History of the English People, Index
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Title: History of the English People, Index
Author: John Richard Green
Release date: May 20, 2008 [eBook #25533]
Language: English
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE, INDEX ***
Produced by Paul Murray, Lisa Reigel, and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
HISTORY
OF
THE ENGLISH PEOPLE
BY
JOHN RICHARD GREEN, M.A.
HONORARY FELLOW OF JESUS COLLEGE, OXFORD
INDEX
London
MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD.
NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN CO.
1896
_First Edition, 1879; Reprinted 1882, 1886, 1891._
_Eversley Edition, 1896._
INDEX
Abbot, George, Archbishop of Canterbury, iv. 341;
his Puritanism, v. 90;
protests against Lady Essex's divorce, 191;
pleads for help for the Elector Palatine, 218;
suspended, 255
Abelard, i. 283, 285
Abercromby, General, vii. 266
Abercromby, Sir Ralph, viii. 140, 165
Aberdeen sacked by Montrose, vi. 23
Aberffraw, princes of, ii. 46, 108
Abergavenny besieged by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 11
Abergavenny, Edward Neville, first Lord, iii. 114
Abergavenny, George Neville, tenth Lord, vii. 23
Abermenai, English fleet repulsed from, ii. 54
"Abhorrers," vi. 314
Abingdon, Abbey of, its relations with Oxford, i. 306-308
Abingdon, James Bertie, first Earl of, vii. 23
Aboukir, battle of, viii. 141
Acadia, strife of French and English in, vii. 242, 243
Accursi, Francesco, ii. 102
Aclea, battle of, i. 103
Acre, siege of, viii. 141
Acts of Parliament. _See_ Statutes
Adam of Usk, ii. 178
Adamnan's _Life of St. Columba_, i. 8
Adams, John, vii. 281
Addington, Henry, viii. 156, 170.
_See_ Sidmouth
Addison, Joseph, vii. 158, 159, 292
Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror, i. 214
Adelard of Bath, i. 282, 293
_Admonition to the Parliament_, iv. 296
Adrian IV., Pope, i. 250
Adrian VI., Pope, iii. 249
Ælfheah, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 142;
translation of, 145
Ælfred, king of Wessex, i. 105;
his struggle with the northmen, 106, 107;
treaty with them, 107;
character, 107-110;
rule, 111, 112;
literary and educational work, 113-115;
organization of fleet and fyrd, 116;
second struggle with northmen, _ib._, 117;
death, 117;
Asser's _Life of_, 5;
_Sayings of_, 278, 280
Ælfred, son of Æthelred II., i. 147, 148
Ælfric, ealdorman of Central Wessex, i. 140
Ælla, king of Deira, i. 52, 53
Ælle, king of the South Saxons, i. 34
Æsc, king of Kent, i. 49
Æthelbald, king of Mercia, i. 90, 96
Æthelbald, king of Wessex, i. 103
Æthelberht, king of Kent, i. 56, 57, 59, 62, 65
Æthelberht, king of Wessex, i. 103
Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians, i. 117, 118
Æthelgifu, mother-in-law of King Eadwig, i. 136, 137
Æthelfrith, king of Northumbria, i. 60, 62
Ætheling, the, i. 11
Æthelred, king of Mercia, i, 89
Æthelred I., king of Wessex, i. 103-105
Æthelred II., King, i. 139-141
Æthelred, ealdorman of Mercia, i. 117
Æthelric, king of Bernicia, i. 52, 53, 60
Æthelstan, King, i. 119, 120
Æthelweard's _Chronicle_, i. 5
Æthelwine, ealdorman of East Anglia, i. 139, 140
Æthelwulf, king of Wessex, i. 103
Agénois, dispute about, ii. 197, 198, 209, 219
Agincourt, battle of, iii. 30-32
Agitators, Council of, vi. 52, 53, 57
Agriculture, changes in, under Elizabeth, iv. 278
Aidan, St., i. 69-71
Aids, feudal, ii. 104;
"free," 152, 153
Aiguillon
taken by the Earl of Derby, ii. 234;
besieged by John of France, _ib._, 235
Aislabie, Chancellor of the Exchequer, vii. 192
Aix-la-Chapelle, peace of, vi. 250; vii. 231
Albany, Robert, first Duke of, iii. 9, 16
Albany, Alexander, third Duke of, iii. 232;
Protector of Scotland, 235;
struggle with Margaret, 247, 248
Albemarle, Edward, Duke of, ii. 380; iii. 7.
_See_ Rutland
Albemarle, George Monk, Duke of (_see_ Monk), vi. 193
Albemarle, Stephen, Count of, i. 192
Alberoni, Cardinal, vii. 186-188
Albigenses, ii. 7, 35
Albinus, friend of Bæda, i. 94
Alcwine, letters of, i. 4
Alderman of a gild, i. 299
Aldfrith, king of Northumbria, i. 91
Aldgate, Priory of Holy Trinity at, i. 223
Alençon,
William the Conqueror's vengeance on, i. 179;
reduced by Henry V., iii. 33
Alençon, Francis, Duke of. _See_ Anjou
Alexander III., Pope, i. 235
Alexander I., Czar of Russia, viii. 164, 180, 198, 202
Alexander III., king of Scots, ii. 135
Alfred of Beverley, i. 246
Alfune founds St. Giles', Cripplegate, i. 223
Algiers bombarded by Blake, vi. 116
Allen, Dr. William, iv. 307, 310, 353, 354;
his _Defense of the English Catholics_, 354
Alleyn, Joseph, vi. 223
Alliance, Grand, vii. 49;
its success, 79, 80, 88;
breaks up, 89;
the second, 107;
Triple, vi. 249; vii. 185
Almanza, battle of, vii. 134
Alva, Ferdinand Alvarez, Duke of, iv. 225, 257, 258, 298, 300, 335
Amboise,
conspiracy of, iv. 175;
edict of, 217
America,
early settlements in, iv. 329, 330, 345;
Puritan emigration to, v. 308-314, 319, 320;
English colonies in, vii. 236;
their progress, 237;
slavery in, _ib._;
education in, 238;
their political condition, 239, 240;
relations with England, 241, 243, 244;
strife with the French, 249;
Pitt's policy in, 266;
relations with England after the Seven Years' War, 280-283;
Bute's policy towards, 310, 311;
Grenville's, 320, 321, 326;
English and American theories of their relation to England, 320-325;
renewed attempt at taxation of, viii. 3, 4, 14;
war with England, 22-26, 32;
French settlements in, vii. 232, 242, 243;
ceded to England, 307;
Spanish conquests in, iv. 329, 330;
English trade with, vii. 216;
United States of, declare their independence, viii. 24;
alliance with France, 28;
peace with England, 41;
importance of their independence, 42-44;
increase of their carrying trade through the Continental System,
177;
embargo on trade with Europe, 182;
pass an Act of Non-Intercourse with England and France, 183;
repeal it, 184;
cease intercourse with Great Britain, 192;
war with England, 198, 203-205
Amherst, General, vii. 266, 267, 269
Amiens,
Mise of, ii. 68;
Peace of, viii. 167
Ancrum Moor, battle of, iv. 29
Anderida (Pevensey) destroyed by Saxons, i. 34
André, Bernard, his _Life of Henry VII._, iii. 83
Andredsweald, the, i. 33;
attacked by northmen, 116
Andrewes, Lancelot, Bishop of Winchester, v. 267
Aneurin, ii. 49, 53
Angeln, i. 9
Anglesea
conquered by Eadwine, i. 63;
reduced by an English fleet, ii. 109;
English routed in, 120
Angoulême
taken by Henry of Derby, ii. 234;
regained by John of Normandy, _ib._
Angoumois
restored to Edward III., ii. 266;
won by Du Guesclin, 287
Angus, Archibald Douglas, sixth (or ninth) Earl of, iii. 231; iv. 22,
29, 52
Anhalt, Christian, Duke of, v. 177
Anjou,
documents for early history of, i. 7;
counts of, 208-213;
conquered by Philip Augustus, 269;
cession of, ii. 63
Anjou, Francis, Duke of, iv. 313, 316, 336-338, 348
Anjou, Henry, Duke of, iv. 297, 298.
_See_ Henry III., king of France
Anjou, René, Duke of, iii. 61
Anlaf, the sea-king, i. 120
_Annales Angliæ et Scotiæ_, i. 274
_Annales Cambriæ_, i. 7
Anne, daughter of James, Duke of York, vi. 309; vii. 28;
forsakes her father, 42;
relations with the Churchills, 109-111;
Queen, 112;
her "Bounty," 123;
resistance to the Whigs, 133;
temper and policy, 135, 136;
breaks with the Duchess of Marlborough, 138;
threat to the Electress Sophia, 144;
dismisses Oxford, 145;
dies, 146
Anne of Bohemia, wife of Richard II., ii. 348, 367
Anne of Cleves, wife of Henry VIII., iii. 351; iv. 17
Anselm, St., i. 193-196;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 196;
struggle with William Rufus, _ib._, 197;
recalled, 199;
crowns Matilda, 200;
supports Henry I., 201
Antonio, Don, claimant of Portugal, iv. 367
Antwerp,
its trade with England, iv. 257;
refugees from, 305, 324;
sacked, 310;
surrenders to Parma, 349
Appeal, Court of, i. 256
Appeals to the Pope, ii. 222;
protest of Edward III. against, 274;
forbidden, iii. 302;
from Scotland, Edward I.'s claim to, ii. 140
Appellant, the Lords, ii. 353, 354, 371
Aquitaine,
Henry Fitz-Empress's relations with, i. 226, 233;
revolts against Richard I., 263;
secured by Eleanor for John, 268;
submits to Philip Augustus, 270;
Edward III. does homage for, ii. 209;
granted him in full sovereignty, 266;
change in its attitude towards the English king, 280;
relations with Spain, 282;
rejects the hearth-tax, 285;
its barons appeal to France, _ib._;
regained by France, 287, 288;
granted by Richard II. to John of Gaunt, 369.
