The Makers of Canada: Index and Dictionary of Canadian History
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Title: The Makers of Canada: Index and Dictionary of Canadian History
Editor: Lawrence J. Burpee
Sir Arthur G. Doughty
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[Illustration: Illustrated Chart of Canadian History]
_THE MAKERS OF CANADA_
INDEX AND DICTIONARY
OF CANADIAN HISTORY
EDITED BY
LAWRENCE J. BURPEE, F.R.G.S.
LIBRARIAN OF THE CARNEGIE LIBRARY, OTTAWA
AND
ARTHUR G. DOUGHTY, C.M.G., LITT.D.
DOMINION ARCHIVIST, OTTAWA
TORONTO
MORANG & CO., LIMITED
1912
COPYRIGHT, 1911.
COPYRIGHT IN GREAT BRITAIN.
INTRODUCTION
This Supplement is designed to supply a double need: it furnishes an
analytical index to the entire series of twenty volumes; and it affords
a great deal of additional information, bearing on the subject-matter of
these volumes, but which from its very nature it was impossible to
incorporate in the text. This additional information includes
biographical sketches of the characters mentioned in each volume;
similar sketches of prominent Canadians who for one reason or another do
not appear in any of the twenty volumes; and brief descriptions of wars,
battles, treaties, and political and other events having a vital bearing
on the history of Canada. References have been added, wherever
necessary, to the principal sources which the student may consult for
further information. The whole has been thrown into one alphabetical
arrangement, and it constitutes, to a large extent, a dictionary of
Canadian history.
To satisfy further the desire of those who, after reading the foregoing
volumes, find it profitable to investigate more fully certain lines of
inquiry suggested by the narratives, it has been thought advisable to
add a list of manuscript sources from which new material may be gleaned.
The collection of documents most convenient for this purpose is to be
found in the Dominion Archives. It is not possible in the present work
to do more than indicate the principal documents, as there are fifteen
thousand volumes of manuscript in the Archives bearing on Canadian
history. The sources indicated here are drawn principally from the
series designated A, B, C, F, Q, M. The letter refers to the series, and
the number to the volume. The Calendars published by the Archives in the
Annual Reports should also be consulted by the student. For convenience
of reference, it has been deemed preferable to group the manuscript
sources under general headings, and print the list as a separate section
in the volume.
In the preparation of the bibliographical references, the object has
been to include only those works that have a direct and vital bearing on
the subject. A complete bibliography in each case would obviously be
neither possible nor desirable. Nor, except in special cases, has any
attempt been made to include articles or papers in periodicals or in the
publications of learned societies. It will be sufficient to make a
general reference here to some of the more important sources of
information on the many topics covered in this volume. First among these
sources probably should rank the publications of the Royal Society of
Canada. The Society has published in a separate volume a very full
General Index to its _Proceedings and Transactions_, 1882-1906, compiled
by Dr. Benjamin Sulte. For volumes subsequent to 1906, the individual
indexes should be consulted. A key to the Annual Reports of the
Geological Survey of Canada is found in two General Indexes, one
covering the years 1863-1884, and the other the years 1885-1906. The
latter, compiled by F. J. Nicolas, is very complete. Wurtële's Index to
the _Transactions_ and other Publications of the Literary and Historical
Society of Quebec, 1829-1891, furnishes a guide to the material issued
by this oldest of Canadian learned societies. Unfortunately, no general
index is available for the publications of the Canadian Institute, which
cover a very wide and important field; nor for those of the Historical
and Scientific Society of Manitoba, the Ontario Historical Society, the
Nova Scotia Historical Society, and various other Canadian institutions
of a similar character. Much important material, bearing on, or
supplementary to, the topics treated in the several volumes of the
_Makers of Canada_ will be found in the foregoing publications. The
reader may also find it profitable in many cases to consult the
publications of the American Historical Association, and the State
Historical Societies of New York, Maine, Michigan, Wisconsin, and
Minnesota. A great deal of important material is also to be found in
Canadian and other periodicals. Of the more significant of these, the
_Revue Canadienne_ marked the completion of its fifty-third volume in
1907 by publishing in separate form a comprehensive Index to the entire
series up to that year. In consulting other Canadian magazines,
reference must in most cases be made to the individual indexes in each
volume. The series of the _Canadian Monthly_ and the _New Dominion
Monthly_ are, however, fully covered by Poole's _Index_; the _Canadian
Magazine_, to a large extent, by Wilson's _Guide to Periodical
Literature_, as well as by a General Index published by the magazine in
1907. A key to the publications of several Canadian historical societies
and periodicals, since the year 1906, is furnished by the _Magazine
Subject-Index_ (Boston). The three admirable American guides mentioned
above, that is, Poole's _Index_, Wilson's _Guide_, and the _Magazine
Subject-Index_, with their annual or cumulative supplements, provide
also a key to the great body of literature in the principal American and
English periodicals, bearing on Canadian topics.
Among other important guides to Canadian subjects, historical,
political, biographical, social, literary, and scientific, should be
mentioned the _Review of Historical Publications Relating to Canada_,
edited by Wrong and Langton; Larned's _Literature of American History_,
which includes a section on Canada; the various encyclopædias; the
annual bibliographies of Canadian scientific work published in the
_Transactions_ of the Royal Society of Canada; Gagnon's _Essai de
Bibliographie Canadienne_; Morgan's _Bibliotheca Canadensis_; James's
_Bibliography of Canadian Verse_; Horning and Burpee's _Bibliography of
Canadian Fiction_; Tanguay's _Dictionnaire Généalogique des Familles
Canadiennes_; and the very full bibliographies of material published in
or about the province of Quebec, by Dr. N. E. Dionne. A general
reference may also be made here, for all subjects in this volume
relating to Canadian history, to such general works as those of Parkman,
Kingsford, Bourinot, Dent, McMullen, Ferland, Faillon, Charlevoix,
Bibaud, Garneau, Sulte, Miles, Christie, Haliburton, Murdoch, Campbell,
Hannay, Bryce, and Begg. In addition to the principal source of Canadian
manuscript material, the Archives at Ottawa, a large number of important
documents will be found in the Provincial Archives at Halifax, Quebec,
Toronto, Winnipeg, and Victoria, as well as in the universities of
Laval, McGill, and Toronto. Finally, reference may be made to the
various biographical dictionaries in the accompanying list.
The inclusion in the Supplement of several names of Canadians, both
living and dead, who are not of the very first importance, and the
omission of others who filled at least as important a place in the
history of the country, will be explained largely by the fact that the
former were incidentally mentioned somewhere in the series, and
therefore had to be included, while the latter were not.
L. J. B.
A. G. D.
OTTAWA, January, 1911
CONTENTS
Page
INDEX AND DICTIONARY 1
MANUSCRIPT SOURCES IN THE DOMINION ARCHIVES 419
A PARTIAL LIST OF SCARCE MAPS AND PLANS RELATING
TO CANADA 435
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
To avoid unnecessary repetitions, references to sources are abbreviated
as follows:--
Bibaud, _Dict._ Dictionnaire Historique des Hommes Illustrés
du Canada et de l'Amerique, par Bibaud.
1857.
Bibaud, _Pan. Can._ Le Panthéon Canadien, par M. Bibaud. 1858.
_Canada: An Ency._ Canada: An Encyclopædia of the Country, by
J. Castell Hopkins. 1898.
Casgrain, _Biog._ Biographies Canadiennes, par l'Abbé
Casgrain. 1873.
Chambers, _Biog. Dict._ Chambers's Biographical Dictionary. 1902.
_Cyc. Am. Biog._ Cyclopædia of American Biography.
David, _Biog._ Biographies et portraits, par L. O. David.
1876.
Dent, _Can. Por._ Canadian Portrait Gallery, by John Charles
Dent.
_Dict. Eng. Hist._ Dictionary of English History, edited by
Low and Pulling.
_Dict. Nat. Biog._ Dictionary of National Biography.
Morgan, _Bib. Can._ Bibliotheca Canadensis, by Henry J. Morgan.
1867.
Morgan, _Can. Men._ Canadian Men and Women of the Time, by
Henry J. Morgan. 1898.
Morgan, _Cel. Can._ Sketches of Celebrated Canadians, and
Persons Connected with Canada, by Henry J.
Morgan. 1862.
Morice, _Dict._ Dictionnaire Historique des Canadiens et
des Métis Français de l'Ouest, par A. G.
Morice. 1908.
Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._ Cyclopædia of Canadian Biography, by George
Maclean Rose. 1886.
R. S. C. Royal Society of Canada Transactions.
Taché, _Men._ Men of the Day, edited by Louis H. Taché.
Tassé, _Canad._ Les Canadiens de l'Ouest, par J. Tassé.
1882.
Taylor, _Brit. Am._ Portraits of British Americans, by W.
Notman, with letter press by Fennings
Taylor. 1865.
_Who's Who._ Who's Who. London: 1910.
ILLUSTRATIONS
VOLUME I
SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN FACING PAGE
BUILDING THE HABITATION, QUEBEC, 1608 40
CHAMPLAIN ON THE SHORES OF GEORGIAN BAY, 1615 88
BISHOP LAVAL
THE URSULINE CONVENT, QUEBEC 154
VOLUME II
COUNT FRONTENAC
OLD CHURCH OF THE JESUIT MISSIONS AT TADOUSSAC 166
THE MASSACRE AT LACHINE, 1689 224
THE RETURN OF FRONTENAC, 1689 232
MADELEINE DE VERCHÈRES 320
WOLFE AND MONTCALM
VIEW OF QUEBEC FROM LÉVIS, 1761 12
A VIEW OF THE TREASURY AND JESUITS' COLLEGE, QUEBEC, 1761 16
INTENDANT'S PALACE, QUEBEC, 1761 32
LOUISBOURG, 1746 70
A VIEW OF THE JESUITS' COLLEGE AND CHURCH, QUEBEC, 1761 234
VOLUME III
LORD DORCHESTER
DEATH OF MONTGOMERY, 1776 126
PRESCOTT GATE, QUEBEC 144
THE LOYALIST SETTLERS 236
VOLUME IV
JOHN GRAVES SIMCOE
THE PIONEER 60
HOUSEHOLD UTENSILS OF THE SIMCOE PERIOD 64
THE LOGGING 66
VOLUME V
MACKENZIE, SELKIRK, AND SIMPSON
PRINCE OF WALES FORT, HUDSON BAY, 1777 4
SIR ALEXANDER MACKENZIE'S ARRIVAL AT THE PACIFIC OVERLAND
FROM CANADA, 1793 86
"SEVEN OAKS," 1816 180
A DOG TRAIN AT EDMONTON 252
REMNANT OF OLD FORT GARRY, WINNIPEG 284
SIR JAMES DOUGLAS
INDIANS TRADING AT A HUDSON'S BAY POST 80
VOLUME VI
WILLIAM LYON MACKENZIE
NORTH SIDE OF KING STREET, TORONTO, 1834 270
MARCH OF THE INSURGENTS ON TORONTO, 1837 372
REWARD PROCLAMATION FOR THE ARREST OF WILLIAM LYON MACKENZIE
AND OTHERS, 1837 380
LOUIS JOSEPH PAPINEAU
THE TRIBUNE 126
VOLUME VII
JOSEPH HOWE
CHURCH OF ST. PAUL, HALIFAX, ABOUT 1760 2
FIRST MEETING OF JOSEPH HOWE AND CHARLES TUPPER 156
RESIDENCE OF THOMAS CHANDLER HALIBURTON, WINDSOR, N.S. 268
LORD SYDENHAM
LORD DURHAM 90
VOLUME VIII
BALDWIN, LAFONTAINE, AND HINCKS
PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, TORONTO, 1833 38
SIR LOUIS H. LAFONTAINE 116
NOTRE DAME STREET, MONTREAL, 1840 180
QUEEN'S COLLEGE, KINGSTON, 1840 194
LORD ELGIN
BURNING OF THE PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, MONTREAL, 1849 74
VOLUME IX
SIR JOHN A. MACDONALD
EARLY HOME OF SIR JOHN A. MACDONALD 2
BUILDING THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY 238
THE OLD GUARD DINNER, MAY 4, 1882 261
SIR GEORGES E. CARTIER
ST. JAMES STREET, MONTREAL, 1840 46
VOLUME X
GEORGE BROWN
THE FATHERS OF CONFEDERATION 163
SIR LEONARD TILLEY
POLLING DAY 50
VOLUME XI
SUPPLEMENT
ILLUSTRATED CHART OF CANADIAN HISTORY _Opposite Title Page_
Facing Page
OLD FORT, NEAR ANNAPOLIS ROYAL 11
MONUMENT TO LAURA SECORD, LUNDY'S LANE 27
LANDING OF JACQUES CARTIER AT QUEBEC, 1535 66
HALIFAX AND HARBOUR FROM DARTMOUTH ABOUT 1760 161
SIR WILFRED LAURIER 210
REMAINS OF THE KING'S BASTION, LOUISBOURG 223
BATTLE OF THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM 299
THE PROMISED LAND 346
INDEX REFERENCES
The titles of the volumes in the series are indicated by initial letters
as follows:
=B= George Brown.
=BL= Baldwin-La Fontaine-Hincks.
=Ch= Samuel de Champlain.
=Dr= Lord Dorchester.
=F= Count Frontenac.
=Hd= Sir Frederick Haldimand.
=Mc= William Lyon Mackenzie.
=MS= Mackenzie-Selkirk-Simpson.
=R= Egerton Ryerson.
=Sy= Lord Sydenham.
=Bk= General Brock.
=C= Sir Georges É. Cartier.
=D= Sir James Douglas.
=E= Lord Elgin.
=H= Joseph Howe.
=L= Bishop Laval.
=Md= Sir John A. Macdonald.
=P= Louis Joseph Papineau.
=S= John Graves Simcoe.
=WM= Wolfe-Montcalm.
=W= Wilmot.
=T= Tilley.
INDEX AND DICTIONARY
=Abbott, Sir John Joseph Caldwell= (1821-1893). Educated at McGill
University; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1847. A
candidate for the Legislative Assembly for Argenteuil, 1857, but
defeated by Sydney Bellingham. Bellingham subsequently unseated and
Abbott declared elected, 1860. Solicitor-general for Lower Canada in
Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 1862-1863, and for a few days retained same
position in Macdonald-Dorion ministry. From 1867 to 1874 and from 1880
to 1887 represented Argenteuil in House of Commons. May, 1887, admitted
to Macdonald ministry as minister without portfolio, and at same time
appointed to Senate, where he became leader of Conservative party. On
death of Macdonald, became prime minister, June, 1891; held this
position until ill health compelled him to resign, November, 1892. A
recognized authority on questions of commercial and constitutional law.
Framed Insolvent Act of 1864, and Jury Law Consolidation Act of Lower
Canada. =Index=: =C= Countenances Annexation Movement in 1849, 44-45.
=BL= On the Annexation Manifesto, 336. =Md= A witness before Pacific
Scandal Committee, 204. =Bib.=: _Annual Register_, 1893; Terrill,
_Chronology of Montreal_; Thomas, _History of Argenteuil and Prescott_;
Weir, _Sixty Years in Canada_; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_.
=Abbott, Joseph= (1789-1863). Born and educated in England. Came to
Canada, 1818. Missionary of the Church of England. Wrote _The Emigrant_,
containing information for farmers about Canada.
=Abenaquis Indians.= _See_ Abnaki.
=Abercrombie, James.= Entered the army, and obtained a captaincy in the
42nd or 1st Battalion of Royal Highlanders, 1756. Appointed aide-de-camp
to Major-General Amherst, 1759, with whom he made the campaigns in
Canada of that and the following year. Appointed major of the 78th or
2nd Highland Battalion, 1760, and, in September following, employed by
General Amherst in communicating to the Marquis de Vaudreuil the
conditions preparatory to the surrender of Montreal, and in obtaining
his signature to them. The 78th Regiment having been disbanded in 1763,
retired on half-pay. Again entered active service, 1770, as
lieutenant-colonel of the 22nd Regiment, then serving in America under
the command of Lieutenant-General Gage; killed in the battle of Bunker
Hill, June 17, 1775. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_.
=Abercromby, James= (1706-1781). Entered the army, and obtained
commission as major, 1742; lieutenant-colonel, 1744; colonel, 1746. Sent
to America with 50th Regiment, 1756; superseded Shirley and Webb in
command of the army; and then resigned command to Lord Loudon. In 1757
commanded second brigade against Louisbourg. On Loudon's recall, became
commander-in-chief, 1758. Led expedition against Ticonderoga, with Lord
Howe as second in command. On Howe's death, the campaign became a dismal
failure for the British, Abercromby being outgeneralled at every point
by Montcalm. Returned to England, and in 1772 deputy-governor of
Stirling Castle. =Index=: =WM= Sent to America with reinforcements, 33;
commands division intended to operate by way of Lake Champlain, 54;
repulsed at Fort Carillon, 55-61. =Hd= His recall, 21. _See also_ Howe;
Rogers; Ticonderoga; Carillon. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_;
Rogers, _Journals during the Late War_, ed. by Hough.
=Abercromby, Sir Ralph= (1734-1801). Commanded a brigade in Holland
under Duke of York, 1793, and wounded at Nimeguen. Afterwards appointed
commander-in-chief of the forces in the West Indies. Held successive
commands in Ireland, Scotland, in the expedition to Holland, and, in
1801, appointed to command the expedition against the French in Egypt.
Won a brilliant victory near Alexandria, but died of wounds received in
the battle. =Index=: =Bk= Brock serves under, in Holland, 14. =Bib.=:
Dunfermline, _Sir Ralph Abercromby: a Memoir; Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Aberdeen, John Campbell Hamilton Gordon, seventh Earl of= (1847- )). A
baronet of Nova Scotia. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Succeeded to
peerage, 1870. Appointed viceroy of Ireland, 1886. Appointed
governor-general of Canada, 1893. Again appointed viceroy of Ireland,
1905. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men; Who's Who_.
=Abnaki Indians.= A tribe of the Algonquian family, inhabiting a portion
of what is now the province of New Brunswick. They were early converts
of the French missionaries, and made common cause with the French
against the English colonists. A number were brought to Canada in the
seventeenth century, and formed a settlement on the St. Francis River, a
few miles above its junction with the St. Lawrence. The Indian town was
destroyed by Robert Rogers in 1759. =Index=: =F= Hostile to New England,
240; incited by Governor Denonville, 249; ravages committed by, 316;
attack settlement at York, 326; repulsed at Wells, 327; disposed to make
peace with New England, 328; French influence in opposite direction
prevails, 330; attack settlement of Oyster River, 330; fired on from
Fort Pemaquid under flag of truce, 331. =L= Ravages committed by, on New
England settlements, 12; in Acadia, 228. =WM= Enemies of the English,
16. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_ and _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Pilling,
_Bibliography of Algonquian Languages_; Vetromile, _The Abnakis and
their History_.
=Abraham, Plains of.= _See_ Plains of Abraham.
=Academy of Arts.= _See_ Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.
=Acadia.= The name Acadia or "la Cadie" is found as early as Nov. 8,
1603, in the commission of Henry IV appointing Pierre du Gua, Sieur de
Monts, lieutenant-general in La Cadie, extending from the fortieth to
the forty-sixth degree of north latitude. The limits were afterwards
reduced, and the boundaries of Acadia became a cause of contention
between France and England. France claimed that the English possessions
were restricted to the peninsula of Nova Scotia, and that the territory
now known as New Brunswick had not been ceded to England. The first
settlement in Acadia was on the Island of St. Croix in 1604, but the
following year it was transferred to Port Royal, and abandoned in 1607.
Three years later the Sieur de Poutrincourt established a new settlement
at Port Royal, which was destroyed by Argall in 1613. In September,
1621, James I granted the territory of Acadia, under the name of Nova
Scotia, to Sir William Alexander. This grant was renewed in July, 1625,
by Charles I. A small Scottish settlement was established at Port Royal
by the grantee. Acadia was restored to France by the treaty of St.
Germain-en-Laye in 1632, and during the same year new settlers were
brought from France. Acadia was finally ceded to Great Britain by the
treaty of Utrecht in 1713. =Index=: =Ch= Its resources and limits, 18;
English king indisposed to restore, 213. =F= Attempt to form settlement
in, 6; seized by English under Kirke, 22; subsequent vicissitudes,
268-272; seized under orders from Cromwell, 268; settlers disposed to
trade with New England, 270; Port Royal (Annapolis) made capital, 270;
visited by Meulles and Saint Vallier, and census taken, 271; Port Royal
and other posts captured by Phipps, who establishes government, 274;
passes again under French control, 316. =Bib.=: Champlain, _Voyages_;
Lescarbot, _New France_; Denys, _Acadia_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_;
Rameau de Saint-Père, _Une Colonie Feodale_; Calnek and Savary, _History
of the County of Annapolis_; Moreau, _Histoire de l'Acadie_; Hannay,
_History of Acadia_; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Murdoch,
_History of Nova Scotia_.
=Acadia College.= Situated at Wolfville, Nova Scotia. Founded by the
Nova Scotia Baptist Education Society, 1838. Application made to the
Nova Scotia Assembly for incorporation as "The Trustees, Governors and
Fellows of the Queen's College." The corporation created with university
powers, 1840. At the next meeting of the Legislature its name changed to
Acadia College. Power of appointing governors transferred from the
Education Society to the Baptist Convention of the Maritime Provinces,
1851. Final changes in the Act of Incorporation, 1891. =Index=: =H=
Founded by the Baptists, 1838; first known as Queen's College, 81;
defended by James W. Johnstone, 83. =Bib.=: _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4.
=Acadian.= Newspaper published at Halifax. =Index=: =H= Formerly _Weekly
Chronicle_, 6; purchased and edited by Joseph Howe, 6; sold by Howe, 6.
=Acadians.= The first permanent settlers were those who came with De
Razilly in 1632, and from these the Acadians of to-day are descended.
Other French immigrants were brought by d'Aulnay de Charnisay from 1639
to 1649, and by La Tour and Le Borgne in 1651 and 1658 respectively.
There were also small immigrations at divers later dates. The first
general nominal census was taken in 1671, and gave a population of 392
souls. In 1686 there were 885 persons in Acadia. Seven years later the
inhabitants numbered 1018. When Acadia was ceded to Britain in 1713, the
Acadian population was 2500. Although from 1713 to 1745 a number of
families had escaped to the new French colonies of Isle Royale and Isle
St. Jean (now Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island), still in 1749, when
the British settled Halifax, there were about 12,500 Acadians in the
province. Another large influx of population to the same colonies, and
to the St. John River, took place between 1749 and 1755, yet there
remained in the latter year in the peninsula and in the Isthmus of
Chignecto some 10,000 inhabitants, of whom nearly 7000 were deported in
1755. The rest escaped to the woods; some went to Miramichi, and later
to Baie des Chaleurs; others crossed over to the Isles Royale and St.
Jean, and quite a number found their way to St. John River, and from
thence to the province of Quebec. The whole population of Acadians in
the peninsula, the Isthmus of Chignecto, the St. John River, Isle
Royale, and Isle St. Jean, at the time of the expulsion, is computed at
16,000. =Bib.=: Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_; Campbell, _History of
Nova Scotia_; Haliburton, _Historical and Statistical Account of Nova
Scotia_; Hannay, _History of Acadia_; Raymond, _St. John River_; Gaudet,
_Acadian Genealogy_ (Report on Dominion Archives, 1905, vol. 2).
=Acadians, Expulsion of the.= Governor Lawrence in 1755, with the advice
of his Council and of Admirals Boscawen and Mostyn, but apparently
without consulting the home government, decided that the Acadians must
be deported from Nova Scotia. The reason for this decision was the
obstinate refusal of the Acadians to take the oath of allegiance, and
the conviction of the governor that the safety of the colony depended
upon their expulsion. In September, 1755, all preparations having been
made with the utmost secrecy, Monckton at Beauséjour, Winslow at Grand
Pré, Murray at Piziquid, and Handfield at Annapolis, seized the
inhabitants and held them prisoners until the arrival of the transport
and provision ships. These having been delayed, the final embarkation
did not take place until late in December. The Acadians were distributed
among the British colonies along the Atlantic seaboard. Some hired
vessels in 1763, and sailed to Miquelon, and in 1767 and following years
returned gradually to their old Acadian home. Others came directly to
Nova Scotia in 1766, there being no longer any reason for their
exclusion, while others went north to Quebec or south to Louisiana. The
present Acadian population in the three Maritime Provinces is over
150,000, and these are the descendants of the few families who escaped
deportation, and of those who returned from exile. =Index=: _See_
references under Acadia. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Richard,
_Acadia_; Casgrain, _Un Pélérinage au Pays d'Evangéline_; _Une Seconde
Acadie_; _Les Sulpiciens et les Prêtres des Missions Etrangères en
Acadia_; _Documents Inédits sur l'Acadie, 1710-1815_; Archibald,
_Expulsion of Acadians_ (N.S. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1887); _Selections from
the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins; Calnek and Savary,
_History of the County of Annapolis_.
