own people better than she. Folks say she writes
her mother every day of her life."

"I say she'll not go back," declared one of the men with equal
positiveness. "She'll do her duty, and her duty is to care for the
Princess. God bless her, and make her our queen some day."

So the people in the village talked, and so people were talking
throughout the kingdom. After the first sad days were past the question
had to be decided by the Duchess and her devoted brother Leopold. The
Duchess loved her family and her old home at Amorbach, near Heidelberg.
There she and the Duke had spent the first months of their married
life, and nothing would have helped her more to bear her loneliness
than a return to the Bavarian Palace, in which every room was
associated with memories of him. She was a stranger in England and she
could not even speak the language of the country. The Duke's sisters
loved her, and Adelaide, who had been a German princess before she
became the wife of the Duke of Clarence gave her the warmest sympathy
in this time of sorrow; but the Regent disliked her and had always
seemed indignant at the possibility that his brother's child would
inherit the throne. The Regent had now become king, for his father had
died on the very day of the Duchess's return to London. Unless a child
was born to either the Duke of York or the Duke of Clarence the baby
Princess would become queen at their death. The child who would rule
England ought to be brought up in England.

There was something else to be considered, however. When the Duchess
was only a girl of seventeen she had become the wife of the Prince of
Leiningen, and at his death he had made her sole guardian of their two
children, Charles and Feodore. As soon as Charles was old enough he
would succeed his father as ruler of Leiningen but until then his
mother was Regent.

"Is it right for me to neglect my duties in Bavaria?" questioned the
Duchess; "to give up the regency of Leiningen? Shall I neglect Charles
to care for Drina's interest?"

"Charles will be well cared for," said Prince Leopold. "His people love
him already and will be true to him. England is a great kingdom. It is
not an easy land to rule. A queen who has grown up in another country
will never hold the hearts of the people."

"True," said the Duchess. "I must live in England. That is my duty to
my child and to her country."

How the Duchess and her child were to live was a question of much
importance. The King could not refuse to allow them to occupy their old
apartments in Kensington Palace, but the Duchess was almost penniless.
Nearly all the money which her first husband had left her she had been
obliged to give up on her second marriage and she had surrendered all
the Duke's property to his creditors to go as far as it would in paying
his debts. Some money had been settled upon her when she married the
Duke, but that was so tied up that it would be many months before she
could touch it. The only plea that she could make to the King would be
on the ground that her child might become his heir, and nothing would
have enraged him so much as to suggest such a thing. Whatever
Parliament might appropriate to the Princess would be given against the
wishes of the King, and there would, at any rate, be a long delay. It
was a strange condition of affairs. The child would probably have
millions at her command before many years had passed, but for the
present there was no money even to pay the wages of the servants for
their care of her.

[Illustration: Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Kent and Princess
Victoria.
(_From painting by Sir W. Beechey, R.A._)]

If this story had been a fairy tale, the fairy godmother with the magic
wand would have been called upon to shower golden guineas into the
empty purse, but in this case it was the good uncle who came to the aid
of his Princess niece. When Prince Leopold married the Princess
Charlotte he went to England to live, for he expected that some day his
wife would become Queen of Great Britain. After her death he made his
home in England, but spent much of his time in travelling. He was not
rich, but he was glad to help his sister as much as possible, and after
the death of the Duke of Kent he made her and her children his first
care.

It was decided, then, that the Duchess would remain in England, and
that Kensington Palace should become the home of the Princess
Alexandrina Victoria. This was a large, comfortable-looking abode. It
had been a favorite home of several of the English sovereigns. About it
were gardens cut into beds shaped like scrolls, palm leaves, ovals,
circles, and all sorts of conventional figures so prim and stiff that
one might well have wondered how flowers ever dared to grow in any
shape but rectangular. The yew trees were trimmed into peacocks and
lions and other kinds of birds and beasts. All this was interesting
only as a curiosity, but there was a pretty pond and there were long,
beautiful avenues of trees. There were flowers and shrubs and soft
green turf. It was out of the fog and smoke of the city; indeed it was
so far out that there was danger of robbers to the man who ventured to
walk or drive at night through the unlighted roads. For many years
after the birth of the Princess a bell was rung Sunday evenings so that
all Londoners might meet and guard against danger by going over the
lonely way to their homes in one large company.

The life at Kensington was very quiet. No one would have guessed from
seeing the royal baby that the fate which lay before her was different
from that to be expected for any other child who was not the daughter
of a Prince. She spent much of the time out of doors, at first in the
arms of her nurse, then in a tiny carriage, in which her half-sister,
the Princess Feodore, liked to draw her about. "She must learn never to
be afraid of people," declared the wise mother, and before the child
could speak plainly she was taught to make a little bow when strangers
came near her carriage and say, "Morning, lady," or "Morning, sir."

The little girl was happy, but life was hard for the mother. She had
given up her home and her friends, and now she had to give up even her
own language, for English and not German must be her child's mother
tongue, and she set to work bravely to conquer the mysteries of English
Her greatest comfort in her loneliness was the company of the Duchess
Adelaide, wife of the Duke of Clarence. For many weeks after the death
of the Duke of Kent, the Duchess drove to Kensington every day to spend
some time with her sister-in-law. When the Princess was about a year
and a half old, a little daughter was born to the Duchess Adelaide, but
in three months she was again childless. She had none of the royal
brothers' jealousy of the baby at Kensington, and she wrote to the
Duchess of Kent, "My little girls are dead, but your child lives, and
she shall be mine, too."




CHAPTER II

THE SCHOOLDAYS OF A PRINCESS


Nothing could be more simple than the order of the Princess' day at
Kensington. Breakfast was at eight, and it was eaten out of doors
whenever the weather was good. The Princess sat in a tiny rosewood
chair beside her mother, and the little girl's breakfast was spread on
a low table before her. Whatever other children might have, there were
no luxuries for this child. Bread and milk and fruit made up her
breakfast, and nothing more would have been given her no matter how she
might have begged for it. After breakfast she would have liked to play
with her beloved Feodore, but Feodore had to go to her lessons. When
the weather was fair, however, a pleasure awaited the little girl. Her
uncle, the Duke of York, had given her a white donkey, and at this hour
she was allowed to ride it in Kensington Gardens. Her nurse walked
beside her, and on the other side was an old soldier whom her father
had especially liked. This riding was a great delight to the child, but
there was sometimes a storm of childish wrath before the hour was over,
for the Duchess had said, "She must ride and walk by turns," and when
the turn came for walking, the tiny maiden often objected to obeying
her mother's orders.

When it was time for the Duchess to eat luncheon, the Princess had her
dinner, but it was so simple a meal that many of the servants of the
palace would have felt themselves very hardly used if they had had no
greater variety and no richer fare. The afternoon was often spent under
the trees, and at some time, either before supper or after, came a
drive with her mother. Supper was at seven, but the little girl's meal
consisted of nothing but bread and milk. At nine o'clock she was put to
bed, not in the nursery, but in her mother's room, for the Duchess had
no idea of being separated from her children, and the Princess Feodore
slept at one side of her mother, while on the other hand stood the
little bed of the baby sister.

It was a simple, happy, healthy life. The great objection to it was
that the child rarely had a playmate of her own age. Two little girls,
daughters of an old friend of the Duke's, came once a week to see her,
but they were several years her seniors. Feodore was never weary of
playing with her, but Feodore was almost twelve years older, so that
when the child was four years old, Feodore was quite a young lady.
Perhaps no one realized how much she needed children of her own age,
for she was so merry and cheerful, so ready to be pleased and amused,
and so friendly with everyone who came near her.

A learned clergyman reported that when he called on the Duchess the
little Princess was on the floor beside her mother with her playthings
"of which I soon became one," he added.

One day the Duchess said: "Drina, there is a little girl only a year
older than you who plays wonderfully well on the harp. Should you like
to hear her?"

"I'm almost four years old," was the child's reply. "What is her name?"

"She is called Lyra," said the Duchess. "Should you like to hear her
play?"

The Princess was very fond of music even when she was hardly more than
a baby, and she could scarcely wait for the day to come when she could
hear the little girl. At last Lyra and her harp were brought to the
palace, and the music began. The talented child played piece after
piece, then she stopped a moment to rest. This was the Princess'
opportunity. Music was good, but a real little girl was a great rarity,
and the small hostess began a conversation.

"Does your doll have a red dress?" she asked. "Mine has, and she has a
bonnet with swans-down on it. Does yours have a bonnet?"

"I haven't any doll," answered Lyra.

"Haven't you any playroom?" asked the Princess wonderingly.

"No," said the little musician.

The Princess had supposed that all children had dolls and toys, and she
said: "I have a playroom upstairs, and there are dolls in it and a
house for them and a big, big ship like the one my papa sailed in once.
Haven't you any ship or any doll-house?"

"No."

"Haven't you any sister Feodore?"

"No."

Then the warm-hearted little Princess threw her arm around the child
musician and said:

"Come over here to the rug, and let's play. You shall have some of my
playthings, and perhaps your mamma will make you a doll-house when you
go home."

The Duchess had left the two children for a few minutes, and when she
returned they were sitting on the fur rug in front of the fire. The
harp was forgotten, and they were having a delightful time playing
dolls, just as if they were not the one a princess and the other a
musical prodigy. They were too busy to notice the Duchess, and as she
stood at the door a moment, she heard her little daughter saying:

"You may have the doll to take home with you, Lyra. Put on her red
dress and her white bonnet and her cloak, for she'll be ill if you
don't. Her name is Adelaide, for that is my aunt's name."

The Princess was not yet four years old, but her mother was beginning
to feel somewhat anxious about her education. Other children might
play, but the child who was to be queen of England must not be allowed
to give even her babyhood to amusement. The mother began to teach her
the alphabet, but the little girl had a very decided will of her own,
and she did not wish to learn the alphabet.

"But you will never be able to read books as I do, if you do not
learn," said the mother.

"Then I'll learn," promised the child. "I'll learn very quick."

The alphabet was learned, but the resolutions of three-year old
children do not always endure, and the small student objected to
further study.

"My little girl does not like her books as well as I could wish," wrote
the Duchess to her mother; but the grandmother took the part of the
child. "Do not tease your little puss with learning," was her reply.
"She is so young still. Albert is only making eyes at a picture book."
This Albert was one of the Princess' German cousins only a few weeks
younger than she; and the great delight of the Coburg grandmother was
to compare the growth and attainments of the two children and note all
their amusing little speeches.

The Duchess, however, did not follow the advice of her mother, but more
than a month before her little daughter was four years old she decided
to engage a tutor for her. She herself and Feodore were reading English
with the Rev. Mr. Davys, the clergyman of a neighboring parish, and
during even the first few lessons the Duchess was so charmed with his
gentle, kindly manner and his intellectual ability that she said to him
one day: "You teach so well that I wish you would teach my little
daughter."

So it was that the learned clergyman appeared at the palace one bright
April morning armed with a box of alphabet blocks. The Duchess seemed
quite troubled and anxious about the small child's intellectual
deficiencies, and when the preparations for the lesson had been made,
she said:

"Now, Victoria, if you are good and say your lesson well, I will give
you the box of bright-colored straw that you wanted."

"I'll be good, mamma," the little girl promised, "but won't you please
give me the box first?"

The lesson began with a review of the alphabet; then came a struggle
with the mysterious _b-a, b-e, b-i, b-o, b-u, b-y_, "which we did not
quite conquer," the tutor regretfully writes. Mr. Davys kept a journal
of the progress of the Princess during the first two years of his
instruction, and he records gravely after the second lesson that she
pronounced _much_ as _muts_, that he did not succeed in teaching her to
count as far as five, and that when he tried to show her how to make an
_o_, he could not make her move her hand in the right direction. It
seems to have been a somewhat willful little hand, for a week later
when he wished her to make an _h_, she would make nothing but _o's._
"If you will make _h_ to-day," said the patient tutor, "you shall have
a copy of _o's_ to-morrow;" but when to-morrow had come and the copy
had been prepared, the capricious little maiden did not care to make
_o_, she preferred to make _h_.

The troubled instructor tried various plans to interest his small
charge. He wrote short words on cards and asked her to bring them to
him from another part of the room as he named them. He read her stories
and nursery rhymes, and one day, when he seems to have been almost at
his wit's end, he persuaded the Princess Feodore and her governess to
stand with his little pupil and recite as if they were in a class at
school. His report for that day records with a good deal of satisfaction,
"This seemed to please her." Willful as she was, however, she was very
tender-hearted, and when he asked her to spell the word _bad_, she
sobbed and cried, because she fancied that he was applying it to
herself.

When Mr. Davys came in the morning, he would frequently inquire if she
had been good. One day he asked the Duchess:

"Was the Princess good while she was in the nursery?"

"She was good this morning," replied her mother, "but yesterday there
was quite a little storm."

"Yes, mamma," added the honest little girl, "there were two storms, one
when I was washed and another when I was dressed."

Sometimes her honesty put her mother into a difficult position. One day
the Duchess said:

"Victoria, when you are naughty you make both me and yourself very
unhappy."

"No, mamma," the child replied, "not me, but you."

The lessons went on with much regularity, considering that the pupil
was a princess. On her fourth birthday she not only had a birthday
party, but she was invited to court. "Uncle King," as she called George
IV., gave a state dinner, and she was asked to be one of the guests.
Most children, however, would have thought the invitation hardly worth
accepting, for she was only brought into the room for a few minutes to
speak to the King and the royal family, then she was taken away to eat
her usual simple meal.

When the Princess had been studying with Mr. Davys about five months,
she was taken to the seashore, and from there she wrote, or, rather,
printed, a letter to her tutor. It said:

    "MY DEAR SIR I DO NOT FORGET MY LETTERS NOR WILL I FORGET YOU
    VICTORIA."

The name Alexandrina had been gradually dropped. The Duchess had feared
at first that as "Victoria" was unfamiliar in England, the English
people might dislike it. Moreover, as the royal brothers were so
unfriendly to her, she did not wish that the use of her name should
prejudice them against the child. There was little danger of anyone
disliking the child, however, for she was so winsome a young maiden
that whoever spoke to her became her friend. One of her most devoted
admirers was her Uncle Leopold, and her idea of the highest bliss was
to make a visit at his house. A few months after the beginning of her
education, she visited him, and Mr. Davys drove to the house twice a
week to continue her instruction. Her uncle was present at the lessons,
and he was as troubled as the Duchess because little Victoria did not
like to read.

It is no wonder that the child enjoyed her visits to Claremont. Prince
Leopold's home was a large brick mansion, with stately cedars on the
lawn, and high up on a column a great bronze peacock that was a source
of wonder and amusement. There was a lake, with groves of pines beyond
it. There was a farm, with lambs and calves and ducklings. Best of all,
there was Uncle Leopold, who was always ready to walk or drive with
her, and to tell her wonderful stories.

It was very delightful to visit an uncle who was a prince, but even at
Claremont it was never forgotten that the wee child was being trained
to be a queen. The stories must not be without a moral; her uncle's
charming talks of flowers and animals must be planned to introduce her
to botany and natural history; and even in her play she was carefully
watched lest some thoughtlessness should be overlooked which ought to
be checked. One day she took her tiny rake and began to make a haycock,
but before it was done something else interested her, and she dropped
the rake. "No, no, Princess," called her governess, "come back and
finish the haycock. You must never leave a thing half done."

In Kensington she was never taken to church, lest she should attract
too much attention, but service was read in the chapel of the palace.
At Claremont, however, she went to the village church. She usually wore
a white dress, made as simply as that of any village child, and a plain
little straw bonnet; but at the church door the resemblance ended, for
while other children might fidget about or perhaps go to sleep, the
Princess had some hard work to do. Mr. Davys had said that she was
"volatile," and disliked fixing her attention. That fault must be
corrected, of course, and so the child was required to remember and
repeat to her mother not only the text but the principal heads of the
sermon, no matter how uninteresting it might be. The little girl must
have longed to do something, somewhere, with no one to watch her. There
is a story that when she once went to visit the Duchess of Clarence,
her aunt asked: "Now, Victoria, what should you like to do? What will
be the greatest treat I can give you?" and, the little child replied,
"Oh, Aunt Adelaide, if you will only let me clean the windows, I'd
rather do that than anything else."

Money matters had become somewhat easier for the Duchess, as an
allowance had been made her which enabled her to give the Princess such
surroundings and advantages as ought to be given to one in her
position. Nevertheless, the simplicity of the child's daily life was
not altered, and her pocket money was not made any more lavish. When
the little girl was seven years old, she was taken to a bazaar, where
she bought presents for one after another until she had reached the
bottom of her rather shallow purse. But there was a half-crown box that
she did so want to give to someone!

"I should like this very much," she said wistfully, "but I have no more
money to-day."

"That makes no difference," replied the storekeeper, and he began to
wrap the box with her other purchases.

"No," objected the governess, "the Princess has not the money, and she
must not buy what she cannot pay for."

"Then I will lay it aside until she can purchase it," said the
storekeeper, and the little girl exclaimed, "Oh, thank you! if you will
be so good."

When the day for the payment of her allowance came, the child did not
delay a moment, but long before her breakfast hour she appeared at the
store to pay for the box and carry it home with her. She was not at all
afraid of carrying bundles, and thought it was a delightful expedition
to go to the milliner's with her mother and Feodore to buy a new hat,
to wait in the shop until it was trimmed, and then carry it home in her
own hand.

The great excitement of her seventh year was the visit that she paid
the King. Disagreeable as he often was to the mother, he made himself
quite charming to the child, and he was delighted with the frank
affection that she showed him in return.

"The band shall play whatever you choose," he said to her. "What shall
it be?"

"I should like 'God Save the King,'" replied the little girl.

It was hard to be jealous of such an heir to the throne as that. During
her stay the King had taken her to drive, and this was a great event,
for he himself had held the reins. When she was saying farewell at the
close of the three-days' visit, he asked, "What have you enjoyed most
during your visit?" and he was much pleased when she answered, "Oh,
Uncle King, the drive I had with you." It is no wonder that the
grandmother in Coburg wrote, "The little monkey must have pleased and
amused him; she is such a pretty, clever child."