_See_ Guienne
Archangel, discovery of, iv. 283
Archers, the English, ii. 241, 242; iii. 31
Architecture
under Edward I., ii. 105, 106;
domestic, its developement under Elizabeth, iv. 285-287
Arcola, battle of, viii. 123
Arcot seized by Clive, vii. 235
Argyle, Archibald Campbell, fourth Earl of, iv. 114
Argyle, Archibald Campbell, fifth Earl of, iv. 223, 230, 245, 260
Argyle, Archibald Campbell, eighth Earl and first Marquis of (_see_
Lorne), v. 341;
his relations with Charles I., 363, 364;
defeated at Inverlochy, vi. 38;
restored to power, 63;
proclaims Charles II. king, 71;
death, 181; vii. 8
Argyle, Archibald Campbell, ninth Earl of, vii. 8, 9
Argyle, John Campbell, second Duke of, vii. 146, 183
Aristotle, Edmund Rich lectures on, i. 288, 293
Arkwright, Richard, viii. 60
Arles, kingdom of, i. 262
Arlington, Henry Bennet, Earl of (_see_ Bennet),
Secretary of State, vi. 245;
policy in Triple Alliance, 248, 250;
Charles's confidant in the Treaty of Dover, 258;
dismissed, 281
Arlotta, mother of William the Conqueror, i. 157
Armada, the Spanish,
its gathering, iv. 344;
sails, 356;
off the Lizard, 357;
its force, 360;
reaches Calais, 361;
its flight, 362;
ruin, 363;
its results, 364, 365;
the second, v. 60
Armagnac, Bernard, Count of, iii. 16, 17
Arminians, the, v. 114, 266
Arms, Assize of, i. 257
Army, the English,
its double character, ii. 240;
the feudal, its composition, ii. 239;
raised by the Parliament against Charles I., vi. 1;
of the Associated Counties, 8, 13, 18;
the New Model, 35-37;
its character and policy, 50-52;
seizes the king, 53;
its "Humble Representation," _ib._, 54;
marches on London, _ib._;
negotiates with the Parliament, 54;
with the king, 55;
enters London, 56;
resolves to bring Charles to account, 61;
invades Scotland, 62;
demands justice on the king, 64;
struggle with the Parliament, 65, 66;
mutiny in, 75;
petitions for a new Parliament, 87;
struggle with the Rump, 89;
recalls the Rump, 149;
drives it out again, 150;
relations with Monk, 150, 151;
its dissolution, 153;
Charles II.'s, 182, 183; vii. 4;
increased by James II., 11;
Catholic officers in, 14, 15;
Parliament's control over it established, vii. 61;
reduced under William III., 97;
increased again, 105, 107
Army Plot, v. 359, 360
Arnold, General, viii. 23
Arran, James Hamilton, second Earl of, iv. 26, 199
Arras, treaties of, iii. 56, 120, 170
Arteveldt, Jacques van, ii. 227, 233
Arteveldt, Philip van, ii. 349
Arthur, leader of the Britons, i. 34;
legends of, 246, 247; ii. 57
Arthur of Britanny, i. 247, 260, 268
Arthur, son of Henry VII., iii. 186, 187
Articles of Religion, 1536, iii. 333, 337, 338;
Five, iv. 156;
Forty-two, 59, 160;
Six, iii. 346;
repealed, iv. 48;
Thirty-nine, 59, 216;
magistrates and public officers compelled to subscribe to, 273;
subscription of ministers to, v. 156;
Three (Whitgift's), iv. 341, 342; v. 115, 116
Articles, Lords of the, iv. 228
Artillery,
first instance known of its use in field warfare, ii. 237;
results of its introduction, iii. 95, 96
Arundel, Thomas, Bishop of Ely, ii. 352;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 367, 370, 371, 373;
persecuting tendencies, iii. 4;
urges Richard II.'s death, 7;
prevents confiscation of Church property, 15, 21;
removed from the chancellorship, 25;
convicts Lord Cobham of heresy, 27
Arundel, Richard Fitz-Alan, fourth Earl of, ii. 353, 367, 370, 371
Arundel, Henry Fitz-Alan, twelfth Earl of, iv. 173, 267, 268
Arundel, Thomas Howard, fourteenth Earl of, v. 248
Arundell of Wardour, Henry, third Lord, vi. 256, 296; vii. 20
Ascham, Roger, iv. 134, 135
Ashdown, battle of, i. 105
Ashley, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Lord (_see_ Cooper), vi. 194;
opposes the Act of Uniformity, 208;
character, 216, 217;
policy, 218, 219;
Chancellor of the Exchequer, 245;
change in his attitude on the question of toleration, 252;
advises a dissolution, 253;
schemes of toleration, 259;
attitude towards war with Holland, 260.
_See_ Shaftesbury
Assandun, battle of, i. 143
Assembly, the French National, viii. 86
Asser, i. 5, 113
Assize
of Arms, i. 257;
of Clarendon, 238;
of the Forest, 267;
of Northampton, 255
Astley, Sir Jacob, vi. 42
Aston, Sir Arthur, vi. 76
Athelney,
Ælfred at, i. 106;
abbey at, 114
Athenree, battle of, ii. 376
Athlone captured by the English, iii. 329
Atterbury, Francis, Bishop of Rochester, vii. 167
Audley, James Touchet, Lord, iii. 74
Aughrim, battle of, vii. 73
Augsburg,
conference at, iv. 21;
treaty of, vii. 27
Augustine, St., Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 57-59
Austerlitz, battle of, viii. 173
Australia, vii. 278
Austria, Charles, Archduke of, iv. 193, 195
Austria, Don John of, iv. 310-312
Auxerre, battle near, iii. 39
Avaux, Count of, vii. 59
Avesbury, Robert of, ii. 177
Avignon, the Popes at, ii. 216, 217, 221, 224
Avowal, the, v. 268
Avranches taken by Henry V., iii. 33
Axholme, the Disinherited at, ii. 84, 85
Aylesford, battle of, i. 33
Aylmer, John, iv. 119
Ayrshire, rising in, vi. 62
Babington, Anthony, iv. 351, 352
Bacon, Francis, v. 46-55;
his political career, 222-224;
last years, 225;
_Life of Henry VII._, iii. 83
Bacon, Sir Nicholas, iv. 152
Bacon, Roger, i. 293; ii. 14-19;
his _Opus Majus_, 19-21
Badajoz stormed, viii. 199
Badbury, battle of, i. 34
Badby, Thomas, iii. 22
Badlesmere, Lady, ii. 195
Bæda, i. 91-95;
his _History_, 4, 94
Baillie's _Letters_, v. 73
Bale, Bishop of Ossory, iv. 63, 109, 119, 128, 129
Ball, John, ii. 268, 269, 318, 319, 336
Balliol, Edward,
acknowledged as king of Scots at the English court, ii. 204;
seizes the crown, 210;
driven out, 211;
restored, 212;
withdraws to England, 213, 214;
resigns, 253
Balliol, John,
claimant of the Scottish crown, ii. 136;
king, 138;
resists Edward's claim to receive appeals, 140;
alliance with France, 160;
defies Edward, 161;
surrenders, _ib._;
released and goes to France, 170
Balmerino, Arthur Elphinston, sixth Lord, vii. 230
Bamborough
founded by Ida, i. 52;
attacked by Penda, 71
Bancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, iv. 341; v. 156, 165
Bank of England founded, vii. 86;
suspends specie payments, viii. 126
Bankers, foreign, in England, under Edward I., ii. 106, 107;
expelled, 189
Bannockburn, battle of, ii. 192, 193
Bantry Bay, battle in, vii. 68
Baptists, rise of the, vi. 28
Barbour, John, ii. 177
Barbury Hill, battle of, i. 37
Bardolf, Thomas, Lord, iii. 18, 19
Bards, the Welsh, ii. 53, 56; iii. 11
Barebones, Praise-God, vi. 95
"Bargemen" of Oxford, i. 308
Barham Down, muster at, i. 333; ii. 74
Barillon, French ambassador in England, vi. 298
Barlow, Bishop of St. David's, iii. 336
Barnes, Robert, iii. 262
Barnet, battle of, iii. 142
_Barnwell, Annals of_, i. 174, 273
Barons,
their struggle with William I., i. 188-190;
with William Rufus, 191, 192;
with Henry I., 201, 202;
misdoings under Stephen, 220, 221;
Henry II.'s dealings with, 233;
change in their attitude towards crown and people, 325;
relations with John, 332, 338, 339, 343;
alliance with the Welsh against him, ii. 55;
meeting at St. Edmund's, i. 344;
at Brackley, 346;
rise in arms, _ib._, 347;
confer with John at Runnymede, 347;
excommunicated by Innocent III., 354;
call Lewis of France to their aid, 355;
feudal party among, ii. 4, 5;
refuse an aid to the Pope, 27;
refuse subsidies to Henry III., 34, 35;
their plan of reform, 37, 38;
league against Henry III., 59, 60;
expel the foreigners, 62;
their rule, _ib._, 63;
divisions among, 64;
rise in arms, 67;
submit to arbitration, 68;
victory at Lewes, 70, 71;
position after the war, 114;
relations with Edward I., 115-117;
decrease in numbers, 146, 147;
struggle with Edward I., 164-166;
relations with Edward II., 184, 190;
under Edward III., relations with the crown, 293;
with the Church, 294;
their decline, iii. 94-96;
effect of the French war on, 103, 104;
new race of, under Henry VIII., iv. 13, 41;
the northern, plot against Elizabeth, iv. 266, 267;
rise, 268;
defeated, 269;
"greater" and "lesser," ii. 145;
of the Exchequer, i. 206;
of London, 319
Barrier, the Dutch, vii. 102, 182
Barrow, Isaac, vi. 167
Bartholomew's Day, St.,
the English, vi. 209;
the French, iv. 299
Basing House, siege of, vi. 42
Basle, treaty of, viii. 111
Bassano, battle of, viii. 123
Basset, Philip, ii. 66
Basset, Thomas, i. 345
Bastille, capture of the, viii. 83
Bastwick, John, v. 329
Bates's case, v. 161
Bath, the thegns of Wessex submit to Swein at, i. 143
Bath, Henry de, ii. 33
Battle Abbey, i. 164
Baugé, battle of, iii. 36
Bautzen, battle of, viii. 201
Bavaria, Maximilian, Duke of, v. 177, 219
Bavaria, Maximilian Emmanuel, Elector of, vii. 101, 102
Bavaria, Joseph, Electoral Prince of, vii. 92, 94
Baxter, Richard,
his address to Richard Cromwell, vi. 147;
his eminence as controversialist and pastor, 210;
his account of the expelled clergy, 222;
supports a scheme of comprehension, 252;
refuses the Indulgence, vii. 22;
his _Autobiography_, vi. 157
Bayeux
surrendered to Henry V., iii. 33;
northmen of, i. 155, 156
Baylen, surrender of French troops at, viii. 186
Bayonne submits to Charles VII., iii. 69
Beachy Head, battle of, vii. 75
Beaton, Cardinal, iv. 24, 33, 34
Beauchamp, Edward Seymour Lord, v. 66, 121
Beaufort, Edmund, Earl of Dorset, iii. 59;
Regent of France, 60.
_See_ Somerset
Beaufort, Henry, Bishop of Winchester,
chancellor, iii. 25, 43;
struggle with Humphrey of Gloucester, 44;
Cardinal and Legate, _ib._;
supports Bedford, 55;
retires, 59
Beaufort, John. _See_ Somerset
Beaufort, Margaret, iii. 165, 166, 172
Beaujeu, Anne of, iii. 170, 171
Beaumont, Henry I.'s palace of, at Oxford, i. 284, 307
Bec, school of, i. 159
Beckford, Alderman, vii. 256
Bedford
reduced by Eadward the Elder, i. 119;
castle of, besieged by Hubert de Burgh, ii. 5
Bedford, John, Duke of, iii. 38;
regent of France, 39;
alliance with Burgundy, _ib._;
victories in France, _ib._, 40;
difficulties, 44, 45;
rule in Normandy, 55;
death, 56
Bedford, John Russell, first Earl of, iv. 47.