=Accommodation.= First steamboat on the St. Lawrence. Built by John
Molson at Montreal. Arrived at Quebec from Montreal, Nov. 5, 1809,
making the run in 36 hours. The vessel measured 85 feet over all, had 16
feet beam, and was equipped with an engine of six-horse power. _See
also_ Molson; Steamships. =Bib.=: _Semi-Centennial Report of Montreal
Board of Trade_, 1893.
=Adams.= =Bk= United States brig on Lake Erie, 178; surrendered to
British, 256; name changed to _Detroit_, 274; captured by Americans at
Fort Erie, 289; burnt, 290. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.
=Adams, John.= Came to Nova Scotia from Boston. Appointed member of the
Council, 1720. After the death of Lawrence Armstrong, administered the
government during 1739 and 1740. Returned to Boston, 1740, as blindness
prevented him from attending to his duties.
=Addison, Robert.= =S= First chaplain of Upper Canada Assembly, 85, 158;
opens a school at Niagara, 167. =R= Member of Board of Education, Upper
Canada, 58.
=Adet, Pierre Auguste= (1763-1832). Appointed on the 10th thermidor,
member of the French Council of Mines. In 1795, went to the United
States in the capacity of plenipotentiary. In 1796 presented to the
United States Congress the tricolour flag on behalf of the French
nation; and the following year, handed to the secretary of state the
famous note in which the Directoire, complaining to the American
government of breach of neutrality, stated that the republic would give
to every neutral flag the same treatment that the latter would get from
Great Britain. =Index=: =Dr= French minister to United States, intrigues
of, 300, 301.
=Agniers.= _See_ Mohawks.
=Agriculture.= Societies for improving the conditions of agriculture
were founded in Nova Scotia, 1789; in Quebec the same year; and in Upper
Canada in 1792. Simcoe in Upper Canada and Dorchester in Quebec did much
to further agricultural interests, but Quebec owes most to J. F.
Perrault (_q.v._), and Nova Scotia to John Young (_q.v._). An
agricultural school was founded at Ste. Anne de la Pocatière in 1859;
the Guelph Agricultural College was established in 1874; the Nova
Scotia School of Agriculture, 1885; and the Macdonald College, at Ste.
Anne de Bellevue, opened in the fall of 1907. Agricultural Colleges are
also in operation in connection with the provincial universities of
Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. =Index=: =F= In New France,
difficulties in the way of, 87. =S= Progress of, in Upper Canada, 108,
109; Simcoe's endeavours to promote, 110, 198. =E= Elgin on, 49-50;
department of, established by Hincks-Morin government, 117; charged with
founding of model farms and agricultural schools, 117. =MS= Agricultural
experiments of the Red River colony, 1820-1835, 222-223; experimental
farm at Red River, 237; Governor Simpson's views, 273-278. =D= In
British Columbia, 256-257, 329-330. =B= Splendid field for in North-West
predicted by Toronto _Globe_, in 1852, 213-215. _See also_ Farmers;
Wheat; Flour-milling; Puget Sound Agricultural Society. =Bib.=: _Canada:
An Ency._, vol. 5; Johnson, _First Things in Canada_.
=Aguesseau, Henri-François= (1668-1751). Studied law; appointed third
barrister of the Parliament of Paris, 1690; and attorney-general, 1700.
Seventeen years later became chancellor. His opposition to Law's
financial scheme brought about his temporary disgrace. Reappointed after
the failure of Law's bank, and retired, 1722. Joined the administration
again in 1727 as minister of justice, and finally retired, 1750.
=Index=: =F= On French Parliaments, 153.
=Aiguebelle, d'.= =WM= In battle of Ste. Foy, 257.
=Aiken, Thomas B.= =H= Contributes to _The Club_ in Howe's _Nova
Scotian_, 10.
=Aikins, James Cox= (1823-1896). Educated at Victoria College. Elected
for Peel County, 1854, and sat in Assembly until 1861. Elected to
Legislative Council, 1862; and at Confederation became a member of the
Dominion Senate. Secretary of state in Macdonald administration,
1869-1873, and again in 1878-1880; minister of inland revenue,
1880-1882; lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1882-1888; again called to
Senate, 1896. =Index=: =R= Graduate of Victoria College, 143. =Bib.=:
Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can. Men._; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._
=Ailleboust de Coulonge, Louis d'.= Administered settlement of
Villemarie during the absence of Maisonneuve. Promoted to governorship
of Three Rivers. Became governor of Canada, 1648. Succeeded by Lauzon,
1651. Administered the colony, 1657. Died at Quebec, 1660. =Index=: =F=
Succeeds Montmagny as governor, 35; interim governor, 42. =L= His pious
administration, 8. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Régime_; Douglas, _Old France
in the New World_.
=Aillon, Father de la Roche d'.= =Ch= Récollet interpreter and
negotiator with the Kirkes, 188-190; returns to France, 208. =Bib.=:
Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_.
=Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of.= Signed between Great Britain and France,
April 18, 1748. Brought the War of the Austrian Succession to a close.
The practical effect of the treaty was to renew the _status quo_. All
former treaties were renewed and all conquests restored. So far as
British North America was concerned, the most vital article was that
which provided for the restoration to France of Cape Breton. =Bib.=:
Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.
=Alabama Claims.= =Md= Exploits of the _Alabama_, 98; inflicts injury on
Northern shipping, 165; causes irritation in United States, 167; claims
referred to Joint Commission, 168-169; personnel of Commission, 169;
claims finally submitted to arbitration, 181. _See also_ Washington,
Treaty of.
=Alaska Boundary Question.= Arose out of differences of opinion as to
the interpretation of the 1828 Convention between Russia and Great
Britain, and particularly as to the boundary of the coast strip. The
United States contention was that the boundary should follow a line
approximately parallel to the coast and thirty marine miles distant
therefrom; the Canadian, that it should follow the summit of the first
range, crossing many of the inlets near their mouths. The decision of
the Joint Commission of 1903 did not concede the United States claims in
full, but gave them an unbroken littoral, substantially what they had
contended for. =Index=: =D= Effect of Russian occupation, 38; early
history of, 119; history of dispute, 340-341. =Bib.=: Hodgins, _British
and American Diplomacy Affecting Canada_; MacArthur, _The Alaska
Boundary Award_, in the _Univ. Mag._, December, 1907; Bourinot, _Canada
under British Rule; Proceedings of the Alaska Boundary Tribunal_,
Washington, 1904; Ewart, _The Kingdom of Canada_.
=Albanel, Charles. L= Explores Hudson Bay, 11.
=Alberta.= Created a province of the Dominion on Sept. 1, 1905. Includes
the former district of Alberta, with the west half of Athabaska, and a
strip of Assiniboia and Saskatchewan. Area, 253,540 square miles. The
former district or territory of Alberta was named in honour of the
Princess Louise. Seat of government, Edmonton. _See also_ North-West
Territories.
=Alberta, University of.= Created by Act of the Legislature of Alberta
passed at the first session after provincial autonomy had been granted.
First president appointed, 1908. Seat of university at Strathcona,
across the Saskatchewan River from Edmonton, the capital of the
province.
=Albion.= Newspaper published at New York. =Index=: =B= Peter Brown
contributes to, 2; a weekly newspaper, published at New York for British
residents of United States, 2. =BL= On Draper's pronouncement as to
responsible government, 94; on Bagot's reception at Montreal, 118; on
Hincks's appointment as inspector-general, 120; on the seat of
government, 182; on the Metcalfe crisis, 199.
=Alexander VII, Pope= (1599-1667). Born Fabio Chigi. Elected pope, 1655.
=Index=: =L= Appoints Laval his vicar apostolic, 7.
=Alexander of Rhodes, Father. L= Recommends Laval for mission work in
India, 23.
=Alexander, Sir William.= _See_ Stirling, Earl of.
=Algonquian Indians.= The name is now applied to what is probably the
most widely-distributed linguistic stock of North America. In the days
of French Canada, it was given to a comparatively small and unimportant
tribe, whose home was on the banks of the Ottawa. =Index=: =L= Two camps
of, destroyed, 9; missions destroyed by drunkenness, 175. =Bib.=:
Parkman, _Conspiracy of Pontiac_; Brinton, _The Lenape and Their
Legends_; Pilling, _Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages_.
=Aliens.= =Dr= Dorchester has Act passed in 1794 by Assembly, 288;
designed to guard against danger of anti-British sentiment, 288. =Mc=
Act passed in Upper Canada, 1804, 88; designed to guard against
sedition, 88-89; terms of British Act of 1790, 140-141; hardships of,
141; Act of 1826, 141-143.
=Alix, Marguerite. Ch= Mother of Helen Bouillé, 66.
=Alix, Simon. Ch= Director of Company of New France, 170.
=Allan, George William= (1822-1901). Born in York, Upper Canada.
Educated at Upper Canada College; studied law and called to the bar,
1846. Served in the volunteers during the Rebellion of 1837. Mayor of
Toronto, 1855; elected member of the Legislative Council, 1858;
appointed to the Senate, 1867; Speaker of the Senate, 1888-1891. From
1877 until his death, chancellor of Trinity University. =Bib.=: Morgan,
_Can. Men._
=Allan, Sir Hugh= (1810-1882). Founder of the Allan line of steamships.
Came to Canada from Scotland, 1826, and in 1831 entered the shipbuilding
firm of James Millar & Co., Montreal, of which he became a partner in
1835. In 1853 his firm began building iron screw steamships, and their
first vessel, the _Canadian_, made its first voyage in 1855. The
following year, with a fleet of four vessels, a regular service was
opened between Canada and England, with fortnightly sailings. In 1859
the fleet was increased to eight steamers, and a weekly service opened.
From these small beginnings, the Allan Line has risen to a foremost
place in transatlantic transportation. =Index=: =Md= President of the
Canadian Pacific Railway Co.--his agreement with American capitalists,
201-202; corrupt bargains with government, 202; denies charges, 205;
Macdonald denies corrupt bargain, 207; Cartier's connection with, 207;
his Company compelled to abandon railway project, 233. =C= His Company
offers to build transcontinental railway, 53; asked to subscribe to
Conservative election fund, 53; his indiscreet letters, 53. =H=
President of Montreal Board of Trade, presides at public dinner to
Joseph Howe, 138. =D= His connection with transcontinental railway
project, 321. =E= His line secures mail subsidy, 115. _See also_
Transportation; Molson; Cunard; _Royal William_. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel.
Can._; Dent, _Can. Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; _Canada: An Ency._, vol.
3; _Semi-Centennial Report of Montreal Board of Trade_, 1893.
=Allanshaw, James.= =W= Appointed to Legislative Council, New Brunswick,
69.
=Allard, Father Germain.= =L= Récollet missionary, arrival in Canada,
109.
=Allcock, Henry.= Studied law at Lincoln's Inn, and called to the bar,
1791. In November, 1798, appointed judge of Court of King's Bench for
Upper Canada. Elected to Legislative Assembly for constituency of
Durham, Simcoe, and E. York, 1800, but unseated by the Assembly, June,
1801. Under the direction of Lieutenant-Governor Hunter, engaged in the
preparation of a bill to establish a Court of Equity in the province,
and was to have been the first chancellor of the Court. The Court of
Equity, however, was not at this time established, and on the removal of
Chief-Justice Elmsley to Lower Canada, October, 1802, was appointed
chief-justice of Upper Canada, and a member of the Executive and
Legislative Councils. On the death of Elmsley, promoted to chief-justice
of Lower Canada, July 1, 1805. In August, 1806, took his seat as a
member of the Executive Council, and in January, 1807, appointed a
member and chairman of the Legislative Council. Died at Quebec, Feb. 22,
1808. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_; Cartwright, _Life and Letters
of Richard Cartwright_.
=Allen, Ethan= (1737-1789). =Index=: =Dr= Seizes Ticonderoga and Crown
Point, 83; marches against Montreal, 98; captured with part of his
force, 99; put into irons, 100; proposes separate arrangements between
Vermont and Canada, 244, 245. =Hd= His intrigues in connection with
political status of Vermont, 197-216; his great duplicity, 209, 213;
proposes secret treaty to Haldimand, 214; true to Vermont only, 217.
_See also_ Montgomery; Arnold; American Invasion. =Bib.=: _Allen's
Captivity: Being a Narrative Containing his Voyages, Travels_, etc.;
Henry Hall, _Ethan Allen_; Jared Sparks, _American Biography_, ser. 1,
vol. 1; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Bradley, _The Making of Canada_.
=Allen, Ira= (1751-1814). =Index=: =Hd= Brother of Ethan--has conference
with British emissary, 204; little confidence placed in good faith of,
205, 209; receives documents justifying his mission, 210; proposes
secret treaty with Britain, 214; true to Vermont only, 217. =Dr= His
plans for attacking Canada, 299, 300.
=Allen, John Campbell.= =T= Solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 1856, 41;
opposition candidate in York, 1865, elected, 86; his sterling honesty,
87; attorney-general in Smith government, 91; a Conservative, 91;
appointed to the bench, 93, 95; chief justice, 87. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can.
Por._
=Allison, Joseph.= =H= On his death, 1839, Joseph Howe offered his seat
in Executive Council, Nova Scotia, but refuses, 72.
=Allouez, Father Claude.= Came to Quebec, 1657. Left for the West, 1665.
Laboured for twenty-five years among the tribes of what are now the
states of Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota. Met La Salle in Illinois,
1679. Died in 1690. =Index=: =L= Missionary labours of, 11; impresses
Indians of Sault Ste. Marie with power of French king, 104. =Bib.=:
Shea, _Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley_; Griffin,
_Discovery of the Mississippi_.
=Allsopp, George.= Settled in Quebec, 1761, and became prominent in
maintaining the rights of the civil authority as opposed to the
military. January, 1766, appointed deputy secretary, clerk of the
Council, and registrar of enrolments, but because of his opposition to
the government, Murray refused to admit him to office. In April, 1768,
Carleton confirmed him in these appointments, which he retained until
superseded by George Pownall in 1775. From 1771 to 1776 deputy
commissary-general. One of the original members of the Legislative
Council, under the Quebec Act. In 1780, when the Legislative Council
presented an address to Haldimand opposing the passing of an ordinance
amending the judicial system of the province in accordance with royal
instructions to the governor, voted against the address and caused a
strongly worded protest to be entered in the minutes of the Council.
This action resented by members of the Council, and ultimately led to
his dismissal by Haldimand, February, 1783. =Index=: =Hd= Member of
Council suspended for sedition, 1783, 175. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of
Lower Canada_.
=Almon, William Bruce.= =H= A "bitter Tory," 86; called to Executive and
Legislative Councils of Nova Scotia, 1843, 86; his appointment leads to
resignation of Howe, 87; challenges Howe to a duel, 236. =Bib.=:
Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova
Scotia_.
=Alwington.= =Sy= Name of governor-general's residence at Kingston, 294.
=American Colonies.= =Dr= Their objections to the Quebec Act, 70. =Hd=
Loudon's letter to Pitt regarding taxation of, 11; objections to in
colonies, 58; Haldimand's opinion of, 84; feeling in London against
taxation of, 86.
=American Invasion= (1775-1776). Grew out of the belief entertained by
the rebellious colonists that the French of Canada could readily be won
to their side. As a matter of fact the latter, while for the most part
showing no enthusiasm to join Carleton's forces, were still less
inclined to coöperate with the invading army under Montgomery and
Arnold, or to support the movement for union with the New Englanders. On
the other hand, the Americans had a number of English-speaking
sympathizers in Montreal--men who had come there from the colonies to
the south. This, and its geographical position, made the capture of
Montreal an easy matter; but Quebec was a different problem. Here
Carleton gathered a small but efficient force of regulars and militia,
and successfully held the town against the invading army. Montgomery was
killed in the assault, Dec. 31, 1775, and in the spring of 1776 the
siege was raised. The invading army hastily retreated to Montreal, and
finally was driven out of the country. =Index=: =P= Joseph Papineau
carries despatch to Carleton, 5. =Dr= Agitation worked up by American
emissaries, 79-80; disaffection in Montreal, 82; seizure of Ticonderoga
and Crown Point, 82; Arnold captures vessel on Lake Champlain, 83;
defence of St. Johns, 84-85; martial law proclaimed, 86; militia called
out, 86-88; the _habitants_ indifferent or disaffected, 88;
English-speaking inhabitants of Montreal refuse to serve, 88; Guy
Johnson raises Indian levies, 88; measures of defence, 90-93; Congress
decides to invade Canada, 95-96; Arnold starts for the Kennebec, 96;
Montgomery assumes command, 97; Allen appears before Montreal, is
captured and sent to England, 98-99; Montgomery lays siege to St. Johns,
100-101; Chambly captured by the Americans, 101; Preston surrenders at
St. Johns, 102; Arnold marches on Quebec, 106-111; Carleton escapes to
Quebec, 112-113; organizes the defence, 114-115; progress of the siege,
118-124; Montgomery and Arnold attack the city, 124-126; death of
Montgomery, 126; failure of Arnold's attack, 127-132; Franklin's mission
to Montreal, 135-136; arrival of the fleet at Quebec with
reinforcements, 137; Carleton attacks the Americans, 138-139; evacuation
of Canada, 141-147. _See also_ Montgomery; Arnold; Dorchester; Ethan
Allen. =Bib.=: Kingsford, _History of Canada_; Smith, _Our Struggle for
the Fourteenth Colony_; Stone, _Invasion of Canada_; Codman, _Arnold's
Expedition to Quebec_; Lucas, _History of Canada_; Coffin, _The Province
of Quebec and the Early American Revolution_; Bradley, _The Making of
Canada_.
=American Revolution.= =WM= Traced to battle of the Plains, 205. =T=
Loyalists in, 2-3.
=Americans.= =Dr= Settled in Canada, disloyalty of, 82, 85; disorderly
retreat of, 146.
=Amherst, Jeffrey, Baron= (1717-1797). Sent to America, 1758, and in
co-operation with Admiral Boscawen, captured Louisbourg that year. With
General Prideaux and Sir W. Johnson, took Ticonderoga, 1759. Reduced
Montreal the following year. Appointed commander-in-chief and
governor-general in America, 1761. Raised to peerage, 1776, as Baron
Amherst of Holmesdale. =Index=: =WM= In command of Louisbourg
expedition, 73; commander-in-chief of forces in America, 77; operates
against Montreal, 77; his slowness of movement, 97, 122; held in check
by Bourlamaque, 131; compels Bourlamaque to evacuate Forts Carillon and
Frederic, 146. =Hd= Replaces Abercromby, 21; wrecks Fort George, 22; his
delay at Lake Champlain, 25; praises Haldimand's forbearance at Niagara,
27; builds a strong fort at Crown Point, 28; arrives at Oswego, 34;
Montreal surrenders to, 38; takes up quarters at New York, 40; nominal
governor of Canada, 41; notifies Haldimand of promotion, 42; approves
scheme for smelting old guns, 47; retirement of, 53; letter from
Haldimand, 82; recommends Haldimand for New York command, 83; his
interest in Louis Haldimand, 88; blind to true situation in America,
103; anxious to see Haldimand on his return to England, 105-106; meets
Haldimand at Sydneys, 311; entertainments given by, 324-325; Haldimand
on, 326, 332; Haldimand visits, 337, 339. =Dr= Canada surrendered to, 2;
grants religious freedom, 10. _See also_ Louisbourg; Ticonderoga; Crown
Point. =Bib.=: _Expedition of British and Provincial Army ... against
Ticonderoga and Crown Point_; Samuel Waldo, _Reduction of Louisbourg_
(Dominion Archives, 1886); Johnstone, _Journal of Louisbourg, 1750-1758_
(Coll. de doc. rel. à la Nouvelle France, vol. 3); _Dict. of Eng.
Hist._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Bradley, _The Fight with France_; Parkman,
_Montcalm and Wolfe_.
=Amherstburg.= A town on the Canadian side of the Detroit River.
=Index=: =Bk= Fort, village, and naval station, 59; deputy
quartermaster-general stationed at, 80; military importance of, 177,
236; garrison of, 202, 235. =BL= Early municipal government of, 298.
=Bib.=: James, _Early History of the Town of Amherstburg_.
=Amherst's Regiment.= =WM= On British left, at Quebec, 189.
=Amiens, Treaty of=. Signed between Great Britain and France, March 25,
1802. Brought to an end the war that had lasted since 1793. Among other
provisions, the Newfoundland fisheries were restored to the same
position held before the war. =Index=: =Bk= Preliminaries of peace
entered into in London, and treaty signed at Amiens, 30-31. =Bib.=:
Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_; Bowman, _Preliminary Stages of the
Peace of Amiens_.
=Amnesty Act=, 1838. =Mc= Enables the government to extend conditional
pardon in certain cases to political offenders, 474-475.
=Amnesty Act=, 1849. =E= William Lyon Mackenzie takes advantage of, 91.
=BL= Proposed by Elgin, on behalf of Imperial government, as a measure
of pardon for those implicated in the Rebellion of 1837-1838, 287; Act
passed, 292. =Mc= Mackenzie takes advantage of, 480. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last
Forty Years_.
=Amusements in Canada=. =Hd= Contemporary accounts of, in 1781, 221-224.
=Anadabijou=. =Ch= Montagnais chief, makes long harangue to Champlain,
10; his relations with Champlain, 50-51.
=Anahotaha=. =L= Huron chief, joins Dollard at Long Sault, 69.
=Andastes=. A once-powerful tribe, who spoke a dialect of the Iroquois,
but were at deadly enmity with the Five Nations, by whom, according to
Parkman, they were nearly destroyed about the year 1672. =Index=: =Ch=
Indian tribe of Virginia, 90; adopted into the Hurons and spoke their
language, 90.
=Andehoua=. =Ch= Indian youth baptized, 233.
=Anderson, Captain=. =Dr= British officer killed at Sault au Matelot
barrier, 130.
=Anderson, A. Caulfield=. An officer of the Hudson's Bay Company,
employed for many years in the New Caledonia district, under Dr.
McLoughlin. =Index=: =D= In charge at Alexandria, on the Lower Fraser,
186; explores a road from Kamloops to the Lower Fraser, 186.
=Anderson, Anthony=. =Mc= Given command of the rebels, 360; moves on
Toronto, 363; takes prisoners, 364; victim of Powell's treachery, 365.
=Anderson, David= (1814-1885). Born in London, England. Educated at
Edinburgh Academy and at Exeter College, Oxford. Vice-principal of St.
Bees College, Cumberland, 1841-1847, and incumbent of All Saints',
Derby, 1848-1849. Came to the Red River Settlement as bishop of Rupert's
Land, 1849. Remained until 1864, when he returned to England.
Subsequently vicar of Clifton and chancellor of St. Paul's Cathedral,
London. =Bib.=: Works: _Notes on the Flood; Net in the Bay_. For biog.
_see_, Mockridge, _The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and
Newfoundland_; Machray, _Life of Archbishop Machray_.
=Andros, Sir Edmund= (1637-1713). Appointed governor of New York, 1674;
governor of all the New England colonies, 1685. Recalled on account of
his extreme unpopularity, 1688. Subsequently governor of Virginia,
1692-1698. =Index=: =F= Governor of New England, 263; seized and
imprisoned, 266. =L= His offer respecting liquor traffic, 173. =Bib.=:
Whitmore, _Andros Tracts_ (Prince Soc., 1868-1874); Ferguson, _Essays in
American History_.
=Aneda=. =Ch= An Indian chief, 29.
=Aneda=. An evergreen, used by Jacques Cartier and his men as a remedy
against scurvy. Parkman suggests that it was a spruce, or, more
probably, an arbor-vitæ. Douglas believes it to have been balsam.
Cartier spells the name _ameda_, and Lescarbot, _annedda_. =Index=: =Ch=
Remedy for scurvy, 29; the Iroquois word for spruce tree, 30.