The Duchess was beginning to receive the reward that she deserved for
giving up her home and her friends, not only in the result of her
devotion to her little daughter as shown in the child's character, but
also in the appreciation of herself and her efforts which was felt in
her adopted country. In both the House of Lords and the House of
Commons speeches had been made paying the warmest tributes to the
manner in which she was bringing up the little girl who was to become
the queen.

Before Victoria was eight years old, it was thought to be time for her
education to receive still more attention, though one would suppose
that there need have been no anxiety about the intellectual progress of
the child, who before she was six years old could repeat the heads of
one of the lengthy sermons of the day. Mr. Davys was now formally
appointed her tutor, and he went to live at Kensington. Then, indeed,
there was work. Miss Lehzen, governess of the Princess Feodore, taught
the child as usual; a writing-master made his appearance, who taught
her the clear, refined, and dignified hand that never changed; a
teacher of singing was engaged; another teacher instructed her in
dancing; a Royal Academician taught her drawing; German and French were
also studied.

Mr. Davys' special work was to teach her history and English, and the
number of books that she read with him is somewhat startling. During
the year 1826 there were four books of Scriptural stories and four
books of moral stories on her list. The children's books of the day had
a fashion of not being satisfied with teaching one thing at a time, and
even one of the four natural histories that she read contrived to make
the story of each bird contain some profound moral instruction. One
book on English history and one on modern history in general appear on
the list. Geography and grammar are each represented by two small
volumes. Poetry appears in the form of "The Infant's Minstrel," a title
which the eight-year old child of to-day would utterly scorn. "General
Knowledge" is represented by one book on the famous picture galleries,
castles, and other noteworthy structures in England, and another
describing the occupations and trades of the land. Even here, however,
moral lessons had their allotted place, and each trade was made to
teach some moral truth. The third book of the series described the
quaint old customs of the kingdom.

During the following three years the instruction of the Princess was
continued on similar lines. In 1827, the year in which her eighth
birthday occurred, she began a book with the comprehensive title, "An
Introduction to Astronomy, Geography, and the Use of the Globes." After
she had studied this book with the hard name for two years, it seems a
great intellectual downfall to find her "promoted" to "Elements of
Geography for the Use of Young Children." In 1828 she began Latin.
She also studied the catechism and then an abridgment of the two
Testaments. Remembering that the little girl was studying French,
German, music, dancing, and drawing, one wonders how she ever
"crowded it in." Fortunately, her schedule for the week has been
preserved, and it is interesting reading. Her day's work began at
half-past nine. On Monday morning the first hour was given to
geography and natural history, the second to a drawing lesson. From
half-past eleven till three was devoted to dinner and either playing
or walking. From three to four she drew or wrote a Latin exercise.
The following hour was given to French, and from five to six came
music and "repetition"--whatever that may have been--for Mr. Davys.
After her three hours of study in the afternoon, without even a
ten-minutes' "recess," the day's work was at an end, and from six to
nine there was no more studying; but there seems to have been some
instructive reading aloud by either the Duchess or Miss Lehzen, for
the story has survived that when the Duchess was reading Roman
history and read the old story of Cornelia's pointing to her sons and
declaring, "These are my jewels," the small critic remarked, "But,
mamma, she ought to have said, 'These are my carnelians.'"

No two days in the Princess' week were alike. One hour a week was
devoted to learning the catechism, another to a dancing lesson, another
to needlework and learning poetry by heart. All this teaching went on
for six days in the week, for she had no Saturday holidays; and on
Saturday morning came an hour that would alarm most children, for it
was devoted to a repetition to Mr. Davys of all that she had learned
during the week. Her lessons were made as interesting as possible by
explanations and stories and pictures and games. A history and a little
German grammar were written expressly for her; but, after all, the
little girl was the one who had to do the work. She had to understand
and learn and remember, and even if she was a princess no one could do
these things for her. Sir Walter Scott dined with the Duchess of Kent
during Victoria's ninth year. He wrote in his journal: "Was presented
to the little Princess Victoria, the heir-apparent to the throne as
things now stand." It is no wonder that he added, "This lady is
educated with much care."

The same year stole away the beloved Feodore, for she married a German
prince and went to the Continent to live. This was a great loss to the
little Princess, for she was so carefully guarded that Feodore had been
almost her only playmate. Other children had companions without number;
they went to children's parties and had good times generally; but a
party was a great rarity in the life of the Princess, and she was ten
years old before she went to a children's ball.

This famous ball which she then attended was her first sight of a court
ceremonial. It was given in honor of a little girl of her own age,
Maria, Queen of Portugal, who was making a visit to England. The
Princess wore a simple white dress, but the little Donna Maria was
gorgeous in crimson velvet all ablaze with jewels. Every one was
comparing the two children in dress and looks and manners. The plain
dress of the Princess was generally preferred, and her graceful manners
were admired, but the Portuguese queen was called the prettier. When
the King first talked of giving this ball, a lady of the court
exclaimed, "Oh, do! It will be so nice to see the _two little queens_
dancing together." The King was very angry at the speech, but he
finally decided to give the ball, and the "two little queens" did dance
in the same quadrille. It is rather sad to relate that the small lady
from Portugal fell down and hurt herself, and, in spite of the sympathy
of the King, she went away crying, while the English Princess danced on
and had the most delightful evening of her life. Then Cinderella went
to bed, and in the morning she awoke to the workaday world that she had
left for a single evening.




CHAPTER III

EXAMINATION DAY


When Queen Victoria was a tiny child, she is said to have asked her
mother one day, "Mamma, why is it that when Feodore and I are walking
all the gentlemen raise their hats to me and not to her?" In 1830, when
she was nearly eleven years old, her mother and her teachers thought
that it was time for her question to be answered. The King was so ill
that everyone knew he could not live many months. The Duke of York had
died three years earlier; therefore at the King's death William, Duke
of Clarence, would ascend the throne, and Victoria would succeed him.

It seems quite probable that the bright little girl had before this
time answered the question for herself. There are stories that if she
failed in a lesson a certain teasing boy cousin of hers used to say,
"Yes, a pretty queen you will make!" and then he would suggest that
when a queen did not rule well her head was likely to be cut off.
Another story is that when the child was reading aloud to her mother
about the Princess Charlotte, she suddenly looked up from her book and
asked, "Mamma, shall I ever be a queen?" Tradition says that the
Duchess replied: "It is very possible. I want you to be a good woman,
and then you will be a good queen." Whether there is any truth in these
stories or not, the child was too observing not to have noticed when
very young that she was treated differently from other children, even
her sister Feodore. She lived very simply, and Miss Lehzen was always
at hand to correct the least approach to a fault; but she could not
have failed to see that she was watched wherever she went and that far
more attention was paid to her than to her mother. Indeed, she herself
said long afterwards that the knowledge of her position came to her
gradually and that she "cried much" at the thought of ever having to be
a queen.

The little girl kept these thoughts to herself, and even her mother did
not know that she was dreading a future on a throne. There are several
accounts of just how she was finally told that she would some day wear
the crown, but a version which may be trusted comes from Mr. Davys.

"Princess," he said, "to-morrow I wish you to give me a chart of the
kings and queens of England."

When morning came, she gave him the chart, and he read it carefully.
Then he said:

"It is well done, but it does not go far enough. You have put down
'Uncle King' as reigning, and you have written 'Uncle William' as the
heir to the throne, but who should follow him?"

The little girl hesitated, then she said, "I hardly liked to put down
myself."

One story of the way the announcement was made to the Princess was
written--nearly forty years after the event--by her strict and adoring
governess, but it makes her out such a priggish, Pharisaical little
moralizer that one cannot help fancying that the devoted woman
unconsciously put into the mouth of her idol the speeches that seemed
to her appropriate, not to the child, but to the occasion. She says
that when the Princess was told of her position, she declared: "Many a
child would boast, but they don't know the difficulty. There is much
splendor, but there is more responsibility." Then the governess
reminded her that if her Aunt Adelaide should have children they would
be the ones to ascend the throne. According to this account, the child
answered: "If it were so, I should be very glad, for I know by the love
Aunt Adelaide bears me how fond she is of children." It seems probable
that after the Princess had been told what lay before her, Miss Lehzen
made speeches somewhat like these, and that the conscientious,
tender-hearted little girl assented to them.

Mr. Davys told the Duchess about the chart, and she wrote at once to
the Bishop of London that the Princess now understood her position. The
letter ended, "We have everything to hope from this child."

[Illustration: The Princess Victoria at the age of eleven.]

It must have given the little girl of eleven years a strange feeling to
read a chart of sovereigns of her country and know that her own name
would be written in the next vacant place. She had seen the deference
paid to "Uncle King," she knew that his will was law, and it must have
made the child's brain whirl to think "Some day I shall be in his
place." She had always been trained to the most strict obedience, but
she knew that some day whatever order she chose to give would be
obeyed. She seems to have thought more of the responsibility of the
throne than of its glories; but if she had felt ever so much inclined
to boast, she would soon have realized that after all she was only a
little girl who must obey rather than command, for the first
consequence of her queenly prospects was an examination in her lessons
before two learned bishops.

The Duchess believed that the training of the future queen was the most
important matter in the country. She could hardly have helped feeling
that she had been most successful in her efforts to make the child what
she ought to be, but after all, she herself was a German, her child was
to rule an English realm, and the careful mother wished to make sure
that the little girl was having the kind of instruction that would best
prepare her for the difficult position she would have to fill. She
selected two bishops as her advisers, men of much learning and fine
character, and wrote them a long letter about the Princess. She told
them what masters had been chosen for her and in what branch each one
had instructed her. She enclosed a list of the books the Princess had
read, a record of every lesson she had taken, and the schedule of her
study hours. She said that she herself had been present at almost every
lesson, and that Miss Lehzen, whose special task it was to assist the
little girl in preparing her work for the different masters, was always
in attendance.

With this letter went a report from each instructor, stating not only
what books she had used but what his opinion was of her progress and
ability. Although there was so much temptation to use flattery, these
reports seem to have been written with remarkable sincerity and
truthfulness. The writing master said that his pupil had "a peculiar
talent" for arithmetic, but he was apparently not quite satisfied with
her handwriting, for he closed with the sentence, "If the Princess
endeavors to imitate her writing examples, her success is certain." The
teacher of German wrote, "Her orthography is now tolerably correct,"
but he did not show the least enthusiasm over his statement, "There is
no doubt of her knowing the leading rules of the German language quite
well," though surely this was no small acquisition for a child of
eleven. The French teacher declared that her pronunciation was perfect,
that she was well advanced in knowledge of French grammar and could
carry on a conversation in French, but that she spoke better than she
wrote. He added: "The Princess is much further advanced than is usually
the case with children of her age." Mr. Davys, with his great love for
his little pupil, seems to have had a struggle with himself to keep
from speaking of her as warmly as he longed to speak, but he did allow
himself to say at the close of his report:

"It is my expectation that the disposition and attainments of the
Princess will be such as to gratify the anxious wishes, as well as to
reward the earnest exertions, with which your Royal Highness has
watched over the education of the Princess."

These honest, straightforward reports were sent to the two bishops. The
Duchess asked them to read the papers carefully and then examine the
"singularly situated child," as she called the Princess, to see whether
she had made as much progress as she should have done, and in what
respects they would suggest any change of method and teaching.

Three weeks after the letter was written the two bishops went to
Kensington and examined the little maiden in "Scripture, catechism,
English history, Latin, and arithmetic." Both were gentle, kindly men,
and both had little children of their own. Evidently they knew how to
question the royal child in such a fashion that she was not startled or
made too nervous to do her best, for one of them wrote in his journal
about the examination, "The result was very satisfactory." The bishops
went home from Kensington and three days later they sent the anxious
mother a report of the interview. They wrote that they had asked the
Princess "a great variety of questions," and that her answers showed
she had learned "with the understanding as well as with the memory."
They were so well pleased with the results of their visit, they said,
that they had no change to recommend in the course which had been
pursued. So it was that the little girl began her public life, not by
congratulations and entertainments and rejoicings, but by a thorough
examination in her studies before two learned men.

Two months after the bishops' visit to Kensington the Princess passed
her eleventh birthday. One month later "Uncle King" died, and "Uncle
William" became sovereign, with the title of William IV. At William's
death Victoria would become queen, and as that event might occur before
she was eighteen and capable of ruling for herself, it was necessary to
have a guardian appointed at once, so that, if it should come to pass,
there would be no delay in matters of state.

A law was proposed in Parliament called the Regency Bill. As it was
possible that William would have a child, Victoria was spoken of as the
"heir presumptive"--that is, the one who is presumed or expected to be
the heir, although with a possibility of changes that would put someone
else before her. The bill provided that if she should come to the crown
before she was eighteen, her mother should be her guardian and should
rule the country in her name until she was of age. This bill became a
law, and few laws have been so pleasing to both houses of Parliament
and to the whole country. Speeches were made by prominent statesmen
praising the Duchess of Kent and her manner of training her little
daughter. The grandmother in Coburg wrote, "May God bless and protect
our little darling," and the whole country echoed the prayer.

When Parliament was prorogued, or closed until the next session, the
Princess was with her Aunt Adelaide, who was now the Queen. They stood
together at one of the palace windows watching the procession, while
the people shouted, "Hurrah for Queen Adelaide! Long live the Queen!"
Then the loving aunt took the little girl by the hand and led her out
on the balcony so that all might see her. The people cheered louder
than before, not only for the Princess, but for the generous woman who
had not a thought of jealousy because it was the child of her friend
and not one of her own little girls that stood by her side.

King William was fond of the child, but he did not like the mother. The
Duchess always spoke of him with respect and kindness, but she
contrived to have her own way in bringing up her daughter, and she was
so quick-witted that she could usually prove, though in a most
courteous and deferential manner, that he was in the wrong. He was very
indignant that Victoria was not allowed to spend time at court, but
there was nothing for him to say when the mother quietly took the
ground that the little girl was not strong enough for the excitements
of court life. Soon after his accession he sent the Prime Minister to
the Duchess to express his opinion that the education of the heir
presumptive ought to be in charge of some clergyman of high rank in the
church, and not in that of the minister of a little country parish. The
Duchess replied with the utmost courtesy. "Convey to his Majesty my
gratitude," she said to the Prime Minister, "for the interest that he
has manifested. Say to him that I agree with him perfectly that the
education of the Princess ought to be intrusted to a dignitary of the
church." Then she added: "I have every ground for being satisfied with
Mr. Davys, and I think there can be no reason why he should not be
placed in as high a position as his Majesty could wish." King William
must have raged when he received the message, but he was helpless, and
there was really nothing to do but to follow the suggestion of the
Duchess. This was done, and Mr. Davys became Dean of Chester.

One other official was, however, added to the household of the
Princess, a "state governess," the Duchess of Northumberland. Her
business was to attend the royal child on all state occasions and to
teach her the details of court etiquette that were to be observed. This
lady had nothing to do with the education of the Princess in any other
respect, and Miss Lehzen remained her governess as before.

Miss Lehzen, or Baroness Lehzen, for King George had made her a German
baroness, was a finely educated woman, the daughter of a German
clergyman. She had come to England with the Duchess of Kent as
governess to the Princess Feodore, and she had performed her duties so
satisfactorily that the Duchess was glad to be able to place the
Princess Victoria in her charge. She was a woman of keen, sagacious
judgment, with the ability to see everything that was going on about
her, and not at all afraid to express her opinions. One day when an
aide-de-camp of one of the royal dukes was presented to her, she
greeted him with the frank speech: "I can see that you are not a fop or
a dandy, as most of your Guardsmen are." She was severe in her manner,
but her bluntest speeches were made with such a friendly glance of her
shrewd and kindly eyes that most people who met her became, like the
aide-de-camp, her loyal friends. Many years later her former pupil said
of her: "I adored her, though I was greatly in awe of her. She really
seemed to have no thought but for me."

The education of the schoolgirl Princess went on in much the same way
as during the previous years. Her study hours were observed with such
strictness that even when a favored guest at Kensington was about to
take his departure, she was not allowed to leave her work for a moment
to say good-by. Occasionally, however, an interruption came, and three
months before she was twelve years of age the books had to be closed
for one day that she might make her first appearance at Queen
Adelaide's drawing room. She wore a white dress, hardly more elaborate
than her ordinary gowns, but a diamond ornament was in her hair, and
around her neck was a string of pearls. She stood beside the Queen, and
although the ceremonies were almost as unwonted to her as they would
have been to any other child of her age, she did not appear
embarrassed, but seemed to enjoy her new experience. Baroness Lehzen
wrote a letter to a friend about this time describing the little girl.
She said:

"My Princess will be twelve years old to-morrow. She is not tall, but
very pretty; has dark blue eyes, and a mouth which, though not tiny, is
very good-tempered and pleasant; very fine teeth, a small but graceful
figure, and a very small foot. Her whole bearing is so childish and
engaging that one could not desire a more amiable child." The Baroness
seems to have just returned from some absence when she wrote the
letter, for she adds, "She was dressed to receive me in white muslin,
with a coral necklace."

During this year, 1831, while the glories of Victoria's brilliant
future were beginning to shine faintly about her, the first sorrows of
her life came to her in the death of her grandmother of Coburg and the
departure of her Uncle Leopold for Belgium. The year before, he had
been asked to become king of Greece, but had refused. Now the throne of
Belgium was offered him, and he accepted it. The happiest days of the
little niece had been spent with him, and the child, who, in spite of
her royal birth, had so few pleasures was sadly grieved at his
departure. All her life he had been her devoted friend, always near,
and always ready to do anything to please her. Child as she was, she
knew enough of thrones and sovereigns to understand that the visits of
kings and queens must be few and far between, and that she could never
again have the delightful times of her earlier years.

