A New Subspecies of Microtus montanus from Montana and Comments on Microtus canicaudus Miller
by E. Raymond Hall · English · Gutenberg #28864 · 33,118 chars · public domain (US)
The Project Gutenberg eBook of A New Subspecies of Microtus montanus from Montana and Comments on Microtus canicaudus Miller
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States,
you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located
before using this eBook.
Title: A New Subspecies of Microtus montanus from Montana and Comments on Microtus canicaudus Miller
Author: E. Raymond Hall
Keith R. Kelson
Release date: May 18, 2009 [eBook #28864]
Most recently updated: January 5, 2021
Language: English
Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/28864
Credits: Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Greg Bergquist
and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
https://www.pgdp.net
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW SUBSPECIES OF MICROTUS MONTANUS FROM MONTANA AND COMMENTS ON MICROTUS CANICAUDUS MILLER ***
Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Greg Bergquist
and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
https://www.pgdp.net
A New Subspecies of Microtus montanus from
Montana and Comments on Microtus
canicaudus Miller
BY
E. RAYMOND HALL and KEITH R. KELSON
University of Kansas Publications
Museum of Natural History
Volume 5, No. 7, pp. 73-79
October 1, 1951
University of Kansas
LAWRENCE
1951
UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard,
Edward H. Taylor, Robert W. Wilson
Volume 5, No. 7, pp. 73-79
October 1, 1951
UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
Lawrence, Kansas
PRINTED BY
FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER
TOPEKA, KANSAS
1951
23-7438
A New Subspecies of Microtus montanus from Montana and Comments on
Microtus canicaudus Miller
BY
E. RAYMOND HALL AND KEITH R. KELSON
In 1949, for the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas,
Mr. John A. White collected two specimens of the species _Microtus
montanus_ in the Bitterroot Valley of Montana, that did not fit the
description of any named subspecies. These were laid aside until we
could examine the additional specimens from Montana in the Biological
Surveys collection in the United States National Museum, some of which
previously had been reported by Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 17:31, June 6,
1900) under the name _Microtus nanus canescens_ Bailey [=_Microtus
montanus canescens_]. Our examination reveals that the animals from the
Bitterroot and Flathead valleys belong to an heretofore unrecognized
subspecies which is named and described below.
Microtus montanus pratincolus new subspecies
_Type._--Female, adult, skull and skin, No. 34004, Univ. Kansas,
Mus. Nat. Hist.; from 6 mi. E Hamilton, 3700 ft., Ravalli County,
Montana; obtained on August 14, 1949, by John A. White; original
number 477.
_Geographic distribution._--Flathead and Bitterroot valleys of
western Montana.
_Diagnosis._--Size small for the species (see measurements). Color:
Essentially as in _Microtus montanus nanus_. Skull: Small, slender,
and comparatively smooth; rostrum moderately depressed distally;
nasals moderately inflated distally and extending posteriorly not
quite to tips of premaxillary tongues; nasals usually truncate
posteriorly, but rounded in some individuals; premaxillary tongues
terminating posteriorly in a short medial spine; zygomatic arches
lightly constructed and usually more widely spreading posteriorly
than anteriorly; interparietal comparatively long and terminating
in a small, but distinct, medial spine, otherwise approximately
rectangular in shape; exposed parts of upper incisors short and,
for the species, only slightly procumbent; molar dentition weak
and, in most specimens, especially so posteriorly; tympanic bullae
large and well inflated, especially ventrolaterally; basioccipital
narrow owing to the encroachment of the tympanic bullae.
_Comparison._--Among named forms, _Microtus montanus pratincolus_
most closely resembles _Microtus montanus nanus_. The geographic
range of _M. m. nanus_ adjoins that of _M. m. pratincolus_ on three
sides; there is no conspecific subspecies adjoining the range of
_M. m. pratincolus_ on the north. From _M. m. nanus_, _M. m.
pratincolus_ differs as follows (measurements are all of males,
those of _M. m. nanus_ being of nine topotypes and near topotypes
from central Idaho): size smaller (149 mm. as opposed to 165), tail
shorter (37 as opposed to 39), hind foot shorter (19 as opposed to
20), upper molar series shorter (expressed as a percentage of
basilar length, 25.5 as opposed to 26.3), mastoidal region broader
(expressed as a percentage of basilar length, 48.6 as opposed to
46.7), braincase slightly more vaulted (depth of braincase
expressed as a percentage of basilar length, 31.3 as opposed to
30.4) and more inflated laterally; tympanic bullae more inflated,
this inflation being the most conspicuous difference between the
two subspecies. The tympanic bullae of _M. m. pratincolus_ have
approximately a fourth more volume than those of _M. m. nanus_.