=Ange Gardien=. A village on the St. Lawrence, north shore, below
Quebec. Index: =WM= Wolfe seriously ill at, 154.
[Illustration: Old Fort, near Annapolis Royal
From the John Ross Robertson collection]
=Angers, Auguste Rèal= (1838- ). Born in Quebec. Studied law, and
called to the bar; made Q.C. 1880, and the same year appointed a
puisne judge of the Superior Court of Quebec. Lieutenant-governor of
Quebec, 1887; resigned and called to the Senate, 1892. Minister of
agriculture, 1892-1895; president of the Council, 1896. =Bib.=: Morgan,
_Can. Men_; Chapais, _Angers_ (Men of the Day).
=Anglican Church.= _See_ Church of England.
=Anglin, Timothy Warren= (1822-1886). Born in Ireland. Came to St. John,
New Brunswick, 1849. Established _Weekly Freeman_ that year. Elected to
New Brunswick Legislature for St. John, 1860. Opposed Confederation.
Elected to the House of Commons, 1867, for Gloucester. Elected Speaker,
1874, and again in 1878. =Index=: =C= Demands disallowance of New
Brunswick Act abolishing separate schools, 73. =T= Elected for St. John
to New Brunswick Assembly on Anti-Confederate ticket, 85; member of
Smith government, 91; his influence, 93; differences with colleagues in
railway matter, 94; resigns his seat, 1865, 95; defeated for county of
St. John, 1866, 109. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._
=Angus, Richard Bladworth= (1831- ). Born at Bathgate, near Edinburgh.
Came to Canada, 1857, and joined the staff of the Bank of Montreal. Rose
steadily in the service of the bank, and in 1869 became general manager.
President of the Bank of Montreal, 1910; and director of the Canadian
Pacific Railway. =Index=: =Md= Director of Canadian Pacific Railway
syndicate, 236. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Anian, Strait of.= Dr. Ruge says that the name arose through a
misunderstanding of Marco Polo's book (bk. 3, ch. 5). His Ania "is no
doubt the present Anam, but the Dutch cartographers thought that this
land was in north-east Asia, and called the strait that was said to
separate the continents the Strait of Anian." The name appears for the
first time on Gerh. Mercator's famous maritime chart of 1569. =Index=:
=D= History of search for, 2; De Fuca's voyage to, 9; Carver's River of
Oregon, 20. =Bib.=: Soph. Ruge, _Fretum Aniam_; Dawson, _Canada_.
=Annand, William= (1808-1892). Born in Halifax County. Entered the Nova
Scotia Assembly as one of the members for Halifax, 1836; financial
secretary in Howe's ministry, 1860-1863. An active opponent of
Confederation. Formed the first Anti-Confederate or repeal government in
Nova Scotia, 1867; retired in 1874 to accept the position of immigration
agent at London, where he died. =Index=: =H= Elected to represent
Halifax in Nova Scotia Legislature, as Joseph Howe's colleague, 1836,
29; assumes control of _Nova Scotian_, 74-75; publishes _Morning
Chronicle_, 75; advocates central non-sectarian college for Nova Scotia,
82; becomes financial secretary of province, 169; Wm. Miller brings
action against for libel, 188; goes to London, 1866, as Anti-Confederate
delegate, 192; becomes head of Nova Scotia government, 202; member of
repeal delegation to London, 1868, 204; turns against Howe, 208, 209,
217; receives vote of thanks from Nova Scotia Legislature, 218. =Bib.=:
Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova
Scotia_.
=Annapolis Royal.= When Nicholson, with his fleet and New England
troops, captured Port Royal in 1710, he changed the name to Annapolis
Royal, in honour of Queen Anne. It was besieged the following year by
the Acadians with their Micmac and Penobscot allies, but the New England
garrison held the fort. Under treaty of Utrecht, 1713, ceded to England
by France. In 1744 Paul Mascarene successfully defended the place
against Du Vivier. _See also_ Port Royal. =Bib.=: Calnek and Savary,
_History of the County of Annapolis_; Nicholson, _Journal of the Capture
of Annapolis_ (N. S. Hist. Soc., vol. 1).
=Anne, Saint.= =L= Chapel dedicated to, in the church at Quebec, 84;
chapels erected to, at Beaupré, 101; relic of, 102.
=Annexation to United States.= A fitful movement, never reaching serious
proportions, and generally the result of temporary or local
dissatisfaction with political conditions, or of commercial depression.
Goldwin Smith was for many years its prophet. =Index=: =Md= Favoured by
small wing of Reform party, 23; manifesto issued by business men of
Montreal, its causes, 39, 40, 95; opposition to Confederation raises
hopes of American party, 118; movement in Nova Scotia, 145; movement in
British Columbia, 149; Goldwin Smith, the gloomy prophet of, 293;
advocated by Edward Farrer, 312-313. =Mc= W. L. Mackenzie not in favour
of, 10. =BL= Manifesto of 1849, 336; Sir John Abbott on, 336; advocated
by many of the Radicals of Lower Canada, 343. =C= Advocated by
Democratic party in Quebec, 26; said by Elgin to be popular among
commercial classes in 1849, 44; countenanced by Sir John Abbott and L.
H. Holton, 44-45; what it would mean for Quebec, 64. =B= Threatened by
repeal of Corn Laws in 1846, 31, 32; the Montreal Manifesto, 36-37;
sentiment for, charged against Clear Grits, 42; opposition charged with,
in Confederation debate, 185; Brown holds that Reciprocity scheme
designed to promote, 194; charge of, denied by Canada First party, 237.
=E= Sentiment for, in 1847, 5; Elgin on, 58; Montreal Manifesto, 80-82;
advocated by the _Parti Rouge_, 109; Elgin's efforts to counteract
movement, 189-190; Durham on, 192-193; conditions favouring movement,
194-195; repeal of Reciprocity Treaty designed to promote, 202. =P=
Threatened in Ninety-Two Resolutions, 92-93; advocated in 1848, and
since Confederation, 96; advocated by Papineau, O'Callaghan, and their
friends, 97. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Weir, _Sixty Years in
Canada_; Kirby, _Counter Manifesto to the Annexationists of Montreal_;
Denison, _The Struggle for Imperial Unity_.
=Anse des Mères.= =WM= Frigates stationed at, 87; British vessels
anchored at, 124.
=Anstruther's Regiment.= =WM= In the attack on Quebec, 135; secures
Sillery road, 183; detachment keeps Bougainville's corps in check, 189.
=Antell.= =Dr= A disaffected Montrealer, 122.
=Anticosti=. The first mention of the island is in Cartier's narrative
of his first voyage, 1534. The following year he again visited the
island, which he named Isle de l'Assomption. On the origin of the
present Indian name, _see_ W. F. Ganong's note, Royal Society _Trans._,
1889, II, 51. Placed under jurisdiction of Newfoundland in 1763;
transferred to Canada, 1774. =Bib.=: Huard, _Labrador et Anticosti_;
Guay, _Lettres sur l'île Anticosti_; Schmitt, _Monographie de l'île
d'Anticosti;_ Lewis, _Menier and his Island_.
=Apprenticeship, System of.= =L= Adopted with new-comers, in New France,
78.
=Archambault, Louis.= =C= Confirms statements as to Cartier's action in
connection with alleged alterations in British North America Act, 103.
=E= Member of Seigniorial Commission, 186.
=Archibald, Sir Adams George= (1814-1892). Educated at Pictou Academy.
Studied law; in 1838 called to the bar of Prince Edward Island; and to
that of Nova Scotia in 1839. Elected to the Nova Scotia Assembly for
Colchester, 1851. Attorney-general of Nova Scotia, 1860-1863. Delegate
to the various Conferences leading up to Confederation. Became
secretary of state for the provinces in first Dominion ministry.
Lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1870-1872; and of Nova Scotia,
1873-1883. Knighted, 1885. =Index=: =Md.= Secretary of state for
provinces in first Dominion ministry, 135; succeeds MacDougall as
lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories, 161-162. =H= Becomes
solicitor-general and member of Executive Council of Nova Scotia, 1856,
157; attorney-general, 1860, 169; leader of the opposition, 176;
delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 1864, 177; supports
Confederation, 186; goes to England as delegate to complete
Confederation, 189; his interview with Joseph Howe, 189; member of first
Dominion ministry, 1867, 198; retires from ministry, and succeeded by
Howe, 226. =C= First lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 130. =T= Delegate
from Nova Scotia to Charlottetown Conference, 73; delegate to Quebec
Conference, 77; secretary of state in first Dominion ministry, 129.
=Bib.=: _Expulsion of Acadians_ (N. S. Hist. Soc., vol. 5). For biog.,
_see_ Dent, _Can. Por._; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._
=Archibald, Samuel George William= (1777-1846). Born in Colchester
County, Nova Scotia. Studied law and practised in Nova Scotia; obtained
a seat in the Legislature; became Speaker, solicitor-general, and
afterwards attorney-general of the province. Chief-justice of Prince
Edward Island, 1824-1828, remaining Speaker of the Nova Scotia Assembly
and solicitor-general, during the whole term of his incumbency of the
chief-justiceship. =Index=: =H= Contributes to _The Club_ in Howe's
_Nova Scotian_, 10; in House of Assembly, 18; leader of popular party,
35; becomes Speaker, 57; appointed Master of the Rolls, 74. =Bib.=:
Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.
=Archives.= Provision was made by the Parliament of Canada, in 1872, for
an Archives Branch, and Douglas Brymner was appointed Dominion
Archivist. His first report appeared in 1873. The earlier reports were
of a preliminary nature, but in 1884 the first of the important series
of calendars was included in the report. Abbé Verreau made a special
report on historical material in Europe bearing on Canadian history,
published in 1874. A report on manuscript material in the colonial
archives at Paris, by Edouard Richard, was published as a supplement to
the report for 1899. Dr. Brymner died in 1902, and Arthur G. Doughty was
appointed Dominion Archivist in 1904. The report for 1905, in 3 vols.,
represented a new departure; the publication of calendars was abandoned,
and replaced by volumes containing series of documents relating to
definite subjects, systematically arranged. The archives were moved into
a special building in 1907. In 1910 began the issue of a series of
publications, containing historical journals and other special material.
Provincial archives, of a more or less distinct character, have also
been established in the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia,
British Columbia, Manitoba, and Alberta. =Index=: =Hd= Quoted, 254;
Haldimand collection in, 319.
=Arctic Archipelago.= Embraces the islands lying north of the mainland
of Canada. Transferred to the Dominion by an Imperial order-in-council,
Sept. 1, 1880. =Bib.=: Johnson, _Canada's Northern Fringe_.
=Argall, Sir Samuel.= Born in Walthamstow, England. A type of the
founders of British colonial dominion. Sent, May, 1609, with a small
vessel to the new settlement at Jamestown, Va., to trade and fish. The
following year took out Lord Delaware to Jamestown, arriving in time to
save the colony from starvation. In 1812 carried off Pocahontas to the
settlement of Jamestown. Later in the year sent with a vessel of 14 guns
to destroy the French settlements on the north coast, regarded as
infringing on the Virginia patent. Captured Mount Desert, St. Croix, and
Port Royal. On return voyage forced the commandant at New Amsterdam to
recognize English suzerainty by hauling down the Dutch flag and running
up the English. May, 1617, made deputy governor of Virginia. In 1620
served against the Algerine pirates under Sir Robert Mansell. Knighted
in 1622. In 1625 admiral of a squadron cruising after a hostile Dunkirk
fleet, and took some prizes. In October, 1625, with the futile
expedition against Cadiz under Lord Wimbledon. Died, 1626. =Bib.=:
Argall's own narrative; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Calnek and
Savary, _History of the County of Annapolis_.
=Argenson, Pierre de Voyer, Vicomte d'= (1626-1710). Succeeded Jean de
Lauson as governor of New France, 1658. His governorship marked by
personal quarrels with Laval, and a series of humiliating raids
throughout the colony by the Iroquois. Recalled in 1661. =Index=: =F=
Arrives as governor, 43; on Laval, 45. =L= His opinion of Laval, 29;
hostility to Maisonneuve, 176. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Régime_; Douglas,
_Old France in the New World_.
=Argyll, John Douglas Sutherland Campbell, ninth Duke of= (1845- ).
Married H. R. H. Princess Louise, 1871; succeeded to dukedom, 1900.
Represented Argyllshire in Parliament, 1868-1878. Governor-general of
Canada (as Marquis of Lorne), 1878-1883. Founded Royal Society of
Canada, 1881. =Index=: =Md= Refers Letellier difficulty to Imperial
government, 249-250. =Bib.=: Works: _Memories of Canada and Scotland_;
_Imperial Federation_; _Canadian Pictures_; _Passages from the Past_.
For biog., _see_ Dent, _Can. Por._; _Who's Who_; Collins, _Canada under
the Administration of Lord Lorne_.
=Arkansas River.= =L= Reached by Jolliet and Marquette, 146.
=Armistice.= In War of 1812. =Index=: =Bk= Effects of, 261-263, 269,
272; termination of, 270; position of enemy strengthened during its
continuance, 272.
=Armour, John Douglas= (1830-1903). Educated at Upper Canada College and
the University of Toronto; studied law and called to the bar, 1853; made
Q.C., 1867; Bencher of the Law Society, 1871. Appointed a puisne judge
of the Court of Queen's Bench of Ontario, 1877; raised to the
chief-justiceship, 1887. Chief-justice of Ontario and president of the
Court of Appeal, 1890. Judge of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1902; in
the same year represented Canada on the Alaska Boundary Commission.
=Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._
=Armstrong, Lawrence.= Came to Nova Scotia as lieutenant-colonel of
General Philipps's regiment. Appointed to the governor's Council, 1720.
Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1724; held office until
1739. Served in America for more than thirty years. Committed suicide,
1739. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; _Selections from the
Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.
=Arnold, Benedict= (1741-1801). A druggist at New Haven, Conn. When the
War of Independence broke out, in 1775, organized an expedition against
British on Lake Champlain. The same year led a body of picked men to
Quebec by way of the Kennebec and Chaudière. After the unsuccessful
assault on Quebec, was in several small engagements near Montreal;
finally driven out of the province. Given command of Philadelphia; took
offence at slights put upon him by Congress, and attempted to betray
West Point to Clinton. Afterwards commanded a corps of American refugees
on the British side; settled for a time in the West Indies; died in
London. =Index=: =Dr= Captures and abandons Fort St. Johns, 83; his
early life, 104; assigned command of expedition against Quebec, 105;
constitution of his force, 106; his march through the wilderness,
107-109; assisted by the _habitants_, 110; crosses St. Lawrence and
lands at Wolfe's Cove, 110; sends summons for surrender of Quebec, 111;
retires to Pointe aux Trembles, 111; repulsed and wounded in attack on
Quebec, 128; surrender of his men, 131; is transferred to Montreal,
132-135; advances to meet Foster, 142; burns château of Senneville, 143;
his narrow escape, 147; in command of American ships on Lake Champlain,
155; defeated near Crown Point, 156. =S= Applies for grant of land in
Upper Canada, 104. =Hd= His repulse at Quebec, 112; the invasion, 127;
his "Address to the People of America," 227; commissioners sent to
Montreal to confer with, 276; furnishes list of rebels to Clinton, 281.
_See also_ Montgomery; Ethan Allen; American Invasion. =Bib.=: Arnold,
_Life of Benedict Arnold_; Todd, _The Real Benedict Arnold_; Sparks,
_American Biography_; Codman, _Arnold's Expedition to Quebec_; Henry,
_Arnold's Campaign against Quebec_; Smith, _Arnold's March from
Cambridge to Quebec_; Jones, _The Campaign for the Conquest of Canada in
1776_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Arnoux.= =WM= King's surgeon, Montcalm carried into house of, 218.
=Aroostook War=, 1839. =W= Arose out of unsettled boundary question
between Maine and New Brunswick, 135. =Bib.=: Sprague, _The
North-Eastern Boundary Controversy and the Aroostook War_.
=Arrangement of 1830.= Provided that United States vessels should have
access to ports in the British West Indies, in return for a similar
privilege granted to British vessels in the ports of the United States.
=Arthur.= Clergyman. =Index=: =S= Teaches school at Niagara, 167-168.
=Arthur, Sir George= (1784-1854). The last lieutenant-governor of Upper
Canada, 1838-1841. The chief event of his tenure of office was the
suppression of the Upper Canadian Rebellion. Had been successively
governor of Honduras and Van Diemen's Land previous to his Canadian
appointment; and on leaving Canada appointed to the governorship of
Bombay. =Index=: =Mc= Governor of Upper Canada, 435; disregards clemency
petitions, 435; learns of intended attack on Canada, 441; renews reward
for Mackenzie's capture, 445; proposes exchange of prisoners and
refugees, 463; United States refuses, 463. =Bk= Organizes military
gathering at Queenston Heights, 313. =Sy= Succeeds Sir F. B. Head, 109;
reactionary in his views, 109-110; his attitude towards responsible
government, 125-126; cautioned by colonial secretary, 127; instructed to
act in harmony with new governor-general, 144; meets him at Montreal,
153; explains his position and views, 156-161; receives governor-general
at Toronto, and hands over seal of province, 197. =R= His efforts to
repel American attacks, 117; Ryerson disappointed in, 118; proposes
division of Clergy Reserves, 119. _See_ Rebellion of 1837 (Upper
Canada). =Bib.=: Kingsford, _History of Canada_; Dent, _Upper Canadian
Rebellion_; Bradshaw, _Self-Government in Canada_; Read,
_Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_.
=Asgill, Sir Charles= (1762-1823). A lieutenant in Cornwallis's army,
1780. Taken prisoner at Yorktown, condemned to death by the Americans,
to avenge death of a Revolutionary officer. Marie Antoinette having been
interested in his fate, interceded, and Asgill was released. Afterwards
served in the Low Countries and in Ireland. =Index=: =Dr= Chosen by lot
for retaliatory hanging, 198. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Ashburton, Alexander Baring, Baron= (1774-1848). Entered Parliament in
1806. Opposed measures against American commerce. President of board of
trade and master of mint, 1834. Raised to peerage, 1835. Commissioner at
Washington for settlement of boundary dispute, 1842. =Index=: =BL=
Settles difficulties between Great Britain and the United States, 118.
=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Ashburton, John Dunning, First Baron= (1731-1783). =Index=: =Dr=
Opposes Quebec Act in House of Commons, 65. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Ashburton Treaty.= Negotiated between Great Britain and the United
States, 1842, Lord Ashburton acting for the former and Daniel Webster on
behalf of the latter. Provided for the settlement of the international
boundary between Maine and Canada. Of the territory in dispute, the
United States got about seven-twelfths and Canada five-twelfths. Also
provided for the determination of the boundary in the St. Mary River
and thence to the Lake of the Woods; for the free navigation of the St.
John River; for the suppression of the slave trade, and for the
extradition of criminals. =Index=: =Sy= Sydenham takes part in
negotiations leading to, 336. =W= Boundary question settled by, 135. =T=
Settlement of, checks projected railway from St. Andrews to Quebec, 53.
=BL= Settlement of, 118. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Winsor,
_Narrative and Critical History,_ Vol. vii; White, _The Ashburton
Treaty_, in _Univ. Mag._, October, 1907; _The Ashburton Treaty: an
Afterword_, in _Univ. Mag._, December, 1908; Houston, _Canadian
Constitutional Documents_; Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.
=Assembly.= _See_ House of Assembly.
=Assiniboia.= One of the provisional districts carved out of the
North-West Territories, in 1882. Now included in the provinces of
Alberta and Saskatchewan, principally in the latter.
=Assiniboine Indians.= A tribe of the Siouan family; first mentioned in
the Jesuit _Relation_ of 1640. They separated from the parent stock
early in the seventeenth century, and moved north and north-west to the
region about Lake Winnipeg. Later they spread over the country west of
Lake Winnipeg, to the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains. Their
population was estimated at 8000 in 1829. One-half this number perished
in the smallpox epidemic of 1836. They are now settled on reservations
in Alberta, and in Montana. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American
Indians_.
=Assiniboine River.= Discovered by La Vérendrye in 1736. Fort Rouge was
built at the mouth of the river in that year, as well as Fort La Reine,
near the present city of Portage la Prairie. From the latter fort, two
years later, La Vérendrye set forth on his memorable journey to the
Mandan Indians on the Missouri. Before the close of the century, both
the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company had trading
establishments at various points on the river. First named Rivière St.
Charles; afterwards Rivière des Assiliboilles, and Stone Indian River;
finally settling in present form. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Assiniboine River and
its Forts_ (R. S. C., 1892); Dawson, _Canada and Newfoundland_; Burpee,
_Search for the Western Sea_; Hind, _Canadian Red River and Assiniboine
and Saskatchewan Expeditions_.
=Association of Canadian Refugees.= =Mc= Formed in 1839, 448; object of,
independence of Canada, 449; ended further expeditions against Canada,
449.
=Astor, John Jacob= (1763-1848). Founder of Astor Fur Company. =Index=:
=Bk= Sends news of declaration of war in 1812, 204. =Bib.=: Bryce,
_Hudson's Bay Company_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Astor Fur Company.= =Index=: =D= Founds Astoria, 64. _See also_ Pacific
Fur Company.
=Astoria.= Established by Pacific Fur Company, 1811. Turned over to the
North West Company, 1813, and renamed Fort George. The scene of
Washington Irving's delightful narrative _Astoria_. The fort stood on
the banks of the Columbia River, near its mouth. =Index=: =D= Acquired
by North West Company, 71, 149; in possession of United States after War
of 1812, 133-134; claimed by United States, 150; American flag raised
over, 150. =Bib.=: Franchère, _Voyage to the North-West Coast of
America_; Cox, _Adventures on the Columbia River_; Ross, _Adventures of
First Settlers on Columbia River_; _Henry-Thompson Journals_, ed. by
Coues; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Bradbury, _Travels in the Interior
of America in the Years 1809, 1810, and 1811_.
=Astorians.= Name applied to members of the two expeditions fitted out
by John Jacob Astor, to found trading establishment at the mouth of the
Columbia. One party sailed around the Horn in the _Tonquin_; the other
went overland by way of the Missouri and the Columbia. =Index=: =D=
Their influence upon development of Pacific coast, 4; their first
vessel, the _Tonquin_, captured by natives and the crew murdered, 1811,
37; the overland expedition, 71. _See also_ Pacific Fur Company;
_Tonquin_.
=Atahualpa.= =D= Vessel, attacked by Milbank Sound savages, 1805, 37.
=Atalanta.= =Hd= Vessel in which Haldimand embarked for England, 309.
=Atalante.= =WM= French frigate, loads stores at Sorel, 243.
=Athabaska.= One of the provisional districts formed out of the
North-West Territories in 1882; area about 122,000 square miles. Now
divided between the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta, forming the
northern half of each.
=Athabaska Lake.= First discovered by Peter Pond, about 1778. Ten years
later the first trading post on the lake was built by Roderick McKenzie
of the North West Company, and named Fort Chipewyan. It was afterwards
moved to the north side of the lake. =Index=: Frobisher's men penetrate
to, 5; importance of in fur trade, 21, 24; called Lake of the Hills, 24.
=Athabaska Pass.= Discovered by David Thompson of the North West
Company, in January, 1811. The pass was used thereafter by the traders
as a route from the Athabaska to the Columbia. =Index=: =D= Discovered
by David Thompson, 58.
=Athabaska River.= Rises in the watershed range of the Rocky Mountains,
close to the head waters of the north branch of the North Saskatchewan,
and after a course of 765 miles empties into Athabaska Lake. Discovered
by Peter Pond in 1778. =Index=: =MS= Pond builds post on, 21; named also
Elk River and Rivière à la Biche, 21.
=Atkins, D. A.= =S= Opens school at Napanee, 167.
=Attignaouantans.= =Ch= Huron tribe (the Bears), 88, 91.
=Attigninonghacs.= =Ch= Huron tribe devoted to the French, 92.
=Aube-Rivière, François Louis de Pourroy de l'.= Appointed bishop of
Quebec, Aug. 16, 1739. Arrived at Quebec, Aug. 12, 1740, and died of
fever on the 20th of the same month. =Index=: =L= Bishop of Quebec, 12.
=Aubère, Father Joseph.= =Ch= Jesuit missionary, his labours in Acadia,
236.
=Aubert, Joseph.= =Ch= Director of the Company of New France, 170.
=Aubert de Gaspé, Philippe= (1786-1871). French-Canadian writer.