The coronation of King William took place in September, but neither the
Duchess nor the Princess was present. No one knew the reason of their
absence, and, therefore, all sorts of stories were spread abroad. "The
Princess is not strong enough to attend so long and wearisome a
ceremonial," said one. "Her mother keeps her away to spite the King,"
declared another; and yet another reason assigned--and this was
probably the true one--was that the Princess was not allowed to go
because the King had refused to give her the place in the procession
which her rank and position demanded.

Whatever reason may have been the correct one, the Princess remained at
home, but she did some little traveling during the summer. It was only
around the western part of the Isle of Wight, but to the child whose
journeys until the previous season had been hardly more than from
Kensington to London or to Claremont these little trips were full of
interest.

The following summer brought much more of travel. Not only the King but
the people of the kingdom in general were beginning to feel somewhat
aggrieved that so little was seen of the Princess. The Duchess believed
that the best way for the future Queen to know her realm was to see it,
and that the best way to win the loyalty of her future subjects was for
them to see her. She thought that her daughter was now old enough to
enjoy and appreciate journeys through the country. These journeys were
not lengthy, for the travelers did not leave England except for a short
stay at Anglesey, but they could hardly fail to be of interest to a
wide-awake girl of thirteen who wanted to "see things and know things."

The general course of their travel was from Kensington to the
northwest, and its limit was the little island of Anglesey. Of course
the child who had not been allowed to leave a haycock unfinished lest
she should develop a tendency to leave things incomplete was not
permitted to make an expedition like this without a vast amount of
instruction. She was required to keep a journal, and she was seldom
allowed to look upon the manufacture of any article without listening
to an explanation of the process. It speaks well for her intelligence
and her wish to learn that she seems to have been genuinely interested
in these explanations. She found a tiny model of a cotton loom as
fascinating as most children would find a new toy, and she was never
weary of watching the manufacture of nails. As a memento of the visit
to the nail-makers she carried away with the greatest delight a little
gold box that they had presented to her. Within the box was a quill,
and in the quill was a vast number of nails of all varieties, but so
tiny that they could hardly be seen without a magnifying glass. Other
gifts were made her. At the University Press she was presented with a
richly bound Bible and a piece of white satin, on which was printed a
glowing account of her visit. Here in Oxford she was enthusiastic in
her enjoyment of the Bodleian Library. One thing in this library
interested her especially, a book of Latin exercises in which Queen
Elizabeth wrote when she was thirteen, just the age of the Princess. Of
course the little visitor compared her own handwriting with that of
Elizabeth, and the thought must have passed through her mind that some
day her exercises and copybooks would perhaps be put into libraries to
be looked at as she was looking at Queen Elizabeth's.

Other events than receiving gifts and studying manufactures came into
those weeks of travel. The Princess laid the corner stone of a boys'
school; she planted a little oak tree on the estate of one of her
entertainers; in Anglesey she presented the prizes at the National
Eisteddfod, a musical and literary festival which had been celebrated
annually from ancient times; she listened to addresses without number
from mayors and vice chancellors, and she was present at the formal
opening of the new bridge over the Dee, which for this reason was named
the Victoria Bridge. One thing which seems to have made a special
impression upon the child's mind, and which she noted particularly in
her journal, was that she was allowed to dine with her mother and the
guests at seven o'clock.

Traveling in those days was quite a different matter from making a
journey to-day. One or two short railroads had been built in England,
but it was many years too early for the comfortable, rapid express
trains of the present time, and the journeys of the Princess were made
entirely by carriage. She had set off for Kensington with a little
company of attendants, very few, indeed, considering her position as
heir presumptive, but it was hardly possible, without offending the
loyal people of the places through which they passed, to refuse the
honors which were shown to her and her mother and the requests of the
yeomanry of various counties that begged the privilege of escorting
them. In the days of Queen Elizabeth, that lover of gorgeousness used
to make journeys about her kingdom that were regarded as an excuse for
all magnificence and lavishness. These were called progresses, and now
King William often jested about "little Victoria's royal progresses."
He was not exactly pleased, however, and he kept a somewhat jealous
watch of the honors that were paid to her.

The next year the Princess and her mother spent considerable time in
their yacht, and the King had a fresh cause of annoyance in the fact
that now they were greeted not only with addresses but with the firing
of guns. He could not endure that anyone but himself should receive the
royal salutes. "The thing is not legal," he said to the naval
authorities. "Stop those poppings." The naval authorities respectfully
insisted that the thing _was_ legal. The King had not learned wisdom
from his previous encounters with the Duchess of Kent, and in his
dilemma he actually tried to compel her to refuse to accept the
salutes. The dignified lady replied with all courtesy: "If the King
wishes to offer me a slight in the face of the people, he can offer it
so easily that he should not ask me to make the task easier." King
William was fairly worsted, but he would not yield. He called the Privy
Council and ordered them to pass an order that even the royal flag
should not be saluted unless the vessel flying it bore either the King
or the Queen.

To turn from royal salutes and mayors' addresses and the laying of
corner-stones to playing with dolls is a little startling, but such was
the course of the Princess' life. She was heir to the throne, and she
could bestow prizes and receive delegations and meet the eager gaze of
thousands without being at all troubled or embarrassed, but she was a
child for all that; she was not allowed to sit at the table when her
mother gave an elaborate dinner party for the King, and she still
retained her liking for the dolls that her lack of playmates had made
so dear to her. There is now in existence a little copybook on which is
written "List of my dolls." By their number and their interest, they
certainly deserve the honor of being catalogued, even at the present
time, for there were 132 of them, and they were often dressed to
imitate noted persons of the day. Most of them were little wooden
creatures from three to nine inches high, with sharply pointed noses,
cheeks red as a cherry in some one spot--wherever the brush of the
maker had chanced to hit--jet black hair, and the most convenient
joints, that enabled the small bodies to be arranged in many attitudes.
The men dolls had small black mustaches, and the women dolls were
distinguished by little yellow "back-combs" painted on the black dab
which represented their hair. The baby dolls were made of rags, upon
which comical little faces were painted.

The fascination of these dolls does not lie in their beauty, but in
their wardrobes. Most of them were dressed between 1831 and 1833, or
when the Princess was from twelve to fourteen years old. One group
represents the play of Kenilworth, which she had evidently seen. The
Earl of Leicester is gorgeous in knee-breeches of pink satin, with
slashes of white silk. His tunic reverses the order and is of white
satin slashed with pink. He wears the blue ribbon of the Order of the
Garter and a wide black velvet hat swept with yellow and white plumes.
Queen Elizabeth appears in cloth of gold with enormous puffed sleeves.
From her shoulders hangs a long train lined with bright crimson plush
and trimmed with ermine. She wears crimson plush shoes and a heavy
girdle of gold beads.

There are all sorts of characters among these little wooden people.
There are court ladies, actors, and dandified young gallants. Perched
on a table is a merry little ballet-dancer in blue satin trimmed with
pink and yellow roses. There are mothers with their babies, and there
is "Mrs. Martha," a buxom housekeeper, with a white lawn frock, full
sleeves, and purple apron pinked all around. She wears a white lace cap
adorned with many frills and tied under her small wooden chin with pink
ribbons. She stands beside a home-made dressing table of cardboard
covered with white brocade.

The conscientious little owner of these dolls marked carefully which
ones she herself dressed and in which she was helped by the Baroness
Lehzen. The wardrobes of thirty-two were made entirely by the fingers
of the little girl, and, remembering the schedule of studies, it is a
wonder how she found the time; one hopes that at least the hour marked
"Needlework and learning poetry by heart" was sometimes devoted to this
purpose, though how any dress-maker, old or young, could learn poetry
with a court costume on her hands is a mystery.

It is equally a mystery how even the most skillful of childish fingers
could manufacture such tiny ruffles and finish two-inch aprons with
microscopic pockets whereon were almost invisible bows. Handkerchiefs
half an inch square have drawn borders and are embroidered with colored
silk initials. Little knitted stockings beautify the pointed wooden
feet; bead bracelets adorn the funny little wooden arms that hang from
the short sleeves; coronets and crowns and wreaths glorify the small
wooden heads.

The Princess had a long board full of pegs into which the feet of these
little favorites of hers fitted, and here she rehearsed dramas and
operas and pantomimes. Even in her play with dolls, however, she could
not be entirely free from the burden of her destiny, for sometimes they
were used by the state governess to explain court ceremonials and teach
the etiquette of various occasions. When the Princess was fully
fourteen, the dolls were packed away, though no one guessed how soon
the little owner would be called upon to decide, not the color of a
doll's gown, but the fate of men and women and the weighty questions of
a nation.




CHAPTER IV

A QUEEN AT EIGHTEEN


During the years from 1833 to Victoria's eighteenth birthday, on May
24, 1837, her life was sometimes that of a child, sometimes that of a
young woman. Much of the time she lived quietly at Kensington. She
studied, rode, walked, sketched, and played with her various pets. When
her fourteenth birthday came, she was--for a few hours--treated like a
"grown-up," for at a juvenile ball given in her honor King William led
her into the room, and at supper her health was drunk by the whole
company.

During the following summer there was more of the educational traveling
in which the Duchess believed so firmly and which gave so much pleasure
to the people of the country. This summer the Princess and her mother
visited chiefly forts, arsenals, lighthouses, and men-of-war. On
shipboard they delighted the men by tasting their dinner, and the
sailors in return amused them by dancing a hornpipe. Addresses were
made; the Princess presented new colors to a regiment; a procession of
young girls with flowers and a crown met the royal guests; at one town,
whose trade was chiefly in straw, the Princess was presented with a
straw bonnet. Wherever she went, her charming grace and cordiality and
readiness to be pleased won her lasting friendships.

Throughout the land there was talk about the quiet young girl at
Kensington. King William was growing feeble. For half a century England
had been ruled by elderly men; how would it fare in the hands of a
young girl? Victoria was not as well as she had been, and there were
rumors that she would not be equal to the labors of sovereignty.
Baroness Lehzen was indignant at the least criticism. "The Princess is
not too delicate and she is not too young," declared the lady with her
wonted emphasis. "I know all about her, and she will make a greater
queen than Elizabeth herself."

An interesting man visited the Princess at this time, Baron Stockmar,
who had long been a trusted friend of King Leopold's. "He was the only
honest man I ever saw," said a statesman who knew him well, and King
William was eager to hear Stockmar's opinion of the young Princess. The
Baron had no hesitation in expressing it. "If she were a nobody," he
said, "I should say she is gifted with an intelligence beyond her
years; but being destined to rule over this great empire, I say that
England will grow great and famous under her rule."

"Do you say that?" exclaimed the King. "Then I shall no longer regret
that I have no children to hand the crown down to." And yet, some
months after this speech was made, the young woman who was to make
England great and famous was sent to bed after dancing just one dance
at a grand ball given in her honor. The health of the girl was too
precious in the eyes of the Duchess to be wasted in late hours.

Soon after her sixteenth birthday the Princess was confirmed. The
ceremony was performed in the chapel of St. James', and none were
present except members of the royal family. Even as a child Victoria
had often shown great self-control, but when the Archbishop of
Canterbury spoke to her, tenderly indeed, but with deep solemnity, of
the responsibilities of the life that lay before her, of what good or
what harm a single word or deed of hers might cause, then the earnest,
conscientious young girl could not remain unmoved. She laid her head on
her mother's shoulder and sobbed like a little child.

The wisdom of the watchful mother's care was made manifest in the
increasing health and strength of the Princess. She was seen in public
far more frequently. The little girl had become a young lady. The plain
little white dresses were laid aside, and she now appeared in garments
as rich and handsome as were permitted to her youth. One costume that
she wore, a pink satin gown and a large pink bonnet, was the special
delight of those of her future subjects who had the good fortune to see
her in it. This was what she wore when a young American author gazed
upon her admiringly and then went away to moralize over the sad fate of
royalty. "She will be sold," he said, "bartered away, by those great
dealers in royal hearts."

It was true that "dealers in royal hearts" had long before this laid
their plans for the disposal of the Princess' affections. King William
had proposed five suitors, one after another, but his polite and
exasperating sister-in-law had courteously waived all his suggestions.
Another scheme had been formed across the water by the Coburg
grandmother nearly seventeen years earlier. There was a baby
granddaughter in England and a baby grandson in Coburg. If they would
only be as fond of each other as the grandmother was of them! Not a
word was said to the little English girl, but there is a tradition that
when the grandson was but three years old his nurse used to say: "Be a
good boy now, Prince Albert, and some day you shall go to England and
marry the Queen." However the truth of this story may be, it is certain
that not only the grandmother but King Leopold earnestly hoped that
some day the Prince might marry the Princess.

When the cousins were seventeen years old, King Leopold thought that
the time had come for them to meet; but the wise sovereign had no idea
of exposing his warm-hearted little niece to the fascinations of a
young man who might not be worthy of her, and he sent the faithful
Baron Stockmar to learn all that he could about the character of the
Prince. The report was as favorable as the devoted uncle could have
wished, and he at once persuaded the Duchess to invite Prince Albert
and his brother to spend a month at Kensington.

The two young men arrived and were most royally entertained. Such a
round of parties, balls, receptions, dinners, all sorts of festivities,
they had never seen. Prince Albert was just a little bored by so much
gayety, and acknowledged in his home letters that he had "many hard
battles to fight against sleepiness." He seems to have found more
pleasure in the quiet hours of walking, sketching, and playing piano
duets with the little blue-eyed cousin.

After the brothers had taken their departure, King Leopold wrote his
niece, telling her very frankly of his hopes. She replied at once and
with equal frankness. One cannot help seeing that the two cousins had
become deeply interested in each other, for the letter of the Princess
begs her uncle to take special care of one "now so dear to me," and
closes with the words, "I hope and trust that all will go on
prosperously and well on this subject now of so much importance to me."

There were subjects, however, concerning which all did not go on
"prosperously and well." The Princess loved her devoted mother with all
her warm heart, and she also loved "Uncle William," who was always good
to her. She was now so old that the friction between them could no
longer be concealed from her. The King's special grievance was that she
was not allowed to visit him save at rare intervals. The "Sailor King"
was a favorite among his people, because he was bluff and cheery and
witty; but his wit was often coarse, and his good nature not
infrequently turned into a "swearing rage" when his humor changed.
There were certainly good reasons why the young girl should have been
kept from his court; and he was keen enough to see that the Duchess had
other grounds than care of her daughter's health for refusing to allow
her to visit him. His gentle, stately sister-in-law had outwitted him
in every encounter, and at last his wrath burst forth.

The time was a state dinner which he gave in honor of his seventy-first
birthday. In his speech to the guests he lost all control of himself
and declared, "I hope that my life may be spared nine months longer,
after which period, in event of my death, no regency will take place. I
shall then have the satisfaction of leaving the royal authority to the
personal exercise of that young lady"--here the King looked at the
Princess Victoria, then, glaring at the Duchess, he roared--"and not in
the hands of a person now near to me." He went on like a madman,
heaping every kind of abuse upon the Duchess and declaring that she had
insulted him by keeping the Princess from his presence.

The Duchess sat like marble, but her daughter burst into tears. At last
the dinner came to an end, and the Duchess ordered her carriage that
she and the Princess might leave at once instead of spending the night.
But Queen Adelaide interposed. "Stay," she said, "stay, I beg of you.
The King is ill, he is not himself;" and she whispered, "You have borne
so much, bear a little more." The Duchess yielded and remained at the
palace until morning.

The nine months passed rapidly, and the morning of May 24, 1837,
arrived. The Princess was now eighteen, and the whole land celebrated
her coming of age. The day began with a serenade under her window by a
band of thirty-seven musicians. One of the songs commenced:

    "Spring renews its golden dreams,
      Sweet birds carol 'neath each spray;
    Shed, O sun! thy milder beams
      On the fairest flower of May."

The Princess was delighted with this serenade, but the only song that
she asked to have repeated was one that was full of compliments to her
mother.

The Union Jack had already been hoisted on the church in Kensington,
and its greeting was responded to from the palace by a banner of white
silk whereon was "Victoria" in letters of blue. Almost every house had
its flag or its bit of decoration of some sort. The King sent a
birthday gift of a handsome piano, and that was only the beginning, for
all day long costly presents were arriving. Addresses of congratulation
were sent by numerous cities and by many public bodies, and the house
was thronged with callers. The greatest nobles of the kingdom, the
people of most wealth, and the greatest statesmen hastened to
Kensington to give their best wishes to the young girl. In the evening
a state ball, the most splendid affair of the kind that had been known,
was given for her at the Palace of St. James', but the illness of the
King kept both him and Queen Adelaide away from the festivities.
Between the dances the Princess was escorted to the chair of state.
Before this the Duchess had always stood first, but now the young girl
who was to rule England took precedence of even her mother.

The way of the Princess to the throne seemed very clear, but there was
one man in England who was determined that she should never reach it.
He was the Duke of Cumberland, Victoria's uncle. He was the next
younger brother of the Duke of Kent, and had it not been for the birth
of his niece, the throne of England would have been his own. At that
time the sovereign of England was also ruler of Hanover, but Hanover
had a law called the Salic law, which forbade any woman to be its
monarch. Two or three years earlier the Duke of Cumberland had confided
to an English officer his desire to gain the crown.

"The Salic law prevents the Princess Victoria from ruling Hanover," he
said, "and therefore she has no right to rule England. If I should be
proclaimed king, would you and your troop follow me through London?"

"Yes, and to the Tower the next day!" the officer answered indignantly.

"What will the Princess do for you?" demanded the Duke. "If I were
king, I could make you a great man. But this is nothing. I only asked
to see what you would say."

The Duke was in earnest, however--so much in earnest that he even
ventured to allow his wishes to become known to King William. One day
when the two brothers were dining together, the Duke proposed the
toast, "The King's health, God save the King!" This was drunk, and then
the Duke proposed a second toast, "The King's heir, God bless him!"
Both the brothers had drunk too much, but King William was equal to the
occasion. He called out, "Drink to the King's heir, God bless _her_!"
and the toast was drunk by all except the Duke.