_See_ Russell
Bedford, Francis Russell, fourth Earl of, v. 358
Bedford, William Russell, fifth Earl of, vi. 1
Bedford, John Russell, fourth Duke of, vii. 242, 315, 317; viii. 4, 16
Bedloe, William, vi. 297
Beket, Gilbert, i. 225, 303
Beket, Thomas, i. 225;
agent of Archbishop Theobald, 226;
chancellor, 232;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 235;
rejects Constitutions of Clarendon, 236;
at council of Northampton, 237;
flight, _ib._;
struggle with Henry II., 239;
returns to England, 240;
murdered, 241;
canonized, _ib._;
Henry's penance at his shrine, 255;
his shrine desecrated, iii. 344
Belesme, Robert of, i. 201, 202; ii. 47
Bellahoe, battle of, iii. 329
Bellasys, John, first Lord, vi. 256, 296; vii. 20
Bellingham, Sir Edward, iv. 110
Bellingham, John, viii. 196
Benedict XII., Pope, ii. 218, 219
Benedict Biscop, i. 79, 91, 92
"Benedict of Peterborough," i. 174, 244
"Benevolences"
under Edward IV., iii. 152;
declared illegal, 168;
levied again, 171, 177;
extension under Wolsey, 244, 251;
resisted, 251, 252;
again demanded, iv. 34;
demanded by James I., v. 197, 198, 229;
by Charles I., 253
Bengal, Clive's successes in, vii. 261
Bennet, Henry, vi. 221.
_See_ Arlington
Bensington, battle of, i. 98
Bentham, Jeremy, viii. 195
Beorn, nephew of Earl Godwine, i. 150, 151
Beornwulf, king of Mercia, i. 102
_Beowulf, Song of_, i. 24-26
Bergerac taken by Henry of Derby, ii. 234
Berkeley Castle, Edward II. murdered in, ii. 200
Berkley, Sir Robert, v. 331, 351
Berlin Decree, Napoleon's, viii. 176
Bernicia
conquered by the English, i. 52;
by Eadwine, 62;
recalls the line of Æthelfrith, 66;
struggle against Penda, 71, 72
Bernicians conquer Deira, i. 52, 53
Bertha of Paris, wife of Æthelberht of Kent, i. 57
Berwick
stormed by Edward I., ii. 160, 161;
Parliament at, 162;
captured by Bruce, 194;
by Edward III., ii. 211, 212;
its peculiar political position, 212;
recaptured by the Scots, 259, 263;
Pacification at, v. 337
Berwick, James FitzJames, Duke of, vii. 119, 134
Beverley, peasant revolt at, ii. 324
Bible,
Wyclif's translation of, ii. 178, 343;
Tyndale's, iii. 259-261;
its circulation forbidden, 290;
Coverdale's, 334, 335;
misuse of, 344;
its popularity, v. 82;
literary influence, 83, 84;
social influence, 84, 85;
religious influence, 85;
the Geneva, iv. 128;
forbidden, v. 296
"Bible-men," iii. 96
Bidassoa, battle on the, viii. 202
Bigod, Hugh, first Earl of Norfolk, i. 254
Bigod, Roger, second Earl of Norfolk, i. 343
Bigod, Roger, fourth Earl of Norfolk, ii. 45
Bigod, Roger, fifth Earl of Norfolk, ii. 164-166
Bigod, Hugh, Justiciar, ii. 60, 64, 66
Bigorre restored to Edward III., ii. 266
Billericay, villagers of, resist Richard II., ii. 332
Bilney, Thomas, iii. 262
Birinus, St., bishop in Wessex, i. 71
Birmingham, its rise, vii. 196
Bishoprics, new, erected under Henry VIII., iv. 13
Bishops
excluded from State offices, ii. 302;
denounce Oldcastle and the Lollards, iii. 27;
mode of appointment, 307, 308;
position under Henry VIII., 308;
under Edward VI., _ib._, iv. 60;
proposal to exclude them from the House of Lords, v. 354, 355, 371;
excluded, 377;
restored, vi. 204;
position under the Georges, vii. 171, 172;
the Seven, 30, 31;
in Scotland, their position under Knox, v. 137;
abolished, 140;
restored, 143, 166, 167
"Bishops' War," the, v. 341-343
_Black Book_, the, of 1536, iii. 310
Black Death, the, ii. 252-254, 266, 288;
its social results, 254, 255
Blackfriars,
Council at, ii. 339;
trial of Henry VIII.'s divorce at, iii. 276;
first public theatre at, v. 22
Blacklow Hill, Gaveston beheaded on, ii. 190
Blake, Robert,
his defence of Taunton, vi. 78;
commands the fleet against Rupert, _ib._;
fights with Tromp and Ruyter, 86, 88;
bombards Algiers, 116;
victory at Santa Cruz, 124;
outrage on his corpse, 201
Blanchard, Alan, iii. 33, 34
Blanche of Bourbon, wife of Pedro of Castille, ii. 282
Blanche-Taque, ford of, ii. 236
Blenheim, battle of, vii. 120-122
Blois, Charles of, claimant of Britanny, ii. 233, 248
Blondel, _De Reductione Normanniæ_, ii. 179
"Bloody Circuit," the, vii. 10, 11
Bloreheath, battle of, iii. 74
Blount, Sir Thomas, ii. 200
Blücher, Marshal, viii. 207, 210
Boat, an Old English, found in Sleswick, i. 27, 28
"Boatmen" of London, i. 308
Bohemia, Protestant rising in, v. 216-219
Bohun, Henry de, first Earl of Hereford, i. 343
Bohun, Humfrey de, third Earl of Hereford, ii. 164, 166
Bohun, Henry de, ii. 192
Boleyn, Anne, iii. 267, 270, 273, 288;
marries Henry VIII., 303;
crowned, _ib._;
beheaded, 323
Boleyn, George, iii. 267
Boleyn, Sir Thomas, iii. 267, 268.
_See_ Wiltshire
Bolinbroke, Roger, iii. 58
Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Viscount (_see_ St. John), vii. 140;
his scheme of a treaty of commerce, 142;
rivalry with Harley, 143;
his Schism Bill, _ib._;
appoints Jacobites to office, 145;
flies to the Pretender, 168;
becomes his Secretary of State, 183;
returns to England, 204;
withdraws again, _ib._
Bologna, University of, i. 282
Bombay ceded to England, vi. 192; vii. 232
Boniface, St., letters of, i. 4
Boniface VIII., Pope, ii. 163, 170, 217, 224
Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 32, 72
Bonner, Bishop of London, iv. 74, 89, 95, 97;
sets up Bibles in St. Paul's, v. 82
Bordeaux,
Parliament of Gascony at, ii. 285;
Richard II. born at, 306;
surrenders to Charles VII., iii. 68, 71
Born, Bertrand de, i. 263
Borodino, battle of, viii. 200
Boroughbridge, battle of, ii. 195
Boroughs,
their developement after Norman Conquest, i. 177;
"farm" of, ii. 152;
representation in Parliament, 73, 121, 152-154;
reluctance to attend, 155;
restriction of franchise in, iii. 99-101;
new, created under the Tudors, iv. 234, 235;
change in character of their representatives, 234, 235;
qualification of members for, 235;
the Five, i. 117, 120.
_See_ Towns
Borough-moot, the, i. 296
Boscawen, Admiral, vii. 266
Boston, outrage of barons on merchants at, ii. 116
Boston (Massachusetts),
its foundation, v. 310, 311;
occupied by British troops, viii. 14;
tea-riots at, 17, 18;
siege of, 22, 23
Bosworth Field, battle of, iii. 172
Bothwell, James Hepburn, Earl of, iv. 226, 229;
plots against Darnley, 242, 243;
contrives his death, 244;
charged with murder, _ib._;
marries Mary, 245;
flies, 246
Boulogne
captured by Henry VIII., iv. 30;
restored to France, 33, 57;
Napoleon's camp at, viii. 170, 171
Bourbon, Cardinal of, iv. 348, 369, 372
Bourbon, Charles, Duke of, iii. 246, 247, 269
Bouvines,
battle of, i. 342;
besieged by Flemings, ii. 234
Bow, the English, ii. 241, 242
Boxley, miraculous rood at, iii. 343
Boyle, Robert, vi. 166
Boyne, battle of the, vii. 71
"Boys," the, vii. 204, 226, 249
Brabant, John III., Duke of, ii. 227, 244
Brabant, John IV., Duke of, iii. 42, 43, 45
Brackley, barons meet at, i. 346
Braddock, General, vii. 245
Bradford on Avon, battle of, i. 87
Bradford, John, iv. 132
Bradshaw, John, vi. 66, 91, 101;
outrage on his corpse, 201
Bradwardine, Thomas, ii. 276
Bramber, Sir Nicholas, ii. 353
Bramham Moor, battle of, iii. 19
Brandywine, battle of, viii. 25
Braose, William de, i. 332
Breauté, Faukes de, ii. 4, 5
Brecknock
stormed by Æthelflæd, i. 118;
Mortimer routed at, ii. 88
Breda,
Declaration of, vi. 152;
Treaty of, 241, 243, 247
Breitenfeld, battle of, v. 275
Bremen, quarrel about, vii. 188, 189
Brentford captured by Prince Rupert, vi. 3
Breslau, treaty of, vii. 223
Brest
held by England, ii. 316;
restored to Britanny, 368
Brétigny, peace of, ii. 266
Brewer or Briwere, William, i. 345; ii. 6
Brézé, Pierre de, iii. 121
Bribery, parliamentary, its beginnings, vi. 285, 300
Brice's day, St., massacre of, i. 141
Bridgeman, Sir Orlando, vi. 184
Bridgewater, John Egerton, first Earl of, v. 305
Bridgewater, Francis Egerton, third Duke of, viii. 55
Brigham, treaty of, ii. 135
Brihtnoth, ealdorman of East-Anglia, i. 139
Brindley, James, viii. 55, 56
Bristol,
its slave-trade, i. 250;
surrender to Henry of Lancaster, iii. 18;
Protestant martyrs at, iv. 96;
trade with Ireland, 282;
surrender to Rupert, vi. 12;
to the Parliament, 41;
prosperity under Walpole, vii. 196
Bristol, George Digby, second Earl of, vi. 221
Britain,
its condition under the Romans, i. 29, 30;
legions withdrawn from, 31;
attacked by Picts, Scots and Saxons, _ib._;
becomes England, 39, 138;
English conquest of, its peculiar character, 39-44;
authorities for, 3
Britain, Great, United Kingdom of, vii. 128
Britanny
submits to William the Conqueror, i. 158;
war of succession in, ii. 233, 248;
coast harried by an English fleet, iii. 16;
relations with France and England, 166, 171, 179, 180
Britanny, Anne of, iii. 179, 180
Britanny, John, Duke of, ii. 315
Britons
defeated by Jutes in Kent, i. 33;
their stubborn resistance, 40-42;
alliance with Penda, 66;
of Cumbria, defeated by Æthelfrith, 60, 61;