=Index=: =L= His description of Canadians, 118. =Bib.=: Works: _Les
Anciens Canadiens_, translated into English by Mrs. Pennie, and by C. G.
D. Roberts; _Mémoires_. For biog., _see_ Casgrain, _Biographies
Canadiennes_; Roy, _Étude sur "Les Anciens Canadiens_" (R. S. C., 1906).
=Aubert de la Chesnaye, Charles= (1630-1702). Born at Amiens. Came to
Canada, 1655. Chief clerk of the Compagnie des Indes Occidentales, 1665.
Engaged in the fur-trade at Cataraqui, 1674. In 1677 obtained a grant of
Ile Dupas. In 1679 made a visit to Paris, and in 1683 back again at
Cataraqui. In 1696 prepared an important memoir on the commerce of the
colony. =Index=: =L= His description of Canadians, 117-118; his
liberality on occasion of Quebec fire, 186. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old
Régime_.
=Aubert de la Chesnaye, Jacques.= =F= Trader, La Barre's dealings with,
175.
=Aubry.= =WM= Force gathered by, and Ligneris, dispersed, 146.
=Aubry.= =Ch= Priest of De Monts's expedition, at Ste. Croix, 25.
=Auckland, George Eden, Earl of= (1784-4849). =Index=: =Sy= President of
board of trade, when Poulett Thomson was vice-president, 26.
=Auguste.= =Hd= Transport ship wrecked in St. Lawrence, 40.
=Aulneau, Jean-Pierre.= Jesuit missionary, with La Vérendrye in his
western explorations. Murdered by Sioux on an island in the Lake of the
Woods, May, 1736.
=Aumont, Maréchal d'.= =Ch= Champlain serves under, 1.
=Austerlitz.= =Bk= Battle of, its significance, 72-73.
=Auteuil, Denis Joseph Ruette d'.= _See_ Ruette d'Auteuil.
=Avaugour, Pierre Dubois, Baron d'.= Governor of New France, 1661-1663,
succeeding D'Argenson. =Index=: =F= Governor, 45; disagrees with clergy
on liquor question, 46; describes earthquake, 46. =L= His attitude on
liquor question, 10, 38; recalled, 39; his report on Canada, 40. =Bib.=:
Parkman, _Old Régime_.
=Aylesworth, Sir Allen Bristol= (1854- ). Born in Newburgh, Ontario.
Educated at Newburgh High School and at the University of Toronto;
studied law and called to the bar of Ontario, 1878; practised his
profession in Toronto; appointed one of the British Commissioners in
connection with the settlement of the Alaska boundary, 1903; elected to
the House of Commons, 1905; postmaster-general, 1905; minister of
justice, 1906; British agent in connection with the Fisheries case
before the Hague Tribunal, 1910. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Aylmer, Matthew Whitworth, Baron= (1775-1850). Entered the army, 1787;
served in the West Indies, in Holland, and in the Peninsula under
Wellington. Reached the full rank of general, 1825, and in 1830 became
the governor-general of Canada; returned to England, 1835. =Index=: =Bk=
Present with Brock at battle of Egmont-op-Zee, 17. =BL= Pays official
salaries from the war chest, 21. =P= His influence did not extend beyond
Quebec--hostility towards French-Canadians, 39-40; his conciliatory
attitude, 75-76; at open war with the Assembly, 77-78; remonstrates with
Assembly, 86; refuses to interfere in factional strife in Montreal, 87;
held responsible by Papineau and his friends for cholera epidemic,
88-89; bitterly attacked in the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 95; attacked by
Papineau, 100, 105; criticizes the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 106. =Bib.=:
Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Aylwin, Thomas Cushing= (1806-1871). Born in Quebec city. Studied law
and called to the bar, 1828. First entered public life, 1841, as member
for Portneuf. After filling the office of solicitor-general in two
administrations, raised to the bench, 1848. =Index=: =Sy= Opposed to
union of provinces, 235. =BL= Member for Portneuf, his relations with
Reform party in Upper Canada, 79; supports Cuvillier for speakership,
1841, 87; his attitude as to debt for public works, 99; denounces
government, 130; becomes solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 134;
elected for Quebec, 1844, 252; his bitter attack on Metcalfe on his
elevation to peerage, 257; solicitor-general, 284. =E= One of opposition
leaders in 1847, 45; returned in 1847 elections, 50; solicitor-general
for Lower Canada in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; member of
Seigniorial Court, 187. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty
Years_.
=Babbitt, Samuel.= =T= Master of Madras School, Gagetown, New Brunswick,
5; also clerk of the parish, 5.
=Baby, James= (1762-1833). Born at Detroit. Educated at Quebec Seminary,
and in 1784 travelled in Europe. On his return the following year
engaged in the fur trade at Detroit. On the formation of the province of
Upper Canada in 1791, appointed a member of the Executive and
Legislative Councils. Simcoe made him lieutenant for the county of Kent
and judge of the Court of Common Pleas. Commanded the 1st Regiment of
Kent militia in the War of 1812. In 1815 succeeded McGill as
inspector-general of accounts for Upper Canada. =Index=: =Bk= His house
occupied by General Hull, 209, 229. =S= Member of Legislative and
Executive Councils, 79. =Bib.=: Daniel, _Nos Gloires Nationales_;
Morgan, _Cel. Can._
=Baby, Louis François Georges= (1834-1906). Born in Montreal. Studied
law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1857; made a Q.C., 1873.
Represented Joliette in Dominion House, 1872-1880; minister of inland
revenue, 1878-1880. Appointed puisne judge of Superior Court of Quebec,
1880; transferred to Queen's Bench, 1881. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._;
Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Back, Sir George= (1796-1878). Entered the navy as midshipman in 1808;
accompanied Franklin on his Arctic expeditions of 1818, 1819-1822, and
1824-1827. Promoted lieutenant, 1822, and commander, 1827. In 1833-1835,
led an expedition through what is now northern Canada, to the shores of
the Arctic, to ascertain the fate of Captain Ross. The expedition
resulted in the exploration of Great Fish River, which was renamed Back
River in honour of the explorer. In 1836 explored the Arctic coast,
between Regent Inlet and Cape Turnagain. Twice granted the gold medal of
the Royal Geographical Society; knighted, 1839; promoted admiral, 1857.
=Bib.=: Works: _Narrative of the Arctic Land Expedition_; _Narrative of
Expedition in H.M.S. Terror_. For biog., _see_ _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Badeaux.= =Dr= His account of American invasion, 89.
=Badgley, William= (1801-1888). Born in Montreal. Studied law and called
to the bar, 1823. Member of the Legislative Assembly, 1847-1855; member
of the Executive Council for Lower Canada, 1847-1848; appointed
attorney-general. Judge of the Superior Court of Lower Canada,
1855-1863; assistant judge of the Court of Queen's Bench for Quebec,
1863-1864; puisne judge of the same Court, 1866-1874. =Index=: =E= Made
a judge of the Seigniorial Court, 187. =S= Member of Constitutional
Association, 112. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._
=Badin, Father.= =L= Companion of Father Marquette, 62.
=Bagot, Sir Charles= (1781-1843). Born in England. Educated at Rugby and
Oxford; entered Parliament, 1807, becoming under-secretary for foreign
affairs. Minister plenipotentiary to France, 1814; and to the United
States, 1815-1820. Privy councillor, 1815; ambassador to St. Petersburg,
1820; and to the Hague, 1824. Governor-general of Canada, 1841-1843.
Died in Kingston soon after retiring from office. =Index=: =Sy= Follows
Canadian line of policy, 351; finds country tranquil, 355. =BL= His
letter to Lord Stanley on La Fontaine's arrest, 49; succeeds Sydenham,
113; a Tory of the old school, 113; previous career, 113; his policy,
113-114; studies political conditions, 114-115; his popularity in Lower
Canada, 115; plans a coalition government, 117; his speech from the
throne, 122; anxious to bring Baldwin and La Fontaine into Cabinet, 121;
his letter to La Fontaine, 122-124; denounced by Tory press, 140-142;
difficulties of his position, 141; his illness, 149; subjected to bitter
attacks and censure, 149-152; asks for and obtains his recall, 152; his
death, May 19, 1843, 152; denounced even in death, 153; on responsible
government, 162, 163, 164; Kaye on, 171; lays corner-stone of King's
College, 193. =E= His political attitude as governor, 30; friendly
towards French-Canadians, 30-31. =R= Supported by Ryerson, 122;
favourable attitude towards popular government, 126; question of popular
education, 163. =B= Relations of Peel government with, xii; friendly
attitude towards French-Canadians, 16; attacked by Tories for bringing
La Fontaine and Baldwin into Cabinet, 16; his action denounced by Peel
and Duke of Wellington, 17, 18; recalled at his own request, 18; his
death, 18. =C= Concedes responsible government, 17. =Md= Succeeds
Sydenham, 17; brings Reform leaders into Cabinet, 18; resigns
government, 18. =Bib.=: Richardson, _Eight Years in Canada_; Kingsford,
_History of Canada_, Dent, _Last Forty Years_ and _Can. Por.; Dict. Nat.
Biog._
=Bagot, Father.= =L= Director of Jesuit college of La Fléche, 20.
=Baie de Chaleur.= In west coast of Gulf of St. Lawrence, on boundary
between Quebec and New Brunswick. Discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1534,
described in his narrative, and so named because he found it as warm
there as in sunny Spain.
=Baie St. Paul.= A village in Charlevoix County, sixty miles below
Quebec. =Index=: =WM= Settlements near burnt by Wolfe's orders, 150.
=Bailiffs.= =Dr= Accused of instigating litigation, 53.
=Baillie, Thomas.= =W= Commissioner of crown lands for New Brunswick,
1824-1851, 21; his income exceeded that of the lieutenant-governor, 21;
his enormous pension, 22; protests against reduction of his salary, 62;
surveyor-general, retires, 69; elected to Assembly for York, 103;
retires from government and pensioned, 116.
=Bailly, Mgr.= =Dr= Coadjutor bishop of Quebec, on education in Canada,
229.
=Bailly, François.= =L= Master mason of Montreal church, 88.
=Bain, James= (1842-1908). Born in London, England. Came to Canada with
his parents at early age; educated at the Toronto Academy and the
Toronto Grammar School. Spent some years in London engaged in the
publishing business. Returned to Canada, 1882; appointed chief librarian
of Toronto Public Library, 1883. =Index=: =Bk= Discovers list of Brock's
books, 135. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men._
=Baldoon.= A settlement near Lake St. Clair in Upper Canada, made by
Lord Selkirk, 1803, and named after one of his own estates. =Index=:
=MS= Highland colonists in Prince Edward Island settled at, 133;
Alexander Macdonell in charge of, 133.
=Baldoon Street.= Built by Selkirk settlers, from Baldoon to Chatham on
the River Thames. =Index=: =MS= Connected Baldoon and Chatham, 33.
=Baldwin, C. T.= Born in Ireland. Entered the army; served throughout
the Peninsular War; afterwards in the West Indies; for a time in the
service of the emperor of Brazil. Emigrated to Canada. Served during the
Rebellion of 1837-1838, in command of a regiment of militia. A
magistrate, and in political life a follower of Robert Baldwin. Died,
1861. =Index=: =B= Presents address to Elgin, 36. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel.
Can._
=Baldwin, Robert= (1804-1858). =Index=: =BL= Name associated with
responsible government, ix; a "man of one idea," ix; his ancestry, 23;
born, May 12, 1804, at York, 25; early years, 25; studies law, 25;
called to the bar, 1825, 26; political views, 27; in public life, 28;
drafts Willis petition, 29; enters the Legislature, 31; defeated in next
election, 31; his marriage, 32; appointed to Council by Head, 38;
recommended by Colborne for a seat in Legislative Council, 38-39; death
of his wife, 39; his letter to Peter Perry, 39; disapproves of an
elective Legislative Council, 40; resigns from Council, 41; sails for
England, 42; his connection with Rebellion of 1837, 44-45; enters into
correspondence with La Fontaine and other Lower Canada leaders, 63;
offered by Sydenham solicitor-generalship of Upper Canada, and accepts,
63; made an executive councillor, 64; resigns office, 64; his action
condemned, 64; his motives, 64-67; elected in two constituencies, 69;
solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 76; his views, 76-77; his letter to
Sydenham on personnel of new Cabinet, 78-79; calls meeting of Reform
party, 79; commends reconstruction of ministry, 79-80; his resignation,
80; censured by Poulett Scrope, 80; his uncompromising attitude in
matter of responsible government, 81; his attitude in the Legislature,
85; his speech on responsible government, 1841, 92-94; supports
Neilson's motion against Union Act, 96; sides with French-Canadians on
question of public works, 99; opposes Municipal Government Bill, 102;
his relations with Hincks, 103; his resolutions on responsible
government, 108-110; proposes candidature of La Fontaine in York County,
116; Bagot anxious to bring him into the Cabinet, 121; referred to in
Draper's speech, 127; replies to Draper, 128-130; withdraws amendment,
132; becomes attorney-general for Upper Canada, 134; his defeat in
Hastings--account of the election, 134-136; beaten in York, 136; elected
for Rimouski, 137; attitude of Tories, 139; significance of his alliance
with La Fontaine, 142-143; personal appearance, 148; references to in
petition to governor, 166, 167; Kaye's description of, 169, 170-171;
Davies on, 172; his part in the Assembly, 178-179; moves resolution to
remove capital to Montreal, 182; his speech, 183; his bill for the
discouragement of secret societies, 185-188; burnt in effigy at Toronto,
187; his University of Toronto Bill, 190-197; resigns office, 199; his
interview with Metcalfe, 201; the official statements of La Fontaine and
Metcalfe, giving their respective versions of the causes of the
ministers' resignation, 201-209; presents to Assembly the reasons for
his resignation, 213-214; returns to practise law in Toronto, 217;
Wakefield on, 219; heads the agitation against Metcalfe in Upper Canada,
220; guest of honour at Toronto banquet, 220-221; his speech, 221;
address before Reform Association, 221-223; speaks at public meetings,
225; address from his constituents of Rimouski, 225; tours Lower Canada,
226; his political views, 229-230; Viger's criticism of, 236; Draper on,
236; his speech in Toronto, May, 1844, 238; attacked by Buchanan,
239-240; criticized by Ryerson, 242, 243, 245-246; resigns as Queen's
Counsel, 250; elected in York, 252; his University Bill, 256; moves vote
of censure against the governor-general, 256; attacks Metcalfe in the
Assembly, 257; referred to in Caron's letter, 260; correspondence with
La Fontaine as to Draper's proposals, 261, 262, 263-265; his speech at
public dinner given him in November, 1846, 268-269; his tour of Western
Canada, 269; on responsible government, 273; moves amendment to address,
277; aids in foundation of Emigration Association, 278; elected in York,
279; in second La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 281-284; proposes
Morin for Speaker, 283; interview with Elgin, 285; re-elected, 286; his
Municipal Corporations Act and University Act, 292-300; revision of
judicial system in Upper Canada, 300-301; his part in Rebellion Losses
Bill, 310, 311-312; burned in effigy in Toronto, 318-319; his boarding
house in Montreal attacked by the mob, 324; petitions for removal of
Navigation Act, 337; his political views, 339-340; his relations with
George Brown, 342; his attitude on secularization of Clergy Reserves,
348-349; his resignation, 352-353; MacNab's tribute, 353; defeated in
York and retires finally from public life, 357; lives in retirement at
"Spadina," 357; made a C.B., 357; offered chief-justiceship of Common
Pleas, 357; and nomination for seat in Legislative Council, 358; failing
health compels him to decline both offers, 358; his death, Dec. 9, 1858,
358; value of his public work, 359-360. =Sy= His premature demand for
strict party government, 187; consulted by Sydenham in regard to Clergy
Reserves question, 247; made solicitor-general, 252; appointed to same
office under Union, 283; advises Sydenham as to choice of returning
officers and polling places, 290; his defection from Sydenham's
government, 294, 296; opposes some of the most beneficial measures of
government, 296; loses for a time sympathy of Reformers, 299, 307;
Sydenham's remarks upon his manoeuvres, 305-307; opposes Sydenham's
Bill for local self-government in Upper Canada, 323. =R= Resigns, 122;
forms party with Hincks, La Fontaine, and others, 122; moves resolutions
on responsible government, 122-123; in the Metcalfe controversy, 126,
128; his scheme for a provincial university, 149-152; his resignation,
152; his University Bill of 1849, 157-159, 160; secures disallowance of
School Bill of 1849, 182. =E= On responsible government, 28; his
political attitude, 30; forms ministry with La Fontaine in 1842, 31; his
greatest desire the success of responsible government, 32; his conflict
with Metcalfe, 34; in opposition, 45; returned in elections of 1847, 50;
on parliamentary government, 51; sent for by Elgin, 52; attorney-general
for Upper Canada, 53; remains in office until 1851, 85; sound views on
parliamentary practice, 90; his capacity for discreet, practical
statesmanship, 93; carries measure for creation of University of
Toronto, 93, 94; views on Clergy Reserves, 102-103, 160, 162-163, 164;
his resignation and its causes, 103-104, 112; his retirement from
politics, 104, 107; and death, 1858, 104, 220; his strong views on
Imperial connection, 229-230; his value as a statesman, 236. =P=
Alliance with La Fontaine, 168. =C= Forms alliance with La Fontaine, 16;
called to Council by Bagot, 16; resigns, 17; called to power again,
1846, 18; "great reformer and good man," 97; his influence with La
Fontaine's against racial antagonisms, 97; with La Fontaine, 99; wins
constitutional battle, 100; circumstances which led to his retirement
from politics, 132. =B= Called to Cabinet by Bagot, 16; dispute with
Metcalfe, 19; "father of responsible government," 21; criticized by
Ryerson, 22-23; his views obnoxious to Metcalfe, 23; his wise leadership
of Reformers, 24; forms administration with La Fontaine, 33; burnt in
effigy at Toronto, 36; legislation of his ministry, 39; government
defended by George Brown, 42; his retirement, 44, 47, 48; approves of
MacNab-Morin coalition, 78; leader of movement for responsible
government, 261; disintegration of old Reform party hastened by his
retirement, 262. =Md= Brought into Cabinet by Sir Charles Bagot, 18;
resigns, 1843, 18; criticized by extremists in his own party, 22;
resigns from La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 46; approves coalition of
1854, 64; cause of his resignation, 78-79. =Mc= Defends Judge Willis,
133; supported by Mackenzie, 159; elected to the Assembly, 159; on banks
in politics, 170; appointed executive councillor, 294; resigns, 294;
goes to England, 305; opposed by Head, 305; accompanies flag of truce,
368; retires from Executive Council, 408; Mackenzie defeats government
of, 492. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Taylor,
_Brit. Am._; Davin, _The Irishman in Canada_; Baldwin, _Correspondence_
(Toronto Public Library Mss.).
=Baldwin, William Warren.= Born in Ireland. Came to Canada 1798, and
finally settled in York, now known as Toronto. Represented Norfolk in
the Legislature of Upper Canada. Died 1844. =Index=: =BL= Comes to
Canada 1798, 23; practises medicine at York, 24; opens a classical
school, 24, 106; practises law, 25; his marriage, 25; father of Robert
Baldwin, 25; purchases "Spadina," 26; political views, 26-27; chairman
of public meeting in Willis affair, 28; president of Constitutional
Reform Society, 42; member of Legislative Council, 177. =Mc= Upholds
Judge Willis, 132; protests against his removal, 133. =Bib.=: Rose,
_Cyc. Can. Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Scadding,
_Toronto of Old_.
=Baldwin Reformer.= =B= Origin of the name, 78.
=Ball.= =Dr= The maiden name of Dorchester's mother, 29.
=Ball.= =F= First given in Canada, 59. _See also_ Amusements.
=Ballot.= =Sy= Sydenham an early advocate of, 18.
=Bancroft, George= (1800-1891). Educated at Harvard University,
Cambridge, and in Germany. Secretary of the navy, 1845; ambassador to
Great Britain, 1846-1849; and in 1867-1874 minister at the court of
Berlin. =Index=: =L= On La Salle, 153. =Ch= On the difficulties
encountered by missionaries, 87. =Bib.=: _History of the United States_.
For biog., _see_ Howe, _Life and Letters of George Bancroft; Cyc. Am.
Biog._
=Bank of Upper Canada.= Established 1823 with a capital of $41,364,
which had increased in 1859 to $3,126,250. Its headquarters were in
Toronto. After a long, prosperous career the bank stopped payment in
1866, the chief cause being the collapse in real estate in Canada West
in 1857-1858. =Index=: =Mc= Increase of capital vetoed, 215; run on,
340. =Bib.=: _See_ Banking.
=Banking.= The first bank established in Canada was the Bank of
Montreal, which dates from the year 1817. The Bank of Quebec was
established in 1818; and the Bank of Canada the same year. All three
were chartered in 1822. A Banking Act was passed in 1841, providing a
uniform system of banking. The Act of 1850 prohibited banks other than
those incorporated by Parliament or royal charter from issuing notes. It
also provided for a deposit with the government to be held as a
guarantee; also for bank statistics. Further provisions designed to
place banking on a more secure footing were incorporated in the Act of
1871. Further banking legislation was passed in 1881 and in 1890.
=Index=: =Sy= Sydenham's plans for establishment of bank of issue,
327-329; idea partially adopted by Sir F. Hincks, as finance minister of
Dominion, 330. =Mc= Report of House on system of, 161. =Bib.=: Johnson,
_First Things in Canada_; Shortt, _Early History of Canadian Banking_;
Breckenridge, _Canadian Banking System_; Hague, _Banking and Commerce;
Historical Sketch of Canadian Banking, in Canada: An Ency._, vol. 1;
_History of the Bank of Nova Scotia_; McLachlan, _The Nova Scotia
Treasury Notes_; Walker, _History of Banking in Canada_.
=Banner.= Newspaper, published at Toronto. =Index=: =B= Founded in 1843
by Peter and George Brown, 3, 5; champions government by the people, 5;
on disruption of Scottish Church, 6; controversy with the _Church_, 6-7;
defines its political principles, 9; becomes the _Globe_, 10; Peter
Brown writes for, 243.
=Baptist Church.= Like several other religious denominations in Canada,
it had its origin in Nova Scotia. Some Baptists were living in Lunenburg
as early as 1753. In 1800 the first Baptist Association was formed at
Granville, Nova Scotia, and by 1850 there were Baptist Associations in
many parts of the province. In 1828 the Nova Scotia Baptist Educational
Society was established. The first church was built in Montreal, 1830;
and in 1834 the Baptist Seminary of New Brunswick was founded at
Fredericton. In 1852 the Baptist Missionary Society of Canada was
established. Since then the Baptists have grown rapidly in all the
provinces, and several Baptist colleges and institutions have been
established, notably Acadia and McMaster Universities (_q.v._). The
Baptist Church was organized in British Columbia in 1877. =Index=: =W=
First founded in Fredericton, 1813, 10; represented by one member in
Legislative Council, 69. =Bib.=: Wells, _History of the Baptist
Denomination in Canada_, in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 3; Hill, _Forty
Years with the Baptist Ministers and Churches of the Maritime Provinces
of Canada_.
=Baranof, Alexander Andrevitch= (1747-1819). Governor of Russian
America. Had been manager of a glass factory at Irkutsk, Siberia; grew
tired of the monotonous though profitable business, and engaged in the
fur trade of eastern Siberia. Appointed governor of the principal
Russian trading company in America, 1790. Nine years later, the
different companies were united, and Baranof moved his headquarters from
Kadiak to New Archangel (Sitka), where he built a strong fort, with a
shipyard, foundry, churches, and hospitals. Even a library and
picture-gallery were afterwards added to this little outpost of Russian
civilization. In 1818 sailed for home, and died at sea on the voyage.
=Index=: =D= His rule at Sitka, 44; his character, 44; his death, 1819,
45, =Bib.=: Laut, _Vikings of the Pacific_.
=Barbarie, A.= =W= Referred to in Wilmot's speech, 104. =T= Represents
Restigouche in New Brunswick Assembly, 18.
=Barclay, Robert H.= Born in Scotland. Took part in the battle of
Trafalgar. Sent to Canada, and commander of British naval force on Lake
Erie in 1813. On Sept. 10, 1813, defeated by the American fleet under
Perry. Subsequently court-martialled, but acquitted. Died, 1837. =Bib.=:
Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._ _See also_ War of 1812.