Nevertheless, the Duke of Cumberland did not give up his wild scheme.
He knew that he himself was by no means a favorite in England, and that
he had no friends whose devotion would place him upon the throne; but
he fancied that he could arouse opposition to the Princess and so open
a way for himself to become sovereign. There was nothing to be said
against her, but he did his best to arouse dislike to her family. "The
Coburgs are the people who have influence with her," he said. "King
Leopold has just married a Roman Catholic princess, and the cousin of
Victoria has married Queen Maria of Portugal, who is also a Roman
Catholic. King William cannot live long, and England will have on its
throne not only a child but a child who will be no Protestant."

Now for a century and a half England had had a law that as a Protestant
country it must be ruled by a Protestant, and that the husband or wife
of the sovereign must also be a Protestant. If Victoria had become a
Roman Catholic, she would have forfeited the throne at once. This
argument of the Duke of Cumberland was, therefore, almost too absurd to
notice; but England was too loyal to the young girl at Kensington not
to be in a storm of indignation.

Even then the Duke of Cumberland fancied that he might still have a
chance, and he was so insane as to go to that sternly loyal old
soldier, the Duke of Wellington, and ask what he thought was the best
thing to do.

"To do?" cried the "Iron Duke." "Get out of this country as fast as you
can, and take care you don't get pelted as you go."

In less than a month after the eighteenth birthday of the Princess came
the night of June nineteenth. The country knew that King William was
dying. The Royal Life Guards were at their barracks, but not to sleep.
The sentries were doubled. Every horse was saddled, and by it stood its
master, ready to race to Windsor to guard the lifeless body of the
King, or to gallop to Kensington to escort the girl Queen to her
throne.

All that night the officers sat in the messroom and talked of the
Princess.

"I saw her on horseback," said one. "She rides superbly, but she looks
like a child."

"The Duke of Sussex says the little ones have the brains," remarked
another.

"She's a queen, every inch of her," one declared, "and I tell you that
England is going to be greater than it ever was before. She's a
soldier's daughter, too. King William was a sailor. He could not have
held a review to save his--What's that?" The young man broke off
abruptly, for the gallop of a horse was heard in the courtyard. There
was dead silence in the messroom. In a few minutes the Colonel entered.
He held up his hand for attention, but he did not need to do this, for
every ear was strained.

"Gentlemen," he said, "King William is dead. Let us drink to the health
of the Queen. God save the Queen!"

Early in the morning the Life Guards were ordered to go, part of them
to Windsor to do honor to the dead King, part of them to Kensington to
do honor to the young Queen.

Meanwhile the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham, the Lord
Chamberlain, had been driving at full speed from Windsor to Kensington.
Not a person was stirring about the palace, and the only sound heard
was the singing of birds. The two men rang, but there was no response.
They knocked, they thumped, and they pounded. Finally a very sleepy
porter opened the gate and let them into one of the lower rooms of the
palace. No one came to them, and at last they rang for a servant.

"Tell the attendant of the Princess Victoria," said the Lord
Chamberlain, "that we have come to see her on business of the utmost
importance."

The servant withdrew, but no one appeared. They rang again, and at last
the attendant of the Princess came to them.

"The Princess Victoria is sleeping," she said, "and she must not be
awakened."

Then said the Lord Chamberlain: "We are come on business of state to
_the Queen_, and even her sleep must give way to that."

There was no more delay. The Duchess was called, and she awoke her
daughter, who still slept in a bed beside her own. "The King is dead,"
she said. "Lord Conyngham is here, and he wishes to see you. You must
not keep him waiting."

The Princess threw on a long white dressing gown and stopped at the
door for her mother to accompany her.

"No," said the Duchess. "He wishes to see the Queen alone."

For the first time the young girl was required to stand by herself, and
as she stepped over the threshold she left all her free, girlish life
behind her. She went down the stairs in her long white dressing gown,
with her fair hair falling over her shoulders. As she entered the room,
Lord Conyngham knelt before her, kissed her hand, and presented a
paper, the formal certificate of the King's death.

Then the Archbishop said: "Your Royal Highness, Queen Adelaide wished
me to accompany Lord Conyngham, for she thought that you would be glad
to hear how peaceful and quiet the King was at the last."

To the young Queen the sight of the Archbishop brought no thought of
the glories of the throne, but rather of those solemn words that he had
spoken to her in the chapel of St. James' two years before. With tears
in her eyes she said to him, "I beg your Grace to pray for me."

Messengers had been sent to the members of the Privy Council to summon
them to immediate attendance at Kensington. When they arrived, they
were shown into the ante-chamber in which were the Duke of Sussex,
uncle of the Queen; the Duke of Wellington, Lord Melbourne, the Prime
Minister, and a few others. The doors were closed and an address of
loyalty was read aloud and then signed by all present.

In the great saloon adjoining were the Queen and her mother. The
Duchess withdrew, and when the doors were opened, there stood near the
threshold the slender figure of the girl Queen, looking even slighter
and younger than she was in her close-fitting dress of black silk. It
was perfectly plain; her hair was parted and drawn back smoothly from
her forehead; and she wore not a single ornament. The Duke of Sussex
stepped forward to meet her, put his arm around her and kissed her. The
others kissed her hand. The address was given to the usher, and the
doors between the two rooms were closed. Not a word had been spoken.

A little later in the day came the famous First Council. Lord Melbourne
had told the Queen just what was to be done and what her part would be.
The Council assembled, and the Lord President read the formal
announcement of the death of King William. Then he requested the Prime
Minister and several others to go to the Queen and inform her also of
the King's death. This was done with as much ceremony as if she had
known nothing of it before. When they returned, the proclamation of her
accession was read. Then the doors into the adjoining saloon were
thrown open, and the Queen stepped forward, wearing a plain, simple
mourning dress. Her two uncles, the Duke of Cumberland and the Duke of
Sussex, went forward to meet her and led her into the room.

At the end of a long table a platform had been placed, and on the
platform was the chair of state. The Queen bowed to the Councilors and
took her seat in this chair. She read her speech at once, clearly and
with as much calmness and dignity as her mother could have shown. It
closed, "I shall steadily protect the rights and promote to the utmost
of my power the happiness and welfare of all classes of my subjects."

She signed the usual oath insuring the liberty of the Church of
Scotland, and then came the solemn swearing of each Councilor to be
faithful to her. Her two uncles were sworn first, and as the Duke of
Cumberland kissed her hand, she blushed as any other young girl might
have done to have an elderly man, her own uncle, kneel at her feet. She
kissed him and also the Duke of Sussex. This second uncle was too
feeble to make his way to her easily, and she rose from her seat and
stepped toward him. After the swearing of the Dukes, the oath was taken
by the other members of the Council. When this had been done, she rose
and left the room, led by her two uncles.

Never were men more surprised than these experienced Councilors, who
thought that they understood all kinds of people and knew what sort of
behavior to expect from them.

"I am amazed," said Sir Robert Peel. "She is as modest as a child, but
she is firm and self-possessed, and she understands her position
perfectly."

Greville, the Clerk of the Council, said: "William IV. came to the
throne at sixty-five, and he was so excited that he nearly went mad.
The young Queen is neither dazzled nor confounded, but she behaves with
all the sedateness and dignity the want of which was so conspicuous in
her uncle."

The Duke of Wellington was never weary of praising her behavior. "Lord
Melbourne was far more nervous than she," said the Duke. "He did not
dare to take his eyes off her for fear she might say or do the wrong
thing. He need not have been afraid. She is born to rule, and if she
had been ten years younger she would have done it equally well; such a
bit of a girl as she is," he added; and he finished by saying
emphatically, "If she had been my own daughter, I could not have wished
that she should do better."

And the good Baroness Lehzen said with tears in her honest blue eyes,
"I knew it, I knew my Princess."

There were yet Cabinet Ministers for the Queen to meet, there were
matters little and matters great to think of, and the next morning
there was to be another Council meeting and the observance of the
ancient custom of proclaiming a new sovereign to the public; but the
young girl found time in this first day of her dominion to write a
letter of sympathy to her "Aunt Adelaide." She addressed it as usual to
"Her Majesty the Queen." When she was reminded that the widow of King
William was no longer "Queen," but "Queen Dowager," she replied, "I
know that her position is altered, but I will not be the first to
remind her of the change."




CHAPTER V

THE CORONATION


When the young Queen awoke on the morning after her accession, she must
have fancied for a moment that she had dreamed all the events of the
previous day. She had gone to bed expecting a quiet morning of study;
she had been aroused to hear that she was a queen. Thus far she had
remained in her own home, and had merely received those who had come to
her, the Prime Minister, the Councilors, and others; but when she had
been Queen for a little more than twenty-four hours, the time had come
for her to go to London and be proclaimed sovereign of England in the
presence of thousands of her subjects.

Victoria and her mother came out of the palace followed by Lord
Melbourne. Both ladies were in mourning. The young Queen wore a black
dress with white at the neck and wrists. Her bonnet was black and, in
comparison with the great pink one that had so delighted her subjects,
it was very small. In front of the royal carriage were the Life Guards,
a magnificent body of men, everyone drawing himself up to his full
height in his pride that it was _his_ company that was to escort the
Queen on her first appearance. She bowed to them first, then to the
crowds that thronged about the entrance. She and her mother entered the
carriage. More of the Life Guards followed and a long line of carriages
filled with lords and ladies.

The carriages did not go rapidly, for every road and lane and passage
way was full of people, who cheered and waved banners and shouted "God
save the Queen!"

When they arrived at St. James', the officers of state stood waiting to
receive them, and they were escorted to a window overlooking the
quadrangle below, which had long been filled with a great crowd of
enthusiastic people.

"Make way for his Grace, the Garter King-at-Arms!" cried the heralds,
and that officer advanced, escorted by the Earl-Marshal, gave one look
over the assembled people, then waved his scepter for silence, and read
the formal proclamation of Victoria as Queen of Great Britain and
Ireland. He was glittering in all the insignia of his office, but the
eyes of the people were not on him; they were turned toward an upper
window where against a background of crimson curtains stood the slender
figure of the Queen, accompanied by her mother and the Prime Minister.
The last words of the proclamation were "God save the Queen!" and "God
save the Queen!" repeated the bands in a great outburst of martial
music. The trumpets sounded, the cannon in the park roared, and the
cannon in the Tower roared in response. The people in the court
cheered, and the people outside the court cheered. They waved their
handkerchiefs, hats, canes, umbrellas, anything that they could wave.
They could not be induced to leave the place, and thousands hung about
the entrance to the palace for hours, hoping for just one glimpse of
their sovereign.

Not long after this proclamation, the Queen presided over another
Council meeting, and did it, so said one who was present, "as if she
had done nothing else all her life." This was not the end of the day by
any means, for now the reception of archbishops, bishops, and judges
followed. She met them with the most perfect dignity; but she was a
merry young girl as well as a queen, and after she had received the
bishops and had withdrawn from the room with a most stately demeanor,
they were greatly amused to see her running down the corridor like a
child just let out of school. Her Majesty had forgotten that the door
was made of glass!

While all this rejoicing was going on, the dead King lay in state at
Windsor Palace, shrouded in a crimson pall and under a purple canopy.
The crowns of England and of Hanover lay above him. There were banners
and imperial escutcheons. Around him were nobles, admirals, and
guardsmen. Nearest stood the feeble old Duke of Sussex in his scarlet
uniform. The Dead March sounded, and the long line moved slowly on and
down to St. George's Chapel. The last honors were duly paid to the dead
King, but the thoughts of all the land were with the young Queen.

Before the day had closed, Victoria and her mother were escorted back
to Kensington by the Life Guards to spend a short time before the Queen
should take up her abode in Buckingham Palace. "I do not want to go
there," she said to the Duke of Sussex. "I love the old Kensington
Gardens, where I can wander about as I please. Buckingham Palace is far
too big and too grand for me."

Other people may choose their homes, but sovereigns are less free, and
there was nothing to do but to leave the homelike Kensington, where her
greatest troubles had been an occasional hard lesson, and go to
Buckingham, or the New Palace, as it was called, which was to be her
London residence.

The New Palace was not yet completed, but men had been working night
and day to prepare it for the Queen. It stood on a desolate sand-flat.
There were dirty alleys and mud-puddles and dingy little hovels around
it, but the coming of the Queen was to make it gorgeous. A splendid new
throne, all dazzling in its crimson and gold, was built for her.

"Is it as your Majesty would have it?" inquired the builder.

"It's the most comfortable throne I ever sat on," replied the merry
young sovereign.

Buckingham was not lonely by any means. From over the whole country
came delegations from universities, corporations, and all kinds of
societies. One of these delegations was composed of Quakers, who
believe that to uncover the head is to show to man a reverence that
should be shown to God alone, and they marched up the stairway without
removing their broad-brimmed gray hats. This could not be allowed, but
the delegates could hardly be forbidden to see their Queen. Someone was
quick-witted enough to discover a way out of the dilemma. "The Quakers
won't take off their hats," he whispered, "but it is against their
principles to resist violence and they won't object if we do it for
them." Two of the attendants then respectfully raised each man's hat as
he passed between them, and returned it to his head when the audience
had come to an end.

At the death of a sovereign, Parliament is always dissolved, and a new
election is held. Victoria had stood by her "Aunt Adelaide's" side and
seen the grand procession which marked the prorogation, but now the
time had come for her to take the principal place in the procession.

"It would be better to remain away and allow your speech to be read for
you," said both her mother and her physician. "Remember how much you
have been through within the past month, and avoid this unnecessary
excitement."

The little Queen was wiser than her watchful advisers. She knew well
that her subjects had thronged every road leading to Buckingham because
they wanted to see her, and she meant to gratify them and appear in all
the splendor that a prorogation demanded. As to being exhausted by
these ceremonials, she laughed at the idea of such a thing. "I like it
all," she said. "I have lived so quietly that it is new to me. It isn't
tiresome, it is amusing."

Therefore "Victoria Regina" was written in letters of gold about a
beautiful new throne in the House of Lords. Mr. Davys, her "good, kind
master," as she called him, heard her practice her speech; then she was
made ready for the ceremony. There were no more simple white muslin
dresses for her. She wore a kirtle of white satin and over it a crimson
velvet robe with border of ermine. The kirtle flashed with gold
embroidery, and the velvet robe was confined by a heavy golden cord and
tassels. Diamonds glittered and sparkled in her bracelets and coronet
and on her stomacher. A few years before, the young girl had walked to
the milliner's and home again, carrying her new bonnet in her hand; but
now she seated herself in the royal carriage and was drawn by eight
cream-colored horses. The Yeomen of the Guard rode before her; and so
she went to the House of Parliament.

The band played "God Save the Queen," as she entered the House of Lords
and was conducted to the throne on which "Victoria Regina" was written.
It was fortunate that she had no farther to walk, for before she seated
herself the lords-in-waiting laid upon her shoulders the heavy
parliamentary mantle of purple velvet.

The brilliant company of peers and bishops remained standing. "My
lords, be seated," said the Queen. The usual forms of business were
followed, but all interest centered in the speech of the sovereign. Mr.
Davys had tutored her well, and when she had finished, Fanny Kemble,
the greatest actress of the day, declared, "I never heard any spoken
words more musical in their gentle distinctness." Charles Sumner wrote,
"I never heard anything better read in my life;" and the Queen's kind
old uncle, the Duke of Sussex, could only wipe his eyes and murmur,
"Beautiful!"

It was not long before the court moved to Windsor Palace. The ordinary
routine of the Queen's day was breakfast with her mother between eight
and nine, followed by an hour or two with Lord Melbourne attending to
matters of state. Then came an audience with the Cabinet Ministers,
whenever there was business to be transacted. About two o'clock the
Queen and some twenty or thirty of the ladies and gentlemen of the
court took a horseback ride of two hours or longer. After this came
music or amusement of some kind until the dinner hour. If there were
any children in the palace, the Queen was always ready to spend this
time with them, and their company must have been a great relief after
the formalities of the day. Dinner was at about half-past seven. After
dinner came music, games, dancing, and conversation. This was the order
of the day when it was not broken into, but it was almost always broken
into, for there were balls, receptions, concerts, banquets, and the
reception of delegations.

One visit which was soon paid to the court of England gave the Queen
special delight. It was that of her uncle, King Leopold, and his Queen.
Victoria had never played the hostess before, but there could have been
no one else to whom she would have been so glad to show honor; and now
there was a merry time, indeed, for the English Queen planned picnics,
dinner parties, sailing parties, and all sorts of gayeties.

Those who looked on from the outside thought of the Queen as a
light-hearted young girl enjoying to the full what was almost her first
taste of gayety and pleasure, but there was quite another side to her
life. More was required of the sovereign of England than to sit on a
throne and wear handsome dresses and jewels. There was much hard work
for her to do, and this merry little Queen had no thought of attempting
to escape it. Those morning hours with Lord Melbourne were hours when
she must give her keenest thought and closest attention. At an age when
many girls have little more responsibility than to learn a lesson or to
choose a dress, this girl had to read complicated papers, to listen to
arguments on difficult subjects, and sometimes to decide whether a man
proven guilty of crime should live or die. Of course she might have
made all this much easier for herself by simply writing her name
wherever her Ministers advised, but she would not sign any paper
without reading and understanding it.

"Your Majesty," said Lord Melbourne one day, "there is no need of your
examining this paper, as it is of no special importance."

"But it is of special importance to me," replied the Queen, "whether I
sign a paper with which I am not thoroughly satisfied."

Papers of all sorts were showered upon her. Sometimes after listening
to Lord Melbourne's advice she would come to a decision on the first
reading, but often she would say, "I must think about this before I
sign it." Never was a sovereign so overwhelmed with papers, and her
friends began to suspect that some of the officials who wished to have
matters go their own way were trying to disgust her with public
business hoping that after a little while she would become so tired of
it that she would sign whatever was sent her. They did not know that
they were dealing with a Queen who had had to finish her haycocks when
she was a little girl. Even Lord Melbourne used to say laughingly, "I'd
rather manage ten kings than one queen."