_Remarks._--Northwardly in the Bitterroot Valley, specimens of _M. m.
pratincolus_ morphologically approach _M. m. nanus_, especially in the
reduced degree of inflation of the tympanic portion of the bullae. On
geographic grounds we think that the geographic range of _M. m.
pratincolus_ extends southward to the southern end of the Bitterroot
Valley; we have not seen specimens from that area. Although we have not
examined the specimen reported upon by Davis (Murrelet, 18:26, September
4, 1937) from Canyon Creek, "a few miles west of Hamilton", Montana, we
think that it will be found to belong to _M. m. pratincolus_.
Our examination of specimens from localities in Montana east of the
range here ascribed to _M. m. pratincolus_ indicates that, among named
kinds of _Microtus_, those specimens are best referred to _M. m. nanus_.
These specimens are listed below under comparative materials. It should
be mentioned here that although Bailey (_loc. cit._) applied the name
_Microtus nanus canescens_ to Montanan specimens from Flathead Lake and
Hot Springs Creek, the subspecies _M. montanus canescens_ now is thought
to be restricted to Washington and the adjoining part of British
Columbia; _M. m. canescens_ does not occur so far east as Montana.
Grateful acknowledgment is made to those persons in charge of the
Biological Surveys collection for permission to study the specimens in
that collection, and to the Kansas Endowment Association for support of
the field work which yielded the specimens from six miles east of
Hamilton, Montana. The study here reported upon was aided also by a
contract between the Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy,
and the University of Kansas (NR 161-791).
_Measurements._--The following measurements in millimeters are
those of the holotype and the average, maximum, and minimum,
respectively, of eleven adult males from various places in the
range of the subspecies. Except as noted below, we are unable to
detect significant morphological differences in the populations
sampled and believe that pooling of the measurements is justifiable
in this case. Measurements are: Total length, 129, 149 (156-141);
length of tail-vertebrae, 27, 37 (39-31); length of hind foot, 18,
19 (20-18) (all preceding measurements are those of the
collectors); basilar length, 22.2, 24.5 (25.7-23.4); greatest
length of nasals, 6.7, 6.9 (7.4-6.4); zygomatic breadth, 14.2, 14.6
(14.9-13.9); mastoidal breadth, 11.3, 11.8 (12.3-10.8); alveolar
length of upper molar series, 6.0, 6.2 (6.5-5.9); depth of
braincase (shortest distance from ventral surface of
basioccipito-basisphenoidal suture to the dorsal surface of the
cranium, and not perpendicular to the long axis of the skull), 7.7,
7.7 (7.9-7.5); width of rostrum, 4.7, 4.8 (5.0-4.6); interorbital
breadth, 3.2, 3.4 (3.6-3.2). Measurements of females, other than
those of the holotype, are not given owing to the lack of
sufficient material. Females, however, do not appear to differ
appreciably in measurements from males.
_Specimens examined_ (in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll., except
as otherwise indicated).--Total, 26, all from Montana, as follows:
_Sanders Co._: Hot-springs Cr., 4. _Lake Co._: end of W arm
Flathead Lake, 5; Ravalli, 8. _Ravalli Co._: Florence, 2; 8 mi. NE
Stevensville, 4000 ft., 1; Corvallis, 4; 6 mi. E Hamilton, 3700
ft., 2(K.U.).
_Comparative materials_ (in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv.
Coll.).--_Microtus montanus nanus_: Total, 72, as follows: IDAHO:
_Lewis Co._: Nez Perce, 3. _Idaho Co._: Seven Devils Mts., 3550
ft., 3. _Custer Co._: Challis, 7; Pahsimeroi Mts. (9300 ft., 8;
9700 ft., 4), 12. _Butte Co._: Lost River Mts., 1. _Canyon Co._:
Nampa, 1; Bowmont, 1. _Ada Co._: Boise, 1. _Blaine Co._: Sawtooth
Lake, 2; Alturas Lake, 3. _Owyhee Co._: Three Cr., 3. _Minidoka
Co._: Heyburn, 2. _Bannock Co._: Pocatello, 4. _Bear Lake Co._:
Montpelier Cr., 3. MONTANA: _Fergus Co._: Big Snowy Mts., 11.
_Gallatin Co._: West Fork of West Fork, Gallatin River, 1. _Park
Co._: Lamar River, 7000 ft., 2; Gardiner, 1. _Sweetgrass Co._:
"near" head Big Timber Cr., Crazy Mts., 1; Big Timber Cr., 5200
ft., Crazy Mts., 1; 14 mi. S Big Timber, 1; West Boulder Cr., 18
mi. SE Livingston, 2; McLeod, 1. _Carbon Co._: Beartooth Mts., 2;
Beartooth Lake, 1. WYOMING: _Park Co._: N end Lake, Yellowstone
Nat'l Park, 2.
Microtus montanus canicaudus Miller
1897. _Microtus canicaudus_ Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
11:67, April 21, type from McCoy, Willamette Valley, Polk County,
Oregon.
In 1938 when one of us (Hall, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 51:131-134,
August 23, 1938) arranged several nominal species of _Microtus_ as
subspecies of the species _Microtus montanus_, _Microtus canicaudus_ was
not included because that writer had not examined representative
specimens. In the U.S. Biological Surveys collection in the U.S.