=Barclay, Thomas= (1753-1830). Born in New York. In 1775 served in the
British army during the American Revolution, and in 1777 became major.
At the end of the war moved to Nova Scotia; entered the House of
Assembly, and for some time Speaker. Appointed adjutant-general of
militia; served as a commissioner under Jay's Treaty; appointed
consul-general at New York for the Northern and Eastern states. =Index=:
=Bk= Declares war to be inevitable, 202. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Barker, T. B.= =T= Founder of business firm of St. John, 8.
=Barkley, Charles William= (1759-1832). Served in the East India
Company; sailed on a trading voyage for sea-otter skins to the
North-West Coast, 1787. Brought his bride with him, the first white
woman on the North-West Coast. Discovered and named Juan de Fuca Strait
the same year, and carried his cargo of furs to China. In 1792 made
another voyage to the North-West Coast, again accompanied by his wife,
who kept interesting journals of both voyages. Died at North Crescent,
Hartford. Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island, discovered and named by him.
=Index=: =D= His two voyages to North-West Coast, 23; his wife first
woman to visit North-West Coast, 23. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia
Coast Names_.
=Barnsfare, Captain.= =Dr= Commands battery at Près de Ville, 127.
=Baronets of Nova Scotia.= An order created by James I, in 1625, for the
purpose of "advancing the plantation of Nova Scotia." The scheme, which
King James had deeply at heart, was designed to assist Sir William
Alexander in his ambitious plans of colonization in the New World, by
offering a special inducement to men of position in Scotland to take
tracts of land in Nova Scotia, and to bring out numbers of colonists to
settle upon them. _See also_ Stirling. =Bib.=: Duncan, _Royal Province
of New Scotland and her Baronets_; Bourinot, _Builders of Nova Scotia_;
Patterson, _Sir William Alexander_ (R. S. C., 1892); Mackenzie,
_Baronets of Nova Scotia_ (R. S. C., 1901); _Royal Letters, Charters,
and Tracts Relating to the Colonisation of Nova Scotia and the
Institution of the Order of Knights Baronet of Nova Scotia_; Kirke, _The
First English Conquest of Canada_.
=Barré, Isaac= (1726-1802). Born in Ireland. Served under Wolfe against
Rochefort in 1757, and at Quebec in 1759, being at Wolfe's side when he
fell. Entered Parliament, 1761, and a member until 1790. In 1763-1764
adjutant-general and governor of Stirling; in 1764-1768, vice-treasurer
of Ireland and a privy councillor; in 1782, treasurer of the navy.
=Index=: =Dr= On Quebec Act, 67. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Barren Grounds.= The region of northern Canada, lying between the
Mackenzie River and Hudson Bay, and from the northern timber-line to
the Arctic. First visited by Samuel Hearne in 1770-1772. Late explorers
who traversed portions of the country are Franklin, in 1821; Back, in
1833; Dease and Simpson, in 1839; Richardson in 1848; and Anderson in
1855. Within more recent years, Warburton Pike, J. B. Tyrrell, J. W.
Tyrrell, D. T. Hanbury and Caspar Whitney have explored parts of the
Barren Grounds. =Bib.=: Hearne, _Journey to the Northern Ocean_;
Franklin, _Narrative_; Back, _Arctic Land Expedition_; Simpson, _North
Coasts of America_; Richardson, _Arctic Searching Expedition_; Anderson,
_Descent of Great Fish River_, in _Royal Geog. Soc. Journal_, 1856 and
1857; Pike, _Barren Grounds_; Tyrrell, _Across the Sub-Arctics_;
Hanbury, _Northland of Canada_; Whitney, _On Snowshoes to the Barren
Grounds_.
=Barrington, William Wildman, second Viscount= (1717-1793). Entered
Parliament, 1740. Lord commissioner of Admiralty, 1746; a privy
councillor, 1755; chancellor of the exchequer, 1761; treasurer of the
navy, 1762; secretary of war, 1765-1768; joint postmaster-general, 1782.
=Index=: =Hd= Informs Haldimand he owes promotion to the king, 83;
summary sent him of Haldimand's expenses, 107; compliments Haldimand,
113; promises Haldimand pay as inspector-general, 329. =Bib.=: _Dict.
Nat. Biog._
=Barron, Commodore= (1769-1851). Born in Virginia. In command of the
_Chesapeake_, on board which were some British deserters, 1807. On the
refusal of Barron to give them up, the British frigate _Leopard_
attacked and compelled his surrender. Court-martialled and suspended
from rank and pay for five years. Fought and killed Commodore Decatur in
a duel, 1820. Became senior officer of the navy, 1839. =Index=: =Bk=
Enlists deserters from British ships on board _Chesapeake_, 83, 85.
=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; _Correspondence between the late Commodore
Stephen Decatur and Commodore James Barron_.
=Barter.= =L= Practised in colony in early days, 122.
=Barthe, J. G.= Member for Yamaska in Canadian Assembly, 1841-1844.
=Index=: =BL= Takes part in Rebellion of 1837; afterwards edits
_L'Avenir du Canada_; member for Yamaska; offered and refuses seat in
Cabinet, 236.
=Basques.= A pre-Aryan race, occupying the border-land between France
and Spain. Assertions have repeatedly been made that they made voyages
to America, and discovered the Gulf of St. Lawrence, before Cartier, and
even before Cabot, but these have never been substantiated. All the
evidence goes to show that they frequented the Newfoundland fisheries in
the sixteenth century, but not earlier. =Index=: =Ch= Contraband
traders, 140; threaten French on St. Pierre Island, 174. =Bib.=: Dawson,
_The St. Lawrence Basin_; Reade, _The Basques in North America_ (R. S.
C., 1888); Howley, _Old Basque Tombstones at Placentia_.
=Bathurst, Henry, third Earl= (1762-1834). Succeeded to the title, 1794.
Entered Parliament, 1793; president of the board of trade, 1807; foreign
secretary, 1809; and secretary for war and the colonies, 1812. Directed
Britain's colonial policy during the important administrations of
Prévost, Sherbrooke, and Dalhousie, in Lower Canada, and of Gore and
Maitland, in Upper Canada. Lord president of the Council, 1828-1830; one
of the original members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council,
1833. =Index=: =Sy= Colonial secretary, his despatch on Clergy Reserves
question, 240. =Bk= His despatch praising Brock and his officers and
announcing bestowal of K. C. B. on Brock, 296. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.
Biog._; _Courts and Cabinets of George IV_.
=Batiscan.= =Ch= Montagnais chief, 68.
=Batoche.= =Md= Storming of rebel camps at, 242. _See also_ Riel
Rebellion, 1885.
=Battle of the Plains.= _See_ Quebec, Siege of, 1759.
=Battleford.= A town on the North Saskatchewan, at the mouth of the
Battle River. In the Rebellion of 1885, it was threatened by
Poundmaker's warriors, and relieved by Otter's column. The battle of Cut
Knife Creek was fought about thirty-five miles from Battleford. _See
also_ Riel Rebellion, 1885.
=Bay of Quinte.= _See_ Quinte, Bay of.
=Bayfield, Henry Wolsey= (1795-1885). Born in Hull, England. Entered the
navy, 1806. Had a distinguished career in the navy, and served in
Canadian waters, 1814. Subsequently assisted in the survey of the upper
St. Lawrence, and appointed Admiralty surveyor, 1817. During his tenure
of office surveyed Lakes Erie, Huron, and Superior, with their
connecting waters, and almost the whole eastern coast of Canada,
including Labrador. Made vice-admiral, 1856, and admiral, 1867. Resided
for fourteen years in Quebec, when he removed to Charlottetown. Received
the thanks of the Parliament of Canada for his services, 1854. Died in
Charlottetown.
=Baynes, Edward.= Born in England. Served in the West Indies, at the
Cape, in the East Indies, and in Malta. From 1794 to 1806 aide-de-camp
to Sir James Craig, and in 1807 adjutant-general of the forces in
Canada. In the War of 1812 served on the Niagara frontier. Died, 1829.
=Index=: =Bk= Adjutant-general, writes Brock from Quebec, 134, 136, 137,
138, 145; his opinion of the Lower Canada Assembly, 145; notifies Brock
that he may have service in Spain, 180; letter to Brock in immediate
expectation of war, 205; letter on declaration of war, 208; on
improvement in militia, 284. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Beaconsfield, Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of= (1805-1881). British
statesman. =Index=: =BL= On Rebellion Losses Bill, 327, 328, 330.
=Bib.=: _Speeches and Letters_; O'Connor, _Life of Beaconsfield_;
Monypenny, _The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield_; _Dict.
Nat. Biog._
=Bayning, Charles Townshend, first Baron= (1728-1810). =Dr= His
criticism of Quebec Act, 66, 67. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Bayonne Decree.= =Bk= Made by Napoleon; sequestered all American
vessels arriving in France as British property or under British
protection, 122.
=Bearn Regiment.= Established 1595, and served with distinction in a
number of European campaigns. Landed at Quebec, June, 1755, with the
regiment of Guienne and a portion of the Languedoc battalion, and added
to its laurels at Fort Frontenac, Niagara, Oswego, Carillon, Fort
William Henry, and Ticonderoga. In 1759, on the Plains of Abraham, it
occupied the place of honour, having been placed by Montcalm in the
centre of his line. =Index=: =WM= Regular French troops, 29; in battle
of the Plains, 192; in battle of Ste. Foy, 258. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege
of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_.
=Beauchesne.= =Ch= Clerk, received gifts from Indians, 115.
=Beaucour, de.= =F= Brave conduct of, in command of party against
Iroquois, 319; superintends improvements in fortifications of Quebec,
326.
=Beaudoncourt, Jacques de.= =L= On the brandy question, 39; his account
of escape of Gannentaha mission, 66.
=Beauharnois, Charles, Marquis de= (1670-1749). Entered French navy,
1686, and rose to the rank of admiral in 1748. In 1726 appointed
governor of New France, which position he held until 1747. Took a deep
interest in Western exploration, and was a firm friend of La Vérendrye.
=Bib.=: Parkman, _Half Century of Conflict_; Roy, _Intendants de la
Nouvelle-France_ (R. S. C., 1903).
[Illustration: Monument to Laura Secord, Lundy's Lane]
=Beauharnois, François de= (1665-1746). Born in France. Became
intendant of New France in 1702 and held the position until 1705. In
1707 granted the barony of Beauville. Appointed intendant de l'armée
navale, 1706; intendant of marines, 1710; intendant générale des armées
navales, 1739. =Bib.=: Roy, _Intendants de la Nouvelle-France_ (R. S.
C., 1903).
=Beaumont.= A village in Bellechasse County, on the St. Lawrence.
=Index=: =WM= Troops landed at, 100; proclamation affixed to church
door, 101.
=Beauport.= A village two miles below Quebec. =Index=: =WM= Defended by
entrenched camp, 80; headquarters of intendant and commissary of stores,
88; hasty abandonment of camp at, with all its stores, 228.
=Beaupré, Seigniory of.= =L= Acquired for Seminary of Quebec, 58;
chapels and churches erected to Ste. Anne at, 101, 102; pilgrimages to,
102, 103.
=Beauséjour.= A fort built by the French in 1750-1751, on Chignecto Bay,
three miles from the British Fort Lawrence. A little tidal stream, the
Missaguash, ran between--nominally marking the dividing line between
British and French territory. The fort was captured by the British under
Monckton, in 1755, and renamed Fort Cumberland. =Bib.=: Parkman,
_Montcalm and Wolfe_; Bradley, _Fight with France_; Hannay, _History of
Acadia_; Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_: Campbell, _History of Nova
Scotia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by
Akins.
=Beaver.= =D= First steamship on the Pacific, 1835, 47; carries party to
build Fort Camosun (Victoria), 178; north to Forts Taku and McLoughlin,
178; returns to Victoria, 179; to Fort Vancouver, 180; history of ship,
180-181. =Bib.=: McCain, _History of the S.S. Beaver_.
=Beaver Club.= Founded in Montreal in 1775 by the partners of the North
West Company. It opened with nineteen members, and at one time the
registry showed ninety-three members, with eleven honorary members.
Among them were such famous fur traders and explorers as Alexander
Mackenzie and his cousin Roderick, the three Frobishers, Alexander Henry
and his nephew of the same name, Simon McTavish, James Finlay, Simon
Fraser, John Stuart, and David Thompson. The motto of the club was
"Fortitude in Difficulties." No one was admitted who had not made a
journey to the North-West and wintered there. The club entertained many
distinguished guests, including Sir John Franklin, Lord Selkirk,
Washington Irving, and the Earl of Dalhousie. The club was disbanded in
1824 after the union of the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies. An
effort to revive it in 1827 proved unsuccessful. =Index=: =MS= Founded
by the partners of the North West Company, 139; lavish hospitality and
boisterous banquets, 139. =Bk= Famous social club at Montreal, 99.
=Bib.=: Hetherington, _Canada's First Social Club_, in _Univ. Mag._,
April, 1910.
=Beaver Dam, Battle of.= In War of 1812. FitzGibbon commanded a
detachment of the 49th Regiment, with several hundred Indians.
Boerstler, with a party of 600 men, advanced from Fort George by way of
Queenston to surprise him, but was ambushed by a body of Indians.
FitzGibbon, who had been warned of the approach of Boerstler by Laura
Secord, advanced with his men of the 49th and demanded the surrender of
the Americans, who, believing themselves surrounded by a superior force,
capitulated. The engagement took place June 24, 1813. _See also_ War of
1812. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Hannay, _War of 1812_:
FitzGibbon, _A Veteran of 1812_; Curzon, _Laura Secord, the Heroine of
1812_: Cruikshank, _The Fight in the Beechwoods_; Thompson, _Jubilee
History of Thorold_.
=Beckwith, John A.= =T= Confederate candidate in York, 108.
=Becquet, Romain.= =L= Clerk of Ecclesiastical Court, arrested, 163.
=Bédard, Elzéar.= For some years a member of the Assembly of Lower
Canada. Moved the celebrated Ninety-Two Resolutions, 1837. Puisne judge
of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1837; suspended, but afterwards
reinstated. Died, 1849. =Index=: =P= Moves the Ninety-Two Resolutions,
117; deserts Papineau, 117; appointed judge by Gosford, 117. =Bib.=:
Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=Bédard, Pierre Stanislas= (1762-1829). Educated at the Seminary of
Quebec; studied law, and appointed advocate, 1790. Elected for
Northumberland to the first Legislature of Lower Canada, 1792. In 1806,
with a number of other French-Canadians in the Assembly, founded _Le
Canadien_, to represent the views of the popular party. In 1810 the
paper seized, and Bédard and his associates arrested on a charge of
treasonable practices. Released the following year. In 1812 appointed
judge of the District Court of Three Rivers. Retired in 1829 on account
of ill health. =Index=: =P= Leader of French-Canadians in Lower Canada
Assembly, 27; opposes property tax, 27; establishes _Le Canadien_, 28;
considered by Sir James Craig a dangerous revolutionist, 28; sent to
jail, 29; released and charges withdrawn, 29; moves resolution as to
ministerial responsibility, 96. =C= Claims liberty of the press, 95;
sent to jail, 95; released, 96; asks for ministerial responsibility, 96.
=Bk= Arrested, 127; demands trial, 128; released, 145. =Bib.=: Parent,
_Pierre Bédard et Ses Deux Fils_ in _Journal d'Instruction Publique,
1859_; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_; De Gaspe, _Memoires_;
Dionne, _Pierre Bédard et Ses Fils_; Dionne, _Pierre Bédard et Son
Temps_ (R. S. C., 1898).
=Bedard, Dr. William=. =T= Life-long friend of Sir Leonard Tilley, 145.
=Beer, Henry= (1835-1886). Born in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.
Elected to the Assembly, 1870; a member of the ministry, 1872; Speaker
of the Assembly, 1877; mayor of Charlottetown, 1885-1886.
=Begbie, Sir Matthew Baillie= (1819-1894). Educated at Cambridge; and
called to the English bar in 1844. Judge of the colony of British
Columbia and judge of the Vice-admiralty Court, 1858-1870. Chief-justice
of British Columbia, 1870-1894, and also judge of the Admiralty district
of British Columbia, 1891-1894. Knighted, 1875. =Index=: =D= First judge
in British Columbia--arrives November, 1858, 239; born in Edinburgh,
1819, 239; succeeds to chief-justiceship of British Columbia and
Vancouver Island, 239; his services to the colony, 239; his notable
journey, 1859, to Upper Fraser, 254; his character, 255. =Bib.=: Begg,
_History of British Columbia_; Nicolls, _Sir Matthew Baillie Begbie_.
=Begon, Michel, Sieur de la Picardière= (1674-1740). Filled the office
of inspector-general of marines, in France, 1707-1710. In the latter
year appointed intendant of Canada, but did not arrive in Quebec until
1712. Returned to France, 1726, and for some years acted as intendant of
justice in Normandy. =Bib=.: Roy, _Intendants de la Nouvelle-France_ (R.
S. C., 1903).
=Belcher, Jonathan= (1711-1776). Second son of Governor Belcher of
Massachusetts. Educated at Harvard University, Cambridge, and in
England; called to the English bar. Appointed chief-justice of Nova
Scotia, 1754. President of the Council of Nova Scotia and administrator
of the government, 1760. Chiefly instrumental in securing for Nova
Scotia a representative Assembly. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova
Scotia_.
=Belcour, De.= =WM= Brings promise of supplies to Ramezay, 227.
=Belette.= =Dr= Captain of armed boat, assists Carleton's escape at
Sorel, 113.
=Bell, Dr.= =W= Conducts Madras system of schools in New Brunswick, 86.
=Bell, Alexander Graham= (1847- ). Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Educated
at Edinburgh University and London University; came to Canada in 1870.
Professor of physiology in Boston University, 1872. Patented his
invention of the telephone, 1876; and has also invented the photophone,
induction balance, telephone probe, and graphophone. In 1898 appointed
regent of the Smithsonian Institution. In 1909-1910 engaged in aeroplane
experiments. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Who's Who_, 1910; _Addresses
before Canadian Club of Ottawa_, 1910.
=Bell, Hugh.= =H= Member of Uniacke administration, Nova Scotia, 1848,
110.
=Bell-Smith, Frederic Marlett= (1846- ). Born in London, England.
Educated there, and came to Canada, 1866. Founder and first president of
the Canadian Society of Artists, Montreal, 1867; director of Alma
College 1881; member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, 1888;
director of the Toronto Art School, 1889-1891. President of the Ontario
Society of Artists. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Belleau, Sir Narcisse= (1808-1894). Born in the city of Quebec and
educated there. In 1852 a member of the Legislative Council, and in
1857-1862 Speaker. Mayor of Quebec, 1860, when King Edward VII, as
Prince of Wales, visited Canada, and knighted on the occasion. In 1862
appointed minister of agriculture in the Cartier-Macdonald ministry; and
in 1865 premier and receiver-general in a coalition government.
Appointed lieutenant-governor of the province of Quebec, 1867; resigned
in 1873. =Index=: =B= Succeeds Sir E. P. Taché as titular head of
coalition government--proposed by J. A. Macdonald, and accepted by
George Brown, 191; Macdonald the virtual leader of government, 191. =C=
His connection with British North America Act, 102-103.. =Md= Nominal
head of government, 1865, 123. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; Taylor,
_Brit. Am._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Belleville=. Town of Ontario on the Bay of Quinte. Founded by Captain
Myers in 1790. =Index=: =BL= Early municipal government of, 298; riot
over Rebellion Losses Bill, 318.
=Bellomont, Richard Coote, Earl of= (1636-1701). Member of Parliament,
1688-1695; and served in Ireland, 1689. In 1695 appointed governor of
New York, and afterwards of Massachusetts. =Index=: =F= Corresponds with
Frontenac, 355. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Belmont, François Vachon de.= Came to Canada from France in 1680, and
joined the Seminary of St. Sulpice at Montreal, of which he was
superior, 1698-1732. Died the latter year. Left a _History of Canada_,
which was published in the first series of Historical Documents of the
Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. =Index=: =F= On number of
captives taken at Lachine, 226; on excessive use of brandy, 312; and
footnote. =L= His large donations to religious objects, 135; preaches
funeral sermon on Laval at Montreal, 265.
=Bénédiction.= =Ch= English vessel seized by French, 221.
=Bennett, George.= =B= An employee of the _Globe_, 256; shoots George
Brown, 257; on Brown's death, is tried and found guilty of murder, 258;
his mind disordered by misfortunes and intemperance, 258.
=Bentham, Jeremy= (1748-1832). English writer on jurisprudence and
ethics. =Index=: =Sy= An associate of Sydenham's, 13. =Bib.=: _Works_,
ed. by Bowring and Burton, 1843. For biog., _see_ _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Bentivoglis.= Papal Nuncio. =Index=: =Ch= Authorizes establishment of
church in Canada, 84.
=Bering, Vitus= (1681-1741). Born at Horsens, Denmark. Joined the
Russian navy in 1704; and in 1725 sent by Peter the Great to explore the
waters east of Kamchatka, and examine the American coast. After a
three-years' journey overland, reached the eastern coast of Siberia,
built vessels there, and in 1728 followed the coast north to the Arctic,
proving that Asia and America were not united. In 1733 set out again on
the long overland journey, hampered with a huge retinue, and it was not
until 1741 that his ships were ready at Petropaulovsk. Sailed to the
east, reached and explored the American coast, and was wrecked on what
was afterwards known as Bering Island, where he died, Dec. 8, 1741.
=Index=: =D= His explorations, 39, 40; his death, 1741, 40. =Bib.=:
Lauridsen, _Vitus Bering_; Muller, _Voyages from Asia to America_; Laut,
_Vikings of the Pacific_.
=Bering Sea Question.= Arose out of a dispute as to the seal-fisheries
of Bering Sea. Several Canadian sealers were seized by the United States
in 1886, on the plea that these waters constituted a _mare clausum_, or
closed sea. Similar seizures were made in 1887 and 1889. Finally the
British and United States governments agreed to submit the question to
arbitration. The Commission met at Paris in 1893. Lord Hannen and Sir
John Thompson represented British interests; the United States was
represented by Judge Harlan and Senator Morgan. The other arbitrators
were Marquis Visconti Venosta of Italy, Gregora W. Gram of Sweden, and
Baron de Courcel of Belgium, who presided. The decision was in favour of
Great Britain, and contrary to the claim of the United States to
jurisdiction over the waters of the Bering Sea and the seals visiting
the coasts and islands of Alaska. Regulations were provided for the
better protection of the fisheries; and the United States was required
to compensate the Canadian sealers for the unlawful seizure of their
vessels. =Index=: =D= Influenced by Russian occupation, 38; settled
under Paris award, 1897, 283; history of dispute 340-341.
=Berkeley, George Cranfield= (1753-1818). Entered the navy, 1766;
accompanied Cook in survey of coast of Newfoundland and Gulf of St.
Lawrence, 1766-1769; and was on the _Victory_ at Ushant, 1778. In 1786
surveyor-general of ordnance, 1786; and vice-admiral on the Halifax
station, 1805-1807, during which time occurred the affair between the
_Chesapeake_ and the _Leopard_. =Index=: =Bk= Gave instructions in
matter of deserters enlisted in _Chesapeake_, 83; recalled, 85. =Bib.=:
_Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Berlin Decrees.= Issued by Napoleon, November, 1806, to the following
effect: The British Isles were in a state of blockade; intercourse with
them was prohibited; all British subjects within French authority were
to be held as prisoners of war; all British property, private and
public, was declared to be prize of war; also merchandise from Britain;
merchants whose property had been captured by British cruisers were to
be indemnified from the product of such seizures; no British ships were
to be admitted into any port of France, or her allies; every vessel
eluding this rule was to be confiscated. The object of the decrees was
to close the continent against British commerce. The British government
retaliated by issuing an order-in-council, refusing to neutrals the
right of trading from one hostile port to another. =Index=: =Bk=
Directed by Napoleon against commerce of Great Britain, 81, 82, 105,
171, 172. =Bib.:= _Dict. Eng. Hist._; Green, _Short History of the
English People_; Kingsford, _History of Canada_.
=Bernard, Hewitt= (1825-1893). Entered the Canadian public service,
1858; deputy-minister of justice, 1867; resigned, 1876. In 1872, created
I. C.; and the same year made C. M. G. In 1878 appointed assistant
commissioner to France and Spain to negotiate commercial treaties.