by Ecgfrith, 87;
of Strathclyde, their struggle with Æthelfrith, 60;
submit to Eadward the Elder, 119
Broc, Ranulf de, i. 241
Broglie, General, vii. 264
Brooke, Robert Greville, second Lord, v. 320, 354; vi. 7
Brooklyn, battle of, viii. 24
Brothers of the Pen, iii. 154
Brown, Robert, v. 117
Brown, William, martyr under Mary, iv. 95
Browne, Archbishop of Dublin, iii. 341, 342; iv. 62, 63
Browne, William, his _Pastorals_, v. 304
Brownists, v. 117, 308
Bruce, David, ii. 206;
king of Scotland, 210;
driven out, 211, 212;
goes to France, 213;
returns, 214, 229;
prisoner, 243;
released, 263;
dies, 286
Bruce, Edward, ii. 376
Bruce, Robert, claimant of Scotland, ii. 136
Bruce, Robert (Earl of Carrick), ii. 161, 170
Bruce, Robert, grandson of the claimant, ii. 172;
kills Comyn of Badenoch, 173;
crowned, _ib._;
put to flight, 174;
character and adventures, 183, 184;
his successes, 191-194;
disabled by leprosy, 204;
acknowledged as king by England, 206;
dies, 210
Bruges,
negotiations at, ii. 303;
gild of St. John at, iii. 154;
Caxton at, 155
Brunanburh, battle of, i. 120
Brune, General, viii. 140
Brunswick, Charles William, Duke of, viii. 101
Brunswick, Ferdinand, Prince of, vii. 263, 264, 302
_Brut, Chronicle of the_, Caxton's edition of, iii. 157
_Brut y Tywysogion_, i. 7
Brynglas, battle of, iii. 11, 13
Buchan, Isabel, Countess of, ii. 173
Buchan, constable of, iii. 39
Buchanan, George, v. 124
Buckingham, Henry Stafford, Duke of, iii. 163, 164, 166-168
Buckingham, Edward Stafford, Duke of, iii. 242
Buckingham, George Villiers, first Duke of (_see_ Villiers), v. 208;
relations with Bacon, 222, 225;
goes with Charles to Madrid, 232;
returns, 233;
his mastery over James, 235;
policy, 236-238;
relations with Charles I., 244;
failure of his plans, 247;
impeached, 250;
urges the forced loan, 255;
expedition to La Rochelle, 259;
slain, 265
Buckingham, George Villiers, second Duke of, vi. 163, 165;
in Cabal ministry, 245, 253;
negotiations with Lewis, 258;
dismissed, 281;
committed to the Tower, 288
Bulmer, Lady, iii. 325
Bungay, Friar, iii. 97
Bunker's Hill, battle of, viii. 22
Bunyan, John, v. 103, 104; vi. 262-265;
his _Pilgrim's Progress_, 265-267;
refuses the Indulgence, vii. 22
Buonaparte, Jerome, viii. 185
Buonaparte, Joseph, viii. 185, 186, 200
Buonaparte, Louis, viii. 185
Buonaparte, Napoleon, viii. 109, 113;
campaign in Italy, 122, 123, 125;
marches on Vienna, 125;
designs on India, 131;
conquers Malta and Egypt, 132;
campaign in Syria, 141;
victory at Aboukir, _ib._;
First Consul, 142;
victory at Marengo, _ib._;
his policy and aims, 146, 147, 158, 168-170.
_See_ Napoleon
Burdett, Sir Francis, viii. 195
Burford, battle of, i. 96
Burgh, Hubert de, ii. 2-5, 29, 30
Burgh-upon-Sands, Edward I. dies at, ii. 174
"Burghers," i. 315
Burgos, siege of, viii. 200
Burgoyne, General, viii. 25, 26
Burgundy, Philip I., Duke of, ii. 265
Burgundy, Philip II., Duke of, ii. 286; iii. 5, 6, 12, 14
Burgundy, Philip III., Duke of,
alliance with Henry V., iii. 35;
relations with Brabant, 42, 43, 45;
withdraws his troops from siege of Orleans, 46;
sells Jeanne d'Arc to the English, 53;
joins Charles VII., 56, 122;
cedes Picardy to Lewis XI., 122;
mediates between Lewis and Edward, _ib._;
dies, 130
Burgundy, John, Duke of, iii. 16, 17;
relations with England and France, 23, 24, 32;
assassinated, 35
Burgundy, Charles the Bold, Duke of. _See_ Charles
Burgundy, Mary of, iii. 146, 147, 150, 151, 170
"Burh," the old English, i. 294
Burke, Edmund, vii. 332-337;
supports the Declaratory Act, 338;
attacks the Chatham ministry, 341;
his scheme for reform of the constituencies, viii. 10;
his proposals for conciliating America rejected, 20;
his bill of Economical Reform, 64, 76;
refuses office under Shelburne, 65;
attitude towards the French Revolution, 87, 89;
share in the impeachment of Hastings, 90;
_Reflections_, _ib._;
quarrel with Fox, 92, 93;
_Appeal from the new to the old Whigs_, 93;
supports the government against France, 104;
_Letters on a Regicide Peace_, 116;
death, 126
Burleigh, William Cecil, Lord (_see_ Cecil), iv. 352;
protests against expulsion of Puritan clergy, 342;
his tract on _The Execution of Justice_, 5;
his ill-will to Spenser, v. 12;
death, 63
Burley, Sir Simon, ii. 353
Burnet, Gilbert, vi. 169;
bishop of Salisbury, vii. 65;
his _History of his own Time_, vi. 157
Burns, Robert, viii. 46
_Burton, Annals of_, i. 273
Burton, John, v. 329
Burton, Thomas, his _Diary_, v. 37
Busaco, battle of, viii. 190
Bute, John Stuart, third Earl of, vii. 302, 303;
Prime Minister, 306;
policy towards America, 310, 311;
fall, 314
Butler, Joseph, vi. 169
Butler, Samuel, vi. 162
Butler, the king's, origin of his office, i. 132
Buttington, battle of, i. 117
Byng, Admiral, vii. 248
Byron, Commodore, vii. 277
"Cabal," the, vi. 246, 303
Cabinet, the, its origin, vi. 303
Cabot, Sebastian, iii. 189; iv. 283, 330
Cade, John, iii. 64-67
Cadiz,
Drake's expedition to, iv. 355;
English descents on, v. 60, 247;
blockaded by an English fleet, vii. 223
Cadwallon, king of the Britons, i. 66, 67
Cædmon, i. 77, 78
Caen
sacked by Edward III., ii. 235;
stormed by Henry V., iii. 33;
university at, 55
Caermarthen besieged by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 14
Caernarvon, castle built at, ii. 121
Cahors, bankers of, ii. 107, 130
Calabria, John, Duke of, iii. 126
Calais
besieged by Edward III., ii. 243;
surrenders, 244;
the six burgesses, 245-247;
ceded to Edward, 266;
threatened by the French, iii. 69, 70;
Warwick repulsed from, 135;
won by Guise, iv. 108;
restored to France, 158
Calamy, Edmund, v. 354; vi. 157
Calcutta,
its origin, vii. 232;
the Black Hole of, 261
Calvin, John, iv. 119, 123, 126
Calvinism,
system of, iv. 123-126;
its political tendency, 171;
in Scotland, accepted by Parliament, 187;
its establishment sanctioned by Mary Stuart, 245;
its growth in England, v. 86-89.
_See_ Presbyterianism
Calvinists,
German, their position after Peace of Passau, v. 176, 177;
Scotch, suppress Catholicism by force, iv. 218
Cambray
occupied by Philip VI. of France, ii. 219;
besieged by Edward III., 220, 228;
negotiations at, iv. 145;
League of, iii. 206;
treaty of, 234
Cambridge, University of,
its charters burnt by townsfolk, ii. 324;
the New Learning at, iii. 201;
Erasmus at, _ib._, 212, 213;
resistance to benevolences at, 251;
Lutherans at, 262;
forced to approve Henry VIII.'s divorce, 292;
foreign Protestants at, iv. 51;
James II.'s dealings with, vii. 24
Cambridge, Edmund, first Earl of, ii. 287.
_See_ York
Cambridge, Richard, second Earl of, iii. 30, 56, 57
Cambridge, Richard, third Earl of. _See_ York
Camden, Charles Pratt, first Lord, vii. 340; viii. 15
Camden, John Jeffreys Pratt, second Earl, viii. 120.
Camden, William, v. 4;
his _Life of Elizabeth_, iv. 3.
Campeggio, Cardinal, iii. 272, 274, 277
Camperdown, battle of, viii. 127
Campian, Edmund, iv. 318, 320
Campo Formio, treaty of, viii. 125
Camulodunum (Colchester) reduced by East Saxons, i. 35
Canada,
French settlement in, vii. 242;
Montcalm in, 244;
conquered by the English, 269;
ceded to England, 307;
attacked by America, viii. 23, 203, 204;
self-government granted to, 92
Canals, introduction of, viii. 55, 56
Canning, George, viii. 71;
Foreign Secretary, 180;
his dealings with Denmark, _ib._;
Orders in Council, 181;
supports rising in Spain, 186, 187;
quarrel with Castlereagh, 188, 189;
resigns, 189;
presses for Catholic emancipation, 195
Canons
of 1604, v. 156;
Scotch, of 1636, 327
Canterbury, i. 57;
archbishopric founded at, 59;
becomes ecclesiastical centre of England, 83;
sacked by northmen, 142;
Theodore's school at, 92;
historians of, 243;
gild of Thanes at, 299;
Walloon refugees at, iv. 51;
Protestant martyrs in, 96;
Church of Huguenots at, 306
Cape of Good Hope ceded to England, viii. 112
Capel, Arthur, first Lord, vi. 72
Capel, Sir Henry, vi. 301
Capuchins, Order of, founded, iv. 101
Caradoc of Lancarvan, i. 7
Caraffa, Cardinal, iv. 31, 100, 101.
_See_ Paul IV.
Carcassonne sacked by the Black Prince, ii. 260
Cardigan,
Norman conquest of, ii. 48;
royal garrisons driven from, 55
Carew, Sir Peter, iv. 82
Carham, battle at, i. 146
Carisbrook Castle, Charles I. prisoner at, vi. 59
Carlisle
becomes English, i. 87;
granted to see of Lindisfarne, 88;
ceded to David of Scotland, 217;
invested by the Scots, ii. 160;
Mary Stuart at, iv. 261
Carlisle, Merks, deposed Bishop of, iii. 8
Carlisle, Charles Howard, first Earl of, vi. 280
Carlos, Don, son of Philip II. of Spain, iv. 213, 221
Carlowitz, treaty of, vii. 97
Carnot, Lazare, viii. 122
Carolina, Colony of, vi. 259; vii. 236
Caroline of Anspach, wife of George II., vii. 200, 203
Carpenter, General, vii. 183
Carr, Robert. _See_ Rochester, Somerset
Carteret, John, second Lord, vii. 222, 223.
