Helps to Latin Translation at Sight
by Edmund Luce · English · Gutenberg #28890 · 841,681 chars · public domain (US)
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Title: Helps to Latin Translation at Sight
Author: Edmund Luce
Release date: May 20, 2009 [eBook #28890]
Language: English
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[Transcriber's Note:
This text is intended for users whose text readers cannot use the
"real" (Unicode/UTF-8) version of the file.
Greek--usually in word derivations--has been transliterated and shown
between #marks#. Vowels with macron ("long" mark) have a circumflex
accent instead. Vowels with breve ("short" mark, not common) have been
unpacked and shown in brackets, as is long "y":
ÂÊÎÔÛ âêîôû
[-y]
[)A] [)E] ... [)a] [)e] [)i]
[)-i] ["anceps" vowel, either long or short]
The "root" and "therefore" (three dots) symbols are shown as [Rt] and
[therefore]. Reversed "C" is [C] (in the numeral CI[C] = M).
Except for [Linenotes], [Footnotes] and the symbols noted above, all
single brackets [ ] are in the original. Double brackets [[ ]] and
braces { } were added by the transcriber.
In some passages, individual letters or syllables within a word were
printed in boldface. These are shown with braces as f{a}cio. Elsewhere,
boldface is shown with +marks+. Other aspects of formatting, including
line numbers, are detailed at the end of the e-text.]
HELPS TO
LATIN TRANSLATION AT SIGHT
by the
REV. EDMUND LUCE
With an Introductory Note
by the
REV. THE HON. E. LYTTELTON, M.A.
Headmaster of Eton
'Tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento;
Hae tibi'erunt artes; pacisque imponere morem.
Parcere subiectis, et debellare superbos.'
VERGIL, _Aeneid_, vi. 851 3
'Fecisti patriam diversis gentibus unam,
Profuit iniustis te dominante capi.
Dumque offers victis proprii consortia iuris,
Urbem fecisti quod prius orbis erat.'
RUTILIUS, i. 63-6
ETON COLLEGE
SPOTTISWOODE & CO., LIMITED
1908
All rights reserved
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
Whatever controversies may be astir as to the precise objects of a
classical training, it will hardly be disputed that if that teaching has
been successful the pupils will sooner or later be able to make out an
ordinary passage of 'unseen' Latin or Greek. It is a test to which the
purely linguistic teacher must obviously defer: while the master, who
aims at imparting knowledge of the subject-matter must acknowledge, if
his boys flounder helplessly in unprepared extracts, that they could
have learnt about ancient life better through translations.
In, addition to the value of unseen translation, as a test of teaching
it constitutes an admirable thinking exercise. But so numerous are the
various books of extracts already published that I should have seen
nothing to be gained from the appearance of a new one like the present
volume were it not, as far as I know, different in two important
respects from others. It contains six Demonstrations of _how_ sentences
are to be attacked: and further, the passages are chosen so that if a
boy works through the book he can hardly fail to gain some outline
knowledge of Roman Republican history.
As to the Demonstrations, their value will be evident if it is realised
that failure in this sort of translation means failure to analyse: to
split up, separate, distinguish the component parts of an apparently
jumbled but really ordered sentence. A beginner must learn to trust the
solvent with which we supply him; and the way to induce him to trust it
is to show it to him at work. That is what a Demonstration will do if
only the learner will give it a fair chance.
In regard to the historical teaching contained in the extracts, there
can be little doubt that the present tendency of classical teaching is
towards emphasising the subject-matter as well as the language. It is
felt that as training in political principles the reading of Greek and
Roman authors offers unique advantages, such as many English boys can
appreciate, who are deaf to the literary appeal. The choice therefore of
historical extracts in chronological order is an attempt to recognise
both the two great aims of classical teaching at once. At any rate there
is no reason to suppose that the linguistic exercise is in any way
impaired by being combined with a little history.
I should like to direct attention also to the notes given on the
extracts, and the purpose they are meant to serve. If no notes had
been given some of the passages which are important or interesting
historically would have been found too difficult for the boys for whom
they are intended. Moreover, most of the notes concern the historical
aspect of the extract to which they belong, and are part of the scheme
by which the subject-matter of the passage is emphasised. Although the
passages themselves are not strictly graduated, the help given in
translation becomes less and less as the boy goes through the book; and
it is obvious that those extracts which illustrate the later periods of
Roman History will be found more difficult than the legends and stories
which belong to an earlier age. In cases where no help at all is
desired, the Miscellaneous Passages (which are without notes) may be
used.
E. LYTTELTON.
ETON: _April 1908_.
EDITOR'S PREFACE
The aim of the present book is to help boys to translate at sight. Of
the many books of unseen translation in general use few exhibit
continuity of plan as regards the subject-matter, or give any help
beyond a short heading. The average boy, unequal to the task before him,
is forced to draw largely upon his own invention, and the master, in
correcting written unseens, has seldom leisure to do more than mark
mistakes--a method of correction almost useless to the boy, unless
accompanied by full and careful explanation when the written work is
given back.
Now that less time is available for Latin and Greek, new methods of
teaching them must be adopted if they are to hold their own in our
public schools. When Lord Dufferin could say, 'I am quite determined, so
far as care and forethought can prevent it, that the ten best years of
my boy's life shall not be spent (as mine were) in nominally learning
two dead languages without being able to translate an ordinary paragraph
from either without the aid of a dictionary;' and Dr. Reid could write,
'It is not too much to say that a large number of boys pass through our
schools without ever dreaming that an ancient writer could pen three
consecutive sentences with a connected meaning: chaos is felt to be
natural to ancient literature: no search is made for sense, and the
Latin or Greek book is looked upon as a more or less fortuitous
concourse of words;' when Dr. Rouse can assert, 'The public schoolboy at
nineteen is unable to read a simple Latin or Greek book with ease, or to
express a simple series of thoughts without atrocious blunders: he has
learnt from his classics neither accuracy nor love of beauty and
truth'--it is obvious that, for the average boy, the system of
perfunctorily prepared set-books and dashed-off unseens is a failure.
The experience of every teacher who is also an examiner, and who has had
to deal with public schoolboys, will confirm this; but during
twenty-five years' teaching and examining of boys in almost every stage,
I have found that translation at sight, taught upon the plan of this
book, not only produces a good result, but teaches a boy how to grapple
with the bare text of a Latin author better than the habitual practice
of translating at sight without any help at all. If the average boy is
to be taught how to translate, his interest must be awakened and
sustained, and the standard of routine work made as high as possible.
The clever boys are, as a rule, well provided for; but, even for them,
the methods of this book have been found to be the shortest road to
accuracy and style in translation. Moreover by this means they have
gained a firsthand acquaintance with Latin literature and the sources of
Roman history.
It is impossible here to enter into 'the question of the close and
striking correspondence between the history, the literature, and the
language of Rome. It was not until the history of Rome threw its mantle
over her poetry that the dignity of the poet was recognised and
acknowledged. . . . In the same way the life of the Roman people is
closely bound up with the prose records, and the phenomena of the Roman
Empire lend a human interest to all representative Roman writers.'[1]
Considerations of this kind form a sufficient justification of the
method here adopted of employing the historical records of Rome as a
basis of teaching.
In this book the Introduction (pp. 1-14) is written to teach a boy how
to arrive at the meanings of words (_Helps to Vocabulary_, pp. 1-5); how
to find out the thought of a sentence through analysis and a knowledge
of the order of words in Latin (_Helps to-Translation_, pp. 5-12); how
to reproduce in good English the exact meaning and characteristics of
his author (_Helps to Style_, pp. 13-14).
In the Demonstrations (pp. 15-58) the boy is taught to notice all
allusions that give him a clue to the sense of the passage, to grapple
with the difficulties of construction, to break up sentences, and to
distinguish between the principal and the subordinate thoughts both in
prose and verse.
The Passages have been carefully selected, and contain accounts of
nearly all the important events and illustrious men of the period of
history to which they belong. They are chronologically arranged and
divided into six periods, covering Roman history from B.C. 753 to B.C.
44, leaving the Augustan and subsequent period to be dealt with in a
second volume. The translation help given in the notes is carefully
graduated. The notes to Parts I., II., III. (marked D, pp. 60-107) are
thus intended to help younger boys to deal with passages which would in
some cases be too difficult for them; less help in translation is given
in Parts IV. and V. (marked C, pp. 108-159); while the notes to Part VI.
(marked B, pp. 160-236) are mainly concerned with historical
explanation, illustration, or allusion.
The Miscellaneous Passages (pp. 238-271), chosen for me by my
brother-in-law, Mr. A. M. Goodhart (Assistant Master at Eton College),
are added to provide occasional passages in which no help is given. It
is hoped that these, which deal with subjects of general interest, and
include a somewhat wide range of authors, may give variety to the book,
and supply more verse passages than the historical character of the rest
would admit. For the sake of variety, or to economise time, some of the
passages may be translated _viva voce_ at the discretion of the master.
The Appendices (pp. 274-363) may be referred to when a boy finds himself
in doubt about the value of a Conjunction (I.), the force of a Prefix
(II.), the meaning of a Suffix (III.), the Life and Times of his Author
(VI.), or the historical significance of a date (VII.). In Appendix V.
a Demonstration is given to show how a boy, after sufficient practice in
translation by the help of analysis, may to some extent learn to think
in Latin, and so to follow the Latin order in arriving at the thought.
The important question of what maps should accompany the book will be
best solved by providing each boy with a copy of Murray's Small
Classical Atlas, edited by G. B. Grundy, which will be found to be
admirably adapted to the purpose. By the kindness of Mr. John Murray,
two plans (Dyrrachium and Pharsalus), not at present included in the
Atlas, have been specially drawn to illustrate passages on pp. 216 and
218, and are placed opposite the text.
As far as possible I have acknowledged my indebtedness to the Editors
whose editions of the classics have been consulted. For the historical
explanations I am under special obligation to the histories of Ihne and
Mommsen, to the 'Life of Cicero' by the Master of Balliol, and to the
'Life of Caesar' by Mr. Warde Fowler. I have also to thank Messrs.
Macmillan for allowing me to quote from Dr. Potts' 'Aids to Latin
Prose,' and from Professor Postgate's _Sermo Latinus_. For the prose
passages the best texts have been consulted, while for Livy,
Weissenborn's text edited by Müller (1906) has been followed throughout.
As regards the verse passages, the text adopted is, wherever possible,
that of Professor Postgate's recension of the _Corpus Poetarum
Latinorum_. For the Short Lives I have found useful 'The Student's
Companion to Latin Authors' (Middleton and Mills), but I owe much more
to the works of Teuffel, Cruttwell, Sellar, Tyrrell, and Mackail.
The Head Master of Eton, besides expressing his approval of the book,
has kindly offered to write an Introductory Note. He has also given me
an exceptional opportunity of testing more than half the historical
passages by allowing them to be used in proof, until the book was ready,
for the weekly unseen translation in the three blocks of fifth form,
represented by the letters, B, C, D. The criticisms and suggestions made
by Classical Masters at Eton, who have used the passages week by week,
have been very valuable, and, in particular, my thanks are due to Mr.
Impey, Mr. Tatham, Mr. Macnaghten, Mr. Wells, and Mr. Ramsay. My thanks
are also due to the Lower Master, Mr. F. H. Rawlins, for kindly reading
the MS. of the Introduction, Demonstrations, and Appendices I.-IV., and
for giving me the benefit of his wide experience.
To my brother-in-law, Mr. A. M. Goodhart, I owe it that I undertook to
write the book; without his advice it would never have seen the light,
and he has given me most valuable help and encouragement at every stage.
As regards the choice of type and style of printing, I owe a special
debt of thanks to Mr. W. Hacklett (manager of Messrs. Spottiswoode's
Eton branch), whose unceasing care and attention has been invaluable in
seeing the book through the press. I must also acknowledge the patience
and skill of Messrs. Spottiswoode's London staff in carrying out the
many alterations which I have found to be inseparable from the task of
bringing each passage and its notes into the compass of a single page.
In conclusion I should like to say that it has been my aim throughout to
adhere to what is best in Roman literature, and to omit passages the
choice of which can only be justified by regarding their literary form
apart from their moral value. Latin literature contains so much that is
at once excellent in style and noble in thought that it seems a grave
mistake to exalt the one at the expense of the other.
_Maxima debetur puero reverentia._
EDMUND LUCE.
WINDSOR: _April 1908_.
[Footnote 1: The late Professor Goodhart.]
CONTENTS
PAGE
Introductory Note v
Editor's Preface vii
List Of Passages For Translation xv
Index Of Authors xxiii
INTRODUCTION. HOW TO TRANSLATE AT SIGHT 1-14
I. Helps to VOCABULARY 1-5
II. Helps to TRANSLATION 5-12
III. Helps to STYLE 13-14
DEMONSTRATIONS IN UNSEEN TRANSLATION 15-58
PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION AT SIGHT 59-236
(1) _Illustrating Roman History._--
Part I.--Regal Period, B.C. 753-509 60-66
Part II.--Early Republic, B.C. 509-366 67-88
Part III.--The Conquest of Italy, B.C. 366-266 89-107
Part IV.--Contest with Carthage, B.C. 264-202 108-146
Part V.--Formation of Empire beyond Italy,
in Europe and Africa, B.C. 200-133 147-159
Part VI.--Period of Civil Strife in Italy,
and Foreign Wars, ending in Revolution, B.C. 133-44 160-236
(2) _Miscellaneous Passages_ 237-271
APPENDICES:--
I. List of Important Conjunctions 274-276
II. List of Important Prefixes 277-281
III. List of Important Suffixes 282-286
IV. Groups of Cognate Words 287-288
V. How to Think in Latin 289-292
VI. Short Lives of Roman Authors 293-345
VII. Chronological Outlines of Roman History
and Literature 347-363
INDEX 365-368
PLAN OF DYRRACHIUM _opposite page_ 216
PLAN OF PHARSALUS " " 218
LIST OF PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION.
+DEMONSTRATIONS.+
PAGE
16 Fierce encounter with the Germans Caesar, _B. G._ i. 52
24 The Music of Arion Ovid, _Fasti_ ii. 83
32 A rash promise rashly believed Livy xxv. 19
40 Rashness justly punished Livy xxv. 19
48 The Happy Life Vergil, _Georg._ ii. 490
54 The Tomb of Archimedes Cicero, _Tusc._ v. 23. 64
+Part I.--The Regal Period, 753-509 B.C.+
60 The Vision of Anchises Vergil, _Aen._ vi. 777
61 A. The Passing of Romulus Livy i. 16
B. The Mystery explained Ovid, _Fasti_ ii. 379
62 A. The Gate of Janus Livy i. 19
B. " " Vergil, _Aen._ vii. 607
63 The Sibylline Books A. Gellius i. 19
64 A. Sextus Tarquinius at Gabii Livy i. 54
B. The Fall of Gabii Ovid, _Fasti_ ii. 543
65 The Position of Rome Cicero, _de Rep._ ii. 3
66 The Praise of Italy Vergil, _Georg._ ii. 136
+Part II.--The Early Republic, 509-366 B.C.+
67 A. Horatius Vergil, _Aen._ viii. 646
B. " Livy ii. 10
68 Horatius Livy ii. 10
69 A. Mucius Scaevola Livy ii. 12
B. " " Martial, i. 21
70 Battle of Lake Regillus Livy ii. 20
71 Tribunes of the People Livy ii. 32
72 Coriolanus Livy ii. 40
73 Destruction of the Fabii Ovid, _Fasti_ ii. 175
74 A. Cincinnatus Florus i. 11. 12
B. 'In the brave days of old' Ovid, _Fasti_ iii. 729
75 The Decemvirate. XII. Tables Livy iii. 32, 34
76 Verginia's Death not in vain Livy iii. 49
77 Cossus wins the Spolia Opima Livy iv. 19
78 First Pay given to Citizen Soldiers Livy iv. 59
79 A. Lament over Veii Propertius v. 10. 27
B. The Rise of the Alban Lake Cicero, _de Div._ i. 44. 100
80 The Conquest of Veii Livy v. 21
81 The Battle of the Allia Livy v. 38
82 A. The Battle of the Allia Livy v. 38
B. July 18th, a Dies Nefastus Lucan, _Phars._ vii. 407
83 Roman Dignity and Courage Livy v. 41
84 A. Manlius Capitolinus and the
Sacred Geese Verg. _Aen._ viii. 652
B. The Fate of Manlius Val. Max. vi. _de Sev._
85 Camillus, Parens Patriae Livy v. 49
86 A. Migration to Veii abandoned Livy v. 55
B. Juno forbids Rebuilding of Troy Horace, _Od._ iii. 3. 57
87 First Plebeian Consul Livy vi. 35
88 Origin of the Floralia Ovid, _Fasti_ v. 237
+Part III.--The Conquest of Italy, 366-266 B.C.+
89 Manlius and his son Torquatus Cicero, _de Off._ iii. 112
90 An Important Epoch Livy vii. 29
91 Battle of Mt. Gaurus.
M. Valerius Corvus Livy vii. 33
92 A. Self-sacrifice of Decius Mus Propertius, iii. 11. 63
B. The Dream of the Consuls Val. Max. i. _de Somn._
93 The Battle of Mt. Vesuvius Livy viii. 10
94 The Dictator and his Master
of the Horse Livy viii. 30
95 The Caudine Forks Livy ix. 2
96 " " The Yoke Livy ix. 5
97 Rome repudiates the Treaty Cicero, _de Off._ iii. 109
98 Battle of Bovianum Livy ix. 44
99 Battle of Sentinum Livy x. 28
100 Aims of Pyrrhus. Battle of Heraclea Justinus xviii. 1
101 Fabricius the Just Cicero, _de Off._ iii. 86
102 Appius the Blind Cicero, _de Sen._ 16, 37
103 A. The Battle of Asculum Florus i. 18. 9
B. The Battle near Beneventum Florus i. 18. 11
104 In Praise of Pyrrhus Justinus xxv. 5
105 A. Manius Curius Dentatus Cicero, _de Sen._ 55
B. " " " Juvenal xi. 78
C. " " " Horace, _Od._ i. 12. 41
106 In Praise of Tarentum Horace, _Od._ ii. 6. 9
107 The Praise of Italy Vergil, _Georg._ ii. 155
+Part IV.--The Contest with Carthage, 264-202 B.C.+
108 The Vision of Anchises Vergil, _Aen._ vi. 836
109 The Foundation of Carthage Justinus, xviii. 5
110 Aeneas views the Building
of Carthage Vergil, _Aen._ i. 419
111 Regulus, a Roman Martyr Cicero, _de Off._ iii. 99
112 A. Naval Victory near Mylae (Adapted)
B. Honour conferred on Duilius Cicero, _de Sen._ 44
113 Carthaginian Victory off Drepana Cicero, _N. D._ ii. 3. 7
114 A. Lutatius' Victory off
Aegates Insulae Nepos, _Hamilcar_ i.