Aide-de-camp to Lord Monck, 1868, and to Lord Stanley, 1888. =Index=:
=T= Confidential secretary to the Quebec Conference, 77; acts as
secretary to Confederation delegates in London, 121. =Bib.=: Pope,
_Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_.
=Bernardin, of Siena, Saint.= =L= On the guidance of Providence, 35-36.
=Bernetz, Chevalier de.= =WM= Commands battalion of Royal Roussillon
Regiment, 12; second in command of the town (Quebec), 86.
=Bernières, Henri de= (1635-1700). Born in France. Came to Canada with
Laval in 1659. Curé of Quebec, 1660-1687; and grand-vicar of the bishop
of Quebec. First superior of the Seminary of Quebec, 1663, holding that
position till 1688 and from 1693 to 1697. =Index=: =F= Grand-vicar of
bishop of Quebec, 111. =L= Head of retreat at Caën, 24; first superior
of Quebec Seminary, 55; transfers his personal income to seminary, 56;
administers diocese in Laval's absence, 134; claims ecclesiastical
rights, 163; made dean of Chapter, 197; his death, 239. =Bib.=: _Jesuit
Relations_, ed. by Thwaites; Gosselin, _Henri de Bernières_.
=Bernières, Jean de.= =L= His "Hermitage," 24, 25.
=Berry Brigade.= =WM= In battle of Ste. Foy, 257, 258.
=Berthelot, François.= =L= Laval's relations with, 138. =E= His
seigniory of St. Laurent made an earldom in 1676, 181.
=Berthier, Alexandre= (1638-1709). Born in France. Came to Canada in
1665; and in 1666 commandant at Fort St. Jean, and led expeditions
against the Iroquois. In 1672 granted the seigniory of Berthier in
Bellechasse County, Quebec. =Index=: =F= Commands militia in campaign
against Iroquois, 209. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_.
=Bethune, Alexander Neil= (1800-1879). Born in Glengarry, Ontario. In
1823 ordained deacon, and in 1824, priest. In 1847 archdeacon of York
(Toronto), and in 1867 consecrated coadjutor bishop of Toronto;
succeeded to the bishopric on the death of Bishop Strachan. =Bib.=:
Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Mockridge, _The Bishops of
the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland_.
=Bethune, John.= Born in Scotland, 1751. Emigrated in his early years to
South Carolina, and was chaplain of the loyal militia. In 1786 resided
in Montreal; minister of the Presbyterian church there; afterwards
appointed to a mission in Glengarry. =Index=: =S= Presbyterian minister,
reputed author of petition, for repeal of Marriage Act, 161, 162; the
first Presbyterian minister to arrive in Upper Canada, 164; received
stipend from the government, 164. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. Am._;
Macdonell, _Sketches Illustrating the Early Settlement and History of
Glengarry in Canada_.
=Betts.= =T= Proposes construction of European and North American
Railway, 26, 27.
=Beveridge.= =T= Seconds the address in New Brunswick Assembly, 115.
=Biard, Pierre= (1565-1622). Came to Port Royal in 1611, with Masse--the
first of their order in New France. The relations of the Jesuits with
Poutrincourt and his son Biencourt were far from cordial; little or no
progress was made with the conversion of the Micmacs; and in 1613 Biard
sailed with Masse for Mount Desert, with an expedition sent out by
Madame de Guercheville. They had hardly begun the new settlement, when
Argall swooped down, seized their ship, plundered their property, and
carried Biard and some of his companions prisoners to Virginia. Argall
brought the Jesuit back with him to Acadia the same year; the vessel in
which he sailed was carried out to sea, and after a series of adventures
Biard finally reached France and remained there. =Bib.=: Biard,
_Relation_; Carayon, _Première Mission des Jésuites au Canada_; Parkman,
_Pioneers of France_.
=Bibaud, Michel= (1782-1857). Educated at the College of St. Raphael.
=Index=: =L= Historian, his praise of Talon, 113. =P= On Papineau, 56.
=Hd= On Haldimand, 291. =Bib.=: =Works=: _Épîtres, Satires, Chansons
Epigrammes, et autre Pièces de Vers_; _Histoire du Canada et des
Canadiens sous la Domination Anglaise_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel.
Can._
=Bidwell, Barnabas.= =R= Election contests, 63.
=Bidwell, Marshall Spring= (1799-1872). Born in New England. Came to
Canada with his father, 1812, and practised law. In 1824-1835 a member
of the Upper Canada Assembly; in 1829 elected Speaker of the House, and
re-elected, 1835. One of the leaders of the popular party of Upper
Canada, and his outspoken sympathy with the Rebellion of 1837-1838
resulted in his banishment. =Index=: =Mc= Elected Speaker of the House,
151; defends Mackenzie, 181, 182; moves committee of inquiry, 184; moves
Mackenzie's eligibility, 243; discountenances royal veto, 251; again
elected Speaker of the House, 261; Head declines to make him judge, 377;
defeated for the House, 380; refuses nomination to Convention, 343;
gives legal advice to rebels, 343; his part in the Rebellion, 357;
accepts voluntary exile, 358. =R= One of the leaders of the popular
party in Upper Canada Assembly, 66, 67. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and
_Upper Canadian Rebellion_; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._;
Davin, _The Irishman in Canada_.
=Biencourt de Poutrincourt, Charles= (1583-1638?) Son of Jean de
Biencourt. Accompanied his father to Port Royal in 1605. Returned to
France in 1610; made vice-admiral in the seas of New France, and,
somewhat unwillingly, brought with him to Acadia in 1611 the Jesuits
Biard and Masse. While absent from Port Royal, the fort was attacked and
burnt by Argall in 1613. Biencourt partially rebuilt Port Royal, and was
still there in 1618. Returned to France some time before 1621, and
appointed director of the Royal Academy of Paris, which position he held
up to the time of his death. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_;
Patterson, _Last Days of Charles de Biencourt_ (R. S. C., 1896).
=Biencourt de Poutrincourt, Jean de, Baron de Saint Just= (1557-1615).
Had won distinction as a soldier in the service of France; and in 1604
sailed with De Monts and Champlain to Acadia. Was so charmed with Port
Royal that he determined to make it his home. De Monts made him a grant
of the lands about Annapolis Basin, which the king confirmed. Went back
to France and brought out his family to the new settlement. Accompanied
Champlain in his exploration of the Bay of Fundy. Jesuit missionaries
were sent out to Port Royal, whom Poutrincourt, although a good Roman
Catholic, found far from congenial. Their relations became more and more
strained, and when Poutrincourt sailed to France in 1613, the Jesuits
succeeded in having him thrown into prison. Regained his liberty and
returned to Acadia, but found Port Royal in ashes. Returned to France
and fell in the attack on Méry. =Index=: =Ch= Goes with De Monts to
Acadia, 19; lieutenant of De Monts at Port Royal, 34; joins Champlain in
exploration and erects crosses on coast (Massachusetts), 35; returns to
France, 37. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Régime_. _See also_ Lescarbot;
Champlain; De Monts.
=Bienville, Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, sieur de= (1680-1768). Son of
Charles Le Moyne, and brother of Iberville. Accompanied Iberville to
Hudson Bay in 1697, and took part in the capture of Fort Nelson and the
defeat of the English fleet. The following year sailed with his brother
to the mouth of the Mississippi, where they laid the foundations of the
colony of Louisiana. After the death of Iberville, became governor of
the colony, and remained there for thirty-five years. Founded the city
of New Orleans, and laboured unceasingly to advance the interests of
Louisiana. =Index=: =F= Joins war party against Schenectady, 235.
=Bib.=: King, _Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville_; Reed, _The
First Great Canadian_; Margry, _Découvertes des Français_. _See also_
Iberville.
=Bierce.= =Mc= Plans attack on Windsor, 446; lands at Windsor, 447;
retreats, 447.
=Big Mouth (Grande Gueule).= =F= Onondaga orator, 184, 221.
=Biggar, James L.= =R= Graduate of Victoria College, 144.
=Bignon.= =Ch= Crown lawyer in proceedings _re_ Champlain's will, 265.
=Bigot, François.= Born at Bordeaux, Jan. 30, 1703; son of Louis-Amable
Bigot. Through his influence at court, obtained several lucrative
offices in New France, which he turned to his own personal advantage.
Arrived at Louisbourg in 1739. After the capture of Louisbourg in 1745,
returned to France, where serious charges of misappropriating public
funds had been brought against him, but his influence at court was still
powerful enough to extricate him from this scrape, and to secure him the
office of intendant of New France, 1748. Sailed for Quebec and arrived
the same year. There elaborated a system of peculation, by which every
branch of the public service was laid under tribute to enrich himself
and his creatures, helping thereby to bring about the final loss of the
colony. Returned to France after the conquest of Canada; thrown into the
Bastille, and released only to be banished from France. =Index=: =WM=
Intendant, appearance and character, 32; made profit of famine, 53;
gambling habits, 54; reprimanded by minister, 88; hostility to
Bougainville, 88; makes his headquarters at Beauport, 88; letter to
Bougainville, 165. =Hd= Disliked, 52. =Bib.=: Roy, _Intendants de la
Nouvelle-France_ (R. S. C., 1903); Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_.
=Billings, Elkanah= (1820-1876). Born in township of Gloucester,
Ontario. Studied law, called to the bar, 1845, and practised in Ottawa.
Appointed paleontologist of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1856, and
in the same year established the _Canadian Naturalist_. =Bib.=: Morgan,
_Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Ami, _Brief Biographical Sketch of
Elkanah Billings_.
=Billings, Joseph.= Born in England, 1758. Accompanied Captain Cook on
his last voyage on the _Discovery_; and afterwards entered the Russian
navy. Commanded an expedition to the north-west boundaries of Asia in
1785, and in 1786-1794 explored the coasts of Siberia and Alaska.
=Index=: =D= Visits Unalaska, Nodiak, and Prince William Sound, 1790,
26. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Bindon.= =Dr= Montreal merchant, treasonable proceedings of, 84.
=Bizard.= =F= Officer of Frontenac, arrested by Perrot, 91.
=Blachford, Frederic Rogers, Baron= (1811-1889). Born in England.
Educated at Eton and Oxford. In 1844 registrar of joint-stock companies
and commissioner of lands and emigration; from 1860 to 1871 permanent
undersecretary of state for the colonies; and in 1871 made a privy
councillor. =Index=: =Md= On Macdonald's part in Westminster Conference,
126-127. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Black, John= (1817-1879). Born in Scotland. Went to the Red River
Settlement as legal adviser to Adam Thom, recorder of Rupert's Land,
1839. Subsequently entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company and
rose to the position of chief trader. Went back to Scotland, 1852. Spent
some time in Australia, and returned to the Red River Settlement as
recorder of Rupert's Land, 1862. Appointed a delegate to Ottawa to
present the views of the settlers on the taking over of the country by
the Dominion government, 1870. Proceeded to Scotland, where he died.
=Bib.=: Bryce, _Manitoba_.
=Black, John= (1818-1882). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to America with
his parents and studied for a time at Delaware Academy at Delhi, New
York. Came to Canada and completed his theological course at Knox
College, Toronto. Ordained to the ministry of the Presbyterian Church
and proceeded to the Red River Settlement, 1851. Remained in charge of
the church at Kildonan until his death. =Bib.=: Bryce, _John Black: The
Apostle of the Red River_.
=Black, William= (1760-1831). Born in England. In 1775 came to Canada
and became a Wesleyan Methodist preacher. Founded the Wesleyan Church in
Nova Scotia, and became general superintendent of British American
Wesleyan missions. =Index=: =W= The apostle of Wesleyan Methodism in
Maritime Provinces, 137. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Black, William.= =W= President of New Brunswick Assembly, 1831; refuses
to furnish information, 19; member of New Brunswick Legislative Council,
retires, 72.
=Black, William.= =W= Of Halifax, father-in-law of Judge Wilmot, 137.
=Blackader, Hugh W.= (1808-1863). Descended from Loyalist stock. Began
to learn the trade of printer at the age of twelve. Acquired an interest
in the _Acadian Recorder_, 1837, and continued to publish the paper
until his death. Closely identified with the Reform movement and a
strong supporter of Joseph Howe. =Index=: =H= Called upon to prove
publication of libel in the _Nova Scotian_, 24. =Bib.=: Campbell,
_History of Nova Scotia_.
=Black Rock.= =Bk= Opposite Fort Erie, fortified, 197.
=Blackfoot Indians.= A Western confederacy, of Siksika stock. First
described in the journal of Anthony Hendry, 1754-1755, and again by
Matthew Cocking, 1772-1773. They were then known to the Crees as the
Archithinue. Cocking also gives the following for the five tribes in the
confederacy: Powestic-Athinuewuck or Water-fall Indians;
Mithco-Athinuwuck or Bloody Indians; Koskitow-Wathesitock or
Black-footed Indians; Pegonow or Muddy-water Indians; and Sassewuck or
Woody-country Indians. Their habitat was then, and until comparatively
recent times, in the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains, on the upper
waters of the Saskatchewan. They are now for the most part on
reservations in Alberta. =Bib.=: Petitot, _Traditions Indiennes du
Canada Nord-Ouest_; Grinnell, _Blackfoot Lodge Tales_; _Hendry Journal_
(R. S. C., 1908); _Cocking Journal_ (R. S. C., 1909); Franklin, _Polar
Sea_; Catlin, _North American Indians_.
=Blair, Andrew George= (1844-1907). Born in Fredericton, New Brunswick.
Educated there, and called to the bar, 1866. In 1878 member of the New
Brunswick Assembly for York; in 1879 leader of the opposition; and in
1883 premier of the province. In 1896 resigned and became minister of
railways and canals in the Dominion government, under Laurier, retiring
in 1903. In February, 1904, chairman of the Railway Commission of
Canada, resigning in October of the same year. =Index=: =T= Premier of
New Brunswick during Tilley's governorship, 138. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can.
Men_; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; _Who's Who_, 1906.
=Blair, Adam Johnston Fergusson= (1815-1867). Member of the Legislative
Assembly of Canada, 1848-1857; appointed to the Legislative Council,
1860; receiver-general, 1863; member of Executive Council and provincial
secretary, 1863-1864; president of the Executive Council, 1866.
Appointed president of the Privy Council and a member of the first
Dominion Cabinet, 1867. =Index=: =Md= President of Privy Council in
first Dominion Cabinet, 134; agrees to support coalition, 137; his
death, 138. =B= Called upon to form ministry, but fails, 149. =T= Member
first Confederation ministry, 129. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Blake, Edward= (1833- ). Born in Adelaide, Ontario. Educated at Upper
Canada College and University of Toronto. Called to the bar of Ontario,
1859. From 1867 to 1872 a member of Alexander Mackenzie's Dominion
ministry; in 1875-1877 minister of justice and attorney-general; and
1877-1878 president of the Council. From 1878 to 1887 leader of the
Liberal opposition in the House of Commons. In 1892 went to Ireland and
elected member for South Longford in the British House of Commons;
retired, 1907. =Index=: =Md= Favours attacks Canadian Pacific Railway
scheme, 235; resigns leadership of Ontario Liberals, 1872, 152; attacks
government on Redistribution Bill, 274; supports Costigan's Home Rule
resolution, 277; contrasted with Macdonald, 277-279; mutual antagonism,
277-279; supports Landry's motion that Riel's sentence should have been
commuted, 280; not favourable to commercial union, 296; refuses to run
in election of 1891, 315; denounces policy of unrestricted reciprocity,
315-316. =B= His speech at Aurora advocating Imperial federation, 235,
240. =Mc= On when rebellion is justified, 26, 27. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can.
Men_; _Who's Who_, 1910; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Ewan,
_Hon. Edward Blake_; Taché, _Men_.
=Blake, William Hume= (1809-1870). Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity
College, Dublin, and emigrated to Canada in his youth. During the
Rebellion in 1837, paymaster of the Royal Foresters. Called to the bar
of Upper Canada, 1838. A member of the Legislative Assembly for East
York, 1847, and solicitor-general in the La Fontaine-Baldwin
administration, 1848-1849. In 1850 chancellor of Upper Canada, retiring
March, 1862. =Index=: =BL= Speaks before Reform Association, Toronto,
223; elected for York, 279; solicitor-general, 1848, 284; absent in
Europe, 284; on Rebellion Losses Bill, 314-315; quarrel with MacNab,
315; burnt in effigy in Toronto, 318; raised to the bench, 337. =E=
Returned in elections, 1847, 50; solicitor-general for Upper Canadian
first La Fontaine-Baldwin Cabinet, 53; father of Edward Blake; attacks
Family Compact; bitter conflict with Sir Allan MacNab, 69. =B= Speaks
before Toronto Reform Association, 1811, 21; burnt in effigy, 36; in the
fight for responsible government, 261. =Md= Challenged by John A.
Macdonald, 36. =Mc= Solicitor-general, debate on Rebellion Losses Bill,
489. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._, and _Last Forty Years_; Read, _Lives of
the Judges; Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Blanchard, Hiram.= =H= Supports Confederation, 186; member of Nova
Scotia government, 1867, 198; elected to Legislature, but unseated, 202.
=Blanchard, Jotham.= =H= Associated with Joseph Howe in _The Club_, 10;
in House of Assembly, 18.
=Blanchet, F.= =Bk= Arrested, 127; discharged, 128.
=Blanshard, Richard=. Appointed governor of Vancouver Island by Earl
Grey; left England, 1849, and reached Victoria in March of the following
year by way of Panama. Resigned office in 1850, and in 1851 returned to
England. =Index=: =D= First governor of Vancouver Island, 1849, 203;
relations with the Hudson's Bay Company, 203-204; nominates provincial
government and leaves for England, 204. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of
British Columbia_.
=Bleury.= =P= Joins Papineau party, 78.
=Bliss, Daniel= (1740-1806). Born in Concord, Mass. Educated at Harvard
University, Cambridge, graduating in 1774. In 1778 proscribed as a
Loyalist, and served with the British army as commissary. At the end of
the war, moved to New Brunswick; appointed a member of the provincial
Council, and later chief-justice of the Court of Common Pleas. =Index=:
=W= Becomes member of New Brunswick Council, 4. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History
of New Brunswick_.
=Bliss, John Murray= (1771-1834). Born in Massachusetts. Came to New
Brunswick in 1786; called to the bar; and elected to the House of
Assembly for the county of York. Appointed to the bench in 1816; became
a member of the king's Council; and in 1824 administrator of the
province for one year. Subsequently a judge of the Supreme Court of New
Brunswick. =Index=: =W= Judge of New Brunswick Supreme Court, 4. =Bib.=:
_Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Bliss, Jonathan= (1742-1822). Born in Springfield, Mass. Educated at
Harvard University, Cambridge. Emigrated to New Brunswick in 1783. In
1785 elected a member of the provincial Legislature and appointed
attorney-general. From 1809 to 1822 chief-justice. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am.
Biog._
=Blue, Archibald= (1840- ). Born in Orford, Ontario. From 1867 to 1881
engaged in journalism. In 1882 appointed secretary of the Ontario Bureau
of Industries, which he organized. Deputy minister of agriculture, 1884,
and director of the Bureau of Mines, 1891. Appointed Dominion census
commissioner, 1900. =Index=: =B= Witnesses shooting of George Brown by
Bennett, 255-256. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Bodega Bay.= On the coast of California, lat. 38° 18' 20" N., long.
123° 2' 28". =Index=: =D= Russian colony there in 1812, 45.
=Boileau, Maître.= =Ch= Lawyer, employed to contest Champlain's will,
265.
=Bolduc, Father.= =D= Jesuit missionary--supposed to be first priest on
Vancouver Island, 178; at Whidby Island, 179.
=Bolton, Colonel.= =Hd= Commander at Niagara, lost in foundering of
_Ontario_, 163.
=Bompas, William Carpenter= (1853-1906). Born in London, England.
Ordained deacon, 1859; priest, 1865; came to Canada latter year and
assigned to the Mackenzie River district. In 1874 consecrated bishop of
Athabaska. In 1884 transferred to see of Mackenzie River, and in 1891 to
that of Selkirk. Author of a number of primers in the Athabaskan and
Algonquian languages, as well as in Eskimo. =Bib.=: _Diocese of
Mackenzie River_; Cody, _An Apostle of the North_; Machray, _Archbishop
Machray_; Mockridge, _Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and
Newfoundland_. For his native primers, _see_ Pilling, _Bibliography of
Athabaskan Languages_.
=Bond, William Bennett= (1815-1906). Born in Truro, England. At an early
age went to Newfoundland. Removed to Quebec, 1840; the same year
admitted deacon, and ordained priest, 1841. For some time engaged as a
travelling missionary; assistant to the rector of St. George's Church,
Montreal, 1848; rector 1862; archdeacon of Hochelaga, 1871; dean of
Montreal, 1874. In 1879 consecrated bishop of Montreal; in 1901
archbishop, and in 1904 primate of all Canada. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can.
Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._; _Who's Who_, 1905; Mockridge, _Bishops of the
Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland_.
=Bonne, Captain de.= Born in France, and before coming to Canada served
in the regiment of Condé. At the siege of Quebec, 1759, in command of
the Quebec and Three Rivers militia, and took part in the battle of the
Plains and the battle of Ste. Foy. =Index=: =WM= Commands Quebec and
Three Rivers militia, 105. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_.
=Bonnécamps, Joseph Pierre de= (1707-1790). Born in France. Entered the
Jesuit order, and came to Canada in 1741, when he was appointed
instructor of hydrography at the Seminary of Quebec. Held that position
until the fall of Quebec in 1759. In 1765-1766 laboured among the
French refugees on the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon.
=Bonnerme.= =Ch= Physician, accompanied Champlain to Quebec, 41; death
of, 46.
=Bonnycastle, Sir Richard Henry= (1791-1848). Born in England. Served in
Canada in 1812, and engaged in the capture of Fort Castine. During the
Rebellion of 1837-1838 commanded the engineers in Canada West, and
defended Kingston in 1838; knighted for distinguished service, 1837.
Afterwards commander of engineers in Newfoundland. =Bib.=: _The Canadas
in 1841._ For biog., _see Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Bonsecours, Chapel of.= =L= United to parish of Montreal, 176;
commenced by Sister Bourgeois, 177; held in high honour, 178.
=Bontemps, Captain.= =Ch= Brings out settlers, 252.
=Books.= =S= Scarcity of, in Upper Canada, 175. _See also_ Libraries.
=Borden, Robert Laird= (1854- ). Born in Grand Pré, Nova Scotia. Called
to the bar, 1878, and practised at Kentville and Halifax; appointed
Q.C., 1890. In 1896 elected for the city and county of Halifax to the
Dominion Parliament, and for Carleton County, Ontario, 1905. In 1901
succeeded Sir Charles Tupper as leader of the Conservative party.
=Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who_.
=Borgia's House.= =WM= Wolfe occupies, 189; set on fire by Canadians,
193.
=Boscawen, Edward= (1711-1761). Born in England. Served at Porto Bello,
1739-1740; at Cartagena, 1741; and in the West Indies, 1747. Commanded
on the North American station between 1755 and 1757, and in 1758
commander-in-chief of the fleet at the siege of Louisbourg. In 1759
defeated the French in Lagos Bay, and in 1760 commanded the fleet in
Quiberon Bay. =Index=: =WM= In command of naval forces at Louisbourg,
73. =Bib.=: Wood, _Logs of the Conquest of Canada_; Doughty, _Siege of
Quebec_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._ _See also_ Louisbourg.
=Bossuet, Jacques Benigne= (1627-1704). Churchman and orator; bishop of
Meaux; took a leading part in the Gallican controversy. =Index=: =L= On
poverty and liberty, 123. =Bib.=: Works: _Histoire Universelle; Oraisons
Funèbres_. For biog., _see_ Chambers, _Biog. Dict._
=Boston.= =Bk= Flags hung there at half-mast on declaration of war
against Great Britain, 208. =Hd= Rebellious sentiment comes to head at,
84; Haldimand doubts wisdom of closing the port, 85; dangerous condition
of affairs at, 95-96, 97-98; reception to General Gage, 96; Haldimand's
removal to, 103, people of, revile Haldimand, 105; Haldimand's house at,
107; loss at Bunker Hill, 108; Louis Haldimand at, 109; Loyalists leave,
110; Haldimand's rank at, 121. =L= Americans of, their designs against
priests and missionaries, 11.
=Boston.= =D= Attacked by natives of Nootka, 1803, and crew murdered,
37.