There could hardly have been a better man than Lord Melbourne for the
difficult position of adviser to a young woman who was also a queen. He
was three times her age, and while his manner to her was always one of
most profound respect, he showed an almost fatherly feeling for the
fatherless young girl. He was her Prime Minister and was also her
trusted friend. Before she became Queen, he had won her confidence in a
remarkable way, by opposing her desires and those of her mother. In one
of those constantly recurring differences between King and Duchess, he
had stood firmly for the King's wishes, because he was the King's
servant, although he knew that in a few months at most the Princess
would be on the throne. Victoria was wise enough to see that the man
who would be faithful even at the probability of his own loss was the
man whom she might safely trust, and she did trust him implicitly.

Another member of the Queen's household was the honest Baron Stockmar.
He had been sent by King Leopold, as soon as his royal niece had
attained her eighteenth birthday, to guard her interests and advise her
if it should be necessary. With people in general he was quiet and
reserved. At table he "ate nothing and talked less," according to the
description of one who was at the court; but all felt that the Queen
was especially frank with him, and that he and Lord Melbourne were in
perfect agreement. One other duty he had at the English court which was
known only to himself and King Leopold and that was to prepare the way
for the marriage that the King hoped would come about between his niece
and his nephew. The two young people were really in training for
sovereignty. King Leopold kept Prince Albert with him for nearly a year
after Victoria's accession He saw to it that the young man should
acquire a good knowledge of English and of the English constitution.
Baron Stockmar was in the meantime teaching the Queen the rightful
position of the sovereign of England. "The sovereign must belong to no
party," he said. "Whatever party is in power has been put in power by
the nation, and has a right to claim the loyalty of the Queen."

Of course the devoted Baroness Lehzen had followed her beloved pupil,
for one of the first acts of the Queen was to appoint her private
secretary. The Baroness said: "I copy all her private correspondence
just as I used to do when she was my Princess, and she is as frank with
me as when she was a child; but she has never shown me a state document
or said a word to me about any state business. She knows that such
matters should go to her advisers, and not to me or any other woman."

Surely the little Queen was not without good friends. There were King
Leopold, the wisest sovereign in Europe; Baron Stockmar, the "only
honest man"; Lord Melbourne, who seemed to have no thought but for her,
and Baroness Lehzen, who had loved her from her babyhood. The position
of her mother was very peculiar and not agreeable in all respects. For
eighteen years her only aim in life had been to prepare her daughter
for the throne of England. The daughter was now on the throne, and the
Duchess felt that her occupation was gone. She realized that matters of
state must be discussed with the councilors only, and for this she was
prepared; but it was not a pleasant surprise to find that the young
girl who less than a year before her accession had meekly left the
ballroom for bed at her mother's bidding was now manifesting very
decided opinions of her own. The Duchess had the fullest confidence in
one of the executors of her husband's will, and she would have been
glad that he should hold some office in the new government. The Queen
treated her mother with the most tender affection, and she willingly
granted the gentleman a generous pension, but she refused to have
anything to do with him.

Victoria had ascended the throne, but she had never yet worn the
English crown, for though a young girl may become a queen in a moment,
a coronation is a different matter. "The King is dead, and therefore
Victoria is Queen," declared the Council, and she was Queen; but the
preparations for a coronation require more time than does the writing
of an address of loyalty, and it was a whole year before these
preparations were completed. It was not an easy task to decide just
what ceremonies should be observed. One matter to be seriously
deliberated upon was whether the left cheek of the young girl should be
forced to endure six hundred kisses of state from the six hundred
nobles and bishops. There was not even a crown suited to the occasion,
for the old one weighed seven pounds, and the most devoted admirers of
the ancient usages could not ask that the "little Queen" should carry
that load on her head. After many lengthy consultations, these
momentous questions were decided. The tradesmen were assured that there
would be enough ceremony to bring about large sales, the peers and
bishops were told that they would not be allowed to kiss the pink cheek
of the Queen, and the crown jewelers were bidden to set to work on a
new crown that should weigh only half as much as the old one.

The day came at last, June 28, 1838. London evidently meant to make the
most of it, and as soon as the eager watchers saw the first glimpse of
dawn, a salute of twenty-one cannon was fired. It was only a little
after three o'clock, but the earliness of the hour made little
difference to the thousands that had been up all night. Some had stayed
up to be sure of securing a good place to see the procession, some
because the services of the hairdressers were in such demand that, when
a head was once in order, no risk of disarrangement could be ventured
upon, and some had been kept awake by pure excitement and nervousness.
There was no sleeping after daylight for anyone, for those who were far
enough from the Tower to drowse through the firing of cannon were
aroused by the ringing of bells which followed, as every church tower
rang out its merriest chimes. At five o'clock Westminster Abbey was
opened, and this was none too early, for the people who were fortunate
enough and rich enough to obtain tickets had long been thronging the
entrance. These people in the Abbey had a long time to wait, for it was
fully ten o'clock before the salute of twenty-one guns from the park
gave the signal that the procession had started from Buckingham Palace.

Such a procession as it was! First came the trumpeters, then the Life
Guards, bands, foreign ambassadors in most gorgeous carriages, more
Life Guards, the carriage of the Duchess of Kent, the Duke of Sussex,
and others of the royal family, the officers of the royal household,
and the Yeomen of the Guard. Then all the thousands along the way were
agape, for the eight cream-colored horses were seen drawing the chariot
of state, wherein sat the pretty little maiden who was the center and
cause of all this magnificence. A circlet of diamonds was on her head.
She wore a dress of gold tissue, and a mantle of crimson velvet trimmed
with gold lace and lined with ermine. Pearls and diamonds gleamed and
flashed at every motion. With her rode the Mistress of the Robes and
the Master of the Horse. A body of cavalry followed her.

The procession was nearly an hour and a half in reaching the Abbey, for
the Queen would not go by the shortest way. All that time people were
shouting, and banners were waving, for every house along the line of
march was brilliant with as much decoration as its owner could afford.
Half a million strangers were in London, and many houses were rented at
enormous rates. Five or six thousand dollars was not looked upon as a
rental at all exorbitant, and some were let at a much higher price.

At the door of the Abbey, the Queen was met by the chief officers of
state. She walked slowly up the aisle, but not alone by any means.
Heralds, clergy, and officers of state came first; then a noble bearing
the coronet of the Duchess of Cambridge, followed by the Duchess
herself, with her long train of purple velvet. Another coronet was
borne on a silken cushion, and after it came the Duchess of Kent. Then
came six nobles, each carrying some piece of the regalia. There were
dukes and earls and marquises and generals and field marshals and
bishops, all in their most brilliant array. A little whisper, "The
Queen, the Queen!" ran through the long lines of peers and peeresses
and ambassadors and judges. It was followed by the waving of
handkerchiefs and scarfs and such shouts of applause as shook the Abbey
to its foundations, and Victoria advanced, escorted by three bishops.
Eight young girls in white silk and silver, with blush roses, carried
her train. Then came members of the royal household, gentlemen-at-arms,
lords-in-waiting, and other officials without number.

All this time the choir were singing "I was glad when they said unto
me, Let us go into the house of the Lord." Then they sang "God save the
Queen!" and the trumpets sounded the accompaniment. A most impressive
moment followed. The trumpets ceased, every voice was hushed, not a
sound was heard among all the thousands in the vast Abbey. The Queen
had passed through the door looking "like a young girl on her
birthday," but now her face was grave, and she knelt before the altar
for a moment of silent prayer. By an ancient privilege, the Westminster
schoolboys had the right to give the first greeting to the sovereign,
and as she rose, the Abbey rang with their shouts, "Victoria! Victoria!
Vivat Victoria Regina!"

The next part of the ceremony is known as the "Recognition"--that is,
the recognition of the new sovereign as the lawful sovereign. The Queen
and the Archbishop of Canterbury turned to the north, and the
Archbishop said:

"Sirs, I here present unto you Queen Victoria, the undoubted Queen of
this realm; wherefore, all you who are come this day to do your homage
are you willing to do the same?" "God save Queen Victoria!" the people
cried. The Archbishop and the Queen then turned to the south, to the
east, and to the west, and the same words were repeated with the same
response. This signified that the people of the land had formally
accepted her as their sovereign.

After this, the Queen, followed by the eight train-bearers, walked to
the altar, and she made an offering of a golden altar cloth and a
pound's weight of gold. This was only the beginning of the four-hours'
ceremony, and next came a long sermon preached by the Bishop of London,
followed by the solemn oath of the Queen to be just and govern
according to the law.

Then came the act of coronation, but for this Victoria was not to
appear in jewels and ermine. She was escorted to one of the chapels and
robed in a flowing gown of fine white muslin. Over this was thrown a
robe of gold brocade worked with the rose, the shamrock, and the
thistle emblematic of England, Ireland, and Scotland. In this quaint
and ancient costume she knelt before the altar. The Archbishop led her
to the famous old chair of St. Edward, wherein was the stone of Scone,
and touched her head and hands with the holy oil. The scepter, orb,
sword, and other things signifying power and authority in either Church
or state, were handed to her, each with a few words from the
Archbishop, exhorting her to use it properly. The ruby ring was placed
upon her finger, and the cloth-of-gold mantle upon her shoulders. Then
the Archbishop slowly lifted the crown, which was blazing with
diamonds, sapphires, rubies, and emeralds, and placed it upon her head.
The next moment all the peers and peeresses lifted their coronets and
put them on. The whole building flashed and glittered until one might
have fancied that it was raining diamonds. "God save the Queen!" echoed
and re-echoed. The thousands who stood outside the Abbey caught up the
cry, the bells of all the churches in London began to ring, and the
guns of all the garrison towns were fired.

[Illustration: The Coronation of Queen Victoria.
(_From painting by Sir George Hayter._)]

The ceremony of homage followed. The Archbishop, the two royal dukes,
and many other dukes, marquises, earls, viscounts, and barons knelt
and, kissing her hand, said: "I do become your liege man of life and
limb, and of earthly worship, and faith and truth I will bear unto you,
to live and die against all manner of folk, so help me God!" One of the
peers was so aged and infirm that he tried twice in vain to ascend the
steps. The Queen rose and moved toward him and extended her hand to him
as simply and naturally as any other young girl might have done who was
not sitting on a throne. After the homage, she received the Holy
Sacrament; the "Hallelujah Chorus" was sung; and then the procession
re-formed and went slowly over the way to Buckingham Palace.

When George III. was crowned, he complained of some blunders that were
made, but he could hardly have been much comforted by the reply that
matters would "go better next time." Even though Victoria was the third
sovereign crowned since the time of George III., there were still some
mistakes. England was accustomed to crowning strong men, but not
slender young girls, and the orb was made so heavy that holding it was
very wearisome, while the ruby ring was made for the little finger and
had to be forced upon the ring finger as best it could be. When the
peers did homage, they were required to touch the crown; and the Queen
said it was fortunate that she had had it made as tight as possible,
for many of them knocked it, and one actually clutched it.

After such a day as this, Victoria must have felt that she was "really
and truly" a queen; but with all her dignity and her royalty, she was
still a frank, natural young girl, and the story is told that when she
entered Buckingham Palace and heard the bark of her favorite dog, she
exclaimed, "Oh, there's Dash! I must go and give him his bath."

The English were proud of their Queen, of her dignity and her royal
bearing, but it was these touches of frankness and simplicity that won
their hearts, and made them feel that with all her jewels, her velvets,
and her ermine, she was, after all, one of themselves. It was at this
time that the Duke of Sussex wrote to a friend:

"The girl Queen is becoming more and more popular. You would simply
idolize her if you saw that bright little face, with clear blue eyes,
winning all hearts and making us all say, 'God save the Queen!'"




CHAPTER VI

THE COMING OF THE PRINCE


The coronation ceremonies in Westminster Abbey were, indeed,
magnificent, but it must not be supposed that England was satisfied
with no further celebration of so joyful an event. Throughout the realm
there were for several days fairs, balls, and entertainments of all
kinds. London was illuminated, and the theaters were made free to all
who chose to attend them. People's hearts and purses were opened. The
rich were not satisfied with having a good time themselves; they wanted
the children of the land and the poor to have a good time also. In many
places feasts were given, and one of the most famous of these was held
in a great open field in Cambridge, where more than fourteen thousand
persons were entertained.

In the center of the field was a space for the band, and around it a
platform. Much money had been subscribed for the feast, but the
committee felt sure that large numbers of people would be ready to pay
from seventy-five cents to one dollar and a half for the privilege of
walking about on this platform and seeing what was to be seen. They
were right, for there was "a most fashionable and select company," who
promenaded around the circular platform and watched the feasters.

Sixty tables, each two hundred and thirty feet long, stretched out from
the central platform like the rays of a star; and when the signal was
given, the fourteen thousand persons, poor people and children of all
ages, marched to their places. It must have been an amusing procession
for each one was obliged to bring his own plate, knife, fork, and mug
for beer. There was roast beef, and there were various other good
things; but the member of the committee who wrote the account of the
dinner seems to have been especially interested in the puddings.
"Beautiful puddings," he says they were, and he tells just where each
one was boiled. He states, too, that 2475 pounds of raisins were put
into them.

At the end of the dinner, pipes, tobacco, and snuff were passed to the
grown folk. There was a salute of nineteen guns in honor of the Queen's
nineteen years. A balloon, which the enthusiastic committeeman calls a
"stupendous machine," was sent up, and the health of the Queen was
drunk. The Sunday-school children sang a song of better intention than
rhyme, which began:

    "Victoria! Victoria!
      We hail thy gentle rule;
    Victoria! the Patroness
      Of every Sunday school."

After the singing, came various games and contests. Men tried to climb
a well-soaped pole to get a leg of mutton which was fastened to the
top. Others were tied into sacks, and jumped as far as possible in the
attempt to win a pair of boots. There was a wheelbarrow race run by ten
blindfolded men. A pig was offered to the man who could catch the
animal and swing it over his shoulder by the well-greased tail. Men
grinned through horse-collars to see who could make the ugliest face
and so win a pair of new trousers. Six boys with their hands tied
behind their backs were given penny loaves and molasses, and a new hat
was waiting for the one who ate his loaf first. Other boys with their
hands tied were "bobbing for apples"--that is, trying to lift apples
with their teeth from a tub of water--and another group of boys were
struggling to see who could first swallow a pennyworth of dry biscuit,
and so win a new waistcoat. There were foot races and donkey races and
hurdle races, and races among men each with one leg tied up. At last
the day came to an end with fireworks, and all the happy, tired people
went home, fully convinced that under this new sovereign their country
would be more prosperous than ever.

It seems very strange that this Queen who was worshiped by her people
in the summer of 1838 should in the course of a few months have become
exceedingly unpopular with some of her subjects, but so it was. There
were in England two political parties, the Whigs and the Tories. Queen
Victoria's sympathies were with the Whigs. They were in power when she
came to the throne, but in the spring of 1839 the Cabinet proposed an
important bill which Parliament refused to make a law. Under such
circumstances it is the custom for the Prime Minister and the Cabinet
to resign, because such a refusal is supposed to signify that the
people, whom Parliament represents, do not approve of their acts.

When Lord Melbourne told the Queen that he must resign, she felt very
badly. She must stand at the head of a great nation, and the one in
whose advice she had trusted could advise her no longer. The leaders of
the Tories were "the Duke," as the Duke of Wellington was called, and
Sir Robert Peel; and Lord Melbourne told her that her wisest course
would be to ask the Duke to become her Prime Minister and select a
Cabinet of Tories. The Duke had declared before this that he did not
know what the Tories would do for a Prime Minister if they should come
into power. "I have no small talk," he said, "and Peel has no manners?"
but when the Queen sent for him, of course he obeyed. She asked him to
be her Prime Minister, and said to him honestly: "I cannot help being
very sorry to make a change and give up my Ministers, especially Lord
Melbourne, for he has been almost a father to me."

The straightforward old soldier was delighted with her frankness, but
he said: "I am somewhat deaf, and I am too old a man to undertake this
work and serve you properly. Moreover, it would be much better for one
who can lead the House of Commons to be your Majesty's Prime Minister.
I advise you to send for Sir Robert Peel."

Now, this girl of nineteen did not like the man who had "no manners,"
but she was a lady as well as a Queen, and when Sir Robert appeared--in
full dress, as was required--she received him so courteously that he
went away much pleased, having promised to obey her command and form a
Cabinet. This was easily done, and the next morning he brought her a
list of names.

"But you must not expect me to give up the society of Lord Melbourne,"
she said.

"Certainly not," was Peel's reply. "Moreover Lord Melbourne is too
honorable a man to attempt to influence your Majesty in any way against
the existing government." Sir Robert then suggested several men whom he
knew that she liked for various positions of honor in the royal
household. Finally he said, perhaps a little bluntly, "It will be
desirable to make some changes in the ladies of your Majesty's
household." Then a storm arose.

"I shall not part with any of my ladies," declared the Queen.

"But, your Majesty," said Sir Robert, "most of these ladies are closely
related to the former Cabinet Ministers." The Queen would not yield,
but she was willing to discuss the subject later with him and the Duke.
When they appeared before her, they said: "Your Majesty, the ladies of
the household are on the same footing as the lords."

"No," declared the Queen, "I have lords besides and I have let you do
with them as you chose. If you had just been put out of office and Lord
Melbourne had come in, I am sure that he would not have asked me to
give up my ladies."

"There are more Whigs than Tories in the House of Commons," said Peel,
"and if these ladies who are closely related to prominent Whigs are
retained, all Europe will look upon England as the country that is
governed by a party which the sovereign dislikes and in which she has
no confidence."

"I give you my lords," replied the Queen steadfastly, "but I keep my
ladies." The two nobles were in a dilemma. According to the British
constitution, "The Queen can do no wrong"--that is, not she, but the
Prime Minister is held responsible for every public act. Sir Robert
could not remain Prime Minister if the Queen positively refused to
yield to a course which he thought necessary.

While the Tory leaders were trying to plan some way out of the
difficulty, the Queen sent a letter to Lord Melbourne which was written
in much the same way that an indignant young girl would write to her
father. "Do not fear," she said, "that I was not calm and composed.
They wanted to deprive me of my ladies, and I suppose they would
deprive me next of my dressers and housemaids; they wished to treat me
like a girl, but I will show them that I am Queen of England."