National Museum we have examined specimens of _M. m. canicaudus_, all
from Oregon, as follows: Hood River (Catalogue Nos. 262583-262586);
Canby (262577, 262578); Wapinitia (79985-79988); Sheridan (69779,
69780); McCoy (75834-75842, 77744); Salem (246736); Albany (161554); and
Corvallis (242552). The four specimens from Wapinitia seem to be those
that Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 17:29, June 6, 1900) listed as _Microtus
montanus_. The diagnostic characters mentioned by Miller in the
original description (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11:67, April 21,
1897) included the following: size approximately the same as in
_Microtus [montanus] nanus_; upper parts yellowish; tail usually nearly
uniform grayish above and below; auditory bullae much inflated; lateral
pits at posterior edge of bony palate unusually shallow. Because the
tails of the original series were understuffed and variously rotated,
they seemed to be less sharply bicolored than is the case, as shown by
subsequently collected specimens. Otherwise we find that the characters
mentioned above differentiate _canicaudus_ from its nearest relatives,
_Microtus montanus canescens_ to the northward, _M. m. nanus_ to the
eastward, and _M. m. montanus_ to the southward. In _canicaudus_ we have
noted one additional differential character; the interpterygoid space is
acuminate anteriorly. In this feature and in each of the other features
mentioned above, intergradation with _Microtus montanus nanus_ is seen
in the specimens from Hood River and Wapinitia. In the specimens from
Hood River the auditory bullae are only slightly less inflated than in
those topotypes of _canicaudus_ having the smallest bullae; there is
appreciable variation in size of the bullae in the topotypes. Even so,
the minimum size of bullae among the topotypes is larger than the
maximum size in the specimens from Wapinitia. The four specimens from
Wapinitia have the yellowish color of _canicaudus_ to a considerable
degree, and show intergradation between _canicaudus_ and _nanus_ in
depth of the palatal pits and shape of interpterygoid space. The
slightly larger size of these specimens from Wapinitia suggests
intergradation with _M. m. montanus_. The tympanic bullae in the
specimens from Wapinitia seem to be smaller than in specimens of
_canicaudus_, _nanus_, or _montanus_.
Because of the intergradation described above between _Microtus montanus
nanus_ and _M. canicaudus_, the latter should stand as _Microtus
montanus canicaudus_.
* * * * *
Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 55:206, August 29, 1936) recorded _canicaudus_
from Warm Springs in the Deschutes Valley of Oregon and from the state
of Washington. Other authors also have recorded _canicaudus_ from the
state of Washington. Our examination of specimens leads us to conclude,
as did Dalquest (Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:348, 349, April
9, 1948), that _canicaudus_ does not occur in Washington. The reported
occurrence of _M. canicaudus_ at Warm Springs, Deschutes Valley, Oregon,
seems to be the result of an error in identification. The specimens
concerned seem to be two _Microtus longicaudus mordax_ (Nos. 207060 and
207082 U.S.N.M.). They are labeled as collected at "Warm Springs (Mill
Cr.--20 Mi. W of)". Bailey's (_op. cit._, fig. 46, p. 209) map showing
the distribution in Oregon of _Microtus mordax mordax_ [=_Microtus
longicaudus mordax_] has a locality-dot at Warm Springs itself. Bailey
seems to have erred; he should have placed this dot 20 miles farther
west, we think. When preparing his map (_op. cit._, fig. 43, p. 205)
showing the geographic distribution of _Microtus canicaudus_, Bailey
seems to have misidentified these same two specimens as _M. canicaudus_,
and for them placed a locality-dot on his map 20 miles east (instead of
west) of Warm Springs. In brief, Bailey probably did not see any
specimens of _canicaudus_ or specimens of any other subspecies of
_Microtus montanus_ from Warm Springs.
_Transmitted February 15, 1951._
23-7438
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW SUBSPECIES OF MICROTUS MONTANUS FROM MONTANA AND COMMENTS ON MICROTUS CANICAUDUS MILLER ***
Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.
Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may
do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
license, especially commercial redistribution.
START: FULL LICENSE
THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.
Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person
or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg License when
you share it without charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country other than the United States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg work (any work
on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg™ License included with this eBook or online
at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws
of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg work in a format
other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg electronic works
provided that:
• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg works calculated using the method
you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
to the owner of the Project Gutenberg trademark, but he has
agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation.”
• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™
works.
• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
receipt of the work.
• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.
1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.
1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.
1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right
of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.
1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.
Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg
Project Gutenberg is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.
Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.
The Foundation’s business office is located at 41 Watchung Plaza #516,
Montclair NJ 07042, USA, +1 (862) 621-9288. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.
The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state
visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.
International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.
Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.
Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.
This website includes information about Project Gutenberg,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
Showing first 200,000 characters. Full text: gutenberg.org/ebooks/28864