B. " " " Sil. Ital. vi. 653
115 A. Importance of Second Punic War Livy xxi. 1
B. Oath of the Boy Hannibal Livy xxi. 1
116 'The paths of glory lead but
to the grave' Juvenal x. 147
117 Character of Hannibal Livy xxi. 4
118 The Siege of Saguntum Livy xxi. 7
119 A. The Dream of Hannibal Cicero, _de Div._ i. 24. 49
B. The Interpretation Sil. Ital. iii. 198
120 From the Pyrenees to the Rhone Livy xxi. 28
121 From the Rhone to Italy Livy xxi. 30
122 The Descent of the Alps Livy xxi. 36
123 A. The Battle at the Trebia Frontinus,
_Strat._ ii. 5. 23
B. The River bars the Retreat Sil. Ital. iv. 570
124 The Battle of Lake Trasimene Livy xxii. 4
125 " " " " " Livy xxii. 5
126 The Death of Flaminius Sil. Ital. v. 644
127 Q. Fabius Maximus Cunctator Cicero, _de Sen._ 10
128 Fabius and his Master of the Horse Livy xxii. 29
129 Cannae.
Destruction of the Roman Infantry Livy xxii. 47
130 Cannae.
'Paulus animae magnae prodigus' Livy xxii. 49
131 A. Maharbal urges Hannibal to march
on Rome Livy xxii. 51
B. Scipio forbids Nobles Frontinus,
to abandon Italy _Strat._ iv. 7. 39
132 A. Rome's Heroes Horace, _Od._ i. 12. 37
B. The Dream of Propertius Propertius iii. 3. 1
133 A. Capua aspires to rival Rome Horace, _Epod._ xvi. 1
B. Decius Magius defies Hannibal Livy xxiii. 10
134 A. 'Capua became Hannibal's Cannae' Florus ii. 6. 21
B. The Punishment of Rebel Capua Livy xxvi. 16
135 Marcellus at Nola Livy xxiii. 16
136 Cicero's Description of Syracuse Cicero,
_in Verr._ ii. 4. 117
137 Engineering Skill of Archimedes Livy xxiv. 34
138 Marcellus laments over Syracuse Livy xxv. 24
139 The Death of Marcellus Livy xxvii. 27
140 Character of Scipio Africanus Maior Livy xxvi. 19
141 Scipio takes New Carthage Livy xxvi. 45
142 Nero's March to the Metaurus Livy xxvii. 43
143 The Metaurus Horace, _Od._ iv. 4. 29
144 Hannibal leaves Italy Livy xxx. 19
145 Zama. Before the Battle Livy xxx. 31
146 Zama. The Order of Battle Frontinus,
_Strat._ ii. 3. 16
+Part V.--Formation of Empire beyond Italy, in Europe and Africa,
200-133 B.C.+
147 Battle of Cynoscephalae Livy xxxiii. 9
148 Flamininus proclaims Freedom
of Greece Livy xxxiii. 32
149 A. Battle of Thermopylae Frontinus, _Strat._ ii. 4.
B. Battle of Magnesia Florus i. 24
150 Deaths of Three Great Men Livy xxxix. 51
151 M. Porcius Cato Nepos, _Cato_ ii.
152 " " Horace, _Od._ ii. 15
153 Pydna (Aemilius Paulus) Livy xliv. 41
154 " " " Livy xliv. 41
155 Destruction of Carthage Florus ii. 15. 11
156 Destruction of Corinth Vell. Paterc. i. 13
157 The Lusitanian Hannibal Florus ii. 17. 13
158 Destruction of Numantia Florus ii. 18. 11
159 Rome the Invincible Horace, _Od._ iv. 4. 49
+Part VI.--Civil Strife in Italy, and Foreign Wars, ending in
Revolution, 133-44 B.C.+
160 The Gracchi Sallust, _Iug._ 42
161 A. On the Death of Tiberius Gracchus Cicero, _de Off._ i. 76
B. On Lex Frumentaria of C. Gracchus Cicero, _Tusc._ iii. 20. 48
C. On C. Gracchus as an Orator Cicero, _Brutus_ 125
162 The Betrayal of Jugurtha Sallust, _Iug._ 113
163 A. Arpinum. Birthplace of Cicero
and Marius Juvenal viii. 237
B. Cicero on Marius Cicero, _Marius_
164 Teutones annihilated at
Aquae Sextiae Florus iii. 3
165 A. Marius' Flight from Sulla Lucan, _Phars._ ii. 67
B. Marius outlived his fame Juvenal x. 278
166 Cicero on Civil Strife Cicero, _in Cat._ iii. 10
167 Tribunate of M. Livius Drusus Vell. Paterc. ii. 13
168 A. Outbreak of the Social War
at Asculum Florus iii. 18. 3
B. The Sabellian father's
advice to his sons Juvenal xiv. 179
169 A. Defeat and Death of Rutilius Ovid, _Fasti_ vi. 563
B. The Lex Plautia Papiria Cicero, _pro Arch._ iv. 7
C. Cicero's first and only Campaign Cicero, _Phil._ xii. 11. 27
D. The Battle near Asculum Florus iii. 18. 14
170 Sulla's Character and Bearing Sallust, _Iug._ 95
171 A. Mithridates' Youth and
Early Training Justinus xxxvii. 2
B. His Preparations for Conquest Justinus xxxvii. 3. 4
172 The Battle of Chaeronea Frontinus,
_Strat._ ii. 3. 17
173 A. Capture of Athens and the Piraeus Vell. Paterc. ii. 23
B. Battle of Orchomenus Frontinus,
_Strat._ ii. 8. 12
C. Peace of Dardanus Vell. Paterc. ii. 23
174 A. Battles of Sacriportus and
the Colline Gate Lucan, _Phars._ ii. 134
B. " " " Vell. Paterc. ii. 27
175 A. Death of the Younger Marius.
Sulla Felix Vell. Paterc. ii. 27
B. The Sullan Proscriptions Lucan, _Phars._ ii.
176 A. Sulla appointed Dictator Vell. Paterc. ii. 28
B. Sulla lays down his Dictatorship Suetonius, _Iul._ 77
C. Death of Sulla Val. Max. ix. 3. 8
177 A. Limitation of Tribune's
Right of Veto Cicero, _de Leg._ iii. 9. 22
B. Abolition of Corn Distributions Sallust, _Hist._,
_Or. M. Lep._
C. Judicial Functions restored
to Senators Vell. Paterc. ii. 32
D. A Sumptuary Law A. Gellius ii. 24. 11
178 Speech of Lepidus against Sulla Sallust, _Hist._,
_Or. M. Lep._
179 Sertorius and his Fawn A. Gellius, xv. 22
180 A. A New Hannibal Florus iii. 22. 2
B. The Death of Sertorius Vell. Paterc. ii. 30
181 Lucullus' Character and Early Career Cicero, _Acad._ ii. 1
182 A. A Soldier of Lucullus Horace, _Ep._ ii. 2. 26
B. The Wealth of Lucullus Horace, _Ep._ i. 6. 40
183 Spartacus and his Gladiators Florus iii. 20. 3
184 Lucullus Ponticus Cicero, _pro L. Man._ 20
185 Pompeius' Character and Career Cicero, _pro L. Man._ 29
186 The Man Caesar Suetonius, _Iul._ 45
187 Caesar and the Pirates Suetonius, _Iul._ 4
188 A Roman Citizen maltreated Cicero, _in Verr._ ii. 5. 62
189 The Lex Gabinia Vell. Paterc. ii. 31
190 Pompeius clears the Seas of Pirates Cicero, _pro L. Man._ 34
191 Pompeius subdues Mithridates
and Tigranes Vell. Paterc. ii. 37
192 A. Caesar Curule Aedile Suetonius, _Iul._ 10
B. Caesar Propraetor
in Further Spain Suetonius, _Iul._ 18
193 Cicero declaims against Catiline Cicero, _in Cat._ i. 1
194 The End of Catiline Sallust, _Cat._ 61
195 Caesar forms First Triumvirate Vell. Paterc. ii. 44
196 'That day he overcame the Nervii' Caesar, _B. G._ ii. 25
197 Naval Battle with the Veneti Caesar, _B. G._ iii. 14
198 Caesar's Bridge across the Rhine Caesar, _B. G._ iv. 17
199 Cassivellaunus Caesar, _B. G._ v. 19
200 The Gallic uprising. Vercingetorix Caesar, _B. G._ vii. 14
201 Siege of Gergovia Caesar, _B. G._ vii. 50
202 Siege of Alesia Caesar, _B. G._ vii. 84
203 Cicero's Banishment Vell. Paterc. ii. 45
204 Cicero's Return Cicero, _ad Att._ iv. 1
205 In Praise of Caesar Cicero, _de Prov. Cons._ 33
206 'Quem deus vult perdere,
prius dementat' Florus iii. 11. 1
207 Carrhae: after the Battle Lucan, _Phars._ i. 98
" " Horace, _Od._ iii. 5. 5
" " Ovid, _Fasti_ vi. 465
208 Cicero's humane Administration Cicero, _ad Att._ v. 21
211 Caesar crosses the Rubicon Lucan, _Phars._ i. 213
212 Caesar's defence before the Senate Caesar, _B. C._ i. 32
213 The Campaign round Lerida Lucan, _Phars._ iv. 167
214 A. Siege of Massilia Lucan, _Phars._ iii. 388
B. " " Caesar, _B. C._ ii. 14
215 The Death of Curio Lucan, _Phars._ iv. 799
216 Dyrrachium Caesar, _B. C._ iii. 47
217 Eve of Pharsalus. Pompeius' Dream Lucan, _Phars._ vii. 7
218 Pompeius ill-advised at Pharsalus Caesar, _B. C._ iii. 92
219 A. Pharsalus and Cannae compared Lucan, _Phars._ vii. 397
B. Battlefields of Pharsalus
and Philippi Vergil, _Georg._ i. 489
220 How Pompeius died Caesar, _B. C._ iii. 103
221 Cato's Eulogy on Pompeius Lucan, _Phars._ ix. 190
222 The Grave of Pompeius Lucan, _Phars._ viii. 789
223 'Atrox Animus Catonis' A. Pollio, _B. Afr._ 88
224 A. Cato Uticensis Vell. Paterc. ii. 35
B. " " Lucan, _Phars._ ii. 374
225 Caesar dines with Cicero Cicero, _ad Att._ xiii. 52
226 The Death of Caesar Suetonius, _Iul._ 82
227 A. In Praise of Caesar Cicero, _Phil._ ii. 45
B. " " Lucan, _Phars._ i. 143
C. Apotheosis of Caesar Suetonius, _Iul._ 88
230 A. Peroration of Second Philippic Cicero, _Phil._ ii. 46
B. On the Murder of Cicero Martial, iii. 66
231 A. Cicero as Orator and Poet Juvenal x. 114
B. Cicero as Advocate Catullus xlix.
232 The Death of Cicero Livy, _fr._
233 A. In Praise of Cicero Vell. Paterc. ii. 66
B. " " Livy _fr._
234 Laus Italiae Propertius iii. 22
235 Laus Romae Claudian,
_de Cons. Stil._ iii. 150
236 'Quod cuncti gens una sumus' Prudentius,
_c. Symm._ ii. 583
+Miscellaneous Passages.+
238 A. Propempticon Vergilio Horace, _Od._ i. 3
B. " " Horace, _Od._ i. 3
239 A. Propempticon Maecio Celeri Statius, _Sil._ ii. 2. 1
B. " " Statius, _Sil._ ii. 2. 42
240 A. Seneca Seneca, _Ep._ xv. 8
B. " Seneca, _Medea_ 920
241 A. Criticism of Poets Horace, _Ep._ ii. 1. 50
B. " " Terence Caesar, _ap. Sueton._
C. Ovid on his Contemporaries Ovid, _Tr._ iv. 10. 41
242 A. A Storm at Sea Ovid, _Tr._ i. 2. 19
B. The Passing of Romulus Ovid, _Fasti_ ii. 493
C. Thunder and Hail Pacuvius _ap. Cic._
D. The Argo in a Gale Val. Fl. _Arg._ viii. 328
243 A. Lesbia's Sparrow Catullus iii.
B. 'My Parrot, an obtrusive bird' Statius, _Sil._ ii. 4
C. The Lap-dog and its Portrait Martial i. 109
244 A. The Roman Satirists Quintilian x. 1. 93
B. A Criticism of Lucilius Horace, _Sat._ i. 4. 1
C. Why Juvenal wrote Satire Juvenal i. 19
D. Juvenal's Subject Juvenal i. 81
245 A. Virtue defined Lucilius, _fr._
B. Poor men of mighty deeds Juvenal xi. 90
C. Persius in praise of his Tutor Persius v. 19
246 A. Objections to a permanent Theatre Livy, _Epit._ 48
B. Scenic Arrangements Suetonius _ap. Serv._
C. The Awnings Lucretius iv. 75
D. The Law of Otho Livy, _Epit._ 99
E. Usurpers of Equestrian Privileges Horace, _Epod._ iv. 11
247 A. The Web of Fate Catullus lxiv. 311
B. The Skill of Arachne Ovid, _Met._ vi. 19
C. The Pastime of Circe Vergil, _Aen._ vii. 10
248 A. The Monster approaches Andromeda Ovid, _Met._ iv. 671
B. How Perseus won his Bride Ovid, _Met._ iv. 721
249 A. Andromeda Manilius, _Astr._ v. 567
B. The Death of the Monster Manilius, _Astr._ v. 595
250 A. The School of Flavius Horace, _Sat._ i. 6. 71
B. Ovid at School Ovid. _Tr._ iv. 10. 15
C. The Schoolmaster's Life Juvenal vii. 222
D. Early School Martial xiv. 223
E. Homogeneous Divisions Quintilian i. 2. 23
F. Plagosus Orbilius Martial ix. 68. 1
251 A. Books Ovid, _Tr._ i. 1. 1
B. " Tibullus iii. 1. 9
C. " Martial i. 2
252 A. Arethusa Ovid, _Met._ v. 585
B. " Ovid, _Met._ v. 614
253 A. Hylas Propertius i. 20. 17
B. " Val. Fl. _Arg._ iii. 581
254 The Portmanteau Fish Plautus, _Rud._ iv. 3. 58
255 A. 'Humani nihil a me alienum puto' Terence, _Haut._ i. 1. 15
B. Cicero on Terence Suetonius, _vit. Ter._ 34
C. Defence of Contaminatio Terence, _Haut._ prol. 16
256 A. The Song of the Nightingale Pliny, _H. N._ x. 81
B. A Corinthian Statuette Pliny, _Ep._ iii. 6
257 A. Helps to Style Pliny, _Ep._ vii. 9
B. Importance of Concentration Quintilian,
_Inst. Or._ x. 3. 28
258 A. De Simonide Phaedrus iv. 23
B. Mons Parturiens Phaedrus iv. 24
C. Truth will out Phaedrus, _App._ 22
259 A. The Golden Age Tibullus i. 3. 35
B. Birthday Wishes Tibullus ii. 2
260 A. On the delights of Hunting
with a Note-book Pliny, _Ep._ i. 6
B. Oenone Paridi Ovid, _Her._ v. 17
C. The Hunting Party Vergil, _Aen._ iv. 129
261 A. A Roman Day Martial iv. 8
B. The Simple Life Horace, _Sat._ i. 6. 110
262 A. In Praise of Agricola Tacitus, _Agr._ 46
B. Britain: its Climate and Products Tacitus, _Agr._ 12
263 A. Trimalchio's Supper Petronius 50
B. " " Petronius 51
264 I. Pronunciation: H Quintilian i. 5. 20
" H Catullus lxxxiv.
II. A Street Cry Cicero, _Div._ ii. 40. 84
III. K, Q, C Ter. Maurus
IV. U Plautus, _Men._ 555
265 I. Proverbial Expressions Caesar, _B. C._ ii. 27
II. " " Cicero, _Phil._ xii. 5
III. " " Horace, _Ep._ i. 2. 40
IV. " " Juvenal ii. 83
V. " " Livy xxi. 10
VI. " " Lucretius ii. 79
VII. " " Martial i. 32
VIII. " " Plautus, _Bacch._ i. 2. 36
IX. " " Terence, _Eun._ prol. 41
X. " " Terence, _Ph._ ii. 4. 14
XI. " " Pub. Syrus
XII. " " Seneca, _de Brev. Vit._ i. 2
XIII. " " Tacitus, _Agr._ 30
XIV. " " Varro, _de Re Rust._ iii. 1
XV. " " Vergil, _Aen._ vi. 95
XVI. " " Vergil, _Aen._ i. 461
266 A. 'Whom the gods love die young' Quintilian,
_Inst. Or._ vi. 1. 9
B. Servius Sulpicius to Cicero. Cicero, _ad Fam._ iv. 5
267 A. Catullus at his Brother's Grave Catullus ci.
B. To Calvus on his Wife's Death Catullus xcvi.
C. Cornelia's Plea to her Husband Propertius iv. 11. 1
D. Mors Tibulii Ovid, _Am._ iii. 9
268 Apophoreta Martial
269 " Martial
270 Epitaphs and Inscriptions.
I. On Naevius Naevius
II. On Ennius Ennius
III. On Pacuvius Pacuvius
IV. On Plautus Plautus
V. On Tibullus Domitius Marsus
VI. In tumulo hominis felicis Ausonius, _Epit._ 36
VII. Thermopylae Cicero, _Tusc._ i. 42. 101
271 Epilogue.
A. Horace Horace, _Od._ iii. 30
B. Ovid Ovid, _Met._ xv. 871
C. Martial Martial iv. 89
INDEX OF AUTHORS
Asinius Pollio, 223
Aulus Gellius, 63, 177, 179
Ausonius, 270
Caesar, 16, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 212, 214, 216,
218, 220, 241, 265
Catullus, 231, 243, 247, 264, 267
Cicero, 54, 65, 79, 89, 97, 101, 102, 105, 111, 112, 113, 119, 127,
136, 161, 163, 166, 169, 177, 181, 184, 185, 188, 190, 193, 204,
205, 208, 225, 227, 230, 264, 265, 266, 270
Claudian, 235
Domitius Marsus, 270
Ennius, 270
Florus, 74, 103, 134, 149, 155, 157, 158, 164, 168, 169, 180, 183, 206
Frontinus, 123, 131, 146, 149, 172, 173
Horace, 86, 105, 106, 132, 133, 143, 152, 159, 182, 207, 238, 241,
244, 246, 250, 261, 265, 271
Justinus, 100, 104, 109, 171
Juvenal, 105, 116, 163, 165, 168, 231, 244, 246, 250, 265
Livy, 32, 40, 61, 62, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78,
80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 115,
117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134,
135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 145, 147, 148, 150, 153,
154, 232, 233, 246, 265
Lucan, 82, 165, 174, 175, 207, 211, 213, 214, 215, 217, 219, 221,
222, 224, 227
Lucilius, 245
Lucretius, 246, 265
Manilius, 249
Martial, 69, 230, 243, 250, 251, 261, 265, 268, 269, 271
Naevius, 270
Nepos, 114, 151
Ovid, 24, 61, 64, 73, 74, 88, 169, 207, 241, 242, 247, 248, 250,
251, 252, 260, 267, 271
Pacuvius, 242, 270
Persius, 245
Petronius, 263
Phaedrus, 258
Plautus, 254, 264, 265
Pliny the Elder, 256
Pliny the Younger, 256, 257, 260
Propertius, 79, 92, 132, 234, 253, 267
Prudentius, 236
Publilius Syrus, 265
Quintilian, 244, 250, 257, 264, 266
Sallust, 160, 162, 170, 177, 178, 194
Seneca, 240, 265
Silius Italicus, 114, 119, 123, 126
Statius, 239, 243
Suetonius, 176, 186, 187, 192, 226, 227, 246, 255
Tacitus, 262, 265
Terence, 255, 265
Terentianus Maurus, 264
Tibullus, 251, 259
Valerius Flaccus, 242, 253
Valerius Maximus, 84, 92, 176
Varro, 265
Velleius Paterculus, 156, 167, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 180, 189,
191, 195, 203, 224, 233
Vergil, 48, 60, 62, 66, 67, 84, 107, 108, 110, 219, 247, 260, 265
INTRODUCTION
+1. Heading.+--The selections in this book are in most cases
intelligible apart from their context. In cases where this is not so,
you will find it a valuable exercise to endeavour to arrive at the
context for yourself. In all cases, however, you should pay attention to
the +Heading+, which will give you a useful clue to the meaning of the
passage,
+2. Author.+--When you see the author's name, try to remember what you
know about him. For example, +Livy+, the historian of Rome and friend of
Augustus, the contemporary of Vergil and Ovid. The short Lives, pp.
293-345, will tell you the chief facts about the authors from whom the
selections are taken, and will give you a brief summary of their chief
works. Also, if you refer to Appendix VII., pp. 347-363, you will gain
some idea of the time in which the authors lived and of their
contemporaries.
+3. Read the Passage through, carefully.+--As you read--
(1) Notice all +allusions+ and +key-words+ that may help you to the
sense of the passage.
(2) +Pay special attention to the opening sentence.+ In translating a
passage much depends on getting the first sentence right.
(3) Notice especially the connectives which introduce sentences and
clauses +marked off by commas+. In this way you will be able to
distinguish between a +Principal Sentence+ and a +Subordinate Clause+.
(For List of Conjunctions see Appendix I. pp. 274-276.)
HELPS TO VOCABULARY.
+4. Through English Derivatives.+--English derivatives, if used in the
proper way, may give you valuable help in inferring meanings. The reason
why you must generally +not+ translate the Latin word by the derived
English word is that, as you probably know, many English derivatives
have come from Latin words which had wholly or in part lost their
earlier classical meaning, or from Latin words not found at all in
classical Latin. Yet in such cases the English word may be far from
useless. You must take care to let it suggest to you the original or
root-meaning, leaving the correct meaning of the Latin, whether the same
as the English word or not, to be determined by the context.
For example, +sê-cûr-us+ does not mean _secure_, but (like _secure_ in
Shakespeare and Milton) _care-less_.
'This happy night the Frenchmen are _secure_,
Having all day caroused and banqueted.'
SHAKESPEARE, _Hen. VI._ Part 1. II. i. 11.
+In-crêd-ib-il-is+, on the other hand, often cannot be better translated
than by _incredible_, and +im-plâcâ-bilis+ by _implacable_.
Notice, too, how often in the case of verbs the +supine stem+ will
suggest to you the meaning of the Latin through some English derivative,
which the present stem conceals.
For example:--
+pingo+ +pictum+ _picture_ suggests _to paint_.
+caveo+ +cautum+ _caution_ " " _beware_.
+colo+ +cultum+ _culture_ " " _till_.
+fallo+ +falsum+ _false_ " " _deceive_.
+5. Through French Derivatives.+--Sometimes, when you cannot think of an
English derivative, a French word that you know will help you to the
meaning of the Latin.
For example:--
_L._ _F._
+pontem+ +pont+ suggests _bridge_.
+gustum+ +goût+ " _taste_.
+prâtum+ +pré+ " _meadow_.
+tâlem+ +tel+ " _such_.
+b[)i]b[)e]re+ +boire+ " _to drink_.
But, in order to make French derivatives a real help to you, you must
know something of the origin of the French language and of the chief
rules that govern the pronunciation (and therefore the spelling) of
French. Without going too much into detail, it may help you to remember
that--
(1) +French+ has taken many words from +colloquial Latin+, which in the
days of Cicero was very different from classical Latin.
For example:--
_Literary Latin._ _Popular Latin._ _French._
+equus+ +caballus+ +cheval+ _horse_.
+pugna+ +batalia+ +bataille+ _battle_.
+os+ +bucca+ +bouche+ _mouth_.
(2) +Unaccented+ syllables are usually dropped.
For example:--
+cérv-um+ +cerf+ _stag_.
+bonitátem+ +bonté+ _goodness_.
(3) The general tendency of French is towards smoothness and
contraction.
For example:--
_L._ _F._
+bestiam+ +bête+ _beast_.
+fact-um+ +fait+ _deed_.
+spiss-um+ +épais+ _thick_.
+coll-um+ +cou+ _neck_.
In fact, bearing in mind the caution given you, it is an excellent rule
to try to think out the meaning of the Latin by the help of English and
French derivatives.
+6. Compound Words.+--When you come to a word which you cannot
translate, and in regard to which English and French derivatives do not
help you, +break up the word+, if a compound, into its simple elements
of +Prefix+, +Stem+, +Suffix+. Then from the meaning of its root or stem
and from the force of the prefix and suffix, and by the help of the
context, try to arrive at an English word to suit the sense.
In order to be able to do this you should have some knowledge of--
(1) A few simple rules for the +vowel changes of verbs in composition+.
Thus:
+a+ before two consonants (except +ng+) often changes to +e+.
_E.g._ s{a}cr-o, con-s{e}cr-o; d{a}mn-o, con-d{e}mn-o.
+a+ before one consonant and before +ng+ often changes to +i+.
_E.g._ f{a}c-io, ef-f{i}c-io; c{[)a]}d-o, ac-c{i}d-o;
t{a}ng-o, con-t{i}ng-o.
But gr{[)a]}d-ior, ag-gr{[)e]}d-ior.
+a+ before +l+ and another consonant changes to +u+.
_E.g._ s{a}lt-are, in-s{u}lt-are.
+[)e]+ changes to +[)i]+ (but not +e+ before two consonants) and +ae+
to +i+.
_E.g._ t{e}n-ere, ob-t{i}n-ere; qu{ae}r-ere, in-qu{i}r-ere.
+au+ changes to +u+.
_E.g._ cl{au}d-ere, in-cl{u}d-ere.
(2) +Prefixes:+--To help you to detach the prefix more readily, notice
these simple euphonic changes, all of which result in making the
pronunciation smoother and easier. Thus:--
(i.) +The last consonant of a Latin prefix is often made the same as, or
similar to, the first consonant of the stem.+
_E.g._ {ad}-fero = affero; {ob}-pono = {op}-pono;
{com}(={cum})-tendo = {con}-tendo.
(ii.) +The final consonant of a prefix is often dropped before two
consonants.+
_E.g._ {ad}-scendo = {a}-scendo.
Notice also that the prepositional prefixes to verbs express different
ideas in different combinations.
Thus, sometimes the prefix has a somewhat +literal prepositional+ force.
_E.g._ {per}-currere = to run +through+.
But sometimes an +intensive+ force.
_E.g._ {per}-terrere = to +thoroughly+ frighten.
In all such cases you must be partly guided by the context.
(For List of Important Prefixes, see Appendix II. pp. 277--281.)
(3) +Suffixes+ (other than grammatical inflexions).
A knowledge of the most important suffixes will often help you to the
correct meaning of a Latin word, the root of which is familiar to you.
Thus from the [Rt]ag = _drive, move_, we have--
by addition of +-tor+ (= _agent or doer_ of an action),
+actor+ = _a doer_, _agent_.
" " " +-men+ (= _acts or results of acts_),
+agmen+ = _a course_, _line of march_, &c.
" " " +-ilis+ (= _belonging to, able to_),
+agilis+ = _easily moved_, _agile_.
" " " +-ito+ (= _forcible or repeated action_),
+agito+ = _put in action_, _agitate_.
(For List of Important Suffixes, see Appendix III. pp. 282--286.)
(4) +Cognates+, that is, words +related in meaning+ through a common
root. You will find it very useful to make for yourself lists of cognate
words.
Thus from the [Rt]+gna, gno+ = _know_, we have--
+gna-rus+ = _knowing_.
+i-gnarus+ (= +in + gnarus+) = _ignorant_.
+nos-co+ (= +gno-sco+) = _to get a knowledge of_.
+i-gno-sco+ = _not to know_, _pardon_.
+no-bilis+ (= +gno-bilis+) = _that can be known_, _famous_, _noble_.
+no-men+ (= +gno-men+) = _a name_.
To group together in this manner words of common origin and words
closely associated in meaning is one of the best ways in which you can
increase your vocabulary.
(For additional Examples of Cognates, see Appendix IV. pp. 287-8.)
HELPS TO TRANSLATION.
You have now read the passage through carefully, and thought out the
vocabulary to the best of your ability. Begin then to translate the
opening sentence, and pay great attention to these
+7. General Rules.+--(1) Underline the +Principal Verb+, +Subject+ (if
expressed), and +Object+ (if any).
(2) If the sentence contains +only one finite verb+, all you have to do
is to group round Subject, or Verb, or Object the words and phrases that
belong to each of the three.
(3) Translate the sentence literally. Do this mentally, without writing
it down.
(4) Then write down the best translation you can.
For example:--
+At GERMANI celeriter, consuetudine sua phalange facta, IMPETUS
gladiorum EXCEPERUNT.+
_But the Germans quickly formed into a phalanx, as was their custom,
and received the attacks of the swords_ (i.e. of the Romans with
drawn swords).
(5) If the sentence contains one or more subordinate clauses, +consider
each subordinate clause as if it were bracketed off separately+, and
then deal with each clause as if it were a principal sentence, finding
out its Subject, Verb, Object, and adding to each its enlargements. Then
return to the sentence as a whole, and group round its Subject,
Predicate, and Object the various subordinate clauses which belong to
each.
+8. Help through Analysis.+--Very often analysis will help you to find
out the +proper relation of the subordinate clauses+ to the three parts
of the Principal Sentence. You need not always analyse on paper, but do
it +always in your mind+. You will find an example of a simple method of
analysis at the close of Demonstrations I and IV, pp. 23, 47.
When analysing, notice carefully that:--
(1) An enlargement of a Noun may be
(a) An adjective +TERTIAM aciem.+
(b) A noun in apposition +Publius Crassus ADULESCENS.+
(c) A dependent genitive +impetus GLADIORUM.+
(d) A participle or participial +nostris LABORANTIBUS.+
phrase
(e) An adjectival clause +Publius Crassus QUI EQUITATUI
PRAEERAT.+
(2) An enlargement of a Verb may be
(a) An adverb +CELERITER exceperunt.+
(b) A prepositional phrase +EX CONSUETUDINE SUA exceperunt.+
(c) An ablative absolute +PHALANGE FACTA exceperunt.+
(d) An adverbial clause +ID CUM ANIMADVERTISSET,
Publius Crassus misit.+
+9. Help through Punctuation.+--Though only the full-stop was used by
the ancients, the punctuation marks which are now used in all printed
texts should be carefully noticed, especially in translating long and
involved sentences.
Thus in Demonstrations III and IV notice how the subordinate clauses are
for the most part enclosed in commas.
+10. Help through Scansion and Metre.+--A knowledge of this is
indispensable in translating verse. To scan the lines will help you to
determine the grammatical force of a word, and a knowledge of metre will
enable you to grasp the poet's meaning as conveyed by the position which
he assigns to the various words, and the varying emphasis which results
from variation of metre. For example:--
(1) _A grammatical help._--You know that final +-a+ is _short_ in nom.
and voc. sing. 1st Decl., and in neut. plural, and is _long_ in abl.
sing. 1st Decl. and 2nd Imperat. 1st Conj.