_See_ Granville
Carthagena, Vernon's defeat at, vii. 221
Cartwright, Thomas, iv. 294-296, 342; v. 58, 117
Carucage, i. 350
Casale seized by Lewis XIV., vi. 335
Cashel, synod at, i. 253
Cassel, battles of, ii. 216; vi. 289
Cassano, battle of, viii. 139
Castille, Constance of, second wife of John of Gaunt, ii. 287, 302
Castillon, Talbot defeated at, iii. 71
Castlebar, battle of, viii. 130
Castlemaine, Barbara Palmer, Countess of, vi. 221, 272; vii. 108.
_See_ Cleveland.
Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount,
arranges the union with Ireland, viii. 153;
quarrel with Canning, 188, 189;
Foreign Secretary, 197
Cateau-Cambrésis, treaty of, iv. 155, 158, 159, 171
Catesby, Robert, v. 157, 158.
Catharine of Aragon
marries Arthur Tudor, iii. 186, 187;
betrothed to Henry, 187, 188;
marries him, 207;
opposes the divorce, 269, 270, 276;
banished from the palace, 298;
her marriage annulled by Convocation, 303;
confirmed by Pope and Cardinals, 304
Catharine of Braganza, wife of Charles II., vi. 192
Catharine of France, wife of Henry V., iii. 24, 35, 165
Catharine of Medicis,
queen-regent of France, iv. 188;
her policy towards the Huguenots, 206-208;
treaty with them, 216, 217;
with England, 219;
meeting with Alva, 225;
negotiates with Elizabeth, 297;
unites with the Guises against the Huguenots, 299;
resumes her policy of toleration, 301
Catharine II., Empress of Russia viii. 84, 85, 95
Catholics, English,
their position under Elizabeth, iv. 149, 195, 196;
forbidden to join in Common Prayer, 214;
fined for recusancy, _ib._;
attitude towards Mary Stuart, 220;
their scheme for the succession, _ib._, 221;
plot against Elizabeth, 266, 267;
rise, 268;
defeated, 269;
attitude towards the Bull of Deposition, 270;
persecution of, 308, 309, 319-322;
new plots, 350;
Philip's and Allen's hopes of, 354;
their loyalty, 358, 359;
materials for their history, 5;
James I. gives them relief, v. 150;
begins to persecute them, 156, 157;
their plots, 157-159;
position under Charles II., vi. 185, 186, 220, 291, 293;
excluded from Parliament, 297;
admitted to office, etc., by James II., vii. 14, 15;
included in his Declaration of Indulgence, 22;
position under Walpole, 198;
projects for their emancipation, viii. 179, 195, 196;
Confederate, v. 366; vi. 15, 16;
Irish, Charles I.'s and Wentworth's dealings with, v. 364;
their condition in eighteenth century, viii. 33, 34, 117;
plans for their emancipation, 119, 120, 152-155
Catinat, Marshal, vii. 75
Cavaliers, v. 372
Cavendish, William, Lord,
head of the Country party, vi. 272;
takes office, 300;
opposes the Exclusion Bill, 308;
resigns, 315.
_See_ Devonshire.
Cavendish's _Life of Wolsey_, iii. 83
Caxton, William, iii. 155-162
Ceadda or Chad, St., i. 73
Ceawlin, king of Wessex, i. 56
Cecil, Richard, viii. 47
Cecil, Robert,
his rivalry with Essex, v. 63;
treasurer, 172, 173;
proposes the "great contract," 179;
arranges the marriage of Princess Elizabeth, 210;
dies, 185, 211
Cecil, William, iv. 139-141;
his political standpoint, 141-143, 150;
advises Elizabeth to announce her accession to the Pope, 155;
his share in her Scottish policy, 173, 176, 259;
policy in Ireland, 240;
demands a Protestant alliance and the surrender of Mary, 263;
dealings with Norfolk, 266, 274.
_See_ Burleigh
Cedd, brother of Ceadda, i. 74
Centwine, king of Wessex, i. 89
Cenwealh, king of Wessex, i. 87
Cenwulf, king of Mercia, i. 98, 101
Ceolfrid, founder of Jarrow, i. 91
Ceolred, king of Mercia, i. 90
Ceolwulf, king of Northumbria, i. 91
Ceorl, the English, i. 11
Cerdic, king of the West Saxons, i. 34, 49
Ceylon acquired by England, viii. 112
Chad, St. _See_ Ceadda
Chalgrove Field, fight at, vi. 10
Châlus, Richard I. slain at, i. 267
Champeaux, William of, i. 285
Chancellor, Richard, iv. 282
Chancellor, the, i. 206;
his equitable jurisdiction, 256; ii. 112, 113;
right of appointing, claimed for Great Council, ii. 38;
made responsible to Permanent Council, 61;
his woolsack, 226;
of an university, i. 291, 292
Chancery, Court of, ii. 113
Chandos, Sir John, ii. 249
Chapel, the Royal, clerks of, i. 206
Chapman, George, v. 3, 42
Charford, battle of, i. 34
Charles (I.), son of James I.,
schemes for his marriage, v. 211-214, 227, 230;
goes to Madrid, 231, 232;
returns, 233;
his character, 234;
marriage, 238, 241;
king, 242;
his policy, 243-245;
quarrel with Parliament of 1625, 246, 247;
with Parliament of 1626, 249, 250, 253;
demands a benevolence, 253;
levies a forced loan, 254;
dismisses Crewe, _ib._;
relations with France, 256-258;
with the Parliament of 1628, 260-263;
defends Buckingham, 264;
rejects the Avowal, 269;
dissolves Parliament again, 270, 272;
his plans of personal government, 273;
peace policy, 274, 275;
relations with Gustavus Adolphus, 275, 276;
financial measures, 276-280;
grants a charter to Massachusetts, 311;
position in 1635, 315, 316;
consults the judges about ship-money, 323;
dealings with Scotland, 325-328, 330-334;
gathers an army, 337;
pacification with the Scots, _ib._;
summons Wentworth home, 338;
relations with Richelieu, _ib._, 339;
negotiates with the Scots, 342;
summons Parliament again, 343;
relations with Montrose, 359;
assents to Strafford's attainder, 361;
to perpetuation of the Parliament, 362;
goes to Scotland, 363;
his promises to the Irish, 364;
returns to London, 367;
attempt to seize the five members, 373-375;
withdraws from London, 376;
levies forces by commissions of array, 377;
shut out from Hull, 378;
goes to York, _ib._;
raises his standard at Nottingham, vi. 2;
goes to Shrewsbury, _ib._;
defeated at Edgehill, 3;
goes to Oxford, _ib._;
besieges Gloucester, 13;
negotiations in Ireland, 15, 16;
successes in 1644, 22;
marches on London, 23;
defeated at Newbury, 24;
returns to Oxford, _ib._;
negotiates with the Parliament, 38;
storms Leicester and relieves Chester, _ib._;
routed at Naseby, 40, 41;
treaty with the Irish, 42;
goes to the Scotch camp, 46;
refuses the Parliament's terms, 48;
given up to it by the Scots, 49;
seized by the army, 53;
negotiates with the army, 55-57;
escapes, 58;
recaptured, 59;
negotiates with parliament and the Scots, _ib._, 63;
again seized by the army, 65;
trial, 67;
death, 68;
authorities for his reign, v. 72
Charles II.
recognized by Holland as king of England, vi. 70;
proclaimed in Scotland, 71;
invited to Ireland, _ib._;
his experiences in Scotland, 82;
crowned at Scone, _ib._;
invades England, 83;
defeated at Worcester, 84;
flies to France, _ib._;
issues a declaration from Breda, 152;
returns to England, _ib._;
his scientific tastes, 165;
character, 173-177;
policy, 177-180;
forms an army, 182, 183;
his position in England, 184;
ecclesiastical aims, 185, 186;
foreign relations, 187, 192;
marriage, 192;
first ministry, 193;
dealings with the regicides, 195;
relations with Clarendon, 213-215, 221;
issues a Declaration of Indulgence, 219;
policy in Holland, 228, 229;
refuses to dissolve Parliament, 241, 254;
banishes Clarendon, 243;
his new ministry, 245;
attitude towards toleration, 252, 259;
project for establishing Catholicism, 256;
treaties with Lewis, 257, 258;
issues second Declaration of Indulgence, 262;
withdraws it, 273;
relations with Shaftesbury, 275;
makes peace with the Dutch, 281;
makes another treaty with Lewis, 287;
negotiations with Lewis, 291;
position after peace of Nimeguen, _ib._, 293;
attitude during the Popish plot. 297;
plan for the succession of James, 307;
struggle with Shaftesbury, 311-313, 321;
recalls James, 315;
resists the Exclusion, 321;
dissolves the Parliament, 322;
turns again to France, _ib._, 323;
action in 1681, 323, 324;
persecutes Nonconformists, recalls James, and arrests Monmouth, 335;
his triumph, vii. 1;
policy in his last years, 2;
dealings with the towns, 3;
increases his Guards, 4;
sickness, _ib._;
death, 5;
authorities for his reign, vi. 157, 158
Charles IV., emperor, ii. 236, 348
Charles (V.), son of Philip of Austria, iii. 208;
relations with England and France, 232, 233;
king of Spain, 234;
treaties with Francis I., _ib._;
emperor, 240;
visits England, 241;
betrothed to Mary, 242;
war with Francis, _ib._;
league with Henry VIII. and the Pope, 243;
successes in Italy, 244, 248, 250;
treachery to Henry and Wolsey, 248, 249;
new alliance with Henry, 250;
expels Luther, 254;
marriage, 266;
relations with Lutherans, 275;
proposes alliance with France against Henry, 336;
his religious policy, iv. 18, 19;
proposes a general council, 20;
defeated in Hungary and Algiers, 24;
attacked by Francis, _ib._;
alliance with Henry, 27;
failure of his plans of reunion, 30-32;
treaty with France, 32;
attacks the League of Schmalkald, 36;
victory at Muhlberg, 50;
policy towards Protestants, 51;
persecutes them, 58;
ruin of his plans, 65;
treaty with Lutherans, _ib._;
relations with Mary Tudor, 79, 80;
abdicates, 98
Charles III., king of Spain, vii. 126, 131;
emperor (Charles VI.) 142, 199, 200, 220
Charles VII., emperor, vii. 223, 225
Charles IV., king of France, ii. 197, 198, 208
Charles (V.) of France, duke of Normandy, ii. 264, 265;
king, 281, 282, 285, 288
Charles VI., king of France, iii. 5, 26, 35, 39
Charles (VII.), Dauphin, iii. 26, 39, 46, 48;
crowned, 52;
received in Paris, 56;
Le Mans surrendered to, 62;
regains Normandy, _ib._;
conquers Guienne, 68, 69
Charles VIII., king of France, iii. 170;
annexes Britanny, 179, 180;
treaty with Henry VIII., 180;
invades Italy, 186, 206
Charles IX., king of France, iv. 188, 298, 299, 301
Charles the Bad, king of Navarre, ii. 258, 259
Charles II., king of Spain, vii. 90, 98
Charles IV., king of Spain, viii. 185
Charles XII., king of Sweden, vii. 183, 188, 189
Charles the Bald, king of the West Franks, i. 209.