Lord Melbourne called his Cabinet together in such haste that one
member had to be brought from the opera and another from a dinner
party. He read them the Queen's letter, and asked, "What shall we
advise?"

"Advise her to give up two or three of her principal ladies," suggested
one, "and perhaps that will satisfy Peel."

"Does anyone know exactly what Peel wants," queried another, "and how
many ladies he demands shall be removed?" This was an exceedingly
sensible question, and if it had been taken to Peel for an answer, the
trouble might have been brought to an end. He would probably have been
satisfied with the resignation of two or three of the strongest
partisans and principal talkers among the ladies; and, although the
Queen was insisting upon what she believed was her right, yet much of
her indignation arose from her belief that Peel meant to deprive her of
all who were then her attendants perhaps even the Baroness Lehzen. The
question was not taken to Peel, however, and the discussion in the
Cabinet went on.

"Let us write a letter for the Queen to copy and send to Peel," was the
next suggestion, "saying that she will not consent to a course which
she believes to be contrary to custom and which is repugnant to her
feelings." This suggestion was adopted. The letter was written, and the
Queen copied it to send; but before it reached Sir Robert, he resigned
his position, and Lord Melbourne was again Prime Minister.

This was the famous "Bedchamber Plot," and it aroused all England. Lord
Melbourne and the Whigs said:

"It is a small matter that the Queen should be allowed to retain her
favorite attendants."

Sir Robert and the Tories replied:

"The Prime Minister is responsible for the acts of the Queen, and it is
a large matter if she refuses to follow his advice when he believes
that the good of the realm demands a certain course. She is not the
Queen of the whole country, she is only the Queen of the Whigs, and the
whole thing is a plot to keep the Whigs in power."

"_We_ are loyal to our sovereign," declared the Whigs.

"_We_ stand by the constitution of Great Britain not by the whims of
a girl of nineteen," retorted the Tories. The amusing part of the
struggle was that the Whigs had always prided themselves on standing by
the constitution and the rights of the people, while the Tories had
favored increasing the power of the sovereign; but in those days the
question was too serious to strike anyone as amusing.

As the weeks of the summer and the early autumn passed, matters only
grew worse. Victoria was spoken of most contemptuously, and was even
hissed in a public assembly. Mr. Greville wrote in his journal: "The
Tories seem not to care one straw for the crown, its dignity or its
authority, because the head on which it is placed does not nod with
benignity to them." Peel was, of course, above such behavior as that of
some of his violent partisans, but he must have been somewhat surprised
at developments. He had been afraid that the Queen's opinions and
judgment were so weak that she would be influenced by the talk of a few
ladies in attendance and would be unable to judge questions fairly and
without prejudice; but he had found that, whatever might be the faults
of the young lady on the throne, she could never be accused of having
no will of her own.

During the first two years of her reign, the friends of the Queen were
watching her with much anxiety. She was an unusual girl, with an
unusual training, but, after all, she was only a girl, and she had
responsibilities to meet from which, as Carlyle said, "an archangel
might have shrunk." Her position was all the more dangerous because she
was too young to realize her difficulties; and when trouble arose,
there was no one in the land of whom she could ask counsel without
arousing the enmity of someone else. Everyone who was capable of
advising her was prominent in one political party or the other. If she
had discussed any of her hard questions with even her own mother, and
it had become evident that suggestions had come from the Duchess of
Kent, there would have been talk at once of "foreign influence."

Meanwhile, "foreign influence" in the person of the wise King Leopold
was busily at work. The young Queen had reigned for more than two
years, and the first novelty of her position had passed. At first it
had been delightful to her to feel that she was "the Queen," and that
she could do precisely as she chose. Even the Bedchamber Plot had
resulted in her having her own way, in keeping her ladies and the Whig
Cabinet; but so clear-minded a woman as Queen Victoria must have
seen--as, indeed, she declared some years later--that she had not
behaved like a constitutional monarch, and she knew that thousands of
her subjects were indignant with her.

Never was a loving uncle more shrewd in his affection than this "wisest
sovereign in Europe;" for just at this time, when his niece was feeling
far less self-sufficient than she had felt some months earlier, he
proposed that Prince Albert and his brother Ernest should pay her a
visit. The young men came, bringing with them a letter from the King
which spoke of them in most matter-of-fact terms as "good, honest
creatures, really sensible and trustworthy." The point of the letter
was in its closing sentence, "I am sure that if you have anything to
recommend to them, they will be most happy to hear it from you."

The Queen knew very well what this sentence signified, and she was more
ready to "recommend" than she would have been some months before. She
had seen her cousins only once, and that was more than three years
earlier. Prince Albert was then a lovable boy, and the Princess was
willing that her relatives should understand that she would marry him
some day. When nearly two years had passed and she had become Queen,
she felt much older and more mature; but she thought of her cousin as
still a boy. She expected to marry him some time in the future, but she
was not willing to permit even any formal engagement at that time. King
Leopold wrote urging her to make some "decisive arrangement" for the
following year. The Queen replied: "Albert and I are both too young to
think of marriage at present. He does not know English well enough, and
there are other studies which he needs to pursue."

King Leopold saw that it was of no use to press the question further at
that time, and he told the Prince that the marriage would have to be
postponed for a few years. The Prince saw the truth in Victoria's
objections. He knew that his position in England would demand all the
skill and knowledge that he could acquire, and he admitted that her
arguments were strong.

"You understand, and you will wait?" asked his uncle.

"Yes," answered the Prince, "I will wait, if I have only some certain
assurance to go on; but I do not want to be left in the ridiculous
position of Queen Elizabeth's suitors. I do not want all Europe talking
for years about my marriage and then laughing at the announcement that
Victoria never meant to marry me."

Another year passed. Then came the Bedchamber trouble. King Leopold
watched every item of news from England. "Now is the time," said the
sagacious King to himself, and he proposed the visit.

There had been little correspondence between the cousins. Prince Albert
had sent the Princess sketches of the places that he had visited in his
travels, and when she became Queen, he wrote her a somewhat formal
little letter, reminding her that the happiness of millions lay in her
hands, and closing rather primly, "I will not be indiscreet and abuse
your time." Victoria must have had in her mind a picture of her cousin
that was a strange combination of a serious young man somewhat given to
sermonizing and the stout, merry boy of seventeen who had slipped down
to the floor of his carriage and pushed his dog's head up to the window
when people pressed around to see the Prince.

With these two conflicting notions in her thoughts, the Queen went to
the head of the staircase in Windsor Palace to welcome her "two dear
cousins." The stout boy had vanished but in his place stood a tall,
manly, handsome young man, with a cheery, thoughtful face. Two days
later a letter went from the Queen to "Uncle Leopold," which said, "My
dear Uncle, Albert is fascinating." Then she remembered that she had
two cousinly guests and added, "The young men are very amiable,
delightful companions, and I am very glad to have them here."

King Leopold wrote at once, "I am sure you will like the cousins the
more, the longer you see them." Then he talked about the Prince.
"Albert is full of talent and fun and draws cleverly. May he be able to
strew roses without thorns on the pathway of life of our good Victoria!
He is well qualified to do so."

While the hopeful uncle was writing this letter, Victoria was talking
with Lord Melbourne.

"My lord," she said, "I have made up my mind at last, and I am ready to
marry Prince Albert whenever he wants me."

"I am very glad of it," replied her fatherly friend. "You will be much
more comfortable; for a woman cannot stand alone for any time, in
whatever position she may be."

"Do you think that my people will be pleased?" she asked.

"I believe that they will," he replied, for he knew very well how eager
they were for her marriage. No one liked the Duke of Cumberland, who
was now King Ernest of Hanover, but if the Queen died without children,
he would come over to England and wear the English crown as well as
that of Hanover. The feeling against him was so strong that it had even
been proposed in Parliament to make a law forbidding him ever to occupy
the throne.

On the fourth morning of their visit, the two Princes went hunting. It
was a long forenoon to the Queen, for she had what she afterwards
called a "nervous" thing to do. They came back at noon, but they had
hardly time to change their hunting clothes before a message was
brought to Prince Albert that the Queen wished to see him.

Now, royal etiquette forbade that this Prince of a little German duchy
should ask the sovereign of Great Britain for her hand; so when Albert
reached the Queen's apartments, he was obliged to wait until she had
spoken.

"I think you must know why I wished you to come," she said shyly. The
Prince had still to keep silent; he could only bow, but his bow must
have expressed a great deal, for she went on bravely: "It will make me
very happy if you will consent to what I wish."

In just what form the Prince made his reply the Queen did not reveal,
but it was evidently satisfactory, for she wrote, "He is perfection in
every way." That very day she sent a letter to King Leopold in which
she said: "I am so much bewildered by it all that I hardly know how to
write. But I do feel very happy."

A few weeks before this time she had written Baron Stockmar that she
could not think of marrying for three or four years, but that very day
she wrote him: "I _do_ feel so guilty, I know not how to begin my
letter, but I think the news it will contain will be sufficient to
insure your forgiveness. Albert has completely won my heart, and all
was settled between us this morning I feel certain that he will make me
very happy. I wish I could say," continued the modest little sovereign
of Great Britain, "that I felt as certain of making him happy, but I
shall do my best."

Prince Albert, too, had some letters to write; and as Victoria had
written to King Leopold, his first was to Baron Stockmar. After telling
of his happiness and of his love for the Queen, he wrote: "I cannot
write more, I am too much bewildered." It certainly was bewildering. He
had been told not long before that the Queen was determined not to
marry for three or four years at any rate, and that she would not
consent to any formal engagement. He had come to England with a
determination to insist either that she should recognize the informal
engagement between them or that it should be broken off.

The Duchess of Kent had loved Albert from the first, and she was very
happy in the thought of the marriage. She and the Baroness Lehzen,
together with Lord Melbourne and Prince Albert's brother, were the only
ones in England who knew the secret until five or six weeks had passed.
Then came a difficult five minutes for the young Queen. She had to meet
her Council of eighty middle-aged men and tell them of her engagement.
It is no wonder that she "hardly knew who was there." The picture of
the Prince in her bracelet gave her courage, and though Lord Melbourne
was far down the room, she caught a kind look from him and saw the
tears of sympathy in his eyes. Her fingers trembled, but she soon
controlled herself and read: "It is my intention to ally myself in
marriage with the Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha." She went
through the rest of the paper with her usual clear, sweet voice, and
one of the Councilors wrote of the event: "Certainly she did look as
interesting and as handsome as any young lady I ever saw."

When the reading of the paper was finished, the Lord President asked:
"Have we your Majesty's permission to publish this declaration?" The
Queen bowed and left the Council Chamber. About two months later she
had something even harder to do; she had to open Parliament and ask
that an income should be granted to the Prince. Another matter also had
to be settled, and that was what position he should hold in England.
Whether he should enter a room before or after dukes, earls, and
members of the royal family was a question that gave rise to much
discussion. These two questions were not settled as the Queen wished,
for the sum granted to the Prince was but three-fifths of what her
Ministers had asked, and Parliament refused to pass a law giving him
precedence next to herself. The Duke of Wellington said, "Let the Queen
put the Prince just where she wishes him to be;" and this she did, as
far as England was concerned, by issuing an order in Council that he
should stand next to herself. Some of her royal relatives were
indignant and King Ernest declared positively that he would never give
precedence to the younger brother of a German duke. "I won't give way
to any paper royal highness," he declared. The Queen was both hurt and
angry at these decisions but Prince Albert's only fear was lest they
indicated objection to the marriage on the part of the English, and he
wrote: "While I possess your love, they cannot make me unhappy."

A little more than a week after this letter was written, the day of the
wedding came. It had been the custom to celebrate royal weddings in the
evening, though other weddings must by law take place before noon; but
on this, as on most other subjects, the Queen had a very definite
opinion. "I wish to be married as my subjects are married," she said,
"and the ceremony must be at noon."

"Is it the will of your Majesty that the word 'obey' be omitted from
the promise that you make to the Prince?" asked the Archbishop of
Canterbury.

"No," she answered with decision. "I am not to be married as a queen,
but as a woman."

The wedding day was stormy, but that made little difference to bride,
groom, or any of the brilliant company assembled in the Chapel of St.
James'. The Prince wore the uniform of a British field-marshal, with
the collar of the Garter, and looked exceedingly handsome. As he came
into the Chapel, the organ burst out into the strains of "See, the
Conquering Hero Comes." He stood by the altar waiting for his bride,
and in a short time she appeared, escorted by the Lord Chamberlain. She
wore a dress of heavy white satin, woven in England. Her veil had made
scores of poor women happy, for she had ordered it of the lace-makers
of Honiton in Devon. She wore no crown, but only a wreath of orange
blossoms. She had diamond earrings and necklace, and a few diamonds in
her hair. Twelve bridesmaids in white tulle and white roses bore her
train; and a hard time they had, for, although it was six yards long,
they found it too short for so many bearers. One of them wrote: "We
were all huddled together, and scrambled rather than walked along,
kicking each other's heels and treading on each other's gowns."

[Illustration: Albert, Prince Consort, in the uniform of a field
marshal.]

At the moment the ring was placed on the Queen's finger, the guns in
the Park and at the Tower were fired, and the bells rang out their
merriest peals. When the ceremony was over, the party returned to
Buckingham Palace for a wedding breakfast. The bridesmaid who wrote the
account of the wedding said that Prince Albert "seemed a little nervous
about getting into the carriage with a lady with a tail six yards
long," but they all reached the palace in safety. After the breakfast
the sunshine at last beamed down upon them, and the young couple sped
away for their honeymoon at Windsor Castle.




CHAPTER VII

HOUSEKEEPING IN A PALACE


Common people may make a wedding tour, but kings and queens are too
fully occupied to afford such luxuries. The sovereign of England could
spend her honeymoon in Windsor Castle, but it must be a honeymoon of
only four days. Those four days, however, were marked by a freedom
which she had never enjoyed before. For the first time in her life she
could talk with someone of her own age without having to be on her
guard lest what she said should be repeated and do harm.

One of the subjects that needed to be discussed and to be reformed was
the royal housekeeping. Many a woman living in a two-room cottage is
quite as comfortable as the Queen of Great Britain was in 1840. Three
men, the Lord Steward, the Lord Chamberlain, and the Master of the
Horse, were supposed to have the management of the household. These
persons were men of high rank, and their offices were given them in
reward for their political services rather than for their ability to
manage the domestic affairs of a palace. Of course they were entirely
too stately to take any charge themselves of the housekeeping, and they
did not delegate their power to anyone in the palace. Some of the
servants were under one of these three, and some were under another. No
one was at the head of the house, and everyone did about as he chose.
If the Queen rang a bell for a servant, the servant might answer it, or
he might be absent from the palace, just as it happened, and the Queen
was helpless, for the only one at all responsible was some aristocratic
nobleman who was, perhaps, far away on a yachting trip. When the Prime
Minister of France was a guest at Windsor, he wandered over the palace
for an hour trying to find his bedroom, for there was no one on duty to
point it out to him. At last he was sure that he had it, and he opened
the door. Behold there stood a maid brushing the hair of a lady who sat
at a toilet table, and could see in the glass the embarrassed gentleman
as he hurriedly retreated. The next day he discovered that the lady
before the glass was her Majesty. Baron Stockmar wrote that cleaning
the inside of the windows belonged to one department and cleaning the
outside to another. It is quite probable that when the little Princess
Victoria asked Queen Adelaide to let her clean the windows there was
visible need of such work. The servants of one department brought the
wood and laid the fire, but it was not their work to light it, and for
that duty a servant from another department must be called. A pane of
glass could not be mended without the signatures of five different
officials. No one was responsible for the cleanness of the house or
even for its safety; and if the man whose business it was to guard an
entrance preferred to do something else, there was no one to interfere
with his pleasure. The doors were indeed so carelessly guarded that one
night a boy was found under a sofa in the room next to the Queen's
bedroom. He could not be punished as a thief, for he had stolen
nothing. He was not a housebreaker, for he had simply walked in through
open doors, and no one had been on guard to prevent such intrusions. It
was finally decided that he was a vagabond, and he was imprisoned for
three months.

Prince Albert was very anxious to have better management of the
household, and he laid the matter before the Prime Minister.

"But men of high rank are now eager to hold these offices in the royal
household," was the reply "and it will make trouble if anyone is put
over them, or if there is any interference with their departments."

"True," replied the Prince, "but the household machinery is so clumsy
and works so ill that, as long as its wheels are not mended, there can
be neither order nor regularity, comfort, security nor outward dignity
in the Queen's palace." Reforms began, but the Prince had to work very
slowly, and some years passed before either the Queen or her guests
could live in comfort.

If the Queen had insisted upon these changes being made at once, many
of them could probably have been carried out; but the Bedchamber Plot
had taught her that the sovereign must not act contrary to the wishes
of her people. There was especial need of care at the time. Within
hardly more than half a century, the American colonies had freed
themselves from England and become a republic; France had had a
terrible revolution; throughout Europe people were thinking of change,
of more power for the people and less for the government. In England
there was little probability of a revolution, but it was more than two
hundred years since there had been any general and lasting enthusiasm
for the monarch of the realm; and both Prince Albert and the Queen felt
that the only way to make the throne strong and enduring was to win the
affection of the people. This was the teaching of Baron Stockmar, the
faithful friend and adviser of the royal couple. They appreciated his
devotion, and all the more because they could do nothing for him. He
did not care for money or office, and he was absolutely independent.
When dinner was over, he did not trouble himself to go to the drawing
room unless he felt inclined. He would generally spend the winter with
the Queen, but he disliked good-bys, and when he wanted to go home to
his family, he left the palace without a word of farewell.

Baron Stockmar had good pupils. Prince Albert was not yet twenty-one at
the time of his marriage, and the question had arisen whether, as he
was not of age, he could legally take the oath that was required of
every member of the Council. Soon after the marriage, King Leopold
asked an English lady about him.