Thus in Demonstration II (p. 24) you can easily determine the
grammatical form of finals in +-a+.
In Sentence IV +agn[)a]+, in VI +cerv[)a]+, in VIII +iunct[)a]
columb[)a]+, in IX +Cynthi[)a]+ are all short and nom. sing.
In Sentence V +umbrâ unâ+ are long and abl. sing. in agreement.
(2) _A help to the poet's meaning._--The more you know of the principles
of scansion, the better able you will be to understand and appreciate
the skill with which a great poet varies his metre and chooses his
words.
+11. Help through a Study of the Period in Latin.+--One great difference
between English and Latin Prose is that, while modern English is to a
great extent a language of short, detached sentences, Latin +expresses
the sense by the passage as a whole+, and holds the climax in suspense
until the delivery of the last word. 'This mode of expression is called
a +PERIOD+ (a +circu[)i]tus+ or +amb[)i]tus verborum+), because the
reader, in order to collect together the words of the Principal
Sentence, must make a _circuit_, so to say, round the inserted
clauses,'[2] 'Latin possesses what English does not, a mode of
expression by means of which, +round one main idea are grouped all its
accessory ideas+, and there is thus formed a single harmonious whole,
called the +PERIOD+.'[3]
[Footnote 2: Potts, _Hints_, p. 82.]
[Footnote 3: Postgate, _Sermo Latinus_, p. 45.]
A +PERIOD+ then is a sentence containing only one main idea (the
Principal Sentence) and several Subordinate Clauses. The Periodic style
is generally used for History and Description, and is best seen in
Cicero and Livy.
The following is a good example of the PERIOD in Latin:--
[4]+VOLSCI exiguam spem in armis, alia undique abscissa, cum
tentassent, praeter cetera adversa loco quoque iniquo ad pugnam
congressi, iniquiore ad fugam, cum ab omni parte caederentur,
ad preces a certamine versi, dedito imperatore traditisque armis,
sub iugum missi, cum singulis vestimentis ignominiae cladisque pleni
DIMITTUNTUR.+
_The +VOLSCIANS+ found that now they were severed from every
other hope, there was but little in prolonging the conflict.
In addition to other disadvantages they had engaged on a spot
ill-adapted for fighting and worse for flight. Cut to pieces
on every side they abandoned the contest and cried for quarter.
After surrendering their commander and delivering up their arms,
they passed under the yoke, and with one garment each +WERE SENT+
to their homes covered with disgrace and defeat._
[Footnote 4: Potts, _Hints_, p. 85.]
Notice here that
(1) There is only one main idea, that of _the ignominious return of the
Volscians to their homes_.
(2) The rest describes the attendant circumstances of the surrender and
of the causes that led to it.
(3) In English we should translate by at least four separate sentences.
(4) The Latin contains only forty-eight words, while the English
contains eighty-one.
Professor Postgate ('Sermo Latinus,' p. 45) gives the following example
of the way in which a Latin +PERIOD+ may be built up:--
+BALBUS vir optimus, dux clârissimus et multis mihi beneficiis carus,
rogitantibus Arvernis ut populi Romani mâiestâtem ostentâret
suîque simul imperi monumentum eis relinqueret, MÛRUM laterîcium,
vîginti pedes lâtum, sexâginta altitûdine et ita in immensum
porrectum ut vix tuis ipse oculis crêderes tantum esse, nêdum aliis
persuâderes, non sine adverso suo rûmore ut qui principâtum
adfectaret AEDIFICAVIT.+
_+BALBUS+, an excellent man and most distinguished commander,
who had endeared himself to me by numerous kindnesses,
was requested by the Arverni to make a display of the power
and greatness of Rome, and at the same time to leave behind him
a memorial of his own government. He accordingly +BUILT+ a +WALL+
of bricks, twenty feet wide, sixty high, and extending to such
a prodigious length that you could hardly trust your own eyes
that it was so large, still less induce others to believe it.
But he did not escape the malign rumour that he had designs
upon the imperial crown._
Here, as in the previous example,
(1) There is only one main idea,
+BALBUS MURUM AEDIFICAVIT+.
(2) The rest consists of--
(a) Enlargements of +BALBUS+--+vir optimus ... carus+;
placed, therefore, directly _after_ +BALBUS+.
(b) Enlargements of +MURUM+--+laterîcium ... persuaderes+;
placed, therefore, directly _after_ +MURUM+.
(c) Enlargements of +AEDIFICAVIT+
+rogitantibus ... relinqueret+ = the _cause_ of the building of
the wall.
+(murum) non sine ... adfectaret+ = the _attendant circumstances_
of the building of the wall; placed, therefore, _before_
+AEDIFICAVIT+.
(3) In English we must translate by at least three separate sentences,
and, where necessary, translate participles as finite verbs, and change
dependent clauses into independent sentences.
It has been well said: 'An English sentence does not often exhibit the
structure of the Period. It was imitated, sometimes with great skill and
beauty, by many of the earlier writers of English prose; but its effect
is better seen in poetry, as in the following passage:--
"High on a throne of royal state, which far
Outshone the wealth of Ormuz and of Ind,
Or where the gorgeous East with richest hand
Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold,
Satan exalted sat."'
MILTON, _Paradise Lost_, ii. 1-5.
+12. Help through a Knowledge of the Order of Words in Latin.+--If you
study the examples already given of the Period you will see that the
+Order of Words in English+ differs very much from the +Order of Words
in Latin+.
Dr. Abbott writes as follows: 'The main difference between English and
Latin is that in English the _meaning_ depends mainly on the _order_ of
words, and the _emphasis_ mainly on the _voice_, while in Latin the
_meaning_ depends almost entirely on the _inflexions_, and the
_emphasis_ upon the _order_.'
Thus, if we take the English sentence, _Caesar conquered the Gauls_, we
cannot invert the order of _Caesar_ and _Gauls_ without entirely
changing the meaning. In Latin, however, we may write (since each Latin
word has its own proper inflexion, serving almost as a label)
+Caesar vicit Gallos+: +Gallos Caesar vicit+: +Caesar Gallos vicit+,
without any change of meaning except that of shifting the emphasis from
one word to another.
The usual order of words in a Latin Prose Sentence may be said to be
(1) Particles, or phrases of connection (with some exceptions, _e.g._
+vero+, +autem+, +quidem+, +enim+, which stand second).
(2) Subject.
(3) Words, phrases, clauses, as enlargements of Subject.
(4) Adverbial enlargements of Predicate (though an Ablative Absolute
must generally stand first).
(5) Indirect Object (if any) and its enlargements.
(6) Direct Object (if any) and its enlargements.
(7) The Principal Verb.
To take a simple example:--
[5]+LIVIUS, imperator fortissimus, quamquam adventus hostium
non ubi oportuit nuntiatus est, PERICULUM illa sua in rebus dubiis
audacia facile EVASIT.+
_+LIVIUS+, a most excellent commander, although the enemy's
arrival was not reported when it should have been, easily
+ESCAPED+ the +DANGER+ by his well-known daring in perilous
positions._
[Footnote 5: Postgate, _Sermo Latinus_, p. 38.]
To take another example:--
[6]+Archimedis EGO quaestor ignoratum ab Syracusanis, cum esse
omnino negarent, saeptum undique et vestitum vepribus et dumetis,
INDAGAVI SEPULCRUM.+
_When I was Quaestor, +I WAS ABLE TO TRACE OUT+ the +TOMB+ of
Archimedes, overgrown and hedged in with brambles and brushwood.
The Syracusans knew nothing of it, and denied its existence._
[Footnote 6: Demonstration VI. Sent. 1. p. 55.]
Notice here the following special points of order:--
(1) The two most important positions in the sentence are the beginning
and the end.
(2) Special emphasis is expressed by placing a word in an unusual or
prominent position.
E.g. here, the unusual position of +Archimedis+ and +sepulcrum+.
(3) In the middle of the sentence the arrangement is such that the words
most closely connected in meaning stand nearest together.
E.g. here, +ignoratum ... dumetis+ is all logically connected with the
object +sepulcrum+, which for the sake of emphasis is put in an unusual
position at the end of the sentence.
+13. Additional Hints.+--(1) Remember that Latin is often +concrete+
where English is +abstract+.
E.g.--
+ingeniosi+ (men of genius) = _genius_.
+eruditi+ } (learned men) = _learning_.
+docti+ }
+viri summo ingenio praediti, saepe invidia opprimuntur.+
_The most exalted genius is frequently overborne by envy._
+omnes immemorem benefici oderunt.+
_The world regards ingratitude with hatred._
(2) The same Latin word may stand for different English words. Take, for
example, the various uses of the word +RES+ in the following passage of
Livy, xlv. 19:--
[7]+Ut RES docuit . . . animo gestienti REBUS secundis . . .
speculator RERUM quae a fratre agerentur . . . REM prope prolapsam
restituit . . . aliis alia regna crevisse REBUS dicendo.+
_As the +FACT+ showed . . . spirits running riot from +PROSPERITY+
. . . to watch the +COURSE+ pursued by his brother . . . he restored
what was almost a lost +CAUSE+ . . . by saying that kingdoms grow
by various +MEANS+._
[Footnote 7: Postgate, _Sermo Latinus_, p. 34.]
In translating +RES+, +avoid at all costs+ the word +THING+, or
+THINGS+, and let the context guide you to the appropriate English word.
(3) You may often translate a +Latin Active by an English Passive+.
Latin prefers the Active because it is more direct and vivid.
For example:--
+Liberas aedes coniurati sumpserunt.+
_An empty house had been occupied by the conspirators._
(4) Use great care in translating Latin +Participles+, and make clear in
your translation the relation of the participial enlargements to the
action of the main Verb.
For example:--
concessive: +Romani, non ROGATI, auxilium offerunt.+
_The Romans, +though they were not asked+, offer help._
final: +Fortuna superbos interdum RUITURA levat.+
_Fortune sometimes raises the proud, only +to dash
them down+._
causal: +S. Ahala Sp. Maelium regnum APPETENTEM interemit.+
_S. Ahala killed Sp. Maelius +for aiming at+ the royal
power._
Notice also:--
+Pontem captum incendit+
_He took and burned the bridge._
+Nescio quem prope adstantem interrogavi.+
_I questioned someone who was standing by._
+Haec dixit moriens+
_He said this while dying._
+Nuntiata clades+
_The news of the disaster._
(5) In translating, try to bring out the exact force of the +Ablative
Absolute+, by which a Latin writer shows the time or circumstances of
the action expressed by the Predicate. The Ablative Absolute is an
adverbial enlargement of the Predicate, and is not grammatically
dependent on any word in the sentence. It is, therefore, called
+absolutus+ (i.e. _freed from_ or _unconnected_). It should very seldom
be translated literally. Your best plan will be to consider carefully
what the Ablative Absolute seems to suggest about the action of the
Principal Verb.
For example:--
+Capta Troia, Graeci domum redierunt.+
_The Greeks returned home after the capture of Troy._
+Regnante Romulo, Roma urbs erat parva.+
_When Romulus was reigning, Rome was a small city._
+Exercitu collecto in hostes contenderunt.+
_They collected an army and marched against the enemy._
+Nondum hieme confecta in fines Nerviorum contendit.+
_Though the winter was not yet over, he hastened to the territory
of the Nervii._
+Tum salutato hostium duce, ad suos conversus, subditis equo
calcaribus, Germanorum ordines praetervectus est, neque expectatis
legatis, nec respondente ullo.+
_Thereupon, after saluting the enemy's general, he turned to his
companions, and setting spurs to his horse, rode past the ranks
of the Germans, without either waiting for his staff, or receiving
an answer from anyone._
HELPS TO STYLE.
Though Style cannot perhaps be taught, it can certainly be formed and
improved. There are several ways of improving your Style. For example:--
+14. Through the Best English Literature.+--+Read good Literature+, the
best English Authors in prose and verse. You will know something,
perhaps, of Shakespeare and Scott, of Macaulay and Tennyson. Though you
may not be able to attack the complete works of any great author, you
ought not to have any difficulty in finding good books of selections
from the English Classics.
+15. Through good Translations.+--Study a few +good English Versions+ of
passages from the best Latin writers. You may often have a good version
of the passage you translate read to you in your Division after your
mistakes have been pointed out to you, and to this you should pay great
attention. You will thus learn eventually to suit your style to the
Author you are translating, while at the same time you render the
passage closely and accurately.
+16. Be Clear.+--Remember that the first characteristic of a good style
is +clearness+--that is, to say what you mean and to mean what you say.
Quintilian, the great critic, says that the aim of the translator should
be, not that the reader may understand if he will, but that he _must_
understand whether he will or not. The more you read the greatest
Authors the more you will see that, as Coleridge says, 'there is a
reason assignable not only for every word, but for the position of every
word.'
+17. Be Simple.+--With clearness goes simplicity--that is, use no word
you do not understand, +avoid fine epithets+, and do not choose a phrase
for its sound alone, but for its sense.
+18. Avoid Paraphrase.+--You are asked to translate, not to give a mere
general idea of the sense. What you have to do is to +think out the
exact meaning+ of every word in the sentence, and to express this in as
good and correct English as you can.
+19. Pay attention to Metaphors.+--The subject of Metaphor is of great
importance in good translation. You will find that every language
possesses its own special Metaphors in addition to those which are
common to most European languages. As you become familiar with Latin
Authors you must try to +distinguish the Metaphors common+ to English
and Latin and those +belonging only+ to English or to Latin.
For example:--
(1) Metaphors +identical+ in Latin and English--
+Progreditur res publica naturali quodam itinere et cursu.+
_The State advances in a natural path and progress._
(2) Metaphors +differing+ in Latin and English--
+cedant arma togae+
_let the sword yield to the pen._
+ardet acerrime coniuratio+
_the conspiracy is at its height._
+rex factus est+
_he ascended the throne._
+conticuit+
_he held his peace._
+20. Careful Translation a Help to Style.+--In conclusion. Nothing will
help your style more than to +do your translations as well as you
possibly can+, and to +avoid repeating the same mistakes+. The Latins
themselves knew the value of translation as a help to style.
For example, Pliny the Younger says:--
'As useful as anything is the practice of translating either your Greek
into Latin or your Latin into Greek. By practising this you will acquire
propriety and dignity of expression, an abundant choice of the beauties
of style, power in description, and gain in the imitation of the best
models a facility of creating such models for yourself. Besides, what
may escape you when you read, cannot escape you when you translate.'
DEMONSTRATIONS
in
UNSEEN TRANSLATION
NOTE
The use of a personal mode of address in the following Demonstrations
is explained by the fact that they are written primarily for the use
of boys. It is hoped, however, that they may be found useful to masters
also, and that the fulness with which each passage is treated may supply
some helpful suggestions.
DEMONSTRATION I.
_Fierce encounter with the Germans._
(a) Reiectis pilis cominus gladiis pugnatum est. |II| At Germani
celeriter, ex consuetudine sua, phalange facta, impetus gladiorum
exceperunt. |III| Reperti sunt complures nostri milites, qui in
phalangas insilirent, et scuta manibus revellerent, et desuper
vulnerarent. |IV| Cum hostium acies a sinistro cornu pulsa atque in
fugam conversa esset, a dextro cornu vehementer multitudine suorum
nostram aciem premebant. |V| Id cum animadvertisset Publius Crassus
adulescens, qui equitatui praeerat, quod expeditior erat quam hi qui
inter aciem versabantur, tertiam aciem laborantibus nostris subsidio
misit. |VI| Ita proelium restitutum est. ||
CAESAR.
_Fierce encounter with the Germans._
(b) Reiectis pilis cominus gladiis +pugnatum est+. {II} At +Germani+
celeriter, ex consuetudine sua, phalange facta, +impetus+ gladiorum
+exceperunt+. {III} +Reperti sunt+ complures nostri +milites+ [_qui
in phalangas insilirent, et scuta manibus revellerent, et desuper
vulnerarent_.] {IV} [_Cum hostium acies a sinistro cornu pulsa atque
in IV fugam conversa esset,_] a dextro cornu vehementer multitudine
suorum nostram +aciem premebant+. {V} [_Id cum animadvertisset
+Publius Crassus+ adulescens,_] [_qui equitatui praeerat,_]
[_quod expeditior erat quam hi qui inter aciem versabantur,_]
tertiam +aciem+ laborantibus nostris subsidio +misit+. {VI} Ita
proelium +restitutum est+.
CAESAR.
DEMONSTRATION I.
CAESAR, _B. G._ i. 52. _Reiectis pilis ... restitutum est._
_Heading and Author._--This tells you enough for working purposes, even
if you do not remember the outline facts of Caesar's campaign against
Ariovistus, the chief of the Germans, called in by the Gauls in their
domestic quarrels, who conquered and ruled them until he was himself
crushed by the Romans.
_Read through the passage carefully._--As you do this, notice all
allusions and key-words that help you to the sense of the passage,
_e.g._ +Germani+, +nostri milites+, +Publius Crassus+. The general sense
of the passage should now be so plain (_i.e._ an incident in a battle
between the Germans and the Romans) that you may begin to translate
sentence by sentence.
+I.+ +Reiectis pilis cominus gladiis pugnatum est.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+Reiectis+ = +re + iacio+ = _throw back_ or _away_. The context will
tell you which is the better meaning for +re-+. Notice the force of all
prefixes in composition, whether separate or inseparable as here. For
+re-+, see pp. 280, 281. [[Appendix II.II: Separable Particles]]
+pilis+ = the +pîlum+, the distinctively _Roman_ missile weapon.
+cominus+ = +comminus+: _i.e._ +con (= cum) + manus+ = _hand to hand._
N.B.--In composition _a_ often becomes _i_, cf. +iacio+, +re-icio+; and
cf. +e-minus+ = _at a distance_.
(ii.) _Translation._--
+PUGNATUM EST+. The only finite verb in the sentence, and the principal
one. The form shows you it is a so-called impersonal verb, and therefore
the subject must be sought from the verb itself in connection with the
context. Here, clearly, you must translate _the battle was fought_.
+cominus+ tells us _how_, i.e. _hand to hand_.
+reiectis pilis+. You will recognise this as an _ablative absolute_
phrase. But do not translate this literally _their javelins having been
thrown away_, for this is not English. Let the principal verb and the
sense generally guide you to the force of the phrase. Thus you can see
here that the Roman soldiers had no use for their javelins, and so threw
them away as a useless encumbrance. (The context tells us that the Roman
soldiers had no time to hurl their javelins against the foe.) You can
now translate the whole sentence--_(and so) the Romans threw away their
javelins and fought hand to hand with swords_.
+II.+ +At Germani celeriter, ex consuetudine sua, phalange facta,
impetus gladiorum exceperunt.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+ex consuetudine sua + = _according to their custom_. You will probably
have met with +consuetudo+, or +consuesco+, or +suesco+. Our own word
_custom_ comes from it through the French _coutume_. For this use of
+ex+ cf. +ex sententia+, +ex voluntate+.
+phalange+ = _phalanx_. If you learn Greek, you will readily think of
the famous Macedonian phalanx.
+impetus+ = _attacks_ = +in + peto+ (= _aim at_). Cf. our _impetus_,
_impetuous_.
(ii.) _Translation._--This sentence contains only one finite verb, the
principal one.
+EXCEPERUNT+ = _(they) received_. _Who_ received? Clearly
+GERMANI+ = _the Germans_. Received _what_?
+IMPETUS+ = _the attacks_. +impetûs+ must be Acc. Plur.
All you now have to do is to assign to their proper places the words and
phrases that remain. Of these
1. +celeriter+ }
2. +ex consuetudine sua+ }
3. +phalange facta+ }
modify the action of +exceperunt+, telling us _when_ and _how_
they received, and
4. +gladiorum+
belongs to +impetûs+.
Now translate the whole sentence. _But the Germans quickly formed into a
phalanx, as was their custom, and received the attacks of the swords_
(i.e. _of the Romans with drawn swords_).
+III.+ +Reperti sunt complures nostri milites, qui in phalangas
insilirent, et scuta manibus revellerent, et desuper vulnerarent.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+insilirent+ = +in + salio+ = _leap-on_. And cf. our _insult_. Notice
the usual phonetic change of vowel from _a_ to _i_. (English derivatives
will often help you to the meaning of a Latin word, though, for reasons
that are explained to you in the Introduction, pp. 1, 2, § 4, you must
let them lead you up to the _root-meaning_ of the Latin word rather than
to an exact translation.)
+revellerent+ = +re + vello+ = _pluck-away_. If you forget the meaning
of +vello+, the supine +vulsum+ through some English derivative--e.g.
_re-vulsion_, _con-vulsion_--will probably help you to the root-meaning.
(ii.) _Translation._--This sentence contains four finite verbs. As you
read it through, underline the principal verb, clearly +REPERTI SUNT+,
and bracket +qui+ to +vulnerarent+. You cannot doubt which verbs to
include in your bracket, for +qui+, which is a subordinate conjunction
as well as a relative pronoun, serves as a sure signpost. Also
+revellerent+ and +vulnerarent+ are joined by +et--et+ to +insilirent+,
so your bracket includes all from +qui+ to +vulnerarent+. The commas in
the passage will often help you to the beginning and end of a
subordinate clause. Now begin with the principal verb +REPERTI SUNT+ and
its subject +complures nostri MILITES+, _many of our soldiers were
found_.
+qui ... vulnerarent+. This subordinate clause describes, just as an
adjective does, _the character_ of these +complures nostri+, so that
+qui = tales ut+--i.e. _brave enough to leap upon the phalanxes, and
pluck away the shields (of the Germans) and wound them from above_.
+IV.+ +Cum hostium acies a sinistro cornu pulsa atque in fugam conversa
esset, a dextro cornu vehementer multitudine suorum nostram aciem
premebant.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+[)a]cies+ = _line of battle_.
[Rt]+ac+ = _sharp_ (cf. +âcer+), perhaps thought of as the _edge_ of a
sword.
+cornu+ = _horn_; so, figuratively, _the wing of an army_.
(ii.) _Translation._--This sentence contains three finite verbs.
Underline +PREMEBANT+, clearly the principal verb, and bracket +cum+ to
+conversa esset+. Here the signpost is the subordinate conjunction
+cum+. Next find the subject of +premebant+: obviously no word from +a
dextro+ to +aciem+ can be the subject; it is implied in
+premebant+--i.e. _they_, which as context shows = +Germani+. Now find
the object = +nostram aciem+ = _our line_.
Thus you have as the backbone of the whole sentence:--
_They (the Germans) were pressing our line._
All the rest of the sentence will now take its proper place, as in some
way modifying the action of +premebant+.
Thus:--
+cum ... conversa esset+ tells us _when_ they were pressing.
+a dextro cornu+ " " _where_ " "
+vehementer+ " " _how_ " "
+multitudine suorum+ " " _how or why_ " "
N.B.--+suorum+, reflexive, must be identical with the subject of
+premebant+.
Now translate _{Though}{When} the enemy's line had been routed
and put to flight on their left wing, on their right wing, owing to
their great numbers, they were pressing hard upon our line._
+V.+ +Id cum animadvertisset Publius Crassus adulescens, qui equitatui
praeerat, quod expeditior erat quam hi qui inter aciem versabantur,
tertiam aciem laborantibus nostris subsidio misit.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+animadvertisset+ = +animum + ad + verto+ = _to turn the mind to, to
observe_.
+adulescens+ = here like our _junior_, to distinguish him from his
father, Marcus Crassus the triumvir.
+expeditior+ = _more free_ (+ex + pes+ = _foot-free_; so +impeditus+ =
_hampered_, _hindered_).
+versabantur+--(+verso+ frequent. of +verto+) = _turn this way and
that_; so +verso-r+ dep. = _turn oneself_, _engage in_, _be_, according
to the context.
(ii.) _Translation._--This sentence is more involved, 'periodic'[8] in
style. You will see on p. 23 how much help can be given by a more
detailed analysis. [[Demonstration I: Table]]
[Footnote 8: See Introduction, pp. 7-9, § 11.]
[[Introduction 11. Help through a Study of the Period in Latin.]]
Now, as before, bracket the subordinate clauses thus:--
+1.+ +Id ... adulescens+
+2.+ +qui ... praeerat+
+3.+ +quod ... versabantur+
and then the only principal verb is +MISIT+. Underline this. Next
underline the principal subject, clearly +P. CRASSUS+, which is also the
subject of clause 1. Then, _outside the brackets_, the only possible
object is +ACIEM+: underline this.
Now analyse, as on p. 23. [[Demonstration I: Table]]
(a) Write down +CRASSUS+, +MISIT+, +ACIEM+.
(b) Place alongside these their proper enlargements.
(c) If necessary, analyse separately all subordinate clauses--_e.g._ A1,
A2, A3 in example on p. 23.