=Botsford, Bliss= (1813-1890). Born at Sackville, New Brunswick.
Educated at King's College, Fredericton; called to the bar, 1838, and
practised at Moncton until 1870. A member of the New Brunswick Assembly,
with brief intervals, from 1851 to 1870. In 1865 surveyor-general in the
Smith ministry, and a member of the Executive Council, of which he was
Speaker from 1867 to 1870. From 1870 to 1890 judge of the County Court.
=Index=: =T= Surveyor-general in Smith government, 91; adds no strength
to the government, 92; represents Westmoreland, 115. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc.
Can. Biog._
=Bouchard.= =L= Founder of the Montmorency family, 16.
=Boucher de Grosbois et de Boucherville, Pierre= (1622-1717). Came to
Canada in 1634 with his father; served as a soldier of the little
garrison of Quebec in 1641. Four years later settled at Three Rivers,
and having made himself familiar with several Indian languages, employed
as interpreter. For nearly a quarter of a century served the town of his
adoption in various capacities, civil and military. Filled the office of
governor of Three Rivers, with short intervals, from 1652 to 1667.
Visited France in 1661-1662, received by Louis XIV, and given a patent
of nobility, and on his return to Canada brought out a number of
colonists. In 1667 retired to his seigniory of Boucherville. Left a
brief but interesting history of New France, written in 1663, while he
was still governor of Three Rivers, and published the following year.
=Index=: =L= His opinion of Laval, 29. =Bib.=: _Histoire Veritable et
Naturelle des Moeurs et Productions du Pays de la Nouvelle France_.
Paris, 1664. Reprinted, 1849, 1882, 1883, 1896. The last is in the
_Trans._ of the Royal Society for that year, and is edited by Benjamin
Sulte, with biographical and bibliographical notes.
=Bouchette, Captain.= =Dr= Conducts Carleton safely to Three Rivers,
113.
=Bouchette, Joseph= (1774-1841). Entered the naval service, 1791; in
command of the forces on Lake Ontario; and served in the Royal Canadian
volunteers. In 1813 on active service; and in 1814-1816 in England,
where he published his topographical and geographical description of
Canada. Employed as surveyor-general in delimiting the boundary line
between Canada and the United States, 1817-1818. =Bib.=: _Topographical
Description of the Province of Lower Canada_; _British Dominions in
North America_.
=Bouchette, Robert Shore Milnes.= =P= Exiled to Bermuda for his
participation in Rebellion of 1837, 138; commissioner of customs,
Ottawa, 149; sides with Papineau, 149; arrested as a rebel, 149; his
letter to Colonel Dundas, 150-153.
=Boudon, Abbé Henri-Marie.= =L= Succeeds Laval as archdeacon of Evreux,
23.
=Boues, Charles de.= =Ch= Vicar-general of Pontoise, contributes to
building of Récollet convent, 117; syndic of Canadian missions, 148.
=Bougainville, Louis Antoine, Comte de= (1729-1811). Born in Paris.
Educated for his father's profession of notary; and soon obtained
recognition as an advocate in the Parliament of Paris. As a student
displayed a remarkable talent for mathematics, and at the age of
twenty-two wrote the first volume of a treatise on the Integral
Calculus. His mathematical work recognized by the Royal Society in
electing him to a fellowship. Joined the army in 1755, and the next year
came to Canada as Montcalm's aide-de-camp. Played an important part in
the siege of Quebec, and wrote an elaborate journal of the campaign,
much of which appears to have been incorporated in Montcalm's _Journal_,
published by Abbé Casgrain. Returned to France in 1760, and after
serving in Germany, joined the navy. From 1766 to 1769 made a voyage
around the world; served in the West Indies during the Revolutionary
War, and commanded the van of the French fleet in the action off
Chesapeake Bay. Retired from active service, 1790; nominated by Napoleon
to the Senate, and raised to the nobility. =Index=: =WM= Aide-de-camp to
Montcalm, 1; despatched to France to represent desperate state of
colony, 62; commands Grenadiers along Beauport shore, 85; incurs Bigot's
hostility, 88; ordered to protect country west of Quebec, 151, 158;
interview with Montcalm at Beauport, 160; Vaudreuil writes that safety
of colony is in his hands, 161; duped by Wolfe's strategy, 177;
criticized by Chevalier Johnstone, 177; his promotion due to court
favour, 177; disregards instructions of governor by changing commander
at Le Foulon, 178; great reliance placed on him, 178; his failure to
reinforce post at the Foulon, 178, 184; his failure to follow British
fleet down from Cap Rouge, 184; held responsible for disaster, 210; his
delay at Sillery, 211; arrives after battle, 222; his letter to
Ramezay, regarding provisions, 226; holds his position at Cap Rouge
while rest of army retreats, 229; on march to Quebec, hears of
capitulation, 234; replaces Lusignan at Ile-aux-Noix, 245; congratulates
Lévis on victory of Ste. Foy, 267. =Bib.=: Works: _Traité du Calcul
Intégral_; _Voyage autour du Monde_; _Essai Historique sur les
Navigations Anciennes et Modernes_ (Acad. des Sciences Morales et Pol.,
Vol. I); _Notice Historique sur les Sauvages de l'Amerique
Septentrionale_ (_ibid._, Vol. III). His letters are printed in Doughty,
_Siege of Quebec_; and his manuscript journals are in the Canadian
Archives. _See also_ De Kerallain, _La Jeunesse de Bougainville_;
Michaud, _Biog. Univ._; Larousse, _Grande Dict. Univ._; Casgrain,
_Montcalm et Lévis_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Wood, _The Fight for
Canada_; Hart, _The Fall of New France, 1755-1760_.
=Boulay, Angelique Louise Talon du.= =WM= Wife of Montcalm, 5; her grief
at his departure for Canada, 8.
=Boulduc.= =F= Prosecutor of Prévoté, dismissed, 138.
=Boullé, Eustache.= =Ch= Brother-in-law of Champlain, 134, 145;
appointed by Champlain as his lieutenant, 155; returns to France, 209;
converted to Roman Catholicism, receives bequest from his sister, 267.
=Boullé, Hélène.= =Ch= Marries Champlain, 66; spends four years in
Quebec, 141; returns to France, 141; studies Algonquian language, 263;
her life at Quebec, 263-264; enters Ursuline convent, 266; dies, 1654,
266.
=Boullé, Nicholas.= =Ch= Champlain's father-in-law, secretary of the
king's chamber, 66; pays his daughter's inheritance to Champlain, 67.
=Boulton, D'Arcy.= Born in England. Came to Canada, 1797, and settled at
York, 1803. Called to the bar of Upper Canada by special Act of the
Legislature, 1803; solicitor-general, 1805. While on his way to England,
1810, captured by a French privateer, and remained a prisoner in France
until 1814. Appointed judge of Assize, 1818. Died in York about 1830.
=Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_; Scadding, _Toronto of Old_.
=Boulton, Henry John.= Son of D'Arcy Boulton; born in England, 1790.
Studied law and called to the English bar. Emigrated to Canada, 1816,
and practised in Upper Canada. In 1818 appointed solicitor-general;
attorney-general, 1829; elected to the Assembly for Niagara; removed
from attorney-generalship by colonial secretary on account of his
independent votes in Assembly, 1833; proceeded to England to vindicate
his actions; appointed chief justice of Newfoundland, 1833; removed from
office, 1838, and returned to Canada. Represented town of Niagara in
Assembly, 1841-1844, and Norfolk County, 1848-1851. =Index=: =Mc=
Solicitor-general, reprimanded, 152-153; dismissed from office of
attorney-general, 232; threatens rebellion, 233; chief justice of
Newfoundland, 235. =E= Responsible for amendment of Union Act, 123. =BL=
Removed from office of attorney-general, 16; in Clergy Reserves debate,
349. =Bib.=: _Short Sketch of Upper Canada_. For biog., _see_ Morgan,
_Cel. Can._
=Boundaries of Canada.= =Dr= Not defined by Constitutional Act, 260.
=Bouquet, Henry= (1719-1765). Born in Switzerland. Served in Holland,
Sardinia, and with the Prince of Orange. Was Captain-commandant of the
Swiss Guards at the Hague, 1748. Entered the British army; came to
America in 1754; with Haldimand and the "Royal Americans"; and held a
leading command for several years in the French and Indian wars. Died at
Pensacola, Florida. =Index=: =Dr= His services in Pontiac's War, 6;
death of, 6; Bouquet papers in British Museum, 7. =Hd= Life-long friend
of Haldimand, 5; his early military service, 6; his studious habits, 8;
member of Swiss Guards at the Hague, 8; recommended for command in Royal
American Regiment, 9; experiences ill-feeling between American colonists
and British troops, 12; in Carolina, 13; his letters throw side-lights
on the affairs in the colonies, 14-15; popular in military profession,
16; Indian warfare, 16; at Fort Pitt, 16; Haldimand advises him not to
leave the service, 40; defeats Indians at Bushy Run, 58; thanked by the
king and promoted, 58; death of, 58, 63; Haldimand laments his loss, 62;
his tomb, 63; his papers preserved in Canadian Archives, 319; some of
his letters missing, 338. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_ and
_Conspiracy of Pontiac_; _Canadian Archives Report_, 1889.
=Bourdages.= =P= Assists Papineau in defeating motion for adoption of
Lord Goderich's offer, 77. =Bk= Made colonel of militia by Sir George
Prévost, 158.
=Bourdon.= =L= Brings out a number of girls as colonists, 79. =Ch=
Industrious settler, 252, 253.
=Bourdon, Sister Anne.= =F= On divine protection of Quebec, 301.
=Bourdon, Jean= (1602-1668). Born in Normandy. Came to Canada, 1634.
Engaged for some years as a civil engineer and land surveyor; sent on
several embassies to the Iroquois; and in 1657 made a voyage towards
Hudson Bay, but prevented by ice from entering the Strait. Mentioned as
being at Quebec in 1665.
=Bourgard.= =L= On the zeal of the missionaries, 61.
=Bourgeoys, Marguerite= (1620-1700). Born at Troyes, in Champagne.
Entered the convent of the Congregation of Notre Dame at the age of
twenty, and while there decided to devote her life to the colony of New
France. Arrived in Quebec in September, 1653, and went on immediately to
the new settlement of Montreal. In 1657 opened the first school, in a
stable granted her by Maisonneuve. In the same year built a wooden
chapel in Montreal. Founded the Congrégation do Notre Dame de Montreal
in 1659, and in 1686 built the convent. In 1675, with funds obtained
from France built the church of Bonsecours. =Index=: =L= Establishes
school at Ville Marie (Montreal), 9; her services to the sick on board
the _St. André_, 32; her labours in instruction of the young, 91; her
educational work, 126; Abbé Verreau on influence exerted by, 127; founds
Bonsecours Chapel, 177. =F= Establishes Congrégation de Notre Dame, 29,
39; impressed on arrival by poverty of country, 39. =Bib.=: Ransonet,
_Vie de la Soeur Bourgeoys_; Faillon, _Vie de la Soeur Bourgeoys_;
Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_ and _Old Régime_; Colby, _Canadian
Types of the Old Régime_.
=Bourget, Ignace= (1799-1885). Born at Point Lévis, Quebec. Ordained in
1822; vicar-general of Montreal, 1836; coadjutor bishop of the diocese,
1837; bishop of Montreal, 1840, and created the first cathedral chapter
of that city. Founded several religious orders, colleges, and asylums,
among others, in 1864, the institution for the deaf and dumb, Montreal.
In 1862 created a Roman count and assistant at the Pontifical Throne. In
1876 archbishop of Martianopolis, _in partibus_. =Index=: =C= His
character, 80; dispute with Cartier, 80-83; calls on Cartier, 84.
=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Bourinot, Sir John George= (1837-1902). Born in Sydney, Nova Scotia.
Educated at Trinity University, Toronto. Chief official reporter to the
Nova Scotia Assembly, 1861-1867, and in 1880 appointed chief clerk of
the Dominion House of Commons. For many years honorary secretary of the
Royal Society of Canada. =Index=: =BL= On Baldwin's University Bill,
293; on Tory opposition to Rebellion Losses Bill, 313, =Bib.=; Works:
_Canada under British Rule_; _Federal Government in Canada_; _How
Canada is Governed_; _Manual of Constitutional History of Canada_;
_Parliamentary Procedure and Government in Canada_; _Canada_; _Builders
of Nova Scotia_. For biog., _see_ Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._
=Bourlamaque, de.= Born in France. Governor of Guadaloupe; sent in 1756
with Montcalm to Canada as third in command and colonel of engineers. In
command at Ticonderoga in 1759; promoted brigadier-general, and took
part in the defence of Quebec. Died, 1764. =Index=: =WM= Third in
command, 12; holds Amherst in check, 131; evacuates Forts Carillon and
Frederic and falls back on Ile-aux-Noix, 146; which he reports himself
able to hold till fall, 158; joins army of Lévis on march against
Quebec, 245; repairs bridges over Cap Rouge River, 248; occupies
position at Lorette and Ste. Foy, 249; in battle of Ste. Foy, 256;
wounded, 260. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Parkman, _Montcalm and
Wolfe_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_.
=Bouteroue, Claude de.= Born in France. Came to Canada to act as
intendant during the absence of Talon from 1668 to 1670. Returned to
France, 1671, and died there, 1680. =Index=: =L= Acts as intendant
during Talon's absence, 116. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New
France_.
=Bouthillier.= =Ch= Negotiates restoration of Quebec, 220.
=Bow River Pass.= Through the Bow Range of the Rocky Mountains, head
waters of Bow River. =Index=: =D= Entered by David Thompson, 1805, 58.
=Bowell, Sir Mackenzie= (1823- ). Born in England. Came to Canada with
his parents, 1833, and engaged in journalistic work. In 1867 elected to
the Dominion House of Commons for North Hastings. In 1878 appointed
minister of customs, holding that office until 1891; minister of
militia, 1892; and minister of trade and commerce, 1892-1894. In 1894
succeeded Sir John Thompson as premier, and resigned office in 1896.
Created a K. C. M. G., 1895. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can.
Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Bowen, Edward= (1780-1866). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada in 1797;
studied law and called to the bar in 1803. From 1809 to 1812 represented
Sorel in the Assembly; and in the latter year appointed to the Court of
King's Bench. In 1821 appointed a member of the Legislative Council, and
in 1835 elected Speaker. In 1849 chief-justice of the Superior Court for
Lower Canada. =Index=: =E= Made a judge of the Seigniorial Court, 187.
=Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. Am._
=Bowes, Colonel.= =Bk= Of the 6th Regiment, assumes command on death of
General Hunter, 69; leaves Canada, 73.
=Bowring, Dr.= =Sy= An associate of Sydenham's, 13; trade commissioner
to France, 29.
=Boyd, Colonel.= =T= Represents Charlotte County in New Brunswick
Assembly, 102.
=Boyd, John= (1828-1893). Born in Ireland. Emigrated to New Brunswick,
and engaged in business at St. John. In 1880 called to the Senate, and
on Sept. 22, 1893, succeeded Sir S. L. Tilley as lieutenant-governor of
New Brunswick. =Index=: =T= Succeeds Tilley as lieutenant-governor of
New Brunswick, 138. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.
=Braddock, Edward= (1695-1755). Born in Scotland. Entered the army,
1710, and in 1743 major of the Coldstreams. Served in the expedition to
L'Orient, 1746; and under the Prince of Orange in Holland, 1746-1748.
Colonel of the 14th Foot at Gibraltar, 1753. In 1755 general and
commander-in-chief in British North America; and on July 9, 1755,
commanded the British expedition against Fort Duquesne, where he was
defeated and mortally wounded. =Index=: =WM= Death of, at Fort Duquesne,
22. =Hd= His defeat rouses Pennsylvania Assembly to vote military
supplies, 13. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_;
Bradley, _The Fight with France_.
=Bradstreet, Simon= (1603-1697). Born in England. Educated at Cambridge;
and emigrated to Massachusetts, where he became assistant judge of the
Court in 1630. In 1631 one of the founders of Cambridge, Mass.; from
1630 to 1679 assistant governor of Massachusetts; from 1679 to 1686
governor; and from 1689 to 1692 president of the administration of the
colony. =Index=: =F= Made governor of Massachusetts, 266; on failure of
expedition against Quebec, 301. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Bragg's Regiment.= =WM= On British right, 189; in battle of Ste. Foy,
259, 261.
=Brandon House.= Built by the Hudson's Bay Company, in 1794, on the head
waters of the Assiniboine River, about seventeen miles below the present
city of Brandon. The buildings were burnt about 1814, and the post
abandoned. =Index=: =MS= Built by Hudson's Bay Company, 6. =Bib.=:
Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.
=Brandy Question.= =F= Condemned by Champlain, 25; subject of dispute
between civil and religious authorities, 46, 115; king's instructions
regarding, 116, 118, 120; question referred to a meeting of the
principal inhabitants, 121; opinions expressed, 122, 123; king's
decision thereon, 125; evils depicted, 335. =L= Sale of liquor to
Indians, 7, 36-39, 113; Frontenac's opinion and Colbert's instructions,
170, 171; conference on the subject, 172; Laval's attitude, 173-175;
Dollier de Casson's testimony, 175. _See also_ Liquor question. =Bib.=:
Parkman, _Frontenac_ and _Old Régime_.
=Brant, Isaac.= =S= Son of Joseph Brant, commits murder, 191; attacks
his father and is killed by him in self-defence, 192.
=Brant, Joseph= (1742-1807). A Mohawk Indian chief, whose native name
was Thayendanegea. Educated at an Indian school in Connecticut. Visited
England in 1775. In the Revolutionary War sided with the British and
rendered valuable service. Revisited England after the war. Translated
the Book of Common Prayer and St. Mark's Gospel into the Mohawk tongue
(London, 1787). =Index=: =S= Mohawk Indian, distrusted by Simcoe, 75,
125; visits Philadelphia and received by Washington as Indian emissary,
121; part taken by, in subsequent negotiations, 124, 125; loss of
influence with his own people, 125; his motives and policy, 126, 128,
129; kills his son Isaac in self-defence, 192. =Hd= Commands scouting
parties, 153; made a colonel of Indians on Haldimand's recommendation,
154; did not harm women or children, 154, 170; his success against rebel
force under Lockerby, 169; advises reserve for Six Nation Indians, 258;
highly esteemed by Haldimand, 300; Allan MacLean's opinion of, 308;
visits Haldimand in London, 327. =Bib.=: Stone, _Life of Brant_;
Cruikshank, _Joseph Brant in the American Revolution_; Eggleston, _Brant
and Red Jacket_; Ke-che-ah-gah-me-qua, _Life of Brant_; Dent, _Can.
Por._
=Brant, Molly.= =Hd= Sister of Joseph Brant, her influence with Indians,
154; pensioned, 155.
=Brantford.= City of Ontario, on the Grand River. Named after Joseph
Brant, the Mohawk chieftain. Founded about 1820.
=Brassy.= =T= Offers to build European and North American Railway, 25,
27.
=Breadalbane, John Campbell, second Marquis of= (1796-1862). Represented
Okehampton in Parliament, 1820-1826, and Perthshire, 1832. =Index=: =Sy=
Offers to go to Canada as governor-general, 58. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.
Biog._
=Brébeuf, Jean de= (1593-1649). Born of a noble family of Normandy.
Came to Canada, 1625; spent the winter of 1625-1626 among the
Algonquins. In the latter year, after a long and difficult journey by
way of the Ottawa and Lake Nipissing, reached the villages of the
Hurons, on Georgian Bay, where he established the first mission.
Returned to Quebec in 1629, and in 1634 re-established the Huron
mission. In 1640 made an unsuccessful attempt to establish a mission
among the intractable Neutral Nation, north of Lake Erie. Returned to
the Huron mission, where, in 1649, he was captured by the Iroquois, and
burned at the stake with unmentionable cruelties. His skull is preserved
in the Hôtel-Dieu at Quebec. =Index=: =Ch= Sails for New France on De
Caën's vessel, 152; returns to College of Rouen, 207; returns to Canada,
228; goes to Huron country, 249. =L= Sufferings and death of, 5, 62.
=Bib.=: Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_; Ragueneau, _Relation des
Hurons_, 1649; Colby, _Canadian Types of the Old Régime_.
=Breda, Treaty of.= Signed between England and France, 1667. Brought to
a close the disastrous war with the Dutch. By its terms Nova Scotia was
handed over to France. =Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.
=Brésolles, Sister de.= =L= Her labours in the hospital at Montreal, 91.
=Bretonvilliers, De.= =L= Sulpician, makes liberal contribution towards
erection of church at Montreal, 88; foundation stone laid on his behalf
by M. Dollier de Casson, 89; devotes his fortune to religious work at
Montreal, 135; succeeds M. Olier as superior of seminary in France, 162.
=Briand, Jean Olivier= (1715-1794). Born in France. Ordained priest,
1739; came to Canada, 1741; canon of Quebec Cathedral until 1760. In
1766 appointed bishop of Quebec, and resigned, 1784. Rebuilt the
cathedral and palace, destroyed during the siege of Quebec, 1759.
=Index=: =L= Bishop of Quebec, 12. =Dr= Appointed Roman Catholic bishop
of Quebec, 23.
=Bride.= =Ch= English vessel seized by French, 221.
=Bright, John= (1811-1889). British statesman and orator. =Index=: =T=
Friendly to Anti-Confederation party, 123. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=British American League.= =Md= Formed in 1849 in Montreal as a reply to
the Annexation Manifesto--branches followed throughout the country, 40;
its objects, 40-41; largely due to John A. Macdonald's inspiration, 95;
Confederation one of its main objects, 95; commercial national policy
another, 219. =H= Howe's correspondence with the president, George
Moffatt, 113-115. =B= Formed in Upper Canada--convention held at
Kingston, 1849, 37; its policy, 38; part of Conservative case for
Confederation, 38. =Bib.=: Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_.
=British Chronicle.= Newspaper published in New York. =Index=: =B=
Established by Peter and George Brown, 4; its objects, 4.
=British Columbia.= Area 372,630 square miles. Vancouver Island became a
crown colony in 1849; ten years later the mainland was organized as a
separate colony; in 1866 island and mainland became one; and in 1871 the
colony became a province of the Dominion of Canada. =Index=: =D= Organic
existence since 1859, or including Vancouver Island, since 1849, 1;
origin of name, 57; gold-fields, 22; created separate colony, 1858, 229;
early government of, 231-235; revenue, 232; roads, etc., 232, 237-238,
249-253; relations with the Hudson's Bay Company, 233; character of
early population, 241-243; formal establishment of colony at Fort
Langley, 1858, 245-246; Hill's Bar affair, 248-249; plans for
transcontinental road, 253-254; population in 1859, 256; agriculture,
256-257; financial problems, 258-262; dissatisfaction with dual
governorship, 289; popular grievances, 290-291; views of Douglas,
291-293; Legislative Council, 294-297; union of British Columbia and
Vancouver Island, 297-300, 308; British Columbia Legislature meets for
first time in Victoria, Dec. 17, 1867, 311; entry into Dominion,
311-316; terms of union, 313-315; first Legislative Assembly after the
union, 315; transcontinental railway, 317-328; population, 1900,328;
agriculture, 329-330; fisheries, 330-331; lumber, 332-333; minerals,
333-334; industrial problems, 335; oriental labour, 336-337; education,
338-340. =Md= Opposition to entry into Confederation, 149; difficulties
removed, 149; terms of union, 149-150; union completed, July 20, 1871,
150; difficulties over building of Canadian Pacific Railway drive
province to verge of secession, 215, 233-234. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of
British Columbia_; Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_; Macdonald,
_British Columbia and Vancouver's Island_; Macfie, _Vancouver Island and
British Columbia_; Morice, _The History of the Northern Interior of
British Columbia_; Herring, _Among the People of British Columbia_;
Fitzgerald, _The Hudson's Bay Company and Vancouver Island_; Mayne,
_Four Years in British Columbia_; Baillie-Grohman, _Sport and Life in
Western America and British Columbia_; Métin, _La Colombie Britannique;
Indians of British Columbia_ (R. S. C., 1888); Langevin, _Report on
British Columbia_.
=British Law.= =Sy= Attempts to introduce after passage of Quebec Act,
65. =S= Introduced into Upper Canada, 85.
=British Legion.= =Dr= Loyalists commanded by Tarleton, 202.