"Do the English like him? Will he be popular?" inquired the King.

"They call him very handsome," was her reply, "but the English are
always ready to find fault with foreigners, and they say he is stiff
and German."

As the months passed, however, the English learned that this young
Prince was a remarkable man in his grasp of politics, his talent for
art and music, and his honest and unselfish devotion to the good of the
realm. What was more, they showed their appreciation by an act of
Parliament. The country was not yet at rest about the succession to the
crown. If the Queen should have a child and die before the child was of
age, a regent would be necessary. Parliament discussed the question,
and named the Prince, "the foreigner," as regent. "They would not have
done it for him six months ago," declared Lord Melbourne with delight.

The Queen had always been loved by the Whigs, and just about this time
a great wave of devotion to her swept through not only their ranks but
also those of the Tories. A boy of seventeen tried to shoot her, not
because he hated her, but because he wished to be notorious. The Queen
was in her carriage with the Prince when the attempt was made. She
drove on rapidly to tell the Duchess of Kent that she was safe, then
she returned to the park, where hundreds of people had gathered, hoping
to see her and make sure that she was not injured. She was received
with cheers and shouts of delight, and all the horseback riders formed
in line on both sides of her carriage as if they were her bodyguard.
When she appeared at the opera a few days later, she was greeted with a
whirlwind of cheers and shouts. The whole house sang "God Save the
Queen!" Then they pleased her still more by crying, "The Prince! The
Prince!" and when Prince Albert stepped to the front, he was cheered so
heartily that she knew he was fast winning the hearts of her people.

Operas and popularity were not the only things to be thought of in
those days. The royal couple, barely twenty-one years of age, were
working hard on constitutional history. They were very anxious, too,
about the possibility of war with France on account of trouble in
regard to Turkey and Egypt, and when their little daughter was born, in
November, 1840, the Queen said: "I really think she ought to be named
Turko-Egypto."

The little girl was not named Turko-Egypto, but Victoria Adelaide Mary
Louise, and she had to wait three months for her name, as the
christening did not take place until February. She was baptized with
water brought from the River Jordan. The font was not taken from the
Tower, as it had been for her mother's baptism, but a new one was made
of silver, marked with her coat-of-arms and also those of her father
and her mother. She was a very decorous little Princess, and the proud
father wrote home to Coburg that she "behaved with great propriety and
did not cry at all."

There was much rejoicing at the birth of this Princess Royal; but when,
a year later, a Prince was born, then the delight of the nation knew no
bounds. He was the heir to the throne, and it was impossible to do too
much to celebrate his birth. Punch said:

    "Huzza! we've a little Prince at last,
      A roaring Royal boy;
    And all day long the booming bells
      Have rung their peals of joy.

    "And the little Park guns have blazed away
      And made a tremendous noise,
    Whilst the air has been filled since eleven o'clock
      With the shouts of little boys."

One or two questions in regard to the celebration had to be settled by
the courts of justice. It was an old privilege that when an heir to the
throne was born, the officer on guard at St. James' Palace should be
promoted to the rank of major. In this case the child was born at
Buckingham, but the guard at St. James' demanded his promotion
nevertheless. The matter was complicated by the fact that the change of
sentry had chanced to occur just at the time of the birth of the
Prince, and whether the old or the new guard actually held the keys was
a difficult question to determine. Another difficulty of the same kind
arose at Chester. The Prince had the title of Earl of Chester, and the
mayor of that city declared that by ancient right he had claim to a
baronetcy. Exactly the same question arose as with the sentinels, for
at about the moment when the keys were transferred the new mayor was
taking the oath of office.

All England rejoiced; but across the water, in Germany, was a man who
was not at all pleased to hear that a son and heir was born to
Victoria, for he had always had a lingering hope that he might yet
become King of Great Britain. His aide-de-camp said that King Ernest
was generally ill-natured when he heard from England; and he was
indignant enough when he was not asked to become his grandnephew's
godfather. Who should be the chief sponsor was a weighty matter but
Baron Stockmar's advice was followed, and the King of Prussia was
invited to take the place of honor. The Queen wished the little Prince
named Albert for the husband who was so dear to her, and Edward for the
father whom she could not remember, and these names were given him.
This small Prince was an expensive baby, for it is said that the
festivities at his christening cost at least $1,000,000. The Queen gave
him the title of Prince of Wales when he was only a month old by
signing an interesting bit of parchment which declared that she girded
him with a sword and put a golden rod into his hands that he might
direct and defend the land of the Welsh.

In all these regal honors and rejoicings the little baby sister was not
forgotten, and the Queen wrote in her journal: "Albert brought in
dearest little Pussy in such a smart merino dress, trimmed with blue,
which mamma had given her, and a pretty cap. She was very dear and
good."

The children's father and mother would have been very glad to forget
all outside cares and splendors and live quietly by themselves, but
that could not be. There was much to think of and many subjects
concerning which they felt anxiety. One of these was the change of
government, for a little before the birth of the Prince the event took
place which the Queen had dreaded so long, the victory of the Tories
and the resignation of Lord Melbourne. Never was a retiring Minister
more generous to his opponents and more thoughtful of the comfort of
his sovereign. Soon after his resignation he had a little conversation
with Mr. Greville about the Tories.

"Have you any means of speaking to these chaps?" he asked.

"Certainly," answered Greville.

"I think there are one or two things Peel ought to be told," said Lord
Melbourne, "and I wish you would tell him. When he wishes to propose
anything, he must tell the Queen his reasons. She is not conceited; she
knows there are many things which she does not understand, and she
likes to have them explained."

Sir Robert was grateful for the advice and followed it. It was not
pleasant for him to become Prime Minister, for, although the Queen
treated him with the utmost courtesy, he knew that she looked upon him
as responsible for cutting down the grant to Prince Albert and for
opposing her wish to give the Prince precedence next to herself. Peel
had done exactly what he thought was right, but he could not help
feeling sensitive when he was brought into so close relationship with
the Queen and knew that this relationship was not welcome to her. "Any
man with the feelings of a gentleman would be annoyed at having
unavoidably given her so much pain," he said. Moreover, he was
exceedingly shy, "so shy that he makes me shy," said the Queen.
Fortunately, Sir Robert and Prince Albert found that they had much in
common in their love for literature and art, and the Queen could not
help liking the man who showed such warm appreciation of the husband
whom she adored. Very soon Peel paid him a compliment that completely
won her heart. The new houses of Parliament were to be decorated, and
there was a strong desire felt by all who were interested in art that
they should be so artistic as to be an honor to the country. Peel
invited the Prince to become the chairman of the commission which was
to control the matter. This position gave him the best of opportunities
to become connected with the prominent men of the country, and both
Prince and Queen were grateful to Peel for his thoughtfulness. The
Queen came to appreciate the Tory Premier; then she saw that the Tories
were not so black as they were painted; and before the end of 1841,
Victoria was no longer "Queen of the Whigs," but Queen of all her
people.

The Queen had no easy life. "She has most of the toil and least of the
enjoyments of the world," wrote her husband. She had also much of the
danger. Without an enemy in the world, she was shot at twice during the
summer of 1842 by men who seemed to have no motive for such a deed.
When Peel heard of the attempt on her life, he hurried to the palace to
consult with the Prince. The Queen entered the room, and the shy, cold,
self-contained Minister actually wept tears of joy at her safety. After
that, there was no question about the friendliness between the Queen
and her Premier.

Just how these would-be assassins should be punished was an important
matter, and here the common sense of the sovereign found a way out of
the dilemma. "It is a mistake," she said, "to treat such attempts as
high treason, for it dignifies the crime, and makes the criminals feel
that they are bold and daring men." Parliament learned from her wisdom
and passed a bill punishing any attempt upon the sovereign's life by
imprisonment and flogging. This had so good an effect that the Queen
saw seven years of peace before another attempt was made to injure her.

In spite of all these dangers and political responsibilities, Victoria
was radiantly happy. The home life was all that she could have asked.
She and the Prince were not only husband and wife, they were the best
of comrades. Whenever they could win a little leisure from the cares of
state, they read and sketched and sang together. Music gave them both
the most intense pleasure, and both had rare musical ability, which had
been carefully cultivated. Mendelssohn describes a visit to them which
he seems to have enjoyed as much as they.

The great composer says that he found Prince Albert alone, but as they
were looking at the new organ and trying the different stops, the Queen
came in, wearing a very simple morning gown.

"I am glad that you have come," she said. "We love your music, and it
is a great pleasure to have you with us."

"I thank your Majesty," replied the guest, and he went on to speak of
the beauty of the organ.

"Yes, it is indeed fine," said the Queen, "but then I think any
instrument fine when the Prince is playing on it. But what confusion!"
she exclaimed, glancing around the room. The wind had scattered leaves
of music over the floor, even on the pedals of the organ, and she knelt
down and began to pick them up. Prince Albert and Mendelssohn started
to help, but she said, "No, go on with the stops, and I will put things
straight."

"Will you not play something for me?" begged Mendelssohn of the Prince,
and added, "so I can boast about it in Germany?" The Prince played,
while the Queen sat by him listening and looking perfectly happy. Then
Mendelssohn played his chorus, "How Lovely Are the Messengers," but
before he was at the end of the first verse, his royal hosts were
singing with him.

"It is beautiful," said the Queen. "Have you written any new songs? I
am very fond of your old ones."

"You ought to sing one for him?" suggested the Prince.

"If you only will," pleaded Mendelssohn.

"I will try the 'Fruhling's Lied,'" she said, "if it is here, but I am
afraid that all my music is packed to go to Claremont." Prince Albert
went to look for it, but when he returned, he reported that it was
already packed.

"But could it perhaps be unpacked?" suggested Mendelssohn daringly.

"It shall be," said the Queen. "We must send to Lady Frances." The bell
was rung, and the servants were sent to find the music, but they were
unsuccessful.

"I will go," the Queen declared, and she left the room. While she was
gone, the Prince said: "She begs that you will accept this present as a
remembrance," and he gave the composer a beautiful ring marked "V. R.
1842."

When the Queen returned, she said, "It is really most annoying; all my
things are gone to Claremont."

"Please do not make me suffer for the accident," begged Mendelssohn,
and at last another song was chosen. "She really sang it charmingly,"
he wrote in a letter, but when he told her so, she exclaimed, "Oh! if I
only had not been so frightened."

The Prince sang, and Mendelssohn gave them one of his wonderful
improvisations; then the musician took his leave. "But do come to
England again soon and pay us a visit," said the Queen earnestly, as he
made his farewells.

Running about to see the world was not so common an amusement in the
first half of the nineteenth century as it is to-day, neither were
railroads as common, and the Queen of England was twenty-three years of
age before she ever made a journey by rail. This new way of traveling
produced quite a disturbance among some of her attendants. The Master
of Horse said that as it was his business to arrange for her journeys,
he must assure himself that the engine was in proper condition; and,
much to the amusement of the engineer, he appeared at the railway
station several hours before the train was to start, that he might
inspect the engine, as if it were a horse. There was even more
difficulty in satisfying the claims of the coachman. "When the Queen
travels, it is my business to drive for her," he declared; "therefore,
I must at least be on the engine." He was permitted to ride on the
pilot engine, but the dust and cinders made such havoc with his scarlet
livery and his white gloves that he concluded not to press his claims
quite so urgently in future.

This famous journey was only twenty-five minutes long, and in spite of
the gorgeousness of crimson carpets laid from the royal carriage to the
train, it could not have been especially comfortable, for airbrakes and
good roadbeds were inventions yet to come. Nevertheless, the royal lady
was not discouraged in her desire to travel, and in the autumn of 1842
she and the Prince made a journey to Scotland.

Much that she saw was almost as new to her as it would have been to any
village maiden who had never left her home, and she was interested in
whatever came before her. She was especially delighted with Edinburgh.
"It is beautiful," she wrote; "totally unlike anything else I have ever
seen." As she entered the city, she was met by the Royal Archers
Bodyguard. This was an association formed by one of her royal ancestors
more than two hundred years before. Its special business was to protect
the sovereign, and in the old days its members were covered from head
to foot with armor. Long before Victoria's time the armor had vanished,
but in memory of the olden customs each man carried a bow in one hand
and had arrows stuck through his belt. As soon as the Queen appeared
they began to perform their ancient office, walking close beside the
carriage all the way through the town.

In this journey the Queen and Prince Albert were received by various
noblemen, but the most picturesque greeting was at the home of Lord
Breadalbane at Taymouth. As they drove up to the castle, the gates were
thrown open, and there stood their host in a Highland dress, at the
head of a company of Highlanders, who were gorgeous in the
bright-colored tartan of the Campbells. Pipers were playing on the
bagpipes, salutes were fired, the soldiers and the crowd of country
folk cheered over and over again. When the royal guests went into the
house and were escorted up the wide stone staircase long lines of
Highlanders in kilts stood on both sides of the hall and the stairway.
It is no wonder that the Queen wrote in her journal that it seemed like
the old feudal times. In the evening the gardens were illuminated.
There were no electric lights then, but she says there was "a whole
chain of lamps along the railing, and on the ground was written in
lamps, 'Welcome, Victoria--Albert.'" Bonfires were kindled on the tops
of the hills, and fireworks were set off. Then the bagpipes began to
play, torches were brought on the lawn in front of the house, and by
their wild and flaring light the Highlanders danced the gayest,
merriest reels that can be imagined. The visitors spent several days in
this charming place. A ball was given for them, but the Queen seems to
have enjoyed much more heartily the quiet drives that she took about
the country, the row up the lake, with two pipers sitting in the bow of
the boat, piping and singing weird Gaelic boat songs; and perhaps most
of all, the little picnics they had and the walks that they took, for
there was no one to stare at them, and they roamed about in perfect
freedom, guarded only by two Highlanders who, according to the ancient
custom, followed them with drawn swords wherever they went.

[Illustration: The Queen in 1845.
(_From a painting by John Partridge._)]

During the next two or three years, the Queen and Prince Albert seized
every opportunity for travel, short though their journeys had to be.
They visited not only several of the lordly mansions of England, but
they also spent a few days in Belgium and made a short stay at the
court of the French King. In 1844, they went again to Scotland, and
this time "Vicky," as they called the Princess Royal, was old enough to
go with them. There were two more children in the royal nursery by this
time, and the Queen wrote in her journal that "Alice and the baby and
good Bertie" came to bid the travelers farewell. She was quite
delighted that "Vicky" stood at the window of a little inn and bowed to
the people outside. One of her hosts on this visit to Scotland was the
Duke of Argyll. She describes in her journal his son, the two-year old
Marquis of Lome, and calls him "such a merry, independent little
child."

One of the disadvantages of being a sovereign is that the simplest acts
are looked upon as being of political significance. Victoria wished to
meet the French King, to whom Prince Albert was distantly related, and
she did not wish to talk politics. On her visit to France she was
interested in seeing the King's barge and its many oarsmen in white,
with red sashes; in the royal chapel, the first Roman Catholic church
that she had ever entered; in the little picnic that the King ordered
in the forest; in the picturesque white caps of the peasant women,
their bright-colored aprons and kerchiefs; and she noted even the tone
of the church bells, and said that it was much prettier than that of
the bells in England. She enjoyed her visit heartily; but far away in
Russia the keen-eyed Emperor Nicholas was watching her movements, and
he was not quite pleased. "The government of Turkey will soon fall to
pieces," he said to himself, "and if it does, France would like to
secure a piece of that country. If England should help her, she might
be able to do so, and this visit looks as if England and France were
becoming too friendly." The result of the Czar's meditations was that
word was sent to the Queen that he was on his way to visit her and
might be looked for at once. Queen Victoria had expected him to come
the following year, but he liked to make visits in this sudden fashion,
and there was nothing to do but to prepare for him as best she could in
forty-eight hours, for she had no longer time in which to make ready.

The Queen had not been especially anxious for the visit, she feared
there would be "constraint and bustle;" but she soon found that quiet,
simple ways of living were most pleasing to her guest, and she wrote to
King Leopold, "He is very easy to get on with." His greatest interest
was in military matters, and he was so much of a soldier that he said
he felt without his uniform almost as if he had been skinned. He was
taken to a review, of course, and this he thoroughly enjoyed. "Won't
you allow me to ride down the line," he asked the Queen, "so I can see
my old comrades?" Down the line he went, and was greeted everywhere
with enthusiastic cheers. When the Duke of Wellington appeared, the
crowd began to hurrah for him, for the man who had won the battle of
Waterloo was the nation's idol. "Please don't, please don't," he said,
riding along close to the crowd. "Don't cheer for me; cheer for the
Emperor."

This military Emperor had his own ideas about what the bed of a soldier
should be, even if the soldier was at the head of an empire, and before
he took possession of his bedroom at Windsor Castle, he had his
camp-bed set up, and sent to the stables for straw to stuff the
leathern case that formed his mattress.

The Emperor was delighted with his visit, and when the Queen invited
him to come again, he said rather sadly: "You do not know how difficult
it is for us to do such things." Then he kissed the royal children and
the hand of the Queen, and made his farewells. The Queen kissed him, as
sovereigns are expected to do at the beginning and end of a state
visit, and the reception of the mighty Czar was over. "By living in the
same house together quietly and unrestrainedly, I not only see these
great people but know them," said the Queen as simply as if she herself
were not one of the "great people."




CHAPTER VIII

A HOME OF OUR OWN


It is very delightful to live in palaces and entertain kings and
emperors; but Queen Victoria's palaces belonged to the English nation
and not to herself, and, as has been said, their royal tenants had to
suffer many inconveniences because they were not at liberty to manage
their own housekeeping as they chose. "If we only had a home of our
own!" said the Queen and Prince Albert to each other, and at last they
decided to buy one. They talked the matter over with Sir Robert Peel,
whom they had come to look upon as a faithful friend, and he told them
of a beautiful estate which was for sale.