You should now be able to translate without any difficulty; only take
care to arrange the enlargements so as to make the best sense and the
best English. Thus: _When Publius Crassus the younger, who was in
command of the cavalry, had observed this, he sent the third line to the
help of our men who were hard pressed, as he was more free to act than
those who were engaged in action._
+VI.+ +Ita proelium restitutum est.+ _In this way the battle was
restored._
_Final Hints._
Remember that +one passage mastered+ is worth a great many hurriedly
translated. So before you leave this passage notice carefully in the
I. _Vocabulary._--
(i.) Any words that are quite new to you. Look them out in the
dictionary, and notice their derivation and use; if you do not do this
you will find the same word new to you the next time you meet with it.
(ii.) _English Derivatives._--As you have seen, these will often help
you to the root-meaning of a word. Thus:--
+reiectis+ = _reject, throw away_
+insilirent+ = _insult, jump on_
and in the case of verbs, as these two examples show, derivatives are
most easily found from the _supine_ stem.
N.B.--This must be done very carefully, because many such English
derivatives have come from Latin words after they had wholly, or in
part, lost their classical meaning, or from Latin words not found at all
in classical Latin.
A great many other English words are derived from the Latin of this
passage--e.g. _pugnacious_, (with) _celerity_, _fact_, _except_,
_military_, _manual_, _super_-sede, _vulnerable_, _hostile_, _sinister_,
uni-_corn_, and many others.
(iii.) _Prefixes._--Notice especially the force of prepositions and
inseparable particles in composition, e.g.:--
+re-+ in +re-iectis+, +re-vellerent+, +restitutum+.
+in-+ in +impetus+, +insilirent+.
+ex-+ in +exceperunt+, +expeditior+.
(iv.) _Simple Phonetic Changes in Composition_, e.g.:--
+a+ to +i+ in +insilirent+, +cominus+ (+con + manus+).
(v.) _Groups of Related Words._
Thus +acies+ [Rt]+ac+ = _sharp_, is related to +[)a]c-er+, sharp;
+[)a]c-ervus+, a heap; +[)a]c-utus+, sharp, &c.
+expeditior+ [Rt]+ped+ = _tread, go_, is related to +pes+, a foot;
+impedio+ = entangle; +impedimentum+ = hindrance, etc.
II. _Historical and other Allusions._--
(i.) Read a summary of Caesar's campaign against Ariovistus.
(ii.) _Terms relating to War._--Thus notice:--
+pilum+, the distinctively _Roman_ infantry weapon, and see a good
illustration.
_phalanx_; cf. the Roman +testudo+.
+tertiam aciem+--_i.e._ the line of reserves, kept for just such
emergencies. Read, if necessary, some short account of the +triplex
acies+, the usual Roman order of battle.
III. _Some Authorities._--
(i.) _Caesar_, Allen and Greenough, published by Ginn & Co. (an
admirable edition).
(ii.) Froude's _Caesar_, p. 50.
(iii.) Mommsen's _History of Rome_, vol. iv. p. 295.
(iv.) Napoleon's _Caesar_, vol. ii. cap. 4, and vol. ii. p. 405.
DEMONSTRATION I.
CAESAR, _B. G._ i. 52: '_Reiectis pilis ... restitutum est._'
SENTENCE
Kind of Sentence
CONNECTIVE
SUBJECT
_Simple_
_Enlarged_
PREDICATE
_Simple_
_Enlarged_
OBJECT
_Simple_
_Enlarged_
A. Id cum animadvertisset Publius Crassus adulescens, qui equitatui
praeerat, quod expeditior rat quam hi ui inter aciem versabantur,
tertiam aciem laborantibus nostris subsidio misit.
PRINCIPAL (complex)
+CRASSUS+
1. Publius
2. adulescens
3. qui ... praeerat
+MISIT+
1. Id cum ... adulescens (= _when_)
2. quod ... versabantur (= _why_)
3. laborantibus ... subsidio (= _how_)
+ACIEM+
tertiam
A1. Id cum animadvertisset Publius Crassus adulescens
Subordinate
_adverbial_ to +MISIT+ in +A+
cum
Crassus
Publius
animadvertisset
--
id
--
A2. qui equitatui praeerat
Subordinate
_adjectival_ to +CRASSUS+ in +A+
qui
qui (= Crassus)
--
praeerat
equitatui
--
--
A3. quod expeditior erat quam hi qui inter aciem versabantur
Subordinate
_adverbial_ to +MISIT+ in +A+
quod
(Crassus)
--
erat expeditior
quam ... hi versabantur
--
--
DEMONSTRATION II.
_The Music of Arion._
(a) Quod mare non novit, quae nescit Ariona tellus? I
Carmine currentes ille tenebat aquas. II
Saepe, sequens agnam, lupus est a voce retentus; III
Saepe avidum fugiens restitit agna lupum; IV 4
Saepe canes leporesque umbra cubuere sub una, V
Et stetit in saxo proxima cerva leae: VI
Et sine lite loquax cum Palladis alite cornix VII
Sedit, || et accipitri iuncta columba fuit. VIII 8
Cynthia saepe tuis fertur, vocalis Arion, IX
Tamquam fraternis obstupuisse modis. 10
OVID.
_The Music of Arion._
(b) Quod +mare+ non +novit+, quae +nescit Ariona tellus+? I
Carmine currentes +ille tenebat aquas+. II
Saepe, sequens agnam, +lupus est+ a voce +retentus+; III
Saepe avidum fugiens +restitit agna+ lupum; IV 4
Saepe +canes leporesque+ umbra +cubuere+ sub una, V
Et +stetit+ in saxo proxima +cerva+ leae: VI
Et sine lite loquax cum Palladis alite +cornix+ VII
+Sedit+, et accipitri +iuncta columba fuit+. VIII 8
+Cynthia+ saepe tuis +fertur+, vocalis Arion, IX
Tamquam fraternis +obstupuisse+ modis. 10
OVID.
DEMONSTRATION II.
OVID, _Fasti_ ii. 83-92 (Hallam's Edition).
_Heading and Author._--The heading will probably suggest to you the
well-known story of Arion and the Dolphin, and the name of the author,
Ovid, will lead you to expect a beautiful version of the legend.
_Read the Passage carefully._--As you read, notice all allusions that
help you to the sense of the passage. Thus the first line (which you can
no doubt translate at once) tells of the fame of Arion, and the
succeeding lines describe the charm of his music.
_The Form of the Passage: Elegiac Verse._--Scan[9] as you read, and mark
the quantity in the verse of all finals in +-a+. You will see the value
of this, as you translate.
[Footnote 9: See Introduction, pp. 6, 7, § 10.]
[[Introduction 10. Help through Scansion and Metre]]
You can now begin to translate, taking one complete sentence at a time.
+I.+ +Quod mare non nôvit, quae nescit [)A]rî[)o]n[)a] tellûs?+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--You will know all the words here, but observe
+nôvit+ = _knows_, not _knew_, for +nôvi+ means _I have become
acquainted with, I have learned_, and [therefore] _I know_; and notice
also the important cognates from the [Rt]#gno-#, #gnô-#, +-gna+, +-gno+,
#gi-gnô-skô# = _I learn to know_, cf. our _know_, _ken_, _can_,
_con_--#no-os# (_mind_), +-gna-rus+ = _know-ing_; +no-sco+
(= +gno-sco+).
(ii.) _Translation._--This sentence contains no subordinates; the two
finite verbs, +nôvit+, +nescit+, are both principal.
Next, the form of the sentence, with the question-mark at the end, shows
that +mare+ must be the subject of +nôvit+, and +tellus+ of +nescit+.
(+[)A]rî[)o]n[)a]+ cannot be nominative, for the suffix +-a+ is the
usual Greek 3rd decl. Acc. Sing., where Latin has +-em+.) Also +quod+
and +quae+ are clearly interrogative and adjectival; so translate:--
_What sea does not know, what land is ignorant of Arion?_
N.B.--Try to render this line a little more poetically.
+II.+ +Carmine currentes ille tenêbat aquâs.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--You will know all these simple words.
(ii.) _Translation._--Here again there are no subordinates. The
principal verb is +tenebat+, the subject +ille+, and the object +aquas+;
so translate:--
_He used to stay the running waters by his song._
N.B.--Notice force of Imperfect in +tenebat+.
+III.+ +Saepe, sequens agnam, lupus est a voce retentus;+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--All you need notice here is the force of +re-+ in
+retentus+ = _held back_, cf. our _re_-tain.
(ii.) _Translation._--Before you translate, notice Ovid's frequent use
of _parataxis_, _i.e._ placing one thought side by side with another
thought, _without any connective_, even although one thought is, in
sense, clearly subordinate to another. This is one of the ways in which
all great poets _heighten the effect_ of what they say, and many
examples of it are to be found in Ovid's best elegiac verse. As you look
through this passage you will find:
(a) Lines 1, 2, 3, 4 each form a complete sentence.
(b) In the whole passage there is not _one_ subordinate conjunction.
(c) The only expressed connective is the simplest link-word +et+.
The principal verb is +retentus est+, the subject +lupus+. +Sequens
agnam+ describes +lupus+, and +saepe+ and +a voce+ tell us _when_ and
_why_ the wolf _was stayed_.
_Often has the wolf in pursuit of the lamb been stayed at the sound._
(For this use of +a+ or +ab+ to express _origin_ or _source_ cf. Ovid,
_Fasti_, v. 655 [V. 709]: _Pectora traiectus Lynceo Castor_ +ab ense+.)
+IV.+ +Saepe avidum f[)u]giens restitit agn[)a] lupum.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+Restitit+ = _stood still_; +re + si-st-o+, _i.e._ from [Rt]sta-,
strengthened by reduplication; cf. #hi-stê-mi#. Contrast carefully
meaning of +re-sto+, = _stand firm_ or _be left_.
(ii.) _Translation._--Again a very simple sentence. The principal verb
is +restitit+, the subject +agn[)a]+; +fugiens avidum lupum+ enlarges
the subject +[)a]gna+, and +saepe+ tells us when the lamb _stood still_.
_Often has the lamb, when fleeing from the hungry wolf, stood still
(stopped short in its flight)._
N.B.--Notice the _parallelism_ in this couplet, where the parallel lines
express the same idea. This is a characteristic feature of Hebrew
poetry, e.g.:
'Seek ye the Lord while He may be found:
Call ye upon Him while He is near.'
Is. lv. 6.
and is frequently employed by Ovid.[10]
[Footnote 10: E.g.:
Plena fuit vobis omni concordia vita,
Et stetit ad finem longa tenaxque fides.
_Amores_ ii. 6. 13-14.]
+V.+ +Saepe c[)a]nes lep[)o]resque umbrâ c[)u]buêre sub unâ.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+Lep[)o]res+ = _hares_. As this is closely connected by +-que+ with
+c[)a]nes+, you are not likely to confuse it with +l[)e]por+ (+lepos+;
cf. #lampô#) = _a charm_, _grace_.
+Cubuere+ = _lay down_. Cp. +-cumbo+ in composition, and our
_recumbent_, _succumb_, and _cub_-icle.
(ii.) _Translation._--Another simple sentence about which there can be
no doubt. The metre shows that +umbrâ+ must be taken with +sub unâ+:--
_Often have the dogs and the hares reclined beneath the same shade._
+VI.+ +Et stetit in saxo proxim[)a] cerv[)a] leae.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+Leae+ = _lioness_. +Lea+ (poetical form of +leaena+) suggests +leo+.
(ii.) _Translation._--The metre shows +proxim[)a]+ must be taken with
+cerv[)a]+. But to translate _the nearest stag (hind)_ makes nonsense,
and renders +leae+ untranslatable, while _the hind very close to the
lioness_ makes good sense.
_And the hind has stood still on the crag close beside the lioness._
+VII.+ +Et s[)i]ne lîte l[)o]quax cum Palladis âlite cornix sêdit.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+Lîte+ = _strife_. To _litigate_ = contest in law (+lit + agere+) may
help you to the root-meaning.
+Loquax+ = _talkative_, clearly connected with +l[)o]q-uor+, and
_loq_-uacious. +Alite+ = _a bird_, lit. _winged_; cf. +âl-a+, a _wing_.
+Cornix+ = _a crow_, probably from [Rt]#kar#; cf. our _croak_, and
#korax#, +cor-vus+, a _raven_.
+Palladis.+ You have no doubt heard of #Pallas Athênê#, the virgin
goddess of war and of wisdom.
(ii.) _Translation._--The force of the illustration lies in the strong
contrast between the chattering, tale-bearing crow and the wise, silent
owl sacred to the goddess of wisdom. Two such opposites, under the spell
of Arion's music, forget to quarrel, though for the time in close
company.
_And the chattering crow has without strife sat in company with the bird
of Pallas._
+VIII.+ +Et accipitri iunct[)a] c[)o]lumb[)a] fuit.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+Accipitri+ = _hawk_ (a general name for birds of prey), probably from
[Rt]#pet-#, +pet-+ = _move quickly_; cf. #pet-omai# = _fly about_;
+p[)e]t-o+ = _fall upon_, _attack_, _seek_.
So +accipiter+ = +ac + p[)e]t-+, _swift + flying_; cf. #ôkupteros# =
_swift-winged_.
(ii.) _Translation._--The metre shows that +columb[)a]+ and +iunct[)a]+
must be taken together:--
_And the dove has-been-joined-to (has consorted with) the hawk._
+IX.+
+Cynthia saepe tuis fertur, vôcalis [)A]rîôn,
Tamquam fraternis obst[)u]puisse m[)o]dis.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+Cynthia+ = _Diana_ (_Artemis_), so called from Mt. Cynthus, in Delos,
where she and Apollo were born.
+Fertur+ = _is said_, _asserted_; cf. +f[)e]runt+ = _they say_.
+Vôcalis+ = _tuneful_, clearly from same root as +vox+, +v[)o]c-o+,
&c., of our _vocal_. For change of quantity cf. +rex+, +rêgis+, from
+r[)e]go+.
+Obst[)u]puisse+ = _to have been spell-bound_; +st[)u]p-eo+,
+st[)u]p-idus+, and our _stupefy_, _stupid_ will suggest the
root-meaning.[11]
+M[)o]dis+ = _measures_, especially of verse, or, as here, of music.
[Footnote 11: Notice this word, which is often employed to express
the ideas of _entránce_, _enthrall_, _strike dumb_, _amaze_.]
(ii.) _Translation._--You will remember that Apollo, the god who brings
back light and sunshine in spring, is also the god of music and of
poetry. Ovid skilfully implies that Arion's playing was so beautiful
that even Diana, Apollo's own sister, mistakes Arion's playing for her
brother's.
This sentence takes up a whole couplet, but is in form quite simple.
Thus +fertur+ is the incomplete predicate, and +obstupuisse saepe tuis
modis tamquam fraternis+ completes the predicate, _i.e._ tells us all
that is said of the subject +Cynthia+.
+Vôcalis [)A]rîon+ is clearly vocative, or nominative of address.
_O tuneful Arion, often is Cynthia said to have been spell-bound by thy
strains, as by those of her brother (Apollo)._
_Final Suggestions._
You have now learnt how to translate this passage, but you must do more
before you can master it. Thus in these simple but beautiful lines
notice:--
(i.) _Vocabulary._--This is easy and familiar, but even if you know the
meaning of the words study their _cognates_--_i.e._ related words--as
pointed out to you in the vocabulary, _e.g._ under +nôvit+, p. 25,
sentence I. [[Demonstration II.ii]]
(ii.) _English Derivatives._--Remember that often, where you cannot
think of an English derivative, some very familiar _French_ word will
help you to the root-meaning of the Latin. Thus:--
Latin. French. English.
+Carmine+ _Charme_ _Charm_ (_Song_)
+Agnam+ _Agneau_ _Lamb_
+Lupus+ _Loup_ _Wolf_
+Cerva+ _Cerf_ _Stag_ (_Hind_)
and notice that where the English word, e.g. _charm_, differs in
spelling from the Latin, it is because it comes to us through a French
channel. Cf. _feat_ from Fr. _fait_ = L. _factum_.
(iii.) _Allusions and Parallel Passages._--In verse these are often
numerous and important. Poetry is naturally full of imagery, and borrows
from many sources. Thus, for ll. 1-8, compare Hor. _Od._ I. xii. 5:
'Aut in umbrosis Heliconis oris
. . . .
Arte materna rapidos morantem
Fluminum lapsus . . .'
and Verg. _G._ iv. 510:
'Mulcentem tigris et agentem carmine quercus.'
Shakesp. _Hen. VIII._ III. i.:
'Orpheus with his lute made trees,
And the mountain-tops that freeze,
Bow themselves when he did sing';
or read Tennyson's poem 'Amphion.'
_Lines 5, 6._--Cf. Isaiah xi. 6: 'The wolf also shall dwell with the
lamb, and the leopard shall lie down with the kid; and the calf and the
young lion and the fatling together; and a little child shall lead
them.'
(iv.) _Hints for Verses._--Ovid is the acknowledged master of elegiac
verse. Therefore, whenever you have a passage of his elegiacs to
translate, you should, if possible, learn it by heart. (The Arion story
as told by Ovid is well worth a place in any collection of _Ediscenda_.)
If you cannot do this, notice useful phrases and turns of expression,
e.g.:--
_Line 1._--A question, instead of a bare statement, where no answer is
expected.
Cf. 'Quod crimen dicis praeter amasse meum?'
(Dido to Aeneas, Ov. _Her._ vii. 164.)
_Lines 3, 4._--Parataxis and repetition of idea.
_Line 9._--+Vocalis Arion+, apostrophe.
_Line 2._--Simplicity; alliteration.
(v.) _The Poem as Literature._--Ovid here depicts in language purposely
exaggerated the power of music over the hearts of men, and even over
nature, animate and inanimate. This gives point to the strong contrast
in the lines which follow, where greed dominates all the feelings.
Shakespeare refers to the love of music as a test of character:--
'The man that hath no music in himself,
Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds,
Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils.'
DEMONSTRATION III.
PART I.
_A rash promise rashly believed._
Hannibali alia in his locis bene gerendae rei fortuna oblata est. |I|
M. Centenius fuit cognomine Paenula, insignis inter primipili
centuriones et magnitudine corporis et animo. |II| Is perfunctus
militia, per P. Cornelium Sullam praetorem in senatum introductus, petit
a Patribus, uti sibi quinque milia militum darentur: |III| se peritum et
hostis et regionum, brevi operae pretium facturum et, quibus artibus ad
id locorum nostri et duces et exercitus capti forent, iis adversus
inventorem usurum. |IV| Id non promissum magis stolide, quam stolide
creditum, tamquam eaedem militares et imperatoriae artes essent! |V|
Data pro quinque octo milia militum; pars dimidia cives, pars socii.
|VI| Et ipse aliquantum voluntariorum in itinere ex agris concivit, ac
prope duplicato exercitu in Lucanos pervenit, ubi Hannibal, nequiquam
secutus Claudium, substiterat. |VII|
LIVY.
_A rash promise rashly believed._
Hannibali alia in his locis bene gerendae rei +fortuna oblata est. {I}
M. Centenius fuit+ cognomine Paenula, insignis inter primipili
centuriones et magnitudine corporis et animo. {II} +Is+ perfunctus
militia, per P. Cornelium Sullam praetorem in senatum introductus, petit
a Patribus, [uti sibi quinque milia militum darentur]. {III} +Centenius
dixit+ _se peritum et hostis et regionum, brevi operae pretium facturum:
et, [quibus artibus ad id locorum nostri et duces et exercitus capti
forent], iis adversus inventorem usurum_. {IV} +Id+ non +promissum+
magis stolide, quam stolide +creditum+: [tamquam eaedem militares et
imperatoriae artes essent!] {V} +Data+ pro quinque octo +milia+ militum;
{VI} +pars+ dimidia cives, +pars+ socii. Et +ipse aliquantum+
voluntariorum in itinere ex agris +concivit+, ac prope duplicato
exercitu, in Lucanos +pervenit+, [ubi Hannibal, nequiquam secutus
Claudium, substiterat].
LIVY.
DEMONSTRATION III.
LIVY, xxv. 19.
_Read the passage through carefully._ As you read--
(i.) Make all the use you can of your previous knowledge of History,
Geography, and Antiquities.
Thus, +Hannibali+ suggests an episode in the Second Punic War.
+M. Centenius+ is clearly the unfortunate subject of the episode.
+in Lucanos ... substiterat+ helps to fix the date as later than
+Cannae+, 216 B.C.
(ii.) Observe carefully all phrases that will require special care in
translating--_e.g._ +bene gerendae rei+--+inter primipili
centuriones+--+perfunctus militia+--+operae pretium+--+ad id locorum+.
You will now have a sufficient general idea of the form and general
sense of the passage, and may begin to translate sentence by sentence.
+I.+ +Hannibali alia in his locis bene gerendae rei fortuna oblata est.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+oblata+, cf. _ob-lation_ = _an offering_ and _of-fer_.
(ii.) _Translation._--
+oblata est+ shows that the subject must be +fortuna+, with which +alia+
must agree, and +gerendae rei+ is dependent genitive. So you may at once
translate literally _Another fortune (chance) of carrying-on the matter
well in these parts was offered to Hannibal_. But you must not be
satisfied with this, for though literally correct it is neither good
History nor good English. So render: _In this district Hannibal had
another chance presented to him of achieving a success_.
Here notice especially the use of the word +res+,[12] a remarkable
example of the tendency of Roman writers to employ the ordinary and
simple vocabulary wherever possible _instead of inventing a new word_.
As a writer well says, '+Res+ is, so to say, a blank cheque, to be
filled up from the context to the requisite amount of meaning.' Cf.
'+Consilium erat quo fortuna rem daret, eo inclinare vires+,' where
+res+ = _victory_.
[Footnote 12: Cf. Introduction, p. 11.] [[Introduction 13 (2)]]
+II.+ +M. Centenius fuit cognomine Paenula, insignis inter primipili
centuriones et magnitudine corporis et animo.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+primipili+ = the chief centurion of the +triarii+ (the third, veteran
line of the legion), the +primipilus+, or +primus pilus+. So Livy vii.
41, '+primus centurio erat, quem nunc (centurionem) primi pili
appellant+.'
+cognomine+, _i.e._ +co-nomen+, a name _added_ to the +nomen+, a title,
epithet, _e.g._:
+Publius+ = the distinctive +praenomen+.
+Scipio+ = +nomen+, designating his +gens+.
+Africanus+ = +cognomen+.
(ii.) _Translation._--The form of this sentence is quite simple. The
subject is +M. Centenius+, with which +insignis+ agrees. _There was a
certain M. Centenius, by surname Penula, distinguished among the
first-rank_ (or _chief_) _centurions_ (of the Triarii) _both for his
great bodily size and courage._
+III.+ +Is perfunctus militia, per P. Cornelium Sullam praetorem in
senatum introductus, petit a Patribus, uti sibi quinque milia militum
darentur.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+perfunctus+, cf. _function_, and notice force of +per+ = discharge
_completely_.
(ii.) _Translation._--The principal verb is clearly +petit+, and +is+ is
the only possible subject (= +Centenius+), with which +introductus+
agrees. There is one subordinate clause, introduced by +ut+, telling us
the object of his request.
Translate, first literally, _He having discharged completely his
military service, being introduced into the Senate by P. C. Sulla, the
Praetor, asks the Fathers that 5000 soldiers should be given him_. Now
improve this: get rid at all costs of the _having_ and _being_, which
are not English, and change the _asks_ into the past tense of narration.
Thus:--
_After he had completed his term of service, and had been introduced to
the Senate by P. Corn. Sulla, the Praetor, he petitioned the Fathers
that 5000 soldiers should be given him._
+IV.+ +Se peritum et hostis et regionum, brevi operae pretium facturum:
et, quibus artibus ad id locorum nostri et duces et exercitus capti
forent, iis adversus inventorem usurum.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+peritum+, cf. _ex-peri-enced_. [Rt]+par-+, +per-+, _pierce_, _go
through_; so, +ex-per-ior+, +per-iculum+, in sense of a _trial_.
+operae pretium+ = lit. '_what will pay for the trouble_,' _i.e. worth
while_, _i.e._ worth the _time_ (or _labour_) spent upon it.
+artibus--ars.+ [Rt]+ar+ = _fit_, _join_ = skill in joining something,
skill in producing; so, _artist_, _artisan_, _artifice_, etc.
+ad id locorum+[13] = _to that point of time_. The ideas of _place_ and
_time_ readily interchange; so, +in loco+ = at the right _place_ or
_time_.
[Footnote 13: Cf. Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 63 _Tamen is_ +ad id
locorum+ _talis vir_ = _Such was his character up to this time_.]
(ii.) _Translation._--The form of the sentence shows that it is
_reported speech_, and not the actual words of the speaker +Centenius+,
who is still the principal subject, and +dixit+, _understood_, the
principal verb, and +se peritum ... usurum+ the object of +dixit+. You
should now be able to translate without any difficulty, and the logical
common-sense rules for the conversion of Or. Recta into Or. Obliqua
explain the mood of the verb +capti forent+ in the subordinate clause
introduced by +quibus+.