Charles the Simple, king of the West Franks, i. 155
Charles of Blois. _See_ Blois
Charles the Bold, Count of Charolais, iii. 122, 125, 127, 128;
duke of Burgundy, 130;
league with Edward, _ib._;
marries Margaret of York, 131;
negotiates with the Lancastrians, 140;
helps Edward, 141;
attacks Lewis again, 145;
his German possessions, 146;
alliance with the emperor, _ib._, 147;
with England, 148;
besieges Neuss, _ib._, 149;
slain, 150
Charlestown, capture of, viii. 32
Charmouth, battle of, i. 103
Charter of Henry I., i. 198, 340, 341;
of Stephen, 216;
the Great, 348-352;
provisions for its execution, 353;
annulled by the Pope, 354;
reissued under Henry III., ii. 1, 3;
Langton's care for, 6;
confirmed by Henry, _ib._, 34;
Archbishop Peckham's appeal to, 118;
confirmed by Edward I., 165, 166, 170;
of the Forest, 165, 166, 170
Charter-house, the, in London, ii. 253;
its martyrs, iii. 320; v. 77
Château-Gaillard, i. 265, 266
Châtillon, Coligni, Cardinal of, iv. 207
Chatham, William Pitt, first earl of (_see_ Pitt), vii. 340, 341;
withdraws from public life, viii. 3;
from the ministry, 6;
proposes reform of the House of Commons, 9;
strives to avert war with America, 20, 26;
recalled to office, 29;
death, 30
Chaucer, Geoffrey,
his early life, ii. 358, 359;
early poems, 359-361;
offices, person, temper, 362, 363;
home at Westminster, 366;
_Canterbury Tales_, 361, 363-366;
Caxton's edition of, iii. 157
Chauntries, suppression of, iv. 34, 54
Cheke, Sir John, iv. 134
Cherbourg,
Henry of Lancaster at, ii. 259, 260;
held by England, 316;
surrendered to Navarre, 368;
to Charles VII., iii. 62
Cheshire, royalist rising in, vi. 150
Chester,
march of the West Saxons on, i. 38, 56;
conquered by Æthelfrith, 60, 61;
by William, 169;
raid of Llewelyn ap Gruffydd on, ii. 85;
blockade of, vi. 38
Chester, Ranulf, earl of, i. 345, 347; ii. 5
Chesterfield, defeat of the Disinherited at, ii. 87
Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, fourth earl of, vii. 170, 203,
226, 249
"Chevy Chase," iii. 182
Chichester, Stephen Berksted, Bishop of, ii. 71
Chichester, Adam Moleyns, Bishop of, murdered, iii. 63
Chichester, Sir Arthur, v. 287, 288
Child, Sir Josiah, vi. 169
Chili conquered by Spain, iv. 329
Chillingworth, William, vi. 134-137
Chinon,
Henry II. dies at, i. 258;
Charles VII. and Jeanne d'Arc at, iii. 48
Chippenham, northmen at, i. 106
Chippewa, battle of, viii. 204
Chivalry, influence of, ii. 94
Chotusitz, battle of, vii. 223
"Christian Brethren," iii. 262
Christianity
brought to England, i. 57;
progress in Kent, Essex, and East Anglia, 59;
reaction against, 65;
its struggle with heathenism, _ib._, 66, 70-73
Christina, sister of Eadgar the Ætheling, i. 199
_Chronica Angliæ_, ii. 177
_Chronicle, the English_, i. 3-6, 115, 173, 203, 221, 278
_Chronicle of Queen Jane_, iv. 3
_Chronicon Scotorum_, i. 8
Church, English,
its foundation, i. 57-59;
organized by Theodore, 81-84;
its parish system, 84;
share in resistance to the Danes, 145;
William the Conqueror's dealings with, 187, 188;
the Red King's, 193;
decline of its political influence, 222;
revival during the anarchy, 224;
Henry II.'s dealings with, 235-237, 253;
relation of universities to, 292;
condition in early thirteenth century, ii. 7, 8;
its political teaching, 23;
beginnings of resistance to the Papacy, 27;
Edward I.'s policy towards, 118, 119;
papal demands on its revenues, etc., 222, 223;
under Edward III., relations with the Papacy, 273-275;
its wealth, 294;
despoiled by Pope and King, 296;
threatened in Parliament, 301;
proposals to confiscate its property, iii. 15, 21;
condition during Wars of the Roses, 96, 97;
reform of, demanded by Parliament, 290;
Henry VIII.'s dealings with, 296, 297, 301, 302;
Thomas Cromwell's dealings with, 295, 310-312;
spoliation of, under Henry VIII., iv. 13;
condition at Cromwell's fall, 14, 15;
spoliation under Edward VI., 66;
demands for restoration of its property, 102, 103;
Hooker's influence on, v. 113;
Puritan demands for its reform, 118;
the Long Parliament's dealings with, 352-355;
Oliver Cromwell's dealings with, vi. 111;
settlement after the Restoration, 199, 208-210;
James II.'s dealings with, vii. 18, 19, 24;
effects of the Revolution on, 63-66;
condition under the Georges, 169-172;
revival in, 205-211; viii. 46;
Irish, its missionary zeal, i. 68, 69;
later character, i. 80;
relations with the English Church, 250;
English and Irish divisions, iii. 338, 339;
accepts the King's Supremacy, 339, 340;
rejects religious change, 341;
condition under Elizabeth, iv. 314, 315;
Roman, its revival under Paul IV., iv. 99;
position at the accession of Pius V., 249;
of Scotland, Presbyterian. _See_ Kirk
Churchill, Arabella, vii. 107, 108
Churchill, John, vii. 107-109;
his victory at Sedgemoor, 11, 109;
deserts James II., 42.
_See_ Marlborough.
Cinque Ports
support party of Montfort, ii. 70, 85, 86;
their commerce, iv. 279;
Flemish exiles in, 305, 323;
mariners of, their victory off Dover, ii. 3;
their fights with the French, 141, 142; iii. 7
Cissa, king of the South Saxons, i. 34
Cistercians
settle in England, i. 222;
their wool, 350; ii. 107
Ciudad Rodrigo stormed, viii. 199
Clair-on-Epte, treaty of, i. 155
Clare submits to the English, iii. 329
Clare, Richard, first Earl of, ii. 48
Clare, Richard, sixth Earl of, i. 343
Clare, Richard of (Strongbow), i. 252
Clarence, George, Duke of,
intrigues with Warwick, iii. 133;
marries his daughter, 134;
revolts, _ib._, 135;
relations with Edward and Warwick, 137, 138, 141, 142;
impeachment and death, 163
Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, ii. 264, 293, 302
Clarence, Thomas, Duke of, iii. 24, 26, 36
Clarendon, Assize of, i. 238;
Constitutions of, 235;
Council of, _ib._
Clarendon, Edward Hyde, first Earl of (_see_ Hyde), vi. 193;
Lord Chancellor, _ib._, 205;
his political theory, 205-207;
his foreign policy, 213-215;
relations with Charles II., 221;
advises a dissolution, 241;
banished, 243;
his _History of the Rebellion_, v. 72;
_Life_, vi. 157
Clarendon, Edward Hyde, second Earl of, vii. 20, 76
Clark, John, iii. 262
Clarkson, Thomas, viii. 48
Clement IV., Pope, ii. 18
Clement V., Pope, ii. 172
Clement VI., Pope, ii. 229, 236
Clement VII., Pope, iii. 249;
prisoner, 269;
escapes, 272;
dealings with Henry VIII.'s divorce, 271, 272, 274, 275, 277, 278;
threatens Henry with excommunication, 302;
annuls Cranmer's proceedings, 304;
refuses to hold a Council, iv. 20
Clement VIII., Pope, iv. 372
Clément, Jacques, iv. 368
Clergy, their privileges, i. 234;
attacked by Henry II., 235-237;
papal demands on, ii. 27, 28, 42, 222;
relations with Edward I., 118, 120, 163;
summoned to Parliament, 157;
cease to attend, 158;
strife of regular and secular, 295;
bondage to Pope and king, _ib._, 296;
decay of their moral influence, 296, 297;
excluded from state offices, 302;
attacked by John of Gaunt and Wyclif, 308;
decline of their influence, iii. 96, 97;
Wolsey's struggle with, 246;
Thomas Cromwell's policy towards, 295;
charged with breach of Præmunire, 296;
submission, 297;
their enslavement, 301, 302, 311, 312;
allowed to marry, iv. 49;
their five articles of 1559, 156, 157;
Elizabeth's dealings with, 161, 162;
their position and character in her reign, 302-304;
growth of Puritanism among, 340; v. 89, 90;
required to subscribe all the Articles, 156;
struggle with James II., vii. 18, 19, 24, 30;
condition under the Georges, 171, 172;
character in the eighteenth century, viii. 47;
Puritan, expelled, iv. 342; v. 156;
Laud's dealings with, 295-297;
their final expulsion, vi. 209;
its results, 210-213;
their sufferings, 222, 223
Cleveland, Barbara Palmer, duchess of (_see_ Castlemaine), vi. 175
Cleves, quarrel about, v. 178
_Clericis Laicos_, bull, ii. 163
Clifford, Thomas, eighth Lord, iii. 74
Clifford, John, ninth Lord, iii. 78
Clifford, Sir Thomas (first Lord Clifford of Chudleigh),
commissioner of the Treasury, vi. 245, 261;
Lord Treasurer, 271;
resigns, 274
Clinton, Sir Henry, viii. 32
Clive, Robert, vii. 233;
seizes Arcot, 235;
victory at Plassey, 261, 262
Clonmell stormed by Cromwell, vi. 79
Closter-Seven, Convention of, vii. 249, 262
Clydesdale, persecution of Catholics in, iv. 218
Cnihtenagild at Aldgate, i. 223, 299
Cnut, king of Denmark, i. 143;
of England, 143-147
Cnut II., king of Denmark, i. 189
Coal, discovery of, viii. 56, 57
Coalition ministry, the, viii. 65-69
Cobham, Eleanor, iii. 43, 58, 97
Cobham, Edward Brooke, Lord, iii. 69
Cobham, John Oldcastle, Lord (_see_ Oldcastle), iii. 20, 23, 26, 28
Coinage,
new, under Edward I., ii. 119;
debasement of, under Henry VIII., iv. 35;
under Edward VI., 57, 66;
reform of, under William III., vii. 89
Coggeshall, Ralph of, i. 174
Coke, Sir Edward, v. 202, 248, 263
Colchester (Camulodunum)
reduced by East Saxons, i. 35;
Protestant martyrs of, iv. 144;
siege of, vi. 61;
surrender, 64
Colchester, Thomas Beche, abbot of, hanged, iii. 350
Coleman, Edward, vi. 293, 295, 298
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, viii. 135
Colet, John,
his theology, iii. 191, 192;
lectures at Oxford, 192;
Dean of St. Paul's, 197;
founds school, 200;
address to Convocation, 202, 203;
charged with heresy, 203;
protected by Warham and Henry, 204;
protests against war, 210
Colepepper, Sir John, v. 375, 378
Colgan's _Lives of Irish Saints_, i. 8
Coligni, Admiral, iv. 209, 216, 299
Colman, bishop of Lindisfarne, i. 79, 80
Columba, St., i. 69;
Adamnan's _Life of_, 8
Columban, St., i. 68
Commendation, system of, i. 133, 321
Commerce. _See_ Trade
Commines, Philippe de, his comments on England, iii. 85, 107
Commission, Court of High,
established, iv. 216;
its new powers in 1583, 340;
Laud's use of, v. 295;
its civil jurisdiction abolished, 363;
restored, vii. 18;
dissolved, 39
Committee of Public Safety, vi. 1, 13;
of the Two Kingdoms, 17
Commonalty, scheme for its representation, ii. 61, 73
Commons, the,
summoned to Parliament, ii. 73, 153, 154;
their right to share in all legislative action established, 196,
202;
House of, fully constituted, 203;
petitions against papal encroachments, 225;
its advance under Edward III., 231, 232, 298;
shrinks from meddling with administration, 299;
increasing share in legislation, 301;
resists John of Gaunt's demands, 303;
its action in the Good Parliament, 305;
in Parliament of 1377, 311, 312;
struggle with Richard II., 370;
demands confiscation of Church lands, iii. 15, 21;
changes in its character during Wars of the Roses, 99;
struggle with Wolsey, 245;
petition to Henry, VIII., 290;
first detailed account of its proceedings, iv. 5;
opposes Northumberland's policy, 66;
struggle with Elizabeth, 238, 239;
advance under her, v. 56, 57;
relations with James I., 154, 155, 160-163, 179-182;
action in Parliament of 1621, 221, 222, 224, 225;
in that of 1625, 245-247;
in that of 1626, 250, 253;
draws up the Petition of Right, 260;
action in 1640, 340;
resolves on the trial of Charles I., vi. 66;
abolishes Monarchy, 68;
sets up a Commonwealth, _ib._;
passes the Exclusion Bill, 319;
rejects the Securities Bill, 320;
impeaches Fitzharris, 323;
its sovereignty, vii. 80;
position under William, III., 81;
relations with Marlborough, 123;
the Whigs' management of, 176;
proposals for its reform, viii. 9, 10, 63, 67, 75, 76, 195;
adopts Catholic emancipation, viii. 196.