This property was situated on the Isle of Wight. It was far enough from
London to assure them of privacy, and it was so near that there need be
no delay in matters of government. In this charming place there were
trees and valleys and hills, a wide stretch of sea-beach, with the
woods growing almost to the water's edge; and, best of all, the royal
family could walk and drive and wander about without feeling that they
were on continual exhibition. There was a palace at Brighton which the
Queen had sometimes occupied for the sake of being near the sea; but
Brighton had become so much of a city, and the houses had clustered so
closely about the palace, that there was no longer any view of the
ocean from the lower windows, and no member of the royal family could
go outside of the grounds without being followed by inquisitive crowds.
At Osborne, as the new purchase was named, there was perfect freedom.
Perhaps the "grown ups" of the household appreciated the liberty
indoors quite as much as that out of doors, for here there were no
"departments" to consult, and if a pane of glass was broken, there was
no need of sending over the kingdom for the signatures of five men
before it could be mended.

The house was pretty, but it was too small, and a new one had to be
built. Prince Albert made all the plans for it, and he was as eager as
the Queen to get into a home of their own. Nevertheless even in his
eagerness he did not forget the good of others. The longer the work of
building and beautifying the grounds lasted, the better it was for the
workmen; and so when harvest time came, he discharged large numbers of
his men, saying: "Work in the fields now; then, when the harvest is in,
come to me, and you shall have work here again."

The cost of the house came from the Queen's own purse, from the regular
grant made her by Parliament, though most sovereigns have called upon
the nation to build whatever dwellings they thought desirable. The
people of the kingdom were pleased to hear the English Court called the
most magnificent in Europe, and many statesmen expected that when a new
palace was to be built or a royal guest to be entertained, the
sovereign would ask Parliament for a special grant of money to pay the
expense. Frequently far more was expected of members of the royal
family than their purses could provide, and then came debts. King
Leopold had not been able to live within his grant, and the Duke of
Kent had left indebtedness at his death. The little Princess, who had
not been allowed to buy a box until she had the money to pay for it,
meant, now that she was on the throne, to carry out the principle on
which she had been brought up. The first thing that she did was to pay
her father's debts, and while living in as much splendor as her people
desired, she managed her income so well that she could afford to build
a palace if she chose. Prince Albert heartily approved of this wise
economy, and he carried out the same plan in managing the farm of the
new estate; he spent lavishly in improving the land, but unlike most
"fancy farmers," he made his costly improvements so skillfully that
they were paid for in the generous increase in crops.

When the new house was done, there was a joyful homecoming. As the
Queen passed through the door, one of the maids of honor threw an old
shoe after her, "to bring good luck," she said. To the Prince, entering
into the new home brought memories of his childhood in Coburg, and
after the first dinner he said, "We have a hymn in Germany for such
occasions. It begins:

    "Bless, O God, our going forth,
    Bless Thou, too, our coming in."

So it was that the new house was opened. Not only the grown folk, but
the merry little company of princes and princesses, were very happy in
it whenever a few days could be spared for its pleasures. As they grew
older, a Swiss cottage was built for them, and this was _their_ house.
There was a charming little kitchen, with a cooking stove, so that the
girls could try all sorts of experiments in the cooking line; and happy
they were when they could persuade their father and mother to partake
of a "banquet" of their own preparing. The boys had a forge and a
carpenter's bench, where they built small boats and chairs and tables
and wheelbarrows. Every child had a garden, and there he raised not
only flowers, but fruit and vegetables. In this little paradise the
children did what they liked, but they were shown the best way of doing
it. A gardener taught them how to manage their gardens, and whenever
their vegetables were a success, they either gave them away or sold
them at market price to the royal kitchen. Prince Albert himself taught
the boys how to use tools, and helped them to begin a museum of
insects, minerals, and all sorts of curiosities like the one that he
and his brother Ernest had had in Coburg when they were boys.

Not only at Osborne, but wherever the royal children were, they were
brought up as simply as the Queen herself had been. Whatever material
was bought for their clothes had to be shown to the Queen, and if it
was rich or expensive, she would refuse to allow it to be used. As soon
as the princes and princesses were old enough, they were taught to take
as much care of their clothes as if they had been a poor man's
children. One of their nurses wrote that they had "quite poor
living--only a bit of roast beef and perhaps a plain pudding;" and she
added, "The Queen is as fit to have been a poor man's wife as a queen."
Baron Stockmar was consulted on all nursery questions, and he said that
it was more difficult to manage a nursery than a kingdom.

The Queen tried to make her children understand that they were no
better than other children just because they were princes or
princesses, and they were obliged to behave with perfect courtesy to
the servants of the palace as well as to kings and emperors. It is said
that once upon a time two of the children thought it very amusing to
take possession of the brushes and blacken the face of a woman who was
cleaning a stove; but when the Queen mother discovered their prank, she
took the small culprits by the hand and led them to the woman's room
and made them apologize most humbly. The little Princess Royal "Vicky"
was so independent a young lady that she would sometimes break through
her mother's teachings. The story is told that one day a sailor lifted
her on board the royal yacht, saying as he sat her down, "There you
are, my little lady." "I'm a princess I'm not a little lady," the child
retorted; but the watchful mother was listening, and she said, "That is
true. Tell the kind sailor that you are not a little lady yet, but that
you hope to be some day." Occasionally this willful little Princess
preferred to bear a punishment rather than give up her own way. The
Queen and the Prince addressed Dr. Brown as "Brown," and the small
child followed their example. "You will be sent to bed if you do that
again," said the Queen, but the next morning when Dr. Brown appeared,
the little girl said with special distinctness: "Good morning, Brown,
and good night, Brown, for I'm going to bed, Brown," and, with her
saucy little head high in the air, she marched off to bed.

Happy as the Queen and the Prince were in their home life, one subject
in connection with her husband always troubled the loving wife, and
that was the annoying question of precedence. She wrote of him in her
journal: "He is above me in everything really, and therefore I wish
that he should be equal in rank to me." In England she could "put the
Prince where she wished him to be," but Parliament had given him no
rank, and therefore out of England some sovereigns, like King Ernest,
positively refused to grant him any honors that were not due to the
younger son of the Duke of Coburg; and when precedence was accorded
him, the Queen had to express gratitude as for a personal favor to
herself. Unknown to the Prince, she had a long talk on the subject with
Baron Stockmar.

"I wish him to have the title of King Consort," she said earnestly.

"A king consort without the authority of a king would be a novelty,"
replied the Baron, "and the English people do not like anything for
which there is no precedent. Queen Anne's husband was never called
king."

"But Queen Anne's husband was stupid and insignificant," declared the
Queen. "There has never been a case like ours before. Albert and I
reign together. He is sovereign as much as I. We discuss all matters
and decide together."

"True," admitted the Baron, "but the constitution does not provide for
such a condition of affairs. I will talk with Peel about it."

Peel felt as Stockmar did, that it was not wise to propose such a
title. The subject arose again some years later, and the shrewd Baron
wrote to the Prince in his usual straightforward fashion: "Never
abandon your firm, powerful position to run after butterflies. You have
the substance; stick by it." The title was never given him, but it was
true that he had "the substance." The Queen no longer met her Ministers
alone; the Prince was always with her to help and suggest. Whenever
either she or the Prince spoke to the Council the word "I" was not
used; it was always "We think so-and-so should be done."

Not only the Council but the whole country were gaining in knowledge of
the Prince's wisdom and devotion to the good of the kingdom, and in
1847 a valued mark of appreciation was given him in his election as
Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, one of the greatest honors
that could have been bestowed upon him. The Queen was delighted,
because she knew that the position was not given out of compliment to
her, but was something that he himself had earned. Soon after the
election, came the installation. The magistrates and Yeomanry went to
the station to meet the Queen, and then marched before her into the
town. She was escorted into the Great Hall of Trinity College and led
to an armchair which stood on a platform under a canopy. Soon after she
had seated herself, the new Chancellor entered at the farther end of
the hall, followed by the long line of university dignitaries. He wore
a robe of black and gold, so long that it had to be held up by two
gentlemen. When he stood in front of the armchair that represented the
throne, he made a low bow and delivered his address. "The situation was
almost absurd for us," said the Queen afterwards, but the Prince read
his address with perfect command of his countenance and the Queen was
quite serious until she caught his eye for a moment at the end of the
speech. She half smiled, but in an instant she was again the dignified
sovereign, and she declared with a little emphasis that brought forth
shouts of applause, "The choice which the university has made of a
Chancellor has my most entire approbation."

Not long afterwards the new Chancellor and his royal wife paid another
visit to Cambridge. It was a little muddy, and the Queen hesitated a
moment before getting out of the carriage. Instantly one of the
students threw his gown upon the ground for her to step on, and others
followed his example.

When Victoria thought of her husband and her children, she was
supremely happy, but when she thought of the different kingdoms of
Europe, and even of her own realm, there was much in 1847 and 1848 to
make her unhappy. All Europe was restless and uneasy. Revolt had broken
out in Italy, France, Germany, and other countries. The reigning
sovereigns in most of these kingdoms were related to her either by
blood or by marriage, and she could but feel grief for their trials,
and, in some instances, fear for their safety. Indeed, the King and
Queen of France had to flee to England and they spent the remainder of
their lives at Claremont. In Victoria's own realm, there was trouble.
Ireland was suffering from a terrible famine. Thousands of Irish were
dying of either starvation or fever. In England there was no
starvation, but everyone felt the hard times more or less. Those who
had money did not dare to invest it, because business was so unsettled
that they were afraid of loss. As capital was not invested, there was
little work to be had, and the poor suffered severely. The rich as well
as the poor felt the general stagnation. Greville said that his income
was only half the usual amount, and even in royal palaces strict
economy was practiced.

There was a special reason for great uneasiness in London. According to
the laws at that time, no one could become a member of the House of
Commons who did not own land enough to receive from it an annual income
of $1500. This law had been made in the belief that a man who owned
land would be more interested in the welfare of his country than a man
who had none. Thousands of workingmen were not allowed even to vote.
When work was plenty, and they were comfortable and busy, they did not
think so much about their rights; but when work failed, they began to
say to one another: "This is all the fault of the laws. If everyone
could vote, and if poor men as well as rich men could become members of
Parliament, laws would be made for the good of the whole nation and not
merely for the landowners."

These men held meetings to discuss such matters, and they concluded to
send in a petition to Parliament, setting forth their wrongs and
demanding that changes should be made. The plan was explained in what
was called the People's Charter, and therefore its supporters were
spoken of as Chartists.

No one would have objected to having as many petitions sent to
Parliament as the house would hold, but among the people were many
hot-headed persons who had much to say about "oppression" and
"revolution." The crowds sometimes became noisy and turbulent, and one
evening some of them rushed wildly toward Buckingham Palace. The only
harm that they did was to break some street lamps; and when their
leader was arrested by the police, he made no resistance, but began to
cry. Nevertheless, people felt very uneasy, and when it was reported
that on the 10th of April the petition would be presented by 1,000,000
men, there was much alarm in the city. Shops were barricaded, weapons
were put where they could be caught up in a moment, and old muskets
that had not been used for half a century were brought down from the
garrets and put in order for the riots that were feared. The Duke of
Wellington, as commander-in-chief of the army, made very wise
preparations. There was no display of soldiers or cannon, but
Buckingham Palace and the public buildings were quietly filled with
armed men, and gunboats were brought up the river. The Queen had shown
again and again that she was no coward, and she would have stayed in
London, but her Ministers persuaded her to take her three-weeks'-old
baby to Osborne House. All London trembled when the 10th of April
arrived; but when night came, those who had feared most laughed
heartiest. The whole affair had ended in a few thousand men starting
for Parliament with the petition. "You cannot cross the bridge in
mass," said the police, and the Chartists went home meekly, sending
their petition in cabs.

The Queen had long wished to go to Ireland, and in 1849 she and the
Prince and the four older children went to that country in the yacht
_Victoria and Albert_. Now, however indignant the Irish might be
at England's rule of their country they would not give the Queen any
but the most cordial greeting; and when the yacht sailed into the mouth
of the River Lee, the people of the place called Cove of Cork asked
that she would step ashore, if only for a moment. "We wish to change
the name of our town," they said, "so that it may mark the place where
the Queen first set her foot on Irish soil." The flag was run up on
which was written the word "Cove," but as soon as the Queen had gone
back to the yacht, the flag was dropped, and another was run up marked
"Queenstown."

The _Victoria and Albert_ went on to Cork, and the party also visited
several other places in Ireland. Wherever they went, the crowds pressed
to the water's edge with cheering and shouts of welcome. Cannon were
fired and bells were set to ringing. Every little cottage had its flag,
or at least a wreath of flowers and evergreens. All were interested in
the royal children, and at Kingstown an old lady cried out: "Oh! Queen
dear, make one of them Prince Patrick, and all Ireland will die for
you."

When the Irish visit had come to its end, and the Queen was about to
leave for England, the crowds on the shore cheered her more wildly than
ever, and both the Queen and the Prince climbed the paddlebox and waved
their handkerchiefs again and again. "Go slowly," ordered the Queen,
and the boat moved very slowly along, keeping close to the pier. The
crowds cheered with more enthusiasm than before, and three times a
return was given to their salute by lowering the royal standard. One of
the Queen's party said: "There is not an individual in the town who
does not take the Queen's going on the paddlebox and lowering the royal
standard as a personal compliment to himself."

The year following the visit to Ireland the Queen's seventh child was
born, a boy.

"Now we are just as many as the days of the week," cried the brothers
and sisters joyfully.

"But which of us shall be Sunday?" asked one.

"The new baby," answered Princess "Vicky" decidedly, "because he's just
come, and we must be polite to him and give him the best."

The little boy was named Patrick, as the old woman in Ireland had
suggested, but his first name was Arthur, for the Duke of Wellington,
on whose eighty-first birthday he was born.

The days of the Queen were full of joys and sorrows that came almost
hand in hand. Her home life was perfectly happy, but her duties as a
sovereign took much time that she would have gladly given to her
family. "It is hard," she said, "that I cannot always hear my children
say their prayers." She had the warmest, most devoted friends, but in
the six years preceding 1850, she had lost several who could never be
replaced. Sir Robert Peel and Lord Melbourne had died, the opposing
Ministers who had both won her confidence and gratitude; and the "good
Queen Adelaide," who had loved the little Princess Victoria as if she
had been her own child, was also gone. The sorrow which Prince Albert
felt at the loss of his father had been to his wife a grief almost as
deep; and both she and the Prince were saddened by the loss of the
Coburg grandmother, who loved him so that she was almost heartbroken on
his leaving her to make his home in England, and called piteously after
his carriage, "Oh, Albert, Albert!" The three who had been nearest to
the Queen in her childhood were living, her mother, Dr. Davys, and
Baroness Lehzen. The kind, scholarly clergyman she had made Bishop of
Peterborough, and she saw him from time to time. After the marriage of
the Queen the Baroness Lehzen returned to her friends in Germany, but
the busy sovereign found time to send her long and frequent letters.

The losses of the Queen were many, but with Prince Albert by her side,
she felt that she could bear whatever came; and it was a great
happiness to her that the better he was known in the country, the more
highly the nation thought of him. They could hardly help esteeming him,
for he seemed never to have a thought of himself; all was for the Queen
and for her people. For several years he had had a plan in his mind for
a great industrial exhibition. When he first laid the scheme before the
public, the people were wildly enthusiastic. Then, as the difficulties
arose, there was much criticism. The building would cost $1,000,000,
and subscriptions were slow. _Punch_ brought out a cartoon inscribed,
"Please to remember the Exposition." It represented a boy holding out
his cap for pennies Under the picture was written:

    "Pity the sorrows of a poor young Prince ----
      Whose costly scheme has borne him to your door;
    Who's in a fix--the matter not to mince--
      Oh, help him out, and commerce swell your store."

Prince Albert laughed heartily at the cartoon, added it to his
collection, and worked all the harder for the exposition.

There was much opposition to admitting foreign exhibits, for many
English manufacturers had a wild fancy that the sight of them would
prevent the English from patronizing home products. "All the villains
of the Continent will be here," declared the grumblers. "They will
murder the Queen and begin a revolution." In Parliament, one of the
members invoked the lightning to fall from heaven and destroy the
half-finished building. Nevertheless, enormous masses of goods were
constantly arriving, and the mighty structure continued to rise. It was
made of iron and glass, and was like an enormous greenhouse. Thackeray
wrote of it:

        "And see, 'tis done!
    As though 'twere by a wizard's rod,
    A blazing arch of lucid glass
    Leaps like a fountain from the grass
        To meet the sun."

The Crystal Palace, the people called it, and no better name could have
been given. It stretched out one thousand feet in length, and part of
it was one hundred feet high, so high that two elm trees which had been
growing on its site grew on in freedom under its glass roof. The
ironwork was painted a clear, bright blue. There were scarlet hangings,
fountains, statues, banners, tapestries, flowers, palms, everything
that could make it bright and beautiful.

May 1, 1851, had been named as the day of opening. In the royal family
the day began with birthday gifts for the little Arthur--toys from the
parents, a clock from the Duchess of Kent, and, strange presents for a
baby, a bronze statuette and a beautiful paper-knife from the Prince
and Princess of Prussia. Long before noon, the Queen, the Prince, and
the two older children drove to the Crystal Palace. As they entered,
there was a flourish of trumpets, followed by tremendous cheering. The
Queen was radiant with happiness as she walked down the broad aisle
with her husband. She wore a pink silk dress of Irish poplin, and on
her head was a diamond tiara. She led by the hand the Prince of Wales,
a bright, handsome little fellow. The Princess Royal wore a white
dress, and on her head was a wreath of roses. She held her father's
hand. The cheers grew louder and louder, then the deep tones of the
organ broke in upon them. The music of two hundred instruments and six
hundred voices followed, leading the thousands present in the National
Hymn. After this the Prince left the side of the Queen, and, returning
at the head of the commissioners, he read her the formal report. She
made a short reply. The Archbishop of Canterbury offered up prayer, and
the wonderful "Hallelujah Chorus" resounded through the lofty arches.
While this was being sung, a Chinese mandarin, who had been walking
about most perfectly at his ease and quite indifferent to the gazing
crowds, now took his stand befor

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