Literally: _Centenius said that he, experienced in both the enemy and
the districts, would soon make it worth (their) while: and that he would
use against their inventor those arts by which up to that time both our
leaders and our armies had been overcome._ Notice that the long relative
clause +quibus artibus ... forent+ is in Latin placed before the
antecedent +iis+.
You will readily see that this must be improved in several points.
Thus:--
(a) +Use Oratio Recta+--more graphic and better suited to our idiom.
(b) _arts_. Change this to some more suitable military term--e.g.
_tactics_.
_He was well acquainted (he said) both with the enemy and the country,
and would shortly make it worth their while, and would employ against
their originator those very tactics by which both our leaders and our
armies had up to that time been baffled._
+V.+ +Id non promissum magis stolide, quam stolide creditum: tamquam
eaedem militares et imperatoriae artes essent!+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+stolide+, cf. _stolid_ = dull, foolish.
(ii.) _Translation._--The finite copula +est+ is, as often, omitted; the
two principal verbs are +promissum (est)+ and +creditum (est)+ linked by
the comparative particles +magis--quam+, and the subject is +id+;
+tamquam--essent!+ is a subordinate clause modifying the two principal
verbs, and expressing contemptuous wonder.
Cf. '+tamquam clausa sit Asia, sic nihil perfertur ad nos+.'
You can now translate
Literally: _That was promised not more foolishly than it was foolishly
believed, just as if the arts of a soldier and of a general were the
same._
Here you can make several improvements; avoid the repetition of
_foolishly_, and use a better term than _arts_, and perhaps break up the
sentence into two short ones. Thus:--
_The folly of the promise was not greater than that of the credit it
received. Just as though the qualities of a soldier and of a general
were the same!_
+VI.+ +Data pro quinque octo milia militum; pars dimidia cives, pars
socii.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+dimidia+ [Rt]+med-+, +mid-+ = _middle_, so +dimidius+ = +dis + medius+.
(ii.) _Translation._--This sentence is very simple: notice that here,
too, +sunt+ and +erant+ are omitted.
_Eight thousand soldiers were given him instead of five: half were
citizens, half allies._
+VII.+ +Et ipse aliquantum voluntariorum in itinere ex agris concivit,
ac prope duplicate exercitu, in Lucanos pervenit, ubi Hannibal,
nequiquam secutus Claudium, substiterat.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+aliquantum+ = _considerable_, used in the neuter as a noun, with a
partitive genitive +voluntariorum+. Cf. use of +satis+, +parum+, etc.
+concivit+ = _raised_, lit. roused, stirred up. Cf. +ci-eo+, and our
_ex-cite_, _in-cite_.
+substiterat+ = _had halted_. +si-st-o+ is only a form of +sto+
strengthened by reduplication (cf. #histêmi#) with a causal force. Cf.
+restitit+, p. 27, sentence iv. [[Demonstration II:iv]]
(ii.) _Translation._--The principal subject is clearly +ipse+; there are
two principal verbs, +concivit+ and +pervenit+, coupled by +ac+, and one
subordinate clause, +ubi ... substiterat+, introduced by +ubi+, and
modifying +pervenit+.
The sense is so clear that you may translate at once into good
English:--
_Moreover he himself raised a considerable number of volunteers in the
country during his march; and so, with his numbers nearly doubled, he
reached Lucania, where Hannibal, after his fruitless chase of Claudius,
had halted._
The following version was shown up by a boy of fifteen in a recent
scholarship examination:
'Hannibal in _carrying on his successful campaign met with some
different luck in this district_. Marcus Centenius, whose cognomen was
Penula, was famous among the centurions of the first rank for his huge
limbs and great courage. This man, after having accomplished his years
of military training, on being introduced into the Senate by the Prætor
P. Cornelius Sulla, requested the Patricians to give him 5000 soldiers.
He said that he was well acquainted both with the enemy's tactics and
the district round about, and in a short time _would convert the
engagement into a prize for the State_: moreover, he added, I will
employ the same tactics against the _enemy_ as those by which our
generals and troops have been captured in these parts. This was
_faithfully_ believed as it was _faithfully_ promised: the tactics of
the soldiers and of the commanders were so much alike! He received 8000
men instead of 5000: half of them were Roman citizens, half allies:
moreover he himself _got_ some volunteers while on the march in the
country districts and so almost doubled his army: he thus reached the
territory of the Lucani, where Hannibal after a fruitless pursuit after
Claudius, had taken up his position.'
This version is neither bad nor good. The style is, on the whole fair,
knowledge of vocabulary very fair, and the rendering generally accurate.
It will, however, be of use to you as an object lesson: so notice
carefully the following points:--
I. _Style._
_Sentence IV._--
(i.) The Oratio Obliqua of the original he renders partly as Reported
Speech and partly as Oratio Recta. This is, of course, to be avoided.
Contrast the rendering given under Sentence IV.
_Sentence III._--
(ii.) +Is perfunctus ... darentur.+ He uses too many participles.
Contrast version under Sentence III.
_Sentences VI., VII._--
(iii.) He translates +data pro quinque ... substiterat+ by one long
sentence, instead of breaking it up into two at least.
II. _Vocabulary._
_Sentence IV._--
+Se peritum ... usurum.+ He confuses +pretium+ with +praemium+, +operae+
with +rei publicae+ (?). He should have been familiar with the phrase
+operae pretium+.
+inventorem+ he renders by _enemy_; perhaps a careless mistake, as if
the word were +inimicum+ (which after all does not = +hostem+).
_Sentence V._--
+stolide+ he renders by _faithfully_. A moment's thought given to the
English word _stolid_ should have put him on the right track.
_Sentence VII._--
+concivit+ he renders by _got_, vague and inappropriate. He fails to
bring out the root-meaning of +cieo+ = _to stir up_.
III. _Construction._
_Sentence I._--
This is very bad. _Analysis_ would at once have shown him that the
logical order of the sentence was
+Alia fortuna bene gerendae rei oblata est Hannibali in his locis+,
though he might not see that +in his locis+ must be closely connected
with +oblata est+.
_Sentence IV._--
+brevi operae pretium facturum.+ Very bad: due probably to not carefully
weighing the meaning of each word.
You will now see that a strict attention to analysis and to the
root-meanings of words really familiar would have enabled this candidate
to send up a good version.
DEMONSTRATION IV.
PART II.
_Rashness justly punished._
Haud dubia res est, quippe inter Hannibalem ducem et centurionem;
exercitusque, alterum vincendo veteranum, alterum novum totum, magna ex
parte etiam tumultuarium et semiermem. |I| Ut conspecta inter se agmina
sunt, et neutra pars detrectavit pugnam, extemplo instructae acies. |II|
Pugnatum tamen, ut in nulla pari re, duas amplius horas, concitata et,
donec dux stetisset, Romana acie. |III| Postquam is non pro vetere fama
solum, sed etiam metu futuri dedecoris, si sua temeritate contractae
cladi superesset, obiectans se hostium telis cecidit, fusa extemplo est
Romana acies. |IV| Sed adeo ne fugae quidem iter patuit omnibus viis ab
equite insessis, ut ex tanta multitudine vix mille evaserint, ceteri
passim alii alia peste absumpti sint. |V|
LIVY.
_Rashness justly punished._
[Transcriber's Note:
The braces around the "Postquam..." clause are in the original.]
+Haud dubia res est+, [quippe inter Hannibalem ducem et centurionem;
exercitusque, alterum vincendo veteranum, alterum novum totum, magna ex
parte etiam tumultuarium et semiermem.] {I} [Ut conspecta inter se
agmina sunt, et neutra pars detrectavit pugnam], extemplo +instructae
acies+. {II} +Pugnatum+ tamen, ut in nulla pari re, duas amplius horas,
concitata et, [donec dux stetisset], Romana acie. {III} {Postquam is non
pro vetere fama solum, sed etiam metu futuri dedecoris, [si sua
temeritate contractae cladi superesset], obiectans se hostium telis
cecidit}, +fusa+ extemplo +est Romana acies+. {IV} Sed adeo ne fugae
quidem +iter patuit+ omnibus viis ab equite insessis, [ut ex tanta
multitudine vix mille evaserint, ceteri passim alii alia peste absumpti
sint]. {V}
LIVY.
DEMONSTRATION IV.
LIVY, xxv. 19.
_Read through the Passage carefully._--The context will be familiar to
you, as this piece is a continuation of Demonstration III; but, none
the less, read the passage through very carefully. Notice, for example,
the use of +quippe+, the various uses and meanings of +ut+, +alterum ...
alterum+, +alii alia+.
You can now begin to translate.
+I.+ +Haud dubia res est, quippe inter Hannibalem ducem et centurionem;
exercitusque, alterum vincendo veteranum, alterum novum totum, magna ex
parte etiam tumultuarium et semiermem.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+quippe+ = +qui + pe+. +pe+ = a form of +que+ (cf. +nempe = nam-pe+ =
indeed) = _since of course_.
+alterum+ (comparative of +al-ius+), cf. +alter+, _alternate_, _either_,
_other_.
In distributive clauses, +alter--alter+ = _the one_, _the other_.
+tumultuarium+ (cf. +tumultus+), used of troops brought _hurriedly_
together; so, _disorderly_.
(ii.) _Translation._--This sentence is quite simple, consisting of one
main statement, +Haud dubia res est+, and an explanatory subordinate
statement of fact introduced by +quippe+. Notice that the influence of
+inter+ extends over the whole of the subordinate clause.
_Literally:_ 'The affair was not doubtful, since, of course, it was
between Hannibal as general and a centurion, and between armies, the one
grown old in victory, the other wholly new, and for the most part also
hurriedly raised and half-armed.'
There are several points in which this rendering must be improved.
Thus:--
(a) _Affair_ for +res+ is too vague. You will remember what was said
about +res+ in Sentence I. of Part I. pp. 33, 34.
(b) You must try to express more strongly the contrast in generalship
between Hannibal and a mere centurion. Thus:--
'_The +result+ was not doubtful, considering that the contest was
between a general such as Hannibal and a (mere) centurion; and between
two armies, the one grown old in victory, the other consisting entirely
of raw recruits, and for the most part undrilled and half-armed._'
+II.+ +Ut conspecta inter se agmina sunt, et neutra pars detrectavit
pugnam, extemplo instructae acies.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+neuter+ = ne + uter (+uter = eu-ter+ or +quo-ter-us+ = comparative in
form of +quis+), _neither of two_.
+detrectavit+ = _declined_ (+de + traho+, draw-off).
+extemplo+ = _immediately_. +Ex + templum+ (dimin. +tempulum+).
+templum+ [Rt]+tem+ = cut; cf. #temnô# = prop. a _section_. So
(a) a _space marked_ out, a consecrated place, a _temple_.
(b) a _portion of time_; cf. _extempore_.
(ii.) _Translation._--This sentence again is quite simple (in form very
similar to Sentence I.), consisting of one main statement, +extemplo
instructae acies+, and an introductory subordinate statement of _time_
introduced by +ut+ = _when_.
_'When the armies came in sight of each other, and neither side declined
battle, the ranks were at once drawn up in fighting order.'_
[14]+III.+ +Pugnatum tamen, ut in nulla pari re, duas amplius horas,
concitata et, donec dux stetisset, Romana acie.+
[Footnote 14: Weissenborn and Müller read:--Pugnatum tamen, ut in
nulla pari re, _diu_: duas amplius horas con_stitit pugna spe
con_citante, donec dux stetit, Romana_m_ acie_m_.]
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+concitata+ = _stirred-up_, _roused_. +con + ci-eo+; cf. _+ex-cite+_,
_+incite+_, +c[)i]-tus+ = _put in motion_, _swift_, &c.
(ii.) _Translation._--This sentence is not quite so simple and needs
care. Notice--
(a) +Pugnatum (est).+ The Impersonal Pass. serves as the principal
subject and predicate.
(b) +ut in nulla pari re.+ +ut+ is here not a _conjunction_ but a
relative _adverb_ of manner, referring the assertion +pugnatum duas
amplius horas+ to the particular circumstance--_i.e._ of a battle fought
under very unequal conditions. This use of +ut+ = _considering_ occurs
frequently--_e.g._ +consultissimus vir ut in illa quisquam esse aetate
poterat+ (Livy). Cf. also p. 124, l. 19. [[Selection C17, "ut in re
trepida"]]
(c) +concitata Romana acie+ is clearly ablative absolute. To make quite
sure that you understand the logical connection of the thought conveyed
by this sentence, you may consult the detailed analysis on page 47.
_In spite of its being such an unequal match, the battle was maintained
for more than two hours; the Roman army (as well as [+et+] the enemy's)
being roused (to great exertions) so long as their leader survived._
+IV.+ +Postquam is non pro vetere fama solum, sed etiam metu futuri
dedecoris, si sua temeritate contractae cladi superesset, obiectans se
hostium telis cecidit, fusa extemplo est Romana acies.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+dedecoris+ = of _dis-grace_, for +de+ in composition = separation, and
so _removal_ of the fundamental idea. Cf. _un-_, _dis-_, _e.g._
+dis-par+ = _un_-equal.
+contractae+ = _brought on_, _caused_. +con + traho+ = _bring about_,
_cause_.
(ii.) _Translation._--The meaning of this sentence should be quite plain
to you if you notice carefully that
(a) the principal verb is +fusa est+, and the principal subject +Romana
acies+, and
(b) that +Postquam ... cecidit+ is a subordinate clause of _time_
modifying the action of the principal verb +fusa est+.
It would perhaps be well to translate at first literally:--
_After that he, not only out of regard for_ (+pro+) _his old fame, but
also from fear of future disgrace, if he should survive a disaster
brought about by his own rashness, exposing himself to the weapons of
the enemy fell, the Roman army was at once routed._
You will see that this rendering, though verbally correct, is not
English, and must be considerably altered before it can be called a good
translation. Thus:--
(a) _It is too long._ You can remedy this by taking +postquam ...
cecidit+ as one complete sentence, and +fusa ... acies+ as another.
(b) _Exposing himself._ Better _exposed himself to ... and_. Notice here
the strictly accurate use of the Pres. participle in Latin.
(c) '+future+' may be omitted, as tautological[15] in English. Cf. our
inexact idiom '_he promised to come_' (Lat. '_that he would come_').
[Footnote 15: _i.e._ needless repetition (#tauto legein# = to say
the same thing).]
_At last, both for the sake of his old renown and from the fear of
disgrace should he survive a disaster brought on by his own rashness, he
threw himself among the enemy's darts and was slain. The Roman army was
routed in a moment._ --Church and B.
+V.+ +Sed adeo ne fugae quidem iter patuit omnibus viis ab equite
insessis, ut ex tanta multitudine vix mille evaserint, ceteri passim
alii alia peste absumpti sint.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+p[)a]tuit+ = _was open_. Cf. +p[)a]te-facio+ = _to make open_;
+p[)a]t-ulus+ = _open_, _spread out_; +p[)a]t-era+ = _a broad,
flat dish_. English, _patent_.
+insessis+ = _occupied_; +in + sed-eo+ = _sit upon_--so, _occupy_.
+passim+ = _hither and thither_, _far and wide_, formed from +passus+
(+pando+), _expand_.
(ii.) _Translation._--This sentence resembles in form Sentence IV., with
one principal verb +patuit+, and a principal subject +iter+, and a
subordinate clause of _result_, +ut ... absumpti sint+, modifying the
action of the principal verb +patuit+. You may conveniently break up
this sentence into two, by beginning a new sentence with +Ceteri+.
Thus:--
_So completely closed against them was every chance of escape, all the
roads being beset by cavalry, that out of so numerous a host hardly a
thousand escaped. The rest perished as they fled, some by one death and
some by another._
Before laying aside these two passages, you should pay attention to the
following points:--
(i.) _Vocabulary._--Besides carefully noticing _new_ words, try to form
groups of _cognates_ (i.e. _related words_). One of the best ways to
enlarge your vocabulary is to group together _words of common origin_,
and to add to each, where you can, derivative and cognate English words.
To take a few examples from this passage:--
Word. Meaning. English
Derivative.
+ALIUS+ = _another_ (of many).
+ali-enus+ = _that belong to another_ alien, alienate.
+ali-quot+ = _some, several_ aliquot (parts).
+al-ter+ = _other of two_ alter, alternate.
+ali-bi+ = _elsewhere_ alibi.
etc.
+SENATUS+ = _the Council Senate.
of the Elders_
+sen-ex+ = _old_
+sen-ior+ = _older_ senior, sire, sir.
+sen-ile+ = _belonging to old people_ sen-ile.
+sen-ectus+ = _old age_.
etc.
+ITER+ = (+i-tiner+) = _a going_ itin-erant.
+amb-it-io+ = _a going round, ambition.
canvassing_
+comes+ = _a comrade_. a Count
(+cum + eo+) (Fr. Comte).
+in-it-ium+ = _a going in, a beginning_ initial.
+sed-it-io+ = _a going apart, sedition_ sedition.
etc.
(ii.) _Useful Phrases for Latin Prose._--You should try gradually to put
together your own phrase-book. You will find this much more useful to
you than any ready-made collection. A good and simple plan is to have a
special note-book for this purpose. Mark in the text as you read useful
phrases, and in your note-book write the Latin on the right-hand page
and a good idiomatic rendering on the left. For example, from this
passage you might collect the following:--
English.
Latin.
_A chance of achieving a success._
+fortuna bene gerendae rei.+
_After completing his term of service._
+perfunctus militia.+
_Would make it worth their while._
+operae pretium facturum.+
_Up to that time._
+ad id locorum.+
_The result was not doubtful._
+haud dubia res est.+
_Though the fight was so unequal._
+ut in nulla pari re.+
_Some by one death and some by another._
+alii alia peste.+
(iii.) +HANNIBAL.+--Read some good short estimate of Hannibal as a
patriot, statesman, and soldier--such as may be found in Mommsen's or
Ihne's _History of Rome_. If you have time, you will find much to
interest you in the _Hannibal_ ('Heroes of the Nations') by O'Connor
Morris.
DEMONSTRATION IV.
SENTENCE
Kind of Sentence
CONNECTIVE
SUBJECT
_Simple_
_Enlarged_
PREDICATE
_Simple_
_Enlarged_
OBJECT
_Simple_
_Enlarged_
_Sentence III._
Pugnatum tamen, ut in nulla pari re, duas amplius horas; concitata et,
donec dux stetisset, Romana acie.
Complex
tamen
+(THE BATTLE)+
+PUGNATUM (EST)+
1. duas amplius horas (_time_)
2. ut in nulla pari re (_manner_)
3. concitata ... Romana acie (_manner_)
_Sentence IV._
A. Postquam is non pro vetere fama solum, sed etiam metu futuri
dedecoris, si sua temeritate contractae cladi superesset, obiectans se
hostium telis cecidit, fusa extemplo est Romana acies.
Complex
Postquam
+ACIES+
Romana
+FUSA EST+
1. extemplo (_time_)
2. Postquam is ... cecidit (_time_)
A1. Postquam is ... cecidit
Subordinate
_adv._ to +FUSA EST+ in A
Postquam
is
non pro vetere ... +OBIECTANS+ telis
cecidit
A2. si sua ... superesset
Subordinate
_adv._ to +OBIECTANS+ in A1
si
(he)
superesset
cladi
sua temeritate contractae
DEMONSTRATION V.
_The Happy Life._
(a) Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas, I
Atque metus omnes et inexorabile fatum
Subiecit pedibus, strepitumque Acherontis avari! ||
Fortunatus et ille, deos qui novit agrestes, II
Panaque, Silvanumque senem, Nymphasque sorores! || 5
Illum non populi fasces, non purpura regum III
Flexit et infidos agitans discordia fratres,
Aut coniurato descendens Dacus ab Histro,
Non res Romanae, perituraque regna; || neque ille IV
Aut doluit miserans inopem aut invidit habenti. || 10
VERGIL.
_The Happy Life._
(b) +Felix+, (qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas, I
Atque metus omnes et inexorabile fatum
Subiecit pedibus, strepitumque Acherontis avari!)
+Fortunatus+ et +ille+, (deos qui novit agrestes, II
Panaque, Silvanumque senem, Nymphasque sorores!) 5
+Illum+ non populi +fasces+, non +purpura+ regum III
+Flexit+ et infidos agitans +discordia+ fratres,
Aut coniurato descendens +Dacus+ ab Histro,
Non +res Romanae, perituraque regna+; neque ille IV
Aut +doluit+ miserans inopem aut +invidit habenti+. 10
VERGIL.
DEMONSTRATION V.
VERGIL, _Georg._ ii. 490-499.
_Read the Passage carefully._--Notice as you read the many allusions and
key-words in the passage, _e.g._ +Acherontis+, +Pana+, +Silvanum+,
+Nymphas+, +Dacus ab Istro+, +res Romanae+, +rerum causas+, and +populi
fasces+. These, taken in connection with the main predicates +felix+,
+fortunatus+, +non flexit+, +neque doluit+, +aut invidit+, will readily
suggest to you the main thought of the passage:--
_Happy is Nature's bard who knows and fears not: happy he too who knows
the gods of the country. He is not distressed by ambition, nor wars, nor
pain, nor envy._
+I.+
+Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas,
Atque metus omnes et inexorabile fatum
Subiecit pedibus, strepitumque Acherontis avari!+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+inexorabile+ = _relentless_; lit. _that cannot be moved by entreaty_.
+in+ (_not_) + +ex+ (_easily_) + +orabilis+ (_entreated_).
For +oro+ cf. +ôs+ = _mouth_; +orator+ = _speaker_; +oratio+ = _speech_.
+fatum+ = _fate_, _i.e._ of _death_, as the common lot of all men, the
decree of nature.
+fatum+ = _that which is said_, espec. prophetically. [Rt]+fa+, #pha#.
Cf. +for+ (+fâ-ri+), _speak_; +fâ-ma+, _report_; +fâ-bula+, _a story_;
+in-fans+, _that cannot speak_; +fâ-cundus+, _eloquent_.
+strepitum+ = _roar_; lit. a wild, confused noise, din of any kind; cf.
_obstreperous_.
+Acherontis+ = _Acheron_ = (a) a river in the Lower World; (b) the Lower
World itself. Perh. +Acheron+ = #ho achea rheôn# = the stream of woe;
cf. #Kôkutos# = _Cocytus_, river of _wailing_.
(ii.) _Translation._-- You cannot be in doubt about the principal
subject and predicate. +Felix+ is the only word outside the subordinate
clause from +qui ... avari+. The sense, too, of these lines is clear, so
you may translate at once; but you must take special care to use
dignified and appropriate language:--
_Happy the man who has availed to know the causes of things, and so
trampled under foot all fears and fate's relentless decree, and the roar
of insatiate Acheron._
+II.+
+Fortunatus et ille, deos qui novit agrestes,
Panaque, Silvanumque senem, Nymphasque sorores!+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+agrestes+ = _of the country_; cf. +ager+ (#agros#), +agrarius+,
_agrarian_; +peragro+ (+per + ager+), _travel over_. Perhaps to be
traced to the same root as +ag-o+ = _drive_, +ager+ and #agros# being so
named +a pecore agendo+ (cf. Germ. +trift+ = _pasturage_, +treiben+ =
_drive_).
+Silvanum+ = _Silvanus_ = Latin god of fields and woods (+silva+),
_sylvan_.
(ii.) _Translation._--This sentence closely resembles in form Sentence
I, +Ille Fortunatus+ being the principal subject and predicate.
_He too is blest who knows the gods of the country, Pan, and old
Silvanus, and the sisterhood of the Nymphs._
+III.+
+Illum non populi fasces, non purpura regum
Flexit, et infidos agitans discordia fratres;
Aut coniurato descendens Dacus ab Histro,
Non res Romanae, perituraque regna;+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+fasces+ = _fasces_, i.e. _honours_; +populi+, i.e. _conferred by the
people_.
+fascis+ = a _bundle_, espec. of wood.
+fasces+ = _the lictors' rods_ (_rods_ + _axe_ in certain cases)
carried before the highest magistrates, as an emblem of authority.
+purpura+, _i.e._ the _purple_ robe worn by kings and magistrates.
Cf. [16]'+Purpura Pompeium summi velabit honoris.+'
OV. _Ex Ponto_ IV. iv. 25.
[Footnote 16: 'The purple (the insignia) of the highest office
shall clothe Pompeius.']
+agitans+ = _driving_, i.e. _moving_, _impelling_.
+discordia+ = _discord_. Notice force of +dis-+ = separation, negation;
cf. +dis-crimen+, +dis-par+.
+coniurato+ = _united by oath_, _sworn confederate_.
+Dacus+, the Dacians, akin to the Thracians, N. of Danube, conquered by
Trajan. Cf. modern _Roumanians_.
+Histro+ = the Lower Danube.