_See_ Parliament
Commonwealth
established in England, vi. 68, 69;
proclaimed in London, 73
"Commune," the, in towns, i. 318; ii. 69
Companies, trading, v. 161
Compiègne, Jeanne d'Arc taken prisoner at, iii. 53
"Complaint of the Commons of Kent," iii. 65, 66
Comprehension Bill, vii. 63
Compton, Bishop of London, vii. 18, 19, 28, 35
Compurgation, i. 239, 313
Comyn, John, regent of Scotland, ii. 170, 171
Comyn, John, of Badenoch, ii. 173
Condé, Louis I., Prince of, iv. 188, 209, 264, 267
Condé, Louis II., Prince of, vi. 190
Congregation, Lords of the,
their relations with Mary of Guise, iv. 168;
occupy Edinburgh, 169;
relations with Elizabeth, 170-174;
treaty with Francis and Mary, 176;
rise against Mary, 245, 246
Congress,
the first American, vii. 330;
at Philadelphia, viii. 19, 20, 22
Connaught
conquered by the English, iii. 329;
Wentworth's dealings with, v. 364, 365
Connecticut,
first settlement of, v. 319, 320;
refuses to join in war against England, viii. 203
Conquereux, battle of, i. 212
Conservators of the Peace, ii. 123
Consilt, battle of, ii. 54
Constable, Sir Robert, iii. 325
Constable, the king's, origin of his office, i. 132
Constance of Britanny, i. 247, 260
Constantine, king of Scots, i. 119, 120
Constantinople
captured by the Turks, iii. 189;
English exiles at, i. 167
"Constitutional Clubs," viii. 95, 100
Constitutions of Clarendon, i. 235
Contades, General, vii. 264
Continental System, viii. 175, 176;
its results, 177
Contract, the Great, v. 179
Convention
of 1660, vi. 152;
declares itself a Parliament, 194;
of 1689, vii. 44-47;
becomes a Parliament, 60;
the Constituent, vi. 94-98;
the French, viii. 101;
Scottish, of 1659, vi. 150;
of 1689, vii. 51.
_See_ Parliament
Convocation,
provincial, of the clergy, ii. 158;
its legislative power taken away, iii. 301, 307;
of 1413, iii. 20;
of 1512, Colet's address to, 202, 203;
of 1531, 296, 297;
of 1532, 301;
of 1533, 303;
of 1604, its canons, v. 156;
of 1689, vii. 63;
of Perth, ii. 171
Conway,
castle built at, ii. 121;
captured by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 10;
recovered by Percy, 11
Cook, Captain, vii. 278
Cooper, Anthony Ashley, vi. 95;
his early life, 215, 216;
attacks Cromwell's memory, 148;
advises the return of excluded members of the Rump, 151;
Chancellor of the Exchequer, 194.
_See_ Ashley
Cope, Sir John, vii. 228
Copenhagen,
battle of, viii. 163;
bombardment of, 180
Copper, export of, from Cornwall, iv. 279
Copy-holders, i. 323
Corfe, Eadward the Martyr slain at, i. 139
Cormac's _Glossary_, i. 8
Cornwal, John, ii. 357
Cornwall
conquered by Ecgberht, i. 102;
Royalist rising in, vi. 5, 6;
tin-mines in, i. 30; ii. 107;
export of tin from, iv. 279;
of copper, _ib._;
West Welsh of, become vassals of Æthelstan, i. 120
Cornwall, Henry, Earl of, i. 345
Cornwall, Richard, Earl of. _See_ Richard
Cornwallis, Charles, second earl and first marquis,
captures Charlestown, viii. 32;
surrenders at York Town, _ib._;
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 130, 138;
victories in India, 131
Coronation-stone, the Scottish, ii. 162
Coroners, i. 264; ii. 149
Corresponding Society, viii. 106
Cortes, Hernan, iv. 329
Corunna,
Drake's descent on, iv. 355;
siege of, 367, 368;
battle of, viii. 187
Cotentin, the,
conquered by William Longsword, i. 155;
ceded to Robert by Henry I., 201
Cotton, Bartholomew de, i. 274
Cotton, manufacture of, viii. 53, 59, 193
Council
of Agitators, vi. 52;
the Continual, ii. 114, 353; iii. 22, 23;
the Great, i. 256, 351;
changes in its character after Norman Conquest, ii. 144;
its importance under Henry II., 144, 145;
powers over taxation recognised by the Great Charter, 145;
mode of summons to, 146;
its composition under Henry III., _ib._;
claim to appoint ministers, 38;
demands for reform, 45;
its assembly regulated by Provisions of Oxford, 61;
becomes Parliament, 156;
the King's, i. 256;
its later developements, ii. 112;
criminal jurisdiction, iii. 178;
position under the Tudors, v. 186, 187;
set aside by James I., 187;
character after the Restoration, vi. 303;
reorganized by Temple, _ib._, 304;
of Nine, ii. 275;
of the North, v. 285, 363;
of Officers, vi. 49, 52, 64, 65;
its plan for a new Parliament, 74;
forces Richard Cromwell to dissolve Parliament, 149;
Permanent, of Fifteen, ii. 61;
the Privy, i. 256;
of State, under the Commonwealth, vi. 72;
broken up, 91;
new one formed, 94;
new, named by the Convention, 99;
its organization, 100
Councils,
Church, their political results, i. 84, 224;
Occasional, called by Edward III., ii. 292, 299;
Provincial, of 1282, 120
Counties, restriction of franchise in, iii. 101, 102
County court (shire-court),
preserved by William I., i. 185, 186;
towns represented in, ii. 73;
its composition and functions, 149;
principle of representation in, _ib._, 150;
election of knights of the shire in, 151, 152
Country Party, the, vi. 272, 298
Courcy, John de, ii. 374
Courtenay, Bishop of London, ii. 309;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 339-341, 346
Coutras, battle of, iv. 355
Covenant,
the Scottish, iv. 115, 116;
renewed in 1638, v. 333;
taken by the English Parliament, vi. 14, 16, 17;
forced on the army, 50;
taken by the Convention of 1660, 152;
burnt in Westminster Hall, 204
Coventry,
Parliament at, iii. 75;
Mary Stuart imprisoned at, iv. 269
Coventry, Sir William, vi. 245, 272
Coverdale, Miles, iii. 334
Cowell, John, v. 169
Cowley, Abraham, vi. 165
Cowling Castle, headquarters of the Lollards, iii. 20, 27
Cowper, William, Lord Keeper, vii. 125;
chancellor, 175
Cowper, William, poet, viii. 46
Cox, Richard, iv. 119
Crabbe, George, viii. 46
Craft-gilds, i. 316-318
Craggs, Secretary of State, vii. 192
Cranfield, Lord Treasurer, v. 229, 236
Cranmer, Thomas, iii. 272;
supports the king's divorce, 291;
proposes an appeal to the universities, _ib._;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 303;
crowns Anne Boleyn, _ib._;
tenders the oath of allegiance to More, 318, 319;
attitude towards Lutheranism, 336;
opposes persecution, 346;
drifts into Protestantism, iv. 48, 59, 127;
welcomes foreign refugees, 51;
his view of Episcopacy, 60;
remonstrates against Edward's "plan" for the succession, 70;
sent to the Tower, 75;
tried for treason, _ib._;
his political position, 103, 104;
share in the English Liturgy, 103;
convicted of heresy, 104;
death, 105;
Strype's _Life of_, 3
Crécy, battle of, ii. 237-239
Cremona, battle of, vii. 118
Crépy, treaty of, iv. 32, 33
Creton's _History of Richard II._, ii. 179
Crewe, Chief Justice, v. 254
Crompton, Samuel, viii. 60
Cromwell, Henry, vi. 109
Cromwell, Oliver,
his youth, v. 103; vi. 24, 25;
alleged scheme of emigration, v. 320;
share in Association of the Eastern Counties, vi. 8;
at Marston Moor, 19, 22;
quarrel with Manchester at Newbury, 24;
his person, 25;
regiment, 26;
temper, 27;
relations with Dissidents, 33, 36;
his policy, 34;
victory at Naseby, 40, 41;
pleads for religious liberty, 44, 45;
resigns his command, 53;
rejoins the army, _ib._;
negotiates with the king, 57;
opposes the ordinance against heresy, 60;
besieges the royalists in Pembroke, 61, 162;
victory at Preston, 62;
marches into Scotland, _ib._;
charged with treason, 63;
suppresses a revolt of the army, 75;
campaign in Ireland, 76, 77, 79;
returns, 79;
Lord-General, _ib._;
invades Scotland, _ib._;
victory at Dunbar, 80;
occupies Edinburgh, 82;
victory at Worcester, 84;
supports the demand for a new Parliament, 87;
drives out the Rump, 90, 91;
resigns his power to the Convention, 95;
his political and social views, 97, 98;
Protector, 100, 102;
his administration, 103;
quarrel with the Parliament of 1654, 102, 103, 105;
his military despotism, 106-108;
settlement of Scotland, 108, 109;
of Ireland, 109, 110;
of England, 111, 112;
foreign policy, 114-117;
struggle with Parliament of 1655, 119;
the Crown offered to, _ib._, 120;
refuses it, 121, 122;
inaugurated as Protector, 122;
successes abroad, 123, 124;
failure at home, 125;
his theory of the Christian State, 127, 128;
failing health, 143;
his "House of Lords," 144;
dissolves the Parliament, 145;
last illness, 146;
death, 147;
his corpse outraged, 201;
authorities for his history, v. 73