=British Newspapers.= =Hd= Sympathy with rebels expressed in, 190. _See
also_ Newspapers.
=British North America Act.= The constitution of the Dominion; the Act
by which the scattered colonies of British North America were united in
one Confederation. Drafted at the Quebec Conference, 1864; discussed and
passed in the form of resolutions, in the Legislature of Canada, 1865;
put in final shape at the Westminster Conference, 1866; passed by the
Imperial Parliament, and proclaimed, 1867. The essential feature of this
Act, and that which distinguishes it most clearly from the Constitution
of the United States, is the provision that all matters not specifically
assigned to the provinces belong to the Dominion, the reverse being the
case under the United States Constitution. Broadly speaking, the Act
gives the Dominion exclusive jurisdiction over the regulation of trade
and commerce, the postal service, customs and inland revenue, military
and naval service, navigation and shipping, currency and coinage,
banking, weights and measures, patents and copyrights, naturalization,
Indians. To the provinces it gives exclusive jurisdiction over direct
taxation, management and sale of public lands, timber, provincial
prisons, hospitals, asylums, etc., municipal institutions,
administration of justice, education. =Index=: =Md= Conference in
London--Macdonald's letter to Tilley, 125-126; the sixty-nine
resolutions passed, 126; draft bill drawn up--completed bill submitted
to House, and received royal assent, March 29, 1867, 127; royal
proclamation fixes July 1 as date upon which it should come into force,
127; opposition develops in Maritime Provinces, 129; provides for
Intercolonial Railway, 151; and acquisition of North-West Territories,
156; question of legislative union, 245; federal system introduced by,
250; provincial rights under, 253; the franchise, 258. =C= Delegation
sent to London to see it through Parliament, 67; proposal to amend it in
the interests of the New Brunswick Roman Catholics, 77, 82; strained
relations of Macdonald and Cartier over terms of, 102-103. =H= Passed by
Imperial Parliament, 192; opposed by Joseph Howe, 192; its repeal sought
by Nova Scotia Anti-Confederates, 204. =T= Quietly received in New
Brunswick, 127. =Bib.=: Bourinot, _Constitution of Canada_; Houston,
_Constitutional Documents_; Doutre, _Constitution of Canada_; Munro,
_Constitution of Canada_; Ashley, _Constitutional History of Canada_;
Gooch, _Manual of the Constitution of Canada_; Howland, _The New Empire;
Confederation Debates_, 1865; Pope, _Confederation Documents_.
=Brock, Daniel De Lisle.= =Bk= Brother of Sir Isaac, becomes chief
magistrate of Guernsey, 70.
=Brock, Elizabeth.= =Bk= Sister of Sir Isaac, 71.
=Brock, Ferdinand.= =Bk= Brother of Sir Isaac, served in Royal
Americans, 6; death of, 7, 70.
=Brock, Harriet.= =Bk= Married to Sir Thomas Saumarez, 124.
=Brock, Sir Hugh.= =Bk= Supposed ancestor of General Brock, 5.
=Brock, Irving.= =Bk= Brother of Sir Isaac, 102; an able pamphleteer,
132, 140; estrangement between, and his brother William in connection
with latter's failure, 163; reconciliation, 297.
=Brock, Sir Isaac= (1769-1812). =Bk= Birth and descent, 6; enters army
at age of fifteen, 7; joins 49th Regiment with rank of captain, and is
sent to West Indies, 8; returns to England on sick leave, 9; senior
lieutenant-colonel of his regiment, 10; takes part in expedition to
Holland under Sir Ralph Abercromby, 13; his account of battle of
Egmont-op-Zee, 17; quartered in Jersey and visits home in Guernsey, 22;
joins expedition to the Baltic, 24; his regiment ordered to Canada, 31;
arrives at Quebec, 34; his regiment ordered to Upper Province, 48; his
vigorous pursuit of deserters, 60; quells mutiny at Fort George, 61-63;
assumes command at the fort, 64; recommends establishment of corps of
veterans who on discharge might receive grants of land, 64; impressed by
comfortable condition of loyalist settlers, 65; contrasts their
character with that of settlers of the later (1793) immigration, 66;
takes special interest in Sergeant-Major (afterwards Colonel) James
FitzGibbon, 66; quartered in Quebec, 69; made a full colonel and goes to
England on leave, 70; returns to Canada, 73; assumes chief military
command at Quebec, 73; recommends strengthening of the fortifications of
Quebec, 75, 94; differences with President Dunn, 77; leaves control of
Indian affairs in Upper Canada to lieutenant-governor, 78; examines
accounts of the deputy commissary-general, 78, 79; effects improvements
in marine department, 80; tries to make Quebec impregnable, 86;
dissatisfied with measures of defence adopted by the civil government,
94; letters to James Cuthbert of Berthier, 95, 98; confident that
Canadians would vigorously resist American invasion, 97; leaves Quebec
to take command in Montreal, 99; appointed acting brigadier-general 99;
his social qualities, 101; returns to Quebec, 115; anxious for service
in Europe, 123, 124; considers war with United States (1809) imminent,
124; his opinion of the Lower Canada Assembly, 126; ordered to Upper
Canada, 133; his books, 135; literary tastes, 136; application for leave
not entertained, 136-138, 155; correspondence with Lieutenant-Governor
Gore respecting grant of land to Colonel Vesey, 138; high opinion
entertained of, at headquarters, 141; pleasantly entertained by
Lieutenant-Governor Gore, 143; anxiety as to management of Indians,
149-152; made major-general, 157; made president and administrator of
Upper Canada in absence of Lieutenant-Governor Gore, 159; financial
misfortune, 161; letter to his brother Irving, 163-165; his strong
family affection, 163; his energy as administrator, 168; his opinion of
the _Little Belt_ affair, 173; his endeavours to avert Indian warfare,
176; sends plan of campaign to General Prévost, 177-179; recommends
increase of naval force on lakes, 178; offered service in Spain, but
does not accept it, 180; his plan for formation of flank companies
adopted, 181; speech on opening of Legislature of Upper Canada, 183;
measures proposed by, to Legislature, 184; recognizes presence of many
persons of doubtful loyalty in the province, 185, 214; disappointed with
action of Legislature, 185; urges importance of prompt seizure of
Detroit and Michilimackinac, 195; selects Major-General Shaw to protect
line between Kingston and Cornwall, 195; his Indian policy, 197;
receives news of declaration of war, 203; establishes headquarters at
Fort George, 204; instructs Captain Roberts to capture Michilimackinac,
210; commends militia in general order, 212; recognizes the great odds
against Canada, 215; sends Colonel Procter to Amherstburg, 215; his
proclamation in answer to Hull's, 217; proclamation as president of
province, 219, 221; opens the Legislature, 222; hears of capture of
Michilimackinac, 223; prorogues Legislature, 229; proceeds to western
frontier, 231; meets Tecumseh for the first time, 245; describes him to
Lord Liverpool, 247; forms three brigades, 247; decides on attacking
Detroit, 248; summons Hull to surrender, 250; attacks, 251-254; his
daring in battle, 253; takes Detroit and makes Hull's army prisoners of
war, 255, 256; praises his army, 258; his message to his brothers, 260;
his proclamation to inhabitants of Michigan territory, 261; armistice
concluded by Prévost deranges his plans, 261; arrives at York, and is
warmly welcomed, 262; letter to his brothers, 266-268; arrives at
Kingston, 268; proposes to attack Sackett's Harbour, but is overruled by
Prévost, 270, 271; letter to Prévost asking for reinforcements, 272,
273; replies to objections made by Prévost to Fort Wayne expedition,
275-277; instructed to evacuate Detroit, 277; extreme anxiety not to
alienate Indians, 277, 278, 280; health, discipline, and morals of his
army, 279; letter to his brother Savery, 280, 281; his force on Niagara
frontier, 287; his account of capture of brigs _Detroit_ and _Caledonia_
by Americans, 290-293; rejoicing in England over the victory at Detroit,
295; Brock made K.C.B., 296; Prince Rupert's high opinion of, 297; last
despatch to Prévost, 298; in battle at Queenston Heights, 298-304; his
death, 304; a national loss, 312; his burial and monument, 312, 313.
=BL= Sydenham ranked with, 112. =Bib.=: Tupper, _Life and Correspondence
of Sir Isaac Brock_; Read, _Life of Brock_; Nursey, _Isaac Brock_;
Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Dent, _Can. Por._ _See also_ War of 1812.
=Brock, John.= =Bk= Brother of Sir Isaac Brock, 15; killed in a duel,
70.
=Brock, John.= =Bk= Father of Sir Isaac Brock, 6.
=Brock, Mary.= =Bk= Sister of Sir Isaac Brock, 71.
=Brock, Savery.= =Bk= Younger brother of Brock, 15; gallant conduct of
at Egmont-op-Zee, 17-19; his resemblance to his brother Isaac, 18; with
Sir John Moore in Spain, 123; affected by his brother William's failure,
161, 166.
=Brock, William.= =Bk= Brother of Sir Isaac, a London merchant, 70;
disastrous failure of, 161-164; his letter to his brother Isaac, 165.
=Brock, William.= =Bk= Grandfather of Sir Isaac Brock, 5.
=Brock's Battery.= =Bk= Name at first given to king's battery in Quebec
citadel, 94.
=Brockville.= Chief town of Leeds County, Ontario, on left bank of St.
Lawrence. Formerly known as Elizabethtown. Raided by a detachment of
troops from Ogdensburg in 1813. The town assumed its present name
shortly after the death of Brock. =Index=: =BL= Early municipal
government of, 298.
=Broglie, Achille Charles Léonce Victor, Duc de= (1785-1870). Foreign
secretary under Louis-Philippe, 1832-1834, and prime minister,
1835-1836. Lived in retirement after, 1851. =Index=: =Sy= Poulett
Thomson (Sydenham) meets in Paris, 20. =Bib.=: _Écrits et Discours_;
_Souvenirs_.
=Brooke, Frances.= =Hd= Her novel of Canadian life, 222. =Bib.=:
_History of Emily Montague_, London, 1777.
=Brouage.= =Ch= In Saintonge, birthplace of Champlain, 1.
=Brougham, Henry Peter, Baron= (1778-1868). Born in Scotland. Educated
at Edinburgh University. Secretary to Lord Rosslyn and Lord St. Vincent
on a mission to Portugal. In 1810 entered Parliament; in 1830 received
the great seal and elevated to the peerage. In 1828 founded London
University, and in 1860 elected chancellor of Edinburgh University.
=Index=: =S= Secretary to the Portugal Commission, 220. =W= His
sarcastic reference to Glenelg, 42. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Broughton, William Robert= (1762-1821). Born in England. Entered the
navy, 1774, and served on the American station until 1778. In 1790
explored and surveyed the Columbia River; and in 1794 surveyed the
north-west coast of America. Served in Lord Gambier's expedition, 1809;
at Mauritius, 1810, and at Java, 1811. =Index=: =D= Sails a hundred
miles up the Columbia, 24; surveys coast northwards of Cape Mendocino,
34. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Brouillan, De.= Born in France. Governor of Placentia, Newfoundland,
1690. Made a chevalier of St. Louis, 1698. In 1701 commandant in Acadia,
and governor of that colony, 1702-1705. Died the latter year. =Index=:
=F= French governor of Placentia, Newfoundland, 346. =Bib.=: Charlevoix,
_History of New France_.
=Brouse, W. H.= =R= Graduate of Victoria College, 144.
=Brown, George= (1818-1880). =B= His place as a Maker of Canada, ix;
complains that Upper Canada is inadequately represented and dominated by
Lower Canada, ix; an ardent advocate of Confederation, x; relations with
John A. Macdonald, x; and with Roman Catholic Church, x; his birth and
parentage, 1; character, 1; lifelong opposition to slavery, xi, 1-2;
views on Presbyterian Church government, 2; emigrates to America, 2;
establishes the _British Chronicle_ at New York, with his father, 4;
comes to Canada, 1843, 4, 5; described by Samuel Thompson, 4-5;
establishes the _Banner_ at Toronto with his father, 5-6; character of
the _Banner_, 5-7; begins fight for responsible government, 9-10;
establishes the _Globe_, 1844, 20; its objects, 20-21; speech before
Toronto Reform Association, 1844, 21-22; refuses to drink toast to
Metcalfe, 27-28; presents address to Elgin, 36; his quarrel with the
Clear Grits, 40; defeated in Haldimand by W. L. Mackenzie, 40; defines
political situation in 1850, 42-43; his reply to Cardinal Wiseman's
pastoral letter, 44-45; his political principles, 46-47; takes issue
with Hincks's government, 48-49; advocates secularization of Clergy
Reserves, 55-57; runs for Kent--his platform, 61; advocates free
schools, 62; views on higher education, 62-64; his election for Kent,
64; arouses French-Canadian hostility, 65; attacks Hincks-Morin
government, 66-67; increasing power in the Legislature, 69; prodigious
industry and capacity for work, 69; attitude towards Lower Canada and
Roman Catholic institutions, 70; advocates representation by population,
71; becomes the mouthpiece of Nonconformist sentiment in Upper Canada,
71; tribute of the Cobourg _Star_, 72-73; pen-picture by James Young,
73-74; growth of the _Globe_--its declaration of principles, 74-75; in
favour of prohibition, 75,76; defeats Malcolm Cameron in Lambton, 77;
the alliance with the _Rouges_, 78-79; his friendship with Dorion,
80-81; presses for representation by population, 84; attacked by
Macdonald, 87-91; his interest in prison reform, 91-93; personal charges
disproved, 93-97; elected for Toronto, 1857, 99; carries a motion
disapproving of selection of Ottawa as capital, 100; government defeated
and he forms administration, 101-102; relations with Sir Edmund Head,
103-104; defeated on question of dissolution, 106; the "Double Shuffle,"
106-108; his fight against negro slavery, 112-119; relations with Roman
Catholics, 121-128; opposes denominational schools, 121-123; and
clerical control, 123-128; views on Confederation, 130-132; 137-138; his
temporary retirement from public life, 139, 141; defeated in East
Toronto, 141; opposes "double majority," 143; sails for England, 1862;
interview with Duke of Newcastle, 143; marries Anne Nelson, 144;
reception in Toronto on his return, 144; assails Separate School Bill in
the _Globe_, 145; accepts Act of 1863 as a final settlement, 145, 146;
his letters on the political crisis, 1864, 150; proposes a federation
system of government either for Canada alone, or for all the British
North American provinces, 150; the negotiations looking towards
Confederation, 151-161; opposes an elective Senate, 164-165; well
satisfied with the results of the Quebec Conference, 165-166; convert to
Intercolonial Railway scheme, 166; explains the new constitution in
Toronto, 166-167; writes Macdonald from England on favourable reception
of the Confederation scheme, and deplores almost universal sentiment in
England in favour of Canadian independence, 167; his speech in
Parliament on Confederation, 171-175; writes of need of haste in putting
through Confederation, 182; opposes submission of Confederation scheme
to the people, 185; Macdonald's negotiations with, as to formation of
new administration, 189-191; accepts Belleau as premier, 191; his
interest in reciprocity, 192; differences with his colleagues on
reciprocity terms lead to his resignation from Cabinet, 193-197; his
connection with Confederation, 199-209; Holton's appeal to, 201; his
interest in the North-West Territories and their acquisition by Canada,
211-221; his connection with the Reciprocity Treaty of 1874, 223-233;
attacks protectionist budget, 233; hostile to Canada First party,
237-238, 239, 241; his family relations, 243-244; death of his wife, May
6, 1906, 244; his children, 244; writes Holton as to his retirement from
public life, 245-246; defines his attitude as a journalist, 246-247;
relations with Liberal leaders after his retirement, 247-248; farming on
his Bow Park estate near Brantford, 248; appointment to the Senate,
December, 1873, 248; the Simpson libel suit, 249-250; attacks Judge
Wilson in the _Globe_, 250-252; sued for contempt of court, 252; his
defence, 253; shot by George Bennett, 255-256; his death, May 10, 1880,
258; estimate of his character and public life, 258-265; as a
journalist, 265. =C= Cauchon's antagonism, 24; relations with Quebec
Liberals, 28; his policy of representation by population, 28; fights for
Protestant and English supremacy, 28; Cartier takes strong stand against
his aggressiveness, 68; comes into power with the Reformers, 99. =E=
Arrives in Canada and enters journalism, 111; attacks French-Canadians,
112, 113-114, 137, 225; becomes leader of the Clear Grits, 112; enters
Parliament, 113; his influence there, 114; urges representation by
population, 117-118; attacks Hincks, 125, 140; distrusted by Liberals,
138; his warm support of Confederation, 225. =R= Opposes Sir Charles
Metcalfe, 126; opposes separate schools, 224, 225-226; conflict with
Ryerson over separate schools, 233. =BL= His speech before Reform
Association, Toronto, 1844, 223-224, 225; establishes _Globe_, March 5,
1844, 223-224; his relations to the Reformers and the Clear Grits, 224,
342; attacks Roman Catholicism, 343. =T= Makes overtures to government,
looking towards Confederation. 69; at Charlottetown Conference, 74, 75;
delegate to Quebec Conference, 76; opposes coalition government, 128.
=Mc= Defeated by W. L. Mackenzie, 486; relations with Mackenzie, 487;
Haldimand election, 488; Alexander Mackenzie's good offices, 496. =Md=
Macdonald's great antagonist in Canadian public life, 51; pre-eminent
as a reformer, 52; comes to Canada from Scotland in 1844, 52; founds the
_Globe_, 52; his character, 52-53; contrasted with Macdonald, 53-54;
first opposes Clear Grits, then becomes their leader, 54; attacks racial
and religious ideals of Quebec, 54-55; question of Clergy Reserves, 55;
his solution of representation by population, 71-72; opposes proposal
for elective Legislative Council, 75; his quarrel with Macdonald, 80-81;
opposes separate school system, 82; forms ministry with Dorion--the
"Short administration," 85; its defeat, 86; his influence declining, 89;
opposes Sandfield-Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 89; they join forces, 89;
proposes coalition to further Confederation, 92-93; enters Taché
ministry, 102; quarrel with Macdonald patched up, for the time, 102;
delegate to England in regard to Confederation, defence, reciprocity,
etc., 120-121; his entrance into coalition ministry largely due to Lord
Monck, 121; resigns from Cabinet, 123; supports Confederation, but
resumes old hostility to Macdonald, 123; attempts to break up coalition,
136-137; appointed to Senate by Mackenzie, 138. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit.
Am._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Mackenzie, _Life and
Speeches of the Hon. George Brown_.
=Brown, George Mackenzie= (1869- ). Son of George Brown. Born in Canada.
Educated at Upper Canada College, Toronto, Merchiston Castle School,
Edinburgh, and at Cambridge. Moved to Edinburgh, Scotland, and in 1900
elected to the British House of Commons for Central Edinburgh. Managing
trustee of Thomas Nelson & Sons, Edinburgh. =Index=: =B= Only son of
George Brown, a member of the publishing firm of Thomas Nelson & Sons,
244. =Bib.=: _Who's Who_, 1910.
=Brown, Henry.= =WM= Lieutenant of Grenadiers, helps to carry Wolfe off
the field, 200. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_.
=Brown, James.= =W= Represents Charlotte County in New Brunswick
Assembly, brings in bill for teachers' training school, 88. =T=
Surveyor-general in Fisher ministry, 32, 33, 43. =Bib.=: Hannay,
_History of New Brunswick_.
=Brown, John Gordon= (1827-1896). Brother of George Brown. Born in
Scotland. Educated in Edinburgh and New York. In 1844 engaged on the
Toronto _Globe_; in 1851 editor, and in 1880 managing director. In 1882
retired from the _Globe_; appointed registrar of the Surrogate Court of
Toronto, 1883. =Index=: =B= Consulted by George Brown on political
situation, 143; George Brown's brother, 243; enters _Globe_ office--his
connection with the newspaper, 244, 245; E.W. Thomson's estimate of,
245; his death, June 9, 1896, 245. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._
=Brown, John Storrow.= =P= With Papineau at St. Charles meeting, 1837,
125; preaches rebellion, 126; heads the _Patriotes_ at St. Charles, 128,
133; charged with cowardice, 133; his letter to Dr. Nelson, 133. =Bib.=:
Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=Brown, Peter= (1784-1863). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to New York in
1838; was owner and editor of the _British Chronicle_. Removed to
Toronto, 1843, and founded the _Banner_, a Free-Church Presbyterian
organ. In 1844 with his son, George Brown, established the Toronto
_Globe_, and contributed to it for some years. =Index=: =B= Father of
George Brown, 1; his hatred of slavery, 1; emigration to America, 1838,
2; contributes to _Albion_, 2; publishes _The Fame and Glory of England
Vindicated_, 2; establishes the _British Chronicle_, New York, 4;
removes to Toronto, and with his son establishes the _Banner_, 5; on
committee of Anti-Slavery Society, 113; his work on the _Globe_,
243-244; his death, 1863, 244. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Dent, _Can.
Por._
=Brown's Point.= =Bk= On Niagara River, battery at, 299, 301.
=Bruey.= =F= Agent of Governor Perrot at Montreal, 97.
=Brûlé, Étienne.= A famous _coureur de bois_ who accompanied Champlain
on his exploration of the Ottawa, in 1615, and subsequently made
extensive explorations in the country of the Hurons and the Iroquois
(1615-1618). Treacherously murdered near the present town of
Penetanguishene by a party of Hurons in 1632. =Index=: =Ch= Interpreter,
accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; accompanies Champlain to the Ottawa
River, 88; at Cap de la Victoire, 139; learns Huron language, 144; sent
on mission to Three Rivers, 163; sides with the Kirkes, 194; conduct in
the Huron country, 202; his death, 203, 246. =Bib.=: Champlain,
_Voyages_; Sagard, _Voyage du Pays des Hurons_; Parkman, _Pioneers of
France_; Butterfield, _History of Brûlé's Discoveries and Explorations_;
Sulte, _Étienne Brûlé_ (R. S. C., 1907).
=Brulon, Jean Gauthier de.= =L= Canon and confessor of chapter of
Quebec, 197.
=Bruyères, Lieutenant-Colonel R. E.= =Bk= Reports on condition of forts
in Upper Canada, 157.
=Bryce, George= (1844- ). Born at Mount Pleasant near Brantford,
Ontario. Educated at Toronto University and Knox College. Took part in
the skirmish at Ridgeway during the Fenian Raids. In 1871 removed to
Manitoba and organized Manitoba College. Professor of English literature
in Manitoba College, 1871-1909; and head of the faculty of science and
lecturer in biology in Manitoba University, 1891-1904. Moderator of the
General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Canada, 1902-1903.
President of the Royal Society of Canada, 1909-1910. =Index=: =Md= On
causes of Riel Rebellion, 158. =Bib.=: Works: _Manitoba_; _Short History
of the Canadian People_; _Apostle of Red River_; _Hudson's Bay Company_;
_Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists_. For biog., _see_
Morgan, _Can. Men._; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Bryce, James= (1838- ). Born in Belfast. Educated at the universities
of Glasgow and Cambridge. Entered Parliament in 1880. In 1886
under-secretary of state for foreign affairs; in 1892 chancellor of the
Duchy of Lancaster, and in 1894 president of the board of trade. Chief
secretary for Ireland, 1905-1906, and in 1907 appointed British
ambassador at Washington. =Index=: =E= On the disadvantages of
congressional government, 255-257. =Bib.=: Works: _Holy Roman Empire_;
_American Commonwealth_. For biog., _see_ _Who's Who_, 1910.
=Brymner, Douglas= (1823-1902). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, 1857.
For some time editor of the _Presbyterian_, and associate editor of the
Montreal _Daily Herald_. In 1872 appointed Dominion Archivist, and held
the position up to the time of his death, laying the foundations of the
present splendid collection of manuscript material bearing on the
history of Canada. =Index=: =Hd= His services as Dominion Archivist,
319; his opinion of Haldimand, 320; his translation of Haldimand's
diary, 321. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._
=Buade, Antoine de.= =F= Grandfather of Frontenac, 61.
=Buade, Henri de.= =F= Father of Frontenac, 61.
=Buade, Louis de.= _See_ Frontenac.
=Buchanan, Isaac= (1810-1883). Born in Scotland. In 1833 emigrated to
Canada and entered into business life. Strongly opposed the Rebellion of
1837. Elected for York to the first Parliament of Canada. In 1864
appointed president of the Council in the Taché-Macdonald ministry,
retiring the same year.
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