(ii.) _Translation._--You will see there is only one principal verb,
+flexit+ (or +flexerunt+), with several principal subjects, +fasces+,
+purpura+, +discordia+, +res Romanae+, +perituraque regna+, and no
subordinate clauses. You may therefore translate at once:--
(a) _Him fasces of the people or purple of kings sway not, not maddening
discord among treacherous brethren, nor the Dacians swarming down from
the leagued Danube, not the Roman State, or realms destined to decay;_
OR
(b) _He is not (1) moved by honours that the people confer, or the
purple of empire, or civil feuds, that make (2) brothers swerve from
brothers' duty; or the Dacian coming down from the Hister, his sworn (2)
ally; no, nor by the great Roman State and the death-throes of subject
kingdoms._
N.B.--(b) is superior to (a) in--
(1) the use of Passive for Active;
(2) the predicative use of +agitans+, +infidos+, +coniurato+.
+IV.+
+neque ille
Aut doluit miserans inopem, aut invidit habenti.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--You will probably know the meanings of the words in
this sentence. Thus the meaning of--
+doluit+ is suggested by +dolor+.
+miserans+ " " +miser+. Cf. _miser-able_.
+inopem+ " " +in + ops+. Cf. _op-ulent_.
+invidit+ " " +invidia+. Cf. _envy_.
(ii.) _Translation._--You have here two principal verbs, +doluit+,
+invidit+, joined by +aut+, and a principal subject +ille+.
Notice that +inopem+ must be the object of the participle +miserans+,
and that +habenti+ is used as a noun.
_He never felt the pang of pity for the poor, or of envy for the rich._
Copy of a rendering shown up by a boy of fifteen in a recent scholarship
examination:--
'Happy is the man who _is able_ to discern the reason of things, and
_controls_ under his feet all changes and inexorable destiny, and the
_groaning_ of greedy Acheron! |I| Blessed also is he who knows the
rustic gods, Pan and old Silvanus, and those sisters, the nymphs! |II|
He is not moved by _the people's axes_, nor by the regal purple, nor by
discord that rouses brothers to _distrust_ each other. He is not moved
by _Dacus_, coming down from the _sacred_ Danube, nor by _the
affairs_ of Rome, and the realms about to perish. |III| He neither
_grieves for nor pities the helpless_, nor does he envy the rich.' |IV|
The above version is fair, but notice the following points:--
_Sentence I._--
_is able ... and controls_. The connection in thought is not shown: 'He
is happy because he _knows_ and [therefore] fears not.'
_groaning_--_i.e._ +gemitum+; +strepitum+ = _roar_, _din_.
_Sentence III._--
_by the people's axes_. This suggests quite a wrong idea; contrast the
version, 'by the honours that the people confer.'
_sacred_. This is quite wrong. +con-iurato+ = _allied by oath_.
_the affairs of Rome_. A very weak, and inadequate rendering.
_Sentence IV._--
_grieves for nor pities_. This quite obscures the point. Vergil says
that a country life, with its absence of poverty, so commonly met with
in a town, saves a man from the necessity of feeling a pang of pity for
the poor.
Before you put aside this passage, try to avail yourself of some of the
following suggestions. Thus:--
I. _For the Poet Vergil_[17] (70 B.C.-19 B.C.).--The chief facts of his
life and the subject of his great poems are clearly and shortly given in
the _Student's Companion to Latin Authors_ (a useful and convenient book
of reference).
[Footnote 17: See Short Lives, p. 343.] [[Appendix VI]]
II. _For the Georgics, Poems on Husbandry._ (The passage for translation
is taken from _Georgic II._ lines 490-499.) See--
(i.) _Student's Companion to Latin Authors_, pp. 157-8.
(ii.) Nettleship's _Vergil_, pp. 37-45.
(iii.) Sellar's _Vergil_, pp. 174-198.
Notice especially the _political purpose_ of the _Georgics_--to help the
policy of Augustus, which aimed at checking the depopulation of the
country districts. Compare the alarming migration from the country to
the towns in England at the present day.
III. _Relation of Lucretius to the Georgics._
(i.) Sellar's _Vergil_, pp. 199-243.
(ii.) Munro's _Lucretius_, Notes on Book i. line 78, and Book iii.
line 449.
Notice in this connection the opening lines of the passage, +Felix qui
potuit ... Acherontis avari+, which may be summarised as follows: 'Happy
he who knows the laws of Nature, and has therefore ceased to fear
natural phenomena and has learnt to despise the fabled terrors of
Hades.' Munro says: 'I feel that by his +Felix qui+ Vergil does mean a
poet-philosopher, who can only be Lucretius.'
Cf. also _Lucretius_, iii. 1-30. His address to Epicurus.
For the thought, cf. Wordsworth's _Happy Warrior_--
'He therefore does not stoop, nor lie in wait
For wealth, or honours, or for worldly state.'
DEMONSTRATION VI.
_The Tomb of Archimedes._
(a) Archimedis ego quaestor ignoratum ab Syracusanis, cum esse omnino
negarent, saeptum undique et vestitum vepribus et dumetis, indagavi
sepulcrum. |II| Tenebam enim quosdam senariolos, quos in eius monumento
esse inscriptos acceperam: qui declarabant in summo sepulcro sphaeram
esse positam cum cylindro. |III| Ego autem, cum omnia collustrarem
oculis--est enim ad portas Agragantinas magna frequentia
sepulcrorum--animadverti columellam non multum e dumis eminentem, in qua
inerat sphaerae figura et cylindri. |IV| Atque ego statim
Syracusanis--erant autem principes mecum--dixi me illud ipsum arbitrari
esse quod quaererem. |V| Immissi cum falcibus multi purgarunt locum.
|VI| Quo cum patefactus esset aditus, accessimus: |VII| apparebat in
sepulcro epigramma, exesis posterioribus partibus versiculorum,
dimidiatis fere. ||
CICERO.
_The Tomb of Archimedes._
(b) {I} Archimedis +ego quaestor+ ignoratum ab Syracusanis, [cum esse
omnino negarent,] saeptum undique et vestitum vepribus et dumetis,
+indagavi sepulcrum+. {II} +Tenebam+ enim quosdam +senariolos+, [quos in
eius monumento esse inscriptos acceperam]: [qui declarabant in summo
sepulcro sphaeram esse positam cum cylindro.] {III} +Ego+ autem, [cum
omnia collustrarem oculis]--est enim ad portas Agragantinas magna
frequentia sepulcrorum--+animadverti columellam+ non multum e dumis
eminentem, [in qua inerat sphaerae figura et cylindri]. {IV} Atque +ego+
statim Syracusanis--erant autem principes mecum--+dixi+ me illud ipsum
arbitrari esse [quod quaererem]. {V} +Immissi+ cum falcibus multi
+purgarunt locum+. {VI} [Quo cum patefactus esset aditus], +accessimus+:
{VII} +apparebat+ in sepulcro +epigramma+, exesis posterioribus partibus
versiculorum, dimidiatis fere.
CICERO.
DEMONSTRATION VI.
CICERO, _Tusc._ v. 23. 64.
_Read the Passage through carefully._--As you read you will notice many
allusions and key-words, _e.g._ +Archimedes+, +ego quaestor+,
+Syracusanis+, +sepulcrum+, etc. These, taken in connection with the
heading and the author, will suggest to you the main subject of the
passage--the finding of the Tomb of Archimedes by Cicero.
+I.+ +Archimedis ego quaestor ignoratum ab Syracusanis, cum esse omnino
negarent, saeptum undique et vestitum vepribus et dumetis, indagavi
sepulcrum.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+Quaestor+ (contr. from +quaesîtor+--+quaero+), i.e. _investigator_,
originally two main functions:--
(a) The preparation of evidence in public prosecutions (this about 240
B.C. transferred to the Tribunes).
(b) Treasurers of State. Of these the +Quaestores urbani+ stayed at
Rome, while the +Quaestores provinciales+ or +militares+ acted as
financial assistants to the _Consuls_ or _Praetors_ for the provinces.
+saeptum+ = _hedged in_; +saepes+ = _a hedge_, _fence_.
+vepribus+ = _with bramble-bushes_.
+dumetis+ = _with brushwood_.
+indagavi+ = _I traced out_. A metaphor from hunting. Cf.
'Dum trepidant alae, saltusque indagine cingunt.'
Verg. _Aen._ iv. 121.
'While the scouts (beaters) are all busy, and are encircling the coverts
with nets.'
(ii.) _Translation._--The form of the sentence is quite simple. The
principal verb is +indagavi+, with subject +ego quaestor+, and object
+sepulcrum+. From +ignoratum ... dumetis+ describes +sepulcrum+, and the
subordinate clause +cum ... negarent+ emphasises +ignoratum a
Syracusanis+. You may now translate
(a) literally: _I, when Quaestor, traced out the tomb of Archimedes, not
known of by the Syracusans, for they said it was not there at all,
hedged in on all sides and covered with brambles and brushwood._
(b) A better rendering: _When I was Quaestor I was able to trace the
tomb of Archimedes, overgrown and hedged in with brambles and brushwood.
The Syracusans knew nothing of it, and entirely denied its existence._
Notice here the improvement made by breaking up the one long sentence
into two.
+II.+ +Tenebam enim quosdam senariolos, quos in eius monumento esse
inscriptos acceperam: qui declarabant in summo sepulcro sphaeram esse
positam cum cylindro.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+senariolos+ = _some lines_, _i.e._ of poetry--dimin. of +senarius+
(+seni+) = _consisting of six each_, especially of the _iambic senarii_.
+sphaeram+ = _a sphere, globe_--#sphaira#.
+cylindro+ = _a cylinder_, #kulindros#.
(ii.) _Translation._--The only principal verb is clearly +tenebam+ (with
subject contained in the verb), and the principal object +senariolos+
(sc. +versus+). From +quos ... cylindro+ we have two subordinate
adjectival clauses enlarging +senariolos+.
_The fact is, I remembered some iambic lines which I had been told were
inscribed on his monument, and which set forth that his tomb was
surmounted by a sphere and a cylinder._
+III.+ +Ego autem, cum omnia collustrarem oculis--est enim ad portas
Agragantinas magna frequentia sepulcrorum--animadverti columellam non
multum e dumis eminentem, in qua inerat sphaerae figura et cylindri.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+collustrarem+ = _I was surveying on all sides_; +con (cum) + lustro+.
+lustro+, perhaps akin to +luc-eo+, +lu-men+;
so, +il-lustris+ = _lighted up_, _illustrious_.
+frequentia+ = _a large number_; cf. +frequens+, [Rt]#phrak#, +farc+;
cf. #phrag-ma# = _a fence_, +farc-io+ = _pack close together_; so,
+con-fer-tus+ = _crowded_, +freq-uens+ = _repeated_, _frequent_.
+columellam+ = _a small column_, dimin. of +columen+, [Rt]cel; cf.
+cel-sus+ = _lofty_; cf. +ex-cello+, +col-umen+ (= +cul-men+) = _the
summit_; cf. _culminate_.
(ii.) _Translation._--This sentence is apparently not quite so simple,
but if you carefully bracket the subordinate clauses you will see that
the only principal verb is +animadverti+, with subject +ego+ and object
+columellam+. Notice next that--
(a) +cum ... oculis+ modifies the principal verb +animadverti+ and is an
adverbial clause of _time_.
(b) The parenthetical clause +est enim ... sepulcrorum+ explains
+collustrarem+.
(c) +in qua ... cylindri+ is an adjectival clause enlarging
+columellam+.
You may now translate into your best English, following closely the
thought and the order of the Latin:--
_Well, as I was surveying the whole place (there is a large number of
tombs at[18] the Agrigentine gate) I perceived a small column just
showing above the undergrowth, on which appeared the figure of a sphere
and a cylinder._
[Footnote 18: Var. lect. +ad portas Achradinas+.]
+IV.+ +Atque ego statim Syracusanis--erant autem principes mecum--dixi
me illud ipsum arbitrari esse, quod quaererem.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--The words of this sentence present no difficulty.
(ii.) _Translation._--With the practice you have now had, you may
translate at once; but notice carefully that--
(a) the parenthetical clause +erant ... mecum+ enlarges +Syracusanis+;
and
(b) +quod quaererem+ describes +illud ipsum+.
_So I immediately said to the Syracusans who were with me (some people
of importance) that I thought that was the very thing I was looking
for._
+V.+ +Immissi cum falcibus multi purgarunt locum.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+falcibus+ = _with bill-hooks_; +falx+ perh. akin to +flect-o+ = _bend_,
from its shape. Cf. _falcon_ (from its _hooked_ claws).
+purgarunt+ = _cleared_; +purgo+, contr. from +pur-igo+ = +purum + ago+
= _purge_. Cf. +pur-us+.
(ii.) _Translation._--
_Some men sent in with bill-hooks cleared out the space._
+VI.+ +Quo cum patefactus esset aditus, accessimus.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+patefactus+ = _laid open_: +pateo + facio+. Cf. _patent_.
(ii.) _Translation._--
_As soon as the way was open, we went up to it._
+VII.+ +Apparebat in sepulcro epigramma, exesis posterioribus partibus
versiculorum, dimidiatis fere.+
(i.) _Vocabulary._--
+epigramma+ = _inscription_. Cf. _epi-gram_.
+exesis+ = lit. '_eaten out_'; +ex + edo+. Cf. _ed-ible_.
+dimidiatis+ = _halved_ = +dis + medius+, i.e. _divided into halves_.
(ii.) _Translation._--_There was the inscription on the tomb: the latter
part of each line was gone, nearly half the verse._
_Note._--Notice here the rendering of the Lat. abl. absol., an idiom
foreign to our language except for example in the so-called nom. absol.
of Milton. Cf. Introduction, p. 12 (5). [[Introduction 13 (5)]]
Cicero adds the following reflection:--'_Ita nobilissima Graeciae
civitas, quondam vero etiam doctissima, sui civis unius acutissimi
monumentum ignorasset, nisi ab hoimine Arpinate didicisset._'
_Thus it was that one of the most renowned of Greek cities, and in
ancient times one of the most enlightened, would have remained ignorant
of the monument of the greatest genius it ever produced, if it had not
learnt it from a man born at Arpinum._[19]
[Footnote 19: Also the birthplace of Marius. Cf. p. 163.]
[[Selection B4]]
_Some Suggestions and Authorities._
Before you leave this passage, try to notice some of the following
points, and if possible consult _some_ of these authorities:--
(i.) Read (_e.g._ in Church and Brodribb's translation) Livy's account
of the siege of Syracuse by Marcellus, 214-212 B.C., Book xxiv. cap. 34;
Book xxv. caps. 23-31.
(ii.) Freeman's _History of Sicily_. Notice especially the admirable
plan of Syracuse illustrating the siege by Nicias.
Or _Sicily_--'Story of the Nations' Series.
(iii.) _Some good Life of Archimedes._ The _Encyclopaedia Britannica_
supplies a good short life and refers to Cicero's finding the Tomb of
Archimedes, and to the still extant work of Archimedes on the Sphere and
the Cylinder.
(iv.) For _Cicero's Quaestorship in Sicily_, 75 B.C., consult some Life
of Cicero, _e.g._ Forsyth's, pp. 38-58, where reference is made to this
incident.
(v.) For the _Tusculanae Disputationes_ (conversations between Cicero
and a friend at his Tusculan villa, the subject of which is the chief
essentials of happiness) consult the admirable introduction to the
edition by T. W. Dougan, Camb. Press.
PASSAGES
FOR
TRANSLATION AT SIGHT
REGAL PERIOD, 753-509 B.C.
D1
_The Vision of Anchises.--The Kings that are to be._
Quin et avo comitem sese Mavortius addet
Romulus, Assaraci quem sanguinis Ilia mater
Educet. Viden' ut geminae stant vertice cristae,
Et pater ipse suo superum iam signat honore? 780
En huius, nate, auspiciis illa incluta Roma
Imperium terris, animos aequabit Olympo,
Septemque una sibi muro circumdabit arces,
Felix prole virum.
. . . . . . .
Quis procul ille autem ramis insignis olivae
Sacra ferens? Nosco crines incanaque menta
Regis Romani; primam qui legibus urbem 810
Fundabit, Curibus parvis et paupere terra
Missus in imperium magnum. Cui deinde subibit,
Otia qui rumpet patriae residesque movebit
Tullus in arma viros et iam desueta triumphis
Agmina. Quem iuxta sequitur iactantior Ancus, 815
Nunc quoque iam nimium gaudens popularibus auris.
Vis et Tarquinios reges animamque superbam
Ultoris Bruti fascesque videre receptos?
VERGIL, _Aen._ vi. 777-784, 808-818.
[Linenotes:
777. +Avo+ = _grandsire_, i.e. Numitor, the father of the Vestal
Rhea or Ilia. +Mavortius+ = child of Mavors, old and poetic name for
Mars.
778. +Assaraci+: King of Phrygia and grandfather of Anchises.
779. +geminae cristae.+ The double-crested helm, a distinction of
Mars.
780. +superum+ = _for the world above_, i.e. as a god. Acc. Sing.
808. +ille+ = Numa Pompilius (716-673 B.C.), a native of Cures
(811) in Sabine country, whom the Romans regarded as the founder
(+fundabit+, 811) of their religious and legal institutions.
813. +qui+ = Tullus Hostilius (673-640 B.C.), a man of war,
destroyed Alba.
+resides+ = _sluggish_, _lazy_ (_re + sedeo_).
815. +Ancus Martius+ (640-616 B.C.), conqueror of the Latins.
817. +Tarquinios reges+ = (i.) Tarquinius Priscus (616-578 B.C.) of
Tarquinii in Etruria; (ii.) Tarquinius Superbus (534-509 B.C.),
expelled by Brutus. Vergil omits Servius Tullius (578-534 B.C.).
817-818. +animamque ... receptos.+ Brutus, nephew of T. Superbus,
roused Rome to expel the Tarquins and found the Republic: and thus
the +fasces+ (the sign of power) were _recovered_ (+receptos+) by
the people. --Sidgwick.]
D2
ROMULUS, 753-716 B.C.
A. _The Passing of Romulus._
His immortalibus editis operibus cum ad exercitum recensendum contionem
in campo ad Caprae paludem haberet, subito coorta tempestas cum magno
fragore tonitribusque tam denso regem operuit nimbo, ut conspectum eius
contioni abstulerit; nec {5} deinde in terris Romulus fuit. Romana
pubes, sedato tandem pavore, postquam ex tam turbido die serena et
tranquilla lux rediit, ubi vacuam sedem regiam vidit, etsi satis
credebat patribus, qui proxumi steterant, sublimem raptum procella,
tamen velut {10} orbitatis metu icta maestum aliquamdiu silentium
obtinuit. Deinde a paucis initio facto deum deo natum, regem parentemque
urbis Romanae salvere universi Romulum iubent; pacem precibus exposcunt,
uti volens propitius suam semper sospitet progeniem. {15}
LIVY, i. 16.
[Linenotes:
2-3. +ad Caprae paludem+ = _near the Goat's pool_.
4. +operuit+ = _enveloped_ (+ob + pario+ = _get for_, _put upon_,
_cover_), cf. opposite +a-per-io+ = _get from_, _uncover_.
5. +abstulerit+ = _auferret_. The event is regarded simply as past,
without reference to other past events.
5-6. +nec deinde ... fuit+, cf. 'Quirinus | Martis equis Acheronta
fugit.' Hor. _Od._ iii. 3. 15.
7. +sêdato+ = _settled_, _calmed_. +Sêd-o+ = _cause to sit_, cf.
+sêd-es+, and our _seat_, _settle_.
11. +orbitatis+ = _of orphanhood_; cf. +orb-us+ = _bereaved_, and
our _orphan_.
15. +volens propitius+, an ellipse of _et_, cf. _optimus maximus_.
+sospitet+ = _he may keep safe_, _preserve_, cf. +sospes+ = _safe_.]
B. _The Mystery explained._
Pulcher et humano maior trabeaque decorus
Romulus in media visus adesse via,
Et dixisse simul: 'Prohibe lugere Quirites,
Nec violent lacrimis numina nostra suis. 4
Tura ferant placentque novum pia turba Quirinum,
Et patrias artes militiamque colant.'
OVID, _Fasti_, ii. 379-384. H. [II. 503-508]
[Linenotes:
1-6. Romulus appears as a god to Proculus Julius, an honourable
man, bidding him tell his people not to mourn for him, but to
worship him as Quirinus, and practise valour and all warlike
virtues.
1. +trabea+ = _in the (striped) robe of state_.
3-5. +Quirites+ (cf. +Quirinus+ = the deified Romulus) = lit.
_spearmen_. Connected with _Cures_ and _curis_ (Sabine word for a
_spear_), used of Roman _citizens_ as opposed to Roman _soldiers_.]
D3
NUMA POMPILIUS, 716-673 B.C.
_The Gate of Janus, open in war but shut in peace._
A. Qui regno ita potitus urbem novam, conditam vi et armis, iure eam
legibusque ac moribus de integro condere parat. Quibus cum inter bella
adsuescere videret non posse, quippe efferari militia animos, mitigandum
ferocem populum armorum {5} desuetudine ratus Ianum ad infimum Argiletum
indicem pacis bellique fecit, apertus ut in armis esse civitatem,
clausus pacatos circa omnes populos significaret.
LIVY, i. 19.
[Linenotes:
1. +Qui+ = Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome.
4-5. +quippe ... animos+ = _since_ (he thought that) _men's tempers
were made savage_ (brutalised) _by warfare_. +efferari+ = orat. obl.
part of Numa's thoughts.
6. +desuetudine+ = _by disuse_, i.e. by a cessation from the use of.
Cf. _de-docêre_ = _unteach_.
+Ianum ... Argiletum+ = (a temple of) Janus at the foot of the
Argiletum, a slope to the N.E. of the Forum. (Prob. = the clayey
ground, from _argilla_ = white clay.)
8. +clausus.+ It was closed for a short time, circ. 238 B.C., and
again by Augustus 29-25 B.C.]
B.
Sunt geminae Belli portae, sic nomine dicunt,
Religione sacrae et saevi formidine Martis:
Centum aerei claudunt vectes aeternaque ferri
Robora, nec custos absistit limine Ianus. 610
Has, ubi certa sedet patribus sententia pugnae,
Ipse Quirinali trabea cinctuque Gabino
Insignis reserat stridentia limina Consul;
Ipse vocat pugnas; sequitur tum cetera pubes,
Aereaque adsensu conspirant cornua rauco.
VERGIL, _Aen._ vii. 607-615.
[Linenotes:
609. +vectes+ = _bolts or bars_, prob. from [Rt]veh = carry. Cf.
_vect-îgal_.
612. +Quir. trabea+ = _in the state robe of Romulus_, i.e. the
striped robe of state, purple, with white stripes across.
+cinctu Gabino+ = _with the Gabine girdle_, formed by girding the
toga tight round the body by one of its loose ends.
613. +reserat+ = _un-bars_. For _s[)e]ro_ = _join_, cf. our _series_.]
+Parallel Passages.+ Ovid, _F._ i. 115-132. Cf. Hor. _Od._ iv. 15. 9.
Verg. _Aen._ i. 293-4.
+Numa Pompilius.+ 'The name of Numa is significant, and denotes an
organiser or _lawgiver_. (For _Numa_ cf. +numerus+, +nummus+, #nomos#.)
As Romulus was the founder of the State and of political and military
order, so the legend regards Numa as the founder of the national
religion.' --Ihne.
D4
TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS, 534-509 B.C.
_The Purchase of the Sibylline Books._
In antiquis annalibus memoria super libris Sibyllinis haec prodita est.
Anus hospita atque incognita ad Tarquinium Superbum regem adiit, novem
libros ferens, quos esse dicebat divina oracula: eos velle venundare.
Tarquinius pretium percontatus {5} est: mulier nimium immensum poposcit.
Rex, quasi anus aetate desiperet, derisit. Tum illa foculum coram eo cum
igne apposuit, et tres libros ex novem deussit; et, ecquid reliquos sex
eodem pretio emere vellet, regem interrogavit. Sed enim {10} Tarquinius
id multo risit magis dixitque anum iam procul dubio delirare. Mulier
ibidem statim tres libros alios exussit; atque id ipsum denuo placide
interrogavit, an tres reliquos eodem pretio emat. Tarquinius ore iam
serio, atque attentiore animo fit; eam {15} constantiam confidentiamque
non insuper habendam intelligit: libros tres reliquos mercatur nihilo
minore pretio, quam quod erat petitum pro omnibus. . . . Libri tres in
sacrarium conditi Sibyllini appellati. Ad eos, quasi ad oraculum,
quindecimviri {20} adeunt, cum dii immortales publice consulendi sunt.
AULUS GELLIUS (fl. 143 A.D.), i. 19.
[Linenotes:
1, 2. +libris Sibyllinis+, i.e. a collection of prophecies uttered by
the legendary prophetess who lived at Cumae, near Naples.
5. +venundare+ = _to sell_. Cf. _ven-eo_ (= _venum + eo_), _ven-do_,
and our _vendor_.
12. +delirare+ = _to be out of her mind_. Lit. to make a crooked
furrow in ploughing; _de + lira_ (a furrow).
19. +sacrarium+ = _the place for the keeping of holy things_, i.e.
the Capitol. The original Sibylline Books were burnt in the fire on
the Capitol, 82 B.C., but a fresh collection was made by Augustus,
and deposited in the temple of Apollo on the Palatine.
20. +quindecimviri+ (_sacris faciundis_), i.e. a college of priests
who had charge of the Sibylline Books.]
+Parallel Passages.+ Verg. _Aen._ vi., espec. ll. 42-101, for the
Cumaean Sibyl.
+The Sibylline Books.+ 'There existed also Etruscan +libri fatales+
(_Books of Fate_), and these, together with the Sibylline Books, were
kept in the Temple of Capitoline Jupiter. Nothing seemed more natural
than to suppose that Tarquin, who built that temple, purchased also the
sacred books of the Sibyl.' --Ihne.
D5
TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS, 534-509 B.C.
A. _Sextus Tarquinius at Gabii._
Inde in consilia publica adhiberi. . . . Ita cum sensim ad rebellandum
primores Gabinorum incitaret, ipse cum promptissimis iuvenum praedatum
atque in expeditiones iret, et dictis factisque omnibus ad fallendum
instructis vana accresceret fides, dux ad {5} ultimum belli legitur. Ibi
cum inscia multitudine, quid ageretur, proelia parva inter Romam
Gabiosque fierent, quibus plerumque Gabina res superior esset, tum
certatim summi infimique Gabinorum Sex. Tarquinium dono deum sibi missum
ducem credere. {10} Apud milites vero obeundo pericula ac labores
pariter, praedam munifice largiendo tanta caritate esse, ut non pater
Tarquinius potentior Bomae quam filius Gabiis esset.
LIVY, i. 54.
[Linenotes:
1. +Inde+, i.e. after the tale he told of his father's cruelty had
gained credit with the men of Gabii.
+adhiberi+ = _he was admitted_. Historic Infin.
2. +ad rebellandum+ = _to renew the war_.
4-5. +ad fallendum instructis+ = _were framed to deceive_.
8. +Gabina res+ = _the cause of Gabii_. For +res+ cf. p. 11 (2).
[[Introduction 13 (2)]]
11. +obeundo pariter+ = _by facing alike ..._]
B. _The Sequel: the Fall of Gabii._
Iamque potens misso genitorem appellat amico,
Perdendi Gabios quod sibi monstret iter.
Hortus odoratis suberat cultissimus herbis,
Sectus humum rivo lene sonantis aquae. 4
Illic Tarquinius mandata latentia nati
Accipit, et virga lilia summa metit.
Nuntius ut rediit, decussaque lilia dixit,
Filius 'Agnosco iussa parentis' ait. 8
Nec mora: principibus caesis ex urbe Gabina,
Traduntur ducibus moenia nuda suis.
OVID, _Fasti_, ii. 543-552. H. [II. 701-710]
[Linenotes:
1. +genitorem appellat ...+ = _he calls on his father (to tell
him)_ ...
6. +virga+ = _with a switch_.
+summa+ = _the tallest_.
10. +ducibus suis+, abl., after _nuda_ = _deprived of_.]
+Reference.+ Hor. _Ep._ ii. 1. 23-27. Horace refers to the treaty made
by Tarquinius with Gabii.
+Historic Parallel.+ Compare the extraordinary self-sacrifice of
Zôp[)y]rus, which enabled him to betray Babylon to his master Darius.
Herod, iii. 153-158.
D6
_The Position of Rome, the future Mistress of the World._
Urbi autem locum Romulus incredibili opportunitate delegit. Neque enim
ad mare admovit--quod ei fuit illa manu copiisque facillimum, ut in
agrum Rutulorum Aboriginumve procederet, aut in ostio Tiberino, quem in
locum multis post annis rex {5} Ancus coloniam deduxit, urbem ipse
conderet,--sed hoc vir excellenti providentia sensit ac vidit, non esse
opportunissimos situs maritimos urbibus eis quae ad spem diuturnitatis
conderentur atque imperi. Itaque urbem perennis amnis et aequabilis et
{10} in mare late influentis posuit in ripa, quo posset urbs et accipere
ex mari, quo egeret, et reddere, quo redundaret: ut mihi iam tum
divinasse ille videatur, hanc urbem sedem aliquando et domum summo esse
imperio praebituram: nam hanc rerum tantam {15} potentiam non ferme
facilius alia in parte Italiae posita urbs tenere potuisset. Urbis autem
ipsius is est tractus ductusque muri cum Romuli tum etiam reliquorum
regum sapientia definitus ex omni parte arduis praeruptisque montibus.
Locumque delegit {20} et fontibus abundantem et in regione pestilenti
salubrem.
CICERO, _De Rep._ ii. 3. 5, 6 (selected).
[Linenotes:
3-6. +quod ei fuit ...+ = lit. which he might very easily have done
with that band (of men) and those forces, so that ...
4. +Rutulorum.+ S. of Rome. Turnus their King. Capital, Ardea.
6. +coloniam+, i.e. Ostia, the harbour of Rome and chief naval
station.
7-8. +non esse opportunissimos+, e.g. as exposed to sudden attacks,
and likely to contain a too large foreign element.
12-13. +quo redundaret+ = _its own superabundance_.
17-18. +is tractus ductusque+ = _the plan and direction_.
19. +definitus+ = _bounded_.
20. +arduis praeruptisque montibus.+ 'The amphitheatre of seven
hills which encloses the meadows (afterwards the Campus Martius) in
the bend of the Tiber, varying from 120 to 180 feet above the
stream, offered heights sufficiently elevated and abrupt for
fortification, yet without difficulties for the builder or
cultivator.']
N.B.--In this passage be careful to translate Cicero's long, periodic
sentences by two or more separate sentences in English.
+The Position of Rome.+ 'There was no place better fitted for an
emporium of the Tiber and sea traffic, and for a maritime frontier
fortress than Rome. It combined the advantages of a strong position and
of immediate vicinity to the river.' Mommsen.
D7
THE PRAISE OF ITALY.
_'Salve, magna parens frugum, Saturnia tellus.'_
Sed neque Medorum silvae ditissima terra,
Nec pulcher Ganges atque auro turbidus Hermus
Laudibus Italiae certent, non Bactra, neque Indi
Totaque turiferis Panchaia pinguis harenis.
Haec loca non tauri spirantes naribus ignem 140
Invertere satis immanis dentibus hydri,
Nec galeis densisque virum seges horruit hastis;
Sed gravidae fruges et Bacchi Massicus umor
Implevere; tenent oleae armentaque laeta.
Hinc bellator equus campo sese arduus infert; 145
Hinc albi, Clitumne, greges, et maxima taurus
Victima, saepe tuo perfusi flumine sacro,
Romanos ad templa deum duxere triumphos.
Hic ver assiduum atque alienis mensibus aestas;
Bis gravidae pecudes, bis pomis utilis arbor. 150
At rabidae tigres absunt et saeva leonum
Semina, nec miseros fallunt aconita legentes,
Nec rapit immensos orbis per humum, neque tanto
Squameus in spiram tractu se colligit anguis.
VERGIL, _Georg._ ii, 136-154.
[Linenotes:
136. +silvae ditissima+ = _most rich in forests_. --Sidgwick.
137. +Hermus+, auriferous river of Lydia, cf. the R. Pactolus.
138. +Bactra+, modern Balk, N. of Afghanistan.
139. +Panchaia+, i.e. Arabia, the Eldorado of the Old World.
141. +satis ... hydri+ = _where the enormous dragon's teeth were
sown_. +hydri+ (#hudros#), lit. _a water-snake_.
143. +Massicus umor+ = _Massic juice_, i.e. of Mt. Massicus in N.W.
Campania, famous for its wine, espec. the Falernian.
144. +implevere+ (sc. +haec loca+) = _fill it all_.
146. +Clitumne.+ R. of Umbria, famous for its white cattle.[20]
146-148. White cattle were required for the sacrifices of the
Triumphs.
149. +alienis mensibus+ = _in months not her own_, i.e. in months
properly belonging to winter.
150. +bis gravidae pecudes+ = _twice the cattle give increase_,
Conington.
151, 152. +saeva leonum semina+ = _the fierce lion-brood_.
--Mackail.
+aconita+, a deadly poison--_monkshood_.
153, 154. +neque--anguis+ = _nor with so_ +vast+ _a sweep gather
himself into a coil_, i.e. the snakes in Italy are not so large as
elsewhere.]
+R. Clitumnus.+ Compare Pliny's beautiful letter (viii. 8) describing
its source.
[Footnote 20: Cf. the Chillingham 'Wild Cattle.']
EARLY REPUBLIC, 509-366 B.C.
D8
ETRUSCAN INVASION UNDER PORSENA, 507 B.C. (1)
'_How well Horatius kept the Bridge
In the brave days of old._'
A.
Nec non Tarquinium eiectum Porsenna iubebat
Accipere, ingentique urbem obsidione premebat;
Aeneadae in ferrum pro libertate ruebant.
Illum indignanti similem, similemque minanti
Aspiceres, pontem auderet quia vellere Cocles, 650
Et fluvium vinclis innaret Cloelia ruptis.
VERGIL, _Aen._ viii. 646-651.
_Venus brings Aeneas his new armour: he gazes at the shield whereon were
wrought scenes of the story of Rome to be._
[Linenotes:
646. +Porsenna.+
'Lars Porsena of Clusium
By the nine gods he swore
That the great house of Tarquin
Should suffer wrong no more.' --Macaulay.
648. +in ferrum ruebant+ = _were flinging themselves on the sword_.
--C.
651. +Cloelia+, a Roman hostage, who escaped by swimming the Tiber.]
B. Pons sublicius iter paene hostibus dedit, ni unus vir fuisset,
Horatius Cocles. . . . Qui positus forte in statione pontis, cum captum
repentino impetu Ianiculum atque inde citatos decurrere hostes vidisset,
{10} trepidamque turbam suorum arma ordinesque relinquere, reprehensans
singulos, obsistens obtestansque deum et hominum fidem testabatur
nequiquam deserto praesidio eos fugere; si transitum pontem a tergo
reliquissent, iam plus hostium in Palatio {15} Capitolioque quam in
Ianiculo fore. Itaque monere, praedicere, ut pontem ferro, igni,
quacunque vi possint, interrumpant; se impetum hostium, quantum corpore
uno posset obsisti, excepturum. Vadit inde in primum aditum pontis,
insignisque inter {20} conspecta cedentium pugnae terga, obversis
cominus ad ineundum proelium armis, ipso miraculo audaciae obstupefecit
hostes.
LIVY, ii. 10.
[Linenotes:
7. +Pons sublicius+ = _the pile-bridge_, built by Ancus Marcius to
connect Rome proper with the Janiculum-hill, or ridge.
8. +Cocles+ = _the one-eyed_, from loss of an eye in battle.
10. +citatos+ = _at full speed_. Adj. use of participle; cf. _citato
equo_.
11. +trepidamque turbam+ = _panic-stricken and in disorder_.
12. +reprehensans+ = _seizing them by the arm one after another_.
14-15. +si transitum ... reliquissent+ = _if they left the bridge
free for the enemy to cross by_. +transitum+ = noun, in appos. to
+pontem+.
21-22. +obversis armis+ = _as he faced about_.]
D9
ETRUSCAN INVASION UNDER PORSENA, 507 B.C. (2)
'_How well Horatius kept the Bridge
In the brave days of old._'
Duos tamen cum eo pudor tenuit, Sp. Larcium ac T. Herminium, ambos
claros genere factisque. Cum his primam periculi procellam et quod
tumultuosissimum pugnae erat, parumper sustinuit; deinde eos quoque
ipsos, exigua parte pontis relicta, revocantibus, {5} qui rescindebant,
cedere in tutum coegit. Circumferens inde truces minaciter oculos ad
proceres Etruscorum nunc singulos provocare, nunc increpare omnes:
servitia regum superborum, suae libertatis immemores alienam oppugnatum
venire. {10} Cunctati aliquamdiu sunt, dum alius alium, ut proelium
incipiant, circumspectant. Pudor deinde commovit aciem, et clamore
sublato undique in unum hostem tela coniciunt. Quae cum in obiecto
cuncta scuto haesissent, neque ille minus obstinatus ingenti {15} pontem
obtineret gradu, iam impetu conabantur detrudere virum, cum simul fragor
rupti pontis, simul clamor Romanorum alacritate perfecti operis
sublatus, pavore subito impetum sustinuit. Tum Cocles 'Tiberine pater,'
inquit, 'te sancte precor, haec arma {20} et hunc militem propitio
flumine accipias.' Ita sic armatus in Tiberim desiluit, multisque
superincidentibus telis incolumis ad suos tranavit, rem ausus plus famae
habituram ad posteros quam fidei.
LIVY, ii. 10.
[Linenotes:
7. +ad proceres+ = _on the chiefs_. For _pr[)o]cer_ cf. _procêrus_ =
tall.
8-9. +provocare ... increpare.+ Historic Infinitives = Indic.
9. +servitia+ = _the slaves_ = _servos_. Abstract for concrete,
freq. in Livy. Cf. Hor. _Od._ ii. 8. 18. (_servitus = servi._)
14. +obiecto+ = _presented_, i.e. to the enemy.
15-16. +ingenti gradu+ = _with mighty (heroic) stand_. Cf. 'firm as
a rock.'
18. +alacritate perfecti operis+ = _from joy at the completion of
the work_.
24. +plus famae ... fidei+ = _destined to win more fame than credit
with posterity_.
'Oh Tiber! father Tiber!
To whom the Romans pray,
A Roman's life, a Roman's arms,
Take thou in charge this day!'
So he spake, and speaking sheathed
The good sword by his side,
And with his harness on his back,
Plunged headlong in the tide. --Macaulay.]
D10
ETRUSCAN INVASION UNDER PORSENA, 507 B.C. (3)
_How C. Mucius lost his Hand, but won a Name._
A. Obsidio erat nihilo minus et frumenti cum summa caritate inopia,
sedendoque expugnaturum se urbem spem Porsena habebat, cum C. Mucius,
adulescens nobilis, ... primo sua sponte penetrare in hostium castra
constituit; dein metuens, ne, si consulum {5} iniussu et ignaris omnibus
iret, forte deprehensus a custodibus Romanis retraheretur ut transfuga,
fortuna tum urbis crimen affirmante, senatum adit. 'Transire Tiberim,'
inquit, 'patres, et intrare, si possim, castra hostium volo, non praedo
nec populationum {10} in vicem ultor; maius, si di iuvant, in animo est
facinus.' Approbant patres; abdito intra vestem ferro proficiscitur. Ubi
eo venit, in confertissima turba prope regium tribunal constitit.
LIVY, ii. 12.
[Linenotes:
1. +cum summa caritate+ = _involving_ (+cum+) _a very high price_.
2. +sedendo+ = _by sitting down before_, of a besieging army.
3. +Mucius.+ From this incident surnamed Scaevola = _the
left-handed_. After his time, a frequent surname in the Gens Mucia.
7-8. +fortunâ ... affirmante+ = (_a charge which_) _the present
condition of the city would confirm_ (_substantiate_).
10-11. +non praedo ... ultor+ = _not to plunder nor to retaliate on_
(lit. 'an avenger in turn on') _our plunderers_.]
B.
Cum peteret regem decepta satellite dextra
Ingessit sacris se peritura focis.
Sed tam saeva pius miracula non tulit hostis
Et raptum flammis iussit abire virum.
Urere quam potuit contempto Mucius igne, 5
Hanc spectare manum Porsena non potuit.
Maior deceptae fama est et gloria dextrae:
Si non errasset, fecerat illa minus.
MARTIAL, _Ep._ I. xxi.
[Linenotes:
1. +s[)a]tellite+ = _the attendant_, i.e. the scribe or secretary of
Porsena.
2. +ingessit+ = _thrust into_ (_in_ + _gero_).
3. +tam saeva miracula+ = _such a miracle of stern fortitude_. --S.
+pius+ = _feeling_, as opposed to _unnatural_.
7-8. i.e. to have killed Porsena would have been less glorious
than to display such heroism. --Stephenson.]
+Porsena.+ Livy tells us that Mucius, in gratitude for the magnanimity
of Porsena, revealed to him that 300 Roman youths had sworn to attempt
the same deed that he had undertaken. Whereupon Porsena feared to
distress the Romans any longer, and made peace with them.
D11
LATIN WAR. BATTLE OF LAKE REGILLUS, 498 B.C.
_The Dictator and his Master of the Horse._
Ibi alia inter proceres coorta pugna. Imperator Latinus, ubi cohortem
exulum a dictatore Romano prope circumventam vidit, ex subsidiariis
manipulos aliquot in primam aciem secum rapit. Hos agmine venientes T.
Herminius legatus conspicatus, interque {5} eos insignem veste armisque
Mamilium noscitans, tanto vi maiore, quam paulo ante magister equitum,
cum hostium duce proelium iniit, ut et uno ictu transfixum per latus
occiderit Mamilium, et ipse inter spoliandum corpus hostis veruto
percussus, {10} cum victor in castra esset relatus, inter primam
curationem exspiraverit. Tum ad equites dictator advolat obtestans, ut
fesso iam pedite descendant ex equis et pugnam capessant. Dicto paruere;
desiliunt ex equis, provolant in primum, et pro antesignanis {15} parmas
obiciunt. Recipit extemplo animum pedestris acies, postquam iuventutis
proceres aequato genere pugnae secum partem periculi sustinentes vidit.
Tum demum impulsi Latini, perculsaque inclinavit acies. {20}
LIVY, ii. 20.
[Linenotes:
1. +inter proceres.+ The Battle of Lake Regillus was, in the main,
a Homeric battle of single combats between the opposing chiefs.
1-2. +Imperator Latinus+, i.e. Mamilius of Tusculum, son-in-law of
Tarquin.
5. +T. Herminius+, one of 'the dauntless Three,' who kept the
bridge.
7. +magister equitum+, i.e. T. Aebutius. The Master of the Horse,
the second in command, was nominated by the Dictator.
10. +veruto+ = _with a javelin_, cf. _veru_ = _a spit_.
11-12. +inter primam curationem+ = _at the first attempt to dress
his wound_. --Rawlins.
13. +dictator+, i.e. Aulus Postumius. The Dictator (_magister
populi_ = _master of the army_) was appointed by one of the two
Consuls (= _colleagues_) in a time of national danger to avoid the
possible want of unity between the two consuls in time of war.
15. +in primum = in primam aciem.+
+antesignanis+, i.e. the first line fighting _in front of the
standards_.
17. +iuventutis proceres+ = _the young noblemen_, i.e. the cavalry
are not only the younger men (in Livy often = +iuvenes+) but also
patricians.]
+Reference.+ Macaulay, _The Battle of Lake Regillus_.
D12
FIRST SECESSION OF THE PLEBS, 494 B.C.
_The Fable of the Belly and the Members. Tribunes of the People._
Pavor ingens in urbe, metuque mutuo suspensa erant omnia. . . . Placuit
igitur oratorem ad plebem mitti Menenium Agrippam, facundum virum et,
quod inde oriundus erat, plebi carum. Is intromissus in castra prisco
illo dicendi et horrido modo nihil {5} aliud quam hoc narrasse fertur:
Tempore, quo in homine non, ut nunc, omnia in unum consentientia, sed
singulis membris suum cuique consilium, suus sermo fuerit, indignatas
reliquas partes sua cura, suo labore ac ministerio ventri omnia quaeri,
ventrem in {10} medio quietum nihil aliud quam datis voluptatibus frui;
conspirasse inde, ne manus ad os cibum ferrent, nec os acciperet datum,
nec dentes conficerent. Hac ira dum ventrem fame domare vellent, ipsa
una membra totumque corpus ad extremam tabem {15} venisse. Inde
apparuisse ventris quoque haud segne ministerium esse, nec magis ali
quam alere eum, reddentem in omnes corporis partes hunc, quo vivimus
vigemusque, divisum pariter in venas, maturum confecto cibo sanguinem.
Comparando hinc, quam {20} intestina corporis seditio similis esset irae
plebis in patres, flexisse mentes hominum. Agi deinde de concordia
coeptum concessumque in condiciones, ut plebi sui magistratus essent
sacrosancti, quibus auxili latio adversus consules esset, neve cui
patrum capere {25} eum magistratum liceret. Ita tribuni plebei creati
duo, C. Licinius et L. Albinus.
LIVY, ii. 32, 33.
[Linenotes:
1-2. +Pavor ingens ... omnia.+ One of the Roman armies (mainly
recruited from Plebeians) refused to obey orders, entrenched itself
on Mons Sacer, and threatened to secede from Rome altogether.
2. +oratorem+ (i.e. _legatum_) = _spokesman_, charged with a
_verbal_ message.
4. +inde+, i.e. from the Plebs.
10-11. +ventrem ... quietum+ = _whereas the belly resting calmly in
their midst_. --Rawlins.
13. +conficerent+ = _grind_, and so aid digestion. Cf. +confecto+
l. 20.
19-20. +maturum confecto cibo+ = _brought to perfection only when
the food is digested_. --R.
24. +sacrosancti+ = _consecrated and inviolable_.
24-25. +quibus ... esset+, i.e. as official protectors of the Plebs,
by their right of veto on the official actions of all other
magistrates.]
+For the Fable+, cf. Seneca _de Ira_ ii. 31, and 1 Corinthians, xii.
12-27.
D13
WAR WITH THE VOLSCIANS, 493 B.C.
_Veturia and her son Coriolanus._
Coriolanus prope ut amens consternatus ab sede sua cum ferret matri
obviae complexum, mulier in iram ex precibus versa 'Sine, priusquam
complexum accipio, sciam' inquit, 'ad hostem an ad filium venerim,
captiva mater-ne in castris tuis sim. In {5} hoc me longa vita et
infelix senecta traxit, ut exulem te, deinde hostem viderem? Potuisti
populari hanc terram, quae te genuit atque aluit? Non tibi, quamvis
infesto animo et minaci perveneras, ingredienti fines ira cecidit? Non,
cum in conspectu {10} Roma fuit, succurrit: Intra illa moenia domus ac
penates mei sunt, mater, coniunx liberique? Ergo ego nisi peperissem,
Roma non oppugnaretur; nisi filium haberem, libera in libera patria
mortua essem.' ... Uxor deinde ac liberi amplexi, fletusque ab {15} omni
turba mulierum ortus et conploratio sui patriaeque fregere tandem virum.
Complexus inde suos dimittit; ipse retro ab urbe castra movit. Abductis
deinde legionibus ex agro Romano invidia rei oppressum perisse tradunt
alii alio leto. {20}
LIVY, ii. 40.
[Linenotes:
1. +Coriolanus.+ Gaius Marcius received the cognomen of Coriolanus
for his bravery at the capture of the Volscian town of Corioli (S.E.
of Rome). After this, in a time of famine at Rome, C. advised that
the corn obtained elsewhere should not be distributed, unless the
Plebeians would give up their Tribunes. For this he was impeached
and went into voluntary exile among the Volsci.
+consternatus+ = _in strong emotion_--lit. 'stretched on the
ground.'
7. +potuisti+ = _had you the heart to_--question indicated by _tone_
of the voice.
10-11. +non ... succurrit+ = _did it not occur to you_?
19-20. +invidia rei oppressum+ = _overwhelmed by the unpopularity of
his action_.
20. +alii alio leto+, e.g. i. by a voluntary death; ii. put to death
by the Volscians; iii. lived to old age in exile.]
+References.+ Cic. _Brutus_ x. (compared to Themistocles). Plutarch,
_Coriolanus_.
'The germ from which the whole legend sprang is the story of the filial
love of Coriolanus, and of the great authority exercised in olden times
by Roman matrons over their sons and husbands.' Ihne.
Shakespeare, _Coriolanus_, V. iii.
D14
WAR WITH VEII, 483-474 B.C.
_The Destruction of the Fabii at the Cremera, 477 B.C._
Campus erat, campi claudebant ultima colles
Silvaque montanas occulere apta feras.
In medio paucos armentaque rara relinquunt,
Cetera virgultis abdita turba latet. 4
Ecce velut torrens undis pluvialibus auctus
Aut nive, quae Zephyro victa tepente fluit,
Per sata perque vias fertur, nec, ut ante solebat,
Riparum clausas margine finit aquas: 8
Sic Fabii vallem latis discursibus implent,
Quodque vident sternunt, nec metus alter inest.
Quo ruitis, generosa domus? male creditis hosti:
Simplex nobilitas, perfida tela cave. 12
Fraude perit virtus. In apertos undique campos
Prosiliunt hostes, et latus omne tenent.
Quid faciant panci contra tot millia fortes?
Quidve, quod in misero tempore restet, adest? 16
Sicut aper longe silvis Laurentibus actus
Fulmineo celeres dissipat ore canes,
Mox tamen ipse perit: sic non moriuntur inulti
Vulneraque alterna dantque feruntque manu. 20
Una dies Fabios ad bellum miserat omnes;
Ad bellum missos perdidit una dies.
OVID, _Fasti_, ii. 175-196, H. [II. 215-236]
+Context.+ To protect their territory from the constant raids of the
Veientines, the noble house of the Fabii offered to undertake the war
themselves. The consul Kaeso Fabius marched out of the city at the head
of his clan, followed by the blessings and good wishes of the admiring
people. He erected a fortified camp near the R. Cremera (a tributary of
the Tiber), and from this spot plundered Veientine territory.
[Linenotes:
1. +campus.+ 'Ovid here paints from fancy: there are, however, deep
hollows admirably calculated to conceal an ambushed foe.' --Ramsay.
9. +discursibus+ = _runnings to and fro_, of soldiers dispersing to
plunder.
10. +metus alter+ = _fear of a second enemy_, i.e. of one in ambush.
17. +silvis Laurentibus.+ Laurentum on the coast of Latium between
Ostia and Ardea. Wild boars are still found in the swampy thickets.
18. +Fulmineo ore+ = _with flashing tusk_. --Hallam.]
+Parallel Passage.+ Livy, ii. 48, 49.
'The story probably came from the Chronicles of the Fabian Clan, perhaps
through _Fabius_ Pictor, the first Roman annalist.' Rawlins, Cf. Ihne,
vol. i. cap. vi.
D15
WAR WITH THE AEQUIANS, 458 B.C.
A. _Cincinnatus called from the Plough._
Sed Aequos praecipue Quinctius Cincinnatus domuit, ille dictator ab
aratro, qui obsessa et paene iam capta L. Minuci consulis castra egregia
victoria recuperavit. Medium erat tempus forte sementis, cum patricium
virum innixum aratro suo lictor in {5} ipso opere deprehendit. Inde in
aciem profectus, ne quid a rustici operis imitatione cessaret, more
pecudum victos sub iugum misit. Sic expeditione finita redit ad boves
rursus triumphalis agricola. Intra quindecim dies coeptum peractumque
bellum, {10} prorsus ut festinasse, dictator ad relictum opus videretur.
FLORUS, I. xi. 12-15.
[Linenotes:
1. +Aequos+, mountaineers (closely allied to the Sabines) who lived
in the mountains forming the E. boundary of Latium.
+Cincinnatus.+ 'The true type of primeval virtue, abstinence, and
patriotism.' --Ihne.
2-4. +qui ... recuperavit.+ The Aequian general, Gracchus Cloelius,
had defeated the consul, L. Minucius, and blockaded him in his camp
on Mt. Algidus, the E. spur of the Alban range. Cincinnatus makes a
wonderful night march from Rome of 20 miles, blockades in turn the
investing Aequian force, and compels an unconditional surrender.
4. +sementis+ = _of the seed-time_. Formed from _semen_, cf.
_sero_.]
B. '_In the brave days of old._'
Restat, ut inveniam, quare toga libera detur
Lucifero pueris, candide Bacche, tuo. 2
. . . . . . .
An quia, cum colerent prisci studiosius agros,
Et patrio faceret rure senator opus, 4
Et caperet fasces a curvo consul aratro,
Nec crimen duras esset habere manus,
Rusticus ad ludos populus veniebat in urbem:
Sed dis, non studiis, ille dabatur honor. 8
OVID, _Fasti_, iii. 729-742, H. [III. 771-784]
[Linenotes:
1. +toga libera+ (or +virilis+), the man's dress of unornamented
white wool. _Lîbera_ (_lîber_), _free_ from the restraints of
boyhood.
2. +lucifero+ = lit. _morning-star_. Here poet. for +die+.
5. +consul+, e.g. Cincinnatus, who was called to be _Dictator_.
8. +sed ... honor+, i.e. in 'the good old days' worship, not
amusement, was the chief object of the visit to Rome.
3-8. Ovid says one reason why the _toga libera_ was assumed at
the Liberalia (the Feast of Bacchus--the vintage, festival) was
because it was the most crowded festival of the year.]
+References.+ Livy, iii. 26-28. Ihne, vol. i. cap. v.
D16
THE DECEMVIRATE. THE TWELVE TABLES, 451-449 B.C.
Iam redierant legati cum Atticis legibus. Eo intentius instabant
tribuni, ut tandem scribendarum legum initium fieret. Placet creari
decemviros sine provocatione, et ne quis eo anno alius magistratus esset
... Tum legibus condendis opera dabatur; {5} ingentique hominum
expectatione propositis decem tabulis populum ad contionem advocaverunt
et, quod bonum, faustum felixque rei publicae, ipsis liberisque eorum
esset, ire et legere leges propositas iussere. Se, quantum decem hominum
ingeniis provideri {10} potuerit, omnibus, summis infimisque, iura
aequasse; plus pollere multorum ingenia consiliaque. Versarent in animis
secum unamquamque rem, agitarent deinde sermonibus atque in medium, quid
in quaque re plus minusve esset, conferrent. . . . Cum ad {15} rumores
hominum de unoquoque legum capite editos satis correctae viderentur,
centuriatis comitiis decem tabularum leges perlatae sunt, qui nunc
quoque in hoc immenso aliarum super alias acervatarum legum cumulo, fons
omnis publici privatique {20} est iuris.
LIVY, iii. 32, 34.
[Linenotes:
1. +cum Atticis legibus+, i.e. with a copy of the Laws of Solon (the
great Athenian Lawgiver, 594 B.C.).
1-3. +Eo intentius ... fieret+, because up to this time the
knowledge of law and its interpretation was confined to the
Patricians (cf. the Scribes of the N.T.). This could only be
remedied by writng the laws down and making them public.
3-4. +sine provocatione+ = _without appeal_. Lit. 'challenging.'
4-5. +ne quis ... esset.+ The Decemvirs were to supersede
temporarily both Consuls and Tribunes.
14-15. +quid ... conferrent+ = '_Should point out in the interest of
all_ (lit. should contribute to the public good) _any faults of
excess or defect in the several articles_.' --Stephenson.
15-17. +ad rumores hominum+ = _in accordance with_ (+ad+) _public
opinion_.
17. +centuriatis comitiis.+ Servius Tullius divided the people into
five classes, according to the value of their property. The people
(Patricians and Plebeians alike) voted by centuries; but as 98
centuries (and [therefore] 98 votes) were allotted to the richest
class and only 95 to the other four classes, the influence of wealth
was decisive in the elections.]
+Parallel Passages.+ Cic. _De Republica_ ii. 33-37, and _De Legibus_
ii. 23.
+The Twelve Tables.+ 'They were essentially only a written embodiment of
the existing public and private law.' --Mommsen. Cf. Magna Carta.
D17
SECOND SECESSION OF THE PLEBS, 448 B.C.
_The Death of Verginia not in vain._
Concitatur multitudo partim atrocitate sceleris, partim spe per
occasionem repetendae libertatis. In contionem Appius escendit;
sequuntur Horatius Valeriusque. Eos contio audit; decemviro obstrepitur.
Iam pro imperio Valerius discedere a privato {5} lictores iubebat, cum
fractis animis Appius vitae metuens in domum se propinquam foro insciis
adversariis capite obvoluto recipit. M. Duillius deinde tribunus plebis
plebem rogavit plebesque scivit, qui plebem sine tribunis reliquisset
quique magistratum {10} sine provocatione creasset, tergo ac capite
puniretur. Haec omnia ut invitis, ita non adversantibus patriciis
transacta, quia nondum in quemquam unum saeviebatur. Fundata deinde et
potestate tribunicia et plebis libertate tum tribuni aggredi singulos
tutum {15} maturumque iam rati accusatorem primum Verginium et Appium
reum deligunt. Spe incisa, priusquam prodicta dies adesset, Appius
mortem sibi conscivit. M. Claudius assertor Verginiae, die dicta
damnatus ipso remittente Verginio ultimam poenam {20} dimissus Tibur
exulatum abiit; manesque Verginiae, mortuae quam vivae felicioris, per
tot domos ad petendas poenas vagati nullo relicto sonte tandem
quieverunt.
LIVY, iii. 49, 55, 56, 58 (sel.)
+Context+. Verginius, seeing no way of saving his daughter from disgrace
and dishonour at the hands of Appius Claudius, killed her before the
judgment-seat of the tyrant and before the eyes of the people.
[Linenotes:
2. +per occasionem+ = _by such a favourable opportunity_. --Rawlins.
3. +In contionem+ = _to the rostra_ (the platform for speakers).
3-4. +Horatius Valeriusque.+ The first Consuls after the abolition
of the Decemvirate in 449 B.C.
5. +pro imperio+, i.e. usurping the authority of a magistrate.
9. +plebesque scivit+ (scisco) = _and the people approved_ (i.e.
voted for) it.
11. +provocatione+ = _right of appeal_.
18. +prodicta+ = _adjourned_, from the first hearing. --R.
19. +assertor V.+ = _who claimed V. as his slave_.]
+Results of the Secession+. 'The Valerian Laws, by the second of which
it was ordained that in criminal trials, when the life of a citizen was
at stake, the sentence of the Consul should be subject to an appeal to
the people. This Valerian Law of Appeal was the Roman Habeas Corpus
Act.' --Ihne.
D18
WAR WITH THE ETRUSCANS OF FIDENAE AND VEII.
_Cossus wins the Spolia Opima, 437 B.C._
Erat tum inter equites tribunus militum A. Cornelius Cossus, eximia
pulchritudine corporis, animo ac viribus par memorque generis, quod
amplissimum acceptum maius auctiusque reliquit posteris. Is cum ad
impetum Tolumni, quacumque se intendisset, {5} trepidantes Romanas
videret turmas insignemque eum regio habitu volitantem tota acie
cognosset, 'Hicine est' inquit 'ruptor foederis humani violatorque
gentium iuris? Iam ego hanc mactatam victimam, si modo sancti quicquam
in terris esse di {10} volunt, legatorum manibus dabo.' Calcaribus
subditis infesta cuspide in unum fertur hostem; quem cum ictum equo
deiecisset, confestim et ipse hasta innixus se in pedes excepit.
Adsurgentem ibi regem umbone resupinat repetitumque saepius cuspide {15}
ad terram affixit. Tum exsangui detracta spolia, caputque abscisum
victor spiculo gerens terrore caesi regis hostes perfudit. Ita equitum
quoque fusa acies, quae una fecerat anceps certamen. Dictator legionibus
fugatis instat et ad castra compulsos {20} caedit.
LIVY, iv. 19.
[Linenotes:
3. +par+ = _equally distinguished by_, equal, that is, to his
beauty. --S.
5. +Tolumni+ = Lars Tolumnius, King of the Veientos, in alliance
with Fidenae (about 5 miles N.E. of Rome).]
+quacumque se intendisset+ = _wherever he directed his charge._
8-11. +Hicine ... manibus dabo.+ Fidenae had frequently been
colonised by Rome, and had as frequently revolted. When the Romans
sent four ambassadors to Fidenae to demand satisfaction for this
last revolt, the people of Fidenae murdered them. Tolumnius is
associated with their crime.
12. +infesta cuspide+ = _with couched lance._
13-14. +hasta ... excepit+ = _with the help of his spear leapt to
the ground_. Lit. 'resting on his spear caught himself on his feet.'
--Stephenson.
15. +umbone resupinat+ = _he throws him back with the boss of his
shield._
+repetitum+ = _piercing him again and again_. --S.
19. +Dictator+ = Mamercus Aemilius, a man of energy and ability.]
The +spolia opima+ (_spoils of honour_) were the arms taken on the field
of battle by the victorious from the vanquished general. They were won
on only three occasions:--
i. by +Romulus+, ii. by +Cossus+, iii. by +Marcellus+ (the Conqueror of
Syracuse), who in his first consulship, 222 B.C., slew with his own hand
Viridomarus, King of the Insubrian Gauls. Cf. Prop. V. x.
D19
THE WAR WITH VEII, 405-396 B.C. (1)
_First Pay given to Citizen Soldiers, 406 B.C._
Additum deinde omnium maxime tempestivo principum in multitudinem
munere, ut ante mentionem ullam plebis tribunorumve decerneret senatus,
ut stipendium miles de publico acciperet, cum ante id tempus de suo
quisque functus eo munere esset. {5} Nihil acceptum umquam a plebe tanto
gaudio traditur. Concursum itaque ad curiam esse prensatasque exeuntium
manus et patres vere appellatos, effectum esse fatentibus, ut nemo pro
tam munifica patria, donec quicquam virium superesset, corpori {10} aut
sanguini suo parceret. Cum commoditas iuvaret, rem familiarem saltem
acquiescere eo tempore, quo corpus addictum atque operatum rei publicae
esset, tum quod ultro sibi oblatum esset, non a tribunis plebis
agitatum, non suis sermonibus efflagitatum, {15} id efficiebat multiplex
gaudium cumulatioremque gratiam rei. . . . Et lege perlata de indicendo
Veientibus bello exercitum magna ex parte voluntarium novi tribuni
militum consulari potestate Veios duxere. {20}
LIVY, iv. 59, 60.
[Linenotes:
1. +tempestivo+ = _seasonable_ (_timely_), in view of the coming
struggle with Veii, and the necessity for winter campaigns.
2. +munere.+ Livy tells us (cap. 60) that the Senate did _not_
provide the pay as a present, but simply paid punctually their
proper share of the _war-tax (tributum) in accordance with their
assessment (cum senatus summa fide ex censu contulisset)_.
4. +de publico+ = _out of the Public Treasury_.
9. +fatentibus+ = _while men admitted_. --R.
11-12. +Cum ... acquiescere+ = _While the comfortable thought_
(_commoditas_ = lit. _advantage_) _pleased them_ (namely) _that
their private property at least was undisturbed_-- i.e. that they
paid no war-tax while they were in the field. --Rawlins.
12-13. +quo corpus ... esset+ = _when they were impressed (devoted
to) and actively employed in the public service_. --S. +addictus+,
properly of an insolvent debtor made over to his creditor = a
_bondman_.
16-17. +id ... gratiam rei+ in apposition to +quod ...
efflagitatum+.
19. +tribuni ... potestate.+ Military tribunes with consular power
instead of Consuls were elected occasionally from 444 to 367 B.C.
20. +Veios.+ The capture of Veii by Camillus (396 B.C.), in
consequence of the introduction of military pay, was enormously
important to Rome.]
+Reference.+ Ihne, _Hist._ vol. i. pp. 243-4.
D20
THE WAR WITH VEII, 405-396 B.C. (2)
A. _Lament over Veii._
Heu, Veii veteres, et vos tum regna fuistis,
Et vestro posita est aurea sella foro:
Nunc intra muros pastoris bucina lenti
Cantat, et in vestris ossibus arva metunt. 30
PROPERTIUS, IV. (V.) x. 27-30.
[Linenotes:
27. +Veii+ (Isola Farnese) on R. Cremera, about 12 miles N.W. of
Rome.
28. +aurea sella+, i.e. the official seat of the King. Cf. the Sella
Curulis at Rome, introduced from Etruria.
29. +bucina+ = _horn_.
30. +et ... metunt+ = _and reapers gather the harvests from fields_
(+metunt arva+) _enriched by the bones of your buried heroes_ (+in
ossibus vestris+).]
B. _The Rise of the Alban Lake._
Quid, quod in annalibus habemus, Veienti {5} bello, cum lacus Albanus
praeter modum crevisset, Veientem quemdam ad nos hominem nobilem
profugisse, eumque dixisse, ex fatis, quae Veientes scripta haberent,
Veios capi non posse, dum lacus is redundaret: et, si lacus emissus
lapsu et cursu suo ad {10} mare profluxisset, perniciosum populo Romano:
sin autem ita esset eductus, ut ad mare pervenire non posset, tum
salutare nostris fore? Ex quo illa admirabilis a maioribus Albanae aquae
facta deductio est. Cum autem Veientes bello fessi legatos ad {15}
senatum misissent, tum ex his quidam dixisse dicitur, non omnia illum
transfugam ausum esse senatu dicere: in iisdem enim fatis scriptum
Veientes habere, 'Fore ut brevi a Gallis Roma caperetur:' quod quidem
sexennio post Veios captos esse factum {20} videmus.
CICERO, _de Divinatione_, I. xliv. 100.
[Linenotes:
5. +in annalibus+, e.g. in Livy, v. 15.
6. +crevisset+, perh. partly due to the excessive snows of the
preceding winter, 397 B.C.
7. +profugisse.+ Livy says he was treacherously made prisoner.
8-9. +ex fatis ... haberent+, i.e. the Etruscan +Libri fatales+,
_Books of fate_, cf. the +Libri Sibyllini+ = the Roman Books of
fate.
10. +lapsu et cursu suo+ = _in its natural course and stream_.
14. +deductio+ = _draining_ (lit. _a leading off_). The tunnel then
cut still carries off the superfluous waters of the lake.
20. +sexennio post+ = _six years after_, i.e. 390 B.C. For the 10
years' siege of Veii, cf. the Trojan War.]
+Reference.+ Plutarch, _Camillus_, iii.-v. Livy, v. 15.
D21
THE WAR WITH VEII, 405-396 B.C. (3)
_The Conquest of Veii._
Veientes ignari se iam a suis vatibus, iam ab externis oraculis
proditos, iam in partem praedae suae vocatos deos, alios votis ex urbe
sua evocatos hostium templa novasque sedes spectare, seque ultimum illum
diem agere, nihil minus timentes {5} quam subrutis cuniculo moenibus
arcem iam plenam hostium esse, in muros pro se quisque armati discurrunt
mirantes, quidnam id esset, quod, cum tot per dies nemo se ab
stationibus Romanus movisset, tum velut repentino icti furore improvidi
currerent ad {10} muros. . . . Cuniculus delectis militibus eo tempore
plenus in aedem Iunonis, quae in Veientana arce erat, armatos repente
edidit, et pars aversos in muris invadunt hostes, pars claustra portarum
revellunt, pars, cum ex tectis saxa tegulaeque a mulieribus ac {15}
servitiis iacerentur, inferunt ignes. Clamor omnia variis terrentium ac
paventium vocibus mixto mulierum ac puerorum ploratu complet. Momento
temporis deiectis ex muro undique armatis patefactisque portis cum alii
agmine irruerent, alii {20} desertos scanderent muros, urbs hostibus
impletur; omnibus locis pugnatur; deinde multa iam edita caede senescit
pugna, et dictator praecones edicere iubet, ut ab inermi abstineatur.
LIVY, V. 21.
[Linenotes:
1. +a suis vatibus+, i.e. by the captured Etruscan soothsayer
(_haruspex_).
1-2. +ab externis oraculis+, i.e. by the Delphic Oracle.
2-3. +iam in partem ... (alios) deos.+ Camillus had vowed to give to
Apollo the tenth part of the spoils of Veii.
3-4. +alios ... spectare+, i.e. Juno. 'It was a Roman practice to
invite the patron deity of a place or country to leave it, and to
promise a more honourable worship at Rome.' --Whibley.
5-6. +subrutis cunîculo+ = _undermined_. Camillus had a tunnel
(_cuniculum--rabbit-burrow_, cf. _cony_) cut from the Roman camp
under the wall to the Temple of Juno on the citadel of Veii.
7. +discurrunt+ = _run every man to his post_, cf. _ad arma
discurritur_.
15. +têgulae+ = _tiles_, _roof-tiles_ (_t[)e]go_).
23. +senescit+ = _abates_, lit. _grows old_, _becomes exhausted_.]
+Results of the War.+ 'By the Conquest of Veii, Rome's territory,
wealth, and population were largely increased. Rome was now emerging
from the position of a federal capital of the Latins to become the
mistress of a large country, when she was suddenly and unexpectedly
overtaken by a disaster (+the Invasion of the Gauls+) which threatened
not only her growth but her life.' --Ihne.
D22
THE INVASION OF THE GAULS, 390 B.C. (1)
_The Battle of the Allia._
Ibi tribuni militum non loco castris ante capto, non praemunito vallo,
quo receptus esset, non deorum saltem, si non hominum, memores, nec
auspicato nec litato instruunt aciem diductam in cornua, ne circumveniri
multitudine hostium possent; {5} nec tamen aequari frontes poterant, cum
extenuando infirmam et vix cohaerentem mediam aciem haberent. Paulum
erat ab dextera editi loci, quem subsidiariis repleri placuit; eaque res
ut initium pavoris ac fugae, sic una salus fugientibus fuit. Nam
Brennus, regulus {10} Gallorum, in paucitate hostium artem maxime
timens, ratus ad id captum superiorem locum, ut, ubi Galli cum acie
legionum recta fronte concurrissent, subsidia in aversos transversosque
impetum darent, ad subsidiarios signa convertit, si eos loco depulisset,
{15} haud dubius facilem in aequo campi tantum superanti multitudine
victoriam fore; adeo non fortuna modo sed ratio etiam cum barbaris
stabat. In altera acie nihil simile Romanis, non apud duces, non apud
milites erat. Pavor fugaque occupaverat animos et {20} tanta omnium
oblivio, ut multo maior pars Veios, in hostium urbem, cum Tiberis
arceret, quam recto itinere Romam ad coniuges ac liberos fugerent.
LIVY, V. 38.
[Linenotes:
4. +nec litato+ = _without obtaining favourable omens_
(= #kallierein#).
4-5. +diductam in cornua+ = _extended (drawn out) towards the
wings_.
6-7. +cum ... haberent+ = _though they made_, concessive
subjunctive.
8. +Paulum ... editi loci+ = lit. _a little piece of rising ground_.
10. +Brennus+ = lit. _King of the army_. Cf. the Saxon _Heretoga_.
13. +recta fronte+ = _front to front_. --Whibley.
14. +in aversos transversosque+ = _on their rear and flank_.
16-17. +superanti multitudine+ = i. _(the victory) would be (easy)
to him superior_ (+superanti+) _in point of numbers_, or ii. abl, of
cause--_as he was so much superior in numbers_.
21-22. +Veios, in hostium urbem.+ An exaggeration as Veii was in
ruins.
22. +cum T. arceret+ = _though the Tiber stood in their way_.]
+The Invasion of the Gauls.+ 'The most advanced tribe of the Gauls were
the Senones who had settled on the Adriatic to the E. of Central
Etruria. While the Romans reduced S. Etruria to a state of subjection,
these Gauls suddenly crossed the Apennines, threatened Clusium, and then
marched on Rome. +Thus for the first time the Gallic race was brought to
the knowledge of the civilised world.+ The two armies met on July 18 at
the small R. Allia, only 15 miles from Rome.' --Ihne.
D23
THE INVASION OF THE GAULS, 390 B.C. (2)
A. _The Battle of the Allia_ (cont.)
Parumper subsidiarios tutatus est locus; in reliqua acie simul est
clamor proximis ab latere, ultimis ab tergo auditus, ignotum hostem
prius paene quam viderent, non modo non temptato certamine sed ne
clamore quidem reddito integri intactique {5} fugerunt; nec ulla caedes
pugnantium fuit; terga caesa suomet ipsorum certamine in turba
impedientium fugam. Circa ripam Tiberis, quo armis abiectis totum
sinistrum cornu refugit, magna strages facta est, multosque imperitos
nandi aut invalidos, {10} graves loricis aliisque tegminibus, hausere
gurgites. Maxima tamen pars incolumis Veios perfugit, unde non modo
praesidii quicquam, sed ne nuntius quidem cladis Romam est missus. Ab
dextro cornu, quod procul a flumine et magis sub monte steterat, {15}
Romam omnes petiere et ne clausis quidem portis urbis in arcem
confugerunt.
LIVY, v. 38.
[Linenotes:
2-3. +simul (= simul ac) ... auditus+ = _as soon as the shout was
heard, by those nearest on the flank, by the most distant in the
rear_.
'+Proximi+ denotes the Romans on the right wing, who were the first
to be attacked; the Gauls after routing them pressed on to the rear
of the Romans and attacked the centre and left wing (+ultimi+) from
behind.' --Whibley.
7-8. +suomet ... fugam+ = _as they hindered their own flight by
their struggling with one another in the crush_.]
11. +graves+ = _weighed down with_, equivalent to a pass. partic.
+hausere gurgites+ = _the currents sucked down_. --W
15. +sub monte+, i.e. the Colles Crustumini, which run parallel to
the South bank of the Tiber.]
B. _July 18th, a Dies Nefastus._
Pharsalia tanti
Causa mali. Cedant feralia nomina Cannae,
Et damnata diu Romanis Allia fastis.
LUCAN, _Phars._ vii. 407-9.
[Linenotes:
407. +Pharsalia+, Battle of, 48 B.C. Caesar signally defeated
Pompey.
408. +feralia+ = _fatal_
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