Cromwell, Richard, vi. 147, 149
Cromwell, Thomas,
his early life, iii. 282, 283;
relations with Wolsey, 283-285;
counsel to Henry about the divorce, 285;
his policy, 294, 295;
Lord Privy Seal, 304;
Vicar-General, 306;
dealings with the monasteries, 310, 311;
with the clergy, 311, 312;
his reign of terror, 312-315;
temper, 315, 316;
relations with the nobles, 321, 322;
reform of religion, 333;
Church policy in Ireland, 341, 342;
orders removal of images, 343;
dealings with Parliament, iv. 8, 9;
last struggle, iii. 347-351;
fall and death, 352;
results of his policy, iv. 7-14
Crotoy relieved by Talbot, iii. 56
Crowland, i. 86;
burnt by northmen, 104;
Chronicle of, ii. 179, 180
Croys, the, iii. 122, 125
Crusades,
their effect on learning, i. 282;
of Richard I., 261;
of Edward I., ii. 90;
Henry IV.'s project of, iii. 25;
Henry V.'s, 36, 38
Cuba
conquered by England, vii. 307;
restored to Spain, _ib._
Cudworth, Ralph, vi. 169
Culloden, battle of, vii. 230
Cumberland, William, Duke of, vii. 227, 230, 248, 251
Cumberland, Henry Clifford, first Earl of, iii. 323
Cumberland, Henry Clifford, second Earl of, iv. 162
Cumberland, George Clifford, third Earl of, iv. 353, 358
Cumbria,
British kingdom of, i. 60;
conquered by Ecgfrith, 87;
by Eadmund, 123;
granted to Malcolm, king of Scots, _ib._
Cup-thegn (butler), i. 132
"Customs" of the realm, i. 235
Customs duties,
Edward I.'s, ii. 107, 164, 172, 189;
granted to Edward IV. for life, 89, 152;
new, imposed by James I., v. 172;
granted to Charles I. for a year only, 246
Cuthbert, St., i. 74-76, 87, 88
Cuthwulf, king of the West Saxons, i. 37
Cynric, king of the West Saxons, i. 34, 49
Dacres, William, third Lord, iv. 162
Dacres, Leonard, iv. 269
Dægsastan, battle of, i. 60
Dalaber, Anthony, iii. 262
Dalrymple, John, Master of Stair, vii. 52, 53
Danby, Thomas Osborne, Earl of,
Lord Treasurer, vi. 282;
his policy, 282-286;
duped by Charles, 287;
his bill for the security of the Church, 288;
foreign policy, 289, 290;
impeached, 299;
dismissed, 300;
released from the Tower, vii. 2;
warns William against James II., 28;
signs the invitation to William, 35;
prepares for a rising, 37;
raises Yorkshire, 41;
his policy in the Convention of 1689, 46;
Lord President, 67
Danegeld, i. 186, 207, 216, 350; ii. 104
Danelaw, the, i. 107;
its struggle with Ælfred, 116, 117;
subdued by Eadmund, 120;
rises against Eadred, 123;
final submission, _ib._, 124;
Dunstan's policy towards, 137
Danes. _See_ Northmen
Daniel, poet and historian, v. 4, 35
Darcy, Thomas, Lord (of Aston), iii. 323-325
Darien, colony of, vii. 89
Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord, iv. 220, 221;
marries Mary Stuart, 224;
quarrels with her, 227;
share in Rizzio's murder, 228;
dissolves Parliament, 229;
reconciled to Mary, _ib._;
plots against him, 242, 243;
death, 244
Dartford, peasant revolt at, ii. 319
Dartmouth,
Breton descent on, iii. 16;
Warwick and Clarence land at, 138
Dartmouth, George Legge, first Lord, vii. 77
Daun, General, vii. 263, 302
Davenant, Sir William, v. 303
David I., king of Scots, i. 217; ii. 133;
his Laws, ii. 171
David II., king of Scots. _See_ Bruce
David of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon, ii. 134, 136
David, brother of Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, ii. 119, 121
Davies, Sir John, v. 303
Davison, Secretary of State, iv. 352
Dean, Forest of, iron-mines in, i. 30
Deane, General, vi. 108
Debt, the National, vii. 87
"Defenders," viii. 119
Deira,
kingdom of, i. 36;
conquered by Bernicians, 52, 53;
submits to Oswald, 67;
to Penda, 71.
_See_ Northumbria
Dekker, Thomas, v. 42
Delaware, colony of, vii. 236
Denham, Sir John, vi. 325
Denmark,
its monarchy founded, i. 128;
relations with Sweden and Hanover, vii. 188, 189;
joins leagues against England, viii. 162, 180;
its fleet captured, 180, 181
Deorham, battle of, i. 38, 61
Derby,
one of the Five Boroughs, i. 117;
conquered by Æthelflæd, 118;
Charles Edward at, vii. 228
Derby, Henry Plantagenet I., Earl of, ii. 234, 235, 243
Derby, Henry Plantagenet III., Earl of, ii. 353
Derby, Henry III. of Lancaster, Earl of. _See_ Henry IV. (king).
Derby, Edward Stanley, third Earl of, iv. 267, 269
Derby, William Stanley, ninth Earl of, vii. 23
Derby, Earls of. _See_ Ferrars.
Derbyshire, lead mines in, ii. 107
D'Erlon, General, viii. 208, 209
Dermod, king of Leinster, i. 251, 252
Derry, colonisation of, v. 289
Derwentwater, James Radcliffe, third Earl of, vii. 184
Desmond, Gerald Fitzmaurice (or Fitzgerald), fifteenth Earl of, iv.
315, 316
Desmond, James Fitzgerald, seventeenth Earl of, v. 62
Despenser, Hugh, justiciar, ii. 64, 66, 87
Despenser, Hugh, the elder, ii. 194, 198.
Despenser, Hugh, the younger, ii. 194, 195, 199
Dettingen, battle of, vii. 224
Devon
rises against William. I., i. 168;
against Somerset, iv. 55;
secured by Prince Maurice for Charles I., vi. 13;
rising in, under Monmouth, vii. 9
Devonshire, William Cavendish, fourth Earl of (_see_ Cavendish), vii.
28;
signs the invitation to William III., 35;
prepares for a rising, 37;
heads the rising in the Midlands, 41
Devonshire, Thomas Courtenay, fifth Earl of, iii. 69
Devonshire, Thomas Courtenay, sixth Earl of, ii. 80
Devon, Edward Courtenay, Earl of, iv. 78
D'Ewes, Sir Symonds, iv. 5; v. 72
D'Eyvill, John, ii. 84
Dieppe burnt by the English fleet, i. 333
Digby, Sir Everard, v. 159
Digby, Sir Kenelm, vi. 168
Digges, Sir Dudley, v. 251, 253
Dioceses, English,
origin of their limits, i. 82, 83;
organized by Theodore, 83
Directory, the French, viii. 113
"Disinherited," the, ii. 84, 86-89
"Dissidence," growth of, vi. 30-32
D'Oillis, the, i. 284
Domesday Book, i. 186
Domfront taken by Henry V., iii. 33
Dominic, St., ii. 9
Dominicans (Black Friars) come to England, ii. 11
Domrémy, home of Jeanne d'Arc, iii. 46
Donne, John, v. 303
Dorset, risings in, i. 168; vii. 9
Dorset, John Beaufort, Marquis of (Earl of Somerset), iii. 7
Dorset, Thomas Grey, second Marquis of, iii. 209
Dorset, Thomas Sackville, first Earl of, v. 22
Dorset, Charles Sackville, sixth Earl of, vii. 23
Douay,
English college at, iv. 307;
Oxford refugees at, 317
Douglas, Archibald, fourth Earl of, iii. 13, 14, 39
Douglas, Sir Archibald, Regent of Scotland, ii. 211
Douglas, James, ii. 184, 204, 205, 210
Douglas, house of, their struggle with the Scot kings, iii. 184
Dover,
tumult at, in 1051, i. 152;
resists Lewis of France, 355; ii. 2;
surrenders to Henry III., 83;
treaty of, vi. 257
Dowdall, Archbishop of Armagh, iv. 62
D'Oysel, French ambassador in Scotland, iv. 173
Drake, Francis,
his voyage round the world, iv. 333, 334;
expedition to the Spanish Main, 349;
to Cadiz and Corunna, 355;
in the fleet against the Armada, 361, 362;
expedition to Lisbon, 367
Drama, English,
its beginnings, v. 20-22;
developement under Elizabeth, 22-24;
after the Restoration, vi. 163, 164
Drayton's _Polyolbion_, v. 35
Dreux captured by Henry V., iii. 36;
battle of, iv. 210
Drogheda, massacre at, vi. 76, 77
Dryden, Sir Erasmus, vi. 325
Dryden, John, vi. 165, 324, 325;
founder of the school of critical poets, 326;
his tragedies, 327;
comedies, 328, 329;
_Annus Mirabilis_, 330;
attitude in politics and religion, 331;
_Absalom and Ahitophel_, 332-334;
influence on literature, vii. 154-157
Dublin, sieges of, i. 252; vi. 76
Dublin, John Allen, Archbishop of, murdered, iii. 328
Dubois, the Abbé, vii. 187
Dudley, Lord Guildford, iv. 69, 75, 84
Dudley, Lord Robert, iv. 193.
_See_ Leicester
Dudley, Edmund, iii. 199
Dudo of St. Quentin, i. 6
Dumouriez, General, viii. 101, 107
Duncan, Admiral, viii. 127
Dundas, Henry, viii. 171
Dundee, John Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount, vii. 51, 52
Dunes, battle of the, vi. 124
Dunkirk
ceded to Cromwell, vi. 124;
sold to France, 214;
dismantled, vii. 142
Dunluce, ships of the Armada wrecked off, iv. 363
Dunning, John, Solicitor-General, viii. 15
Dunois, Count of, iii. 49, 50, 62
Dupleix, General, vii. 233-235
Duquesne, Fort, vii. 243, 245, 266
Duns Scotus, ii. 276
_Dunstable, Annals of_, i. 273
Dunstan, St., i. 120-123;
his struggle with Eadwig, 136;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 137;
policy and rule, _ib._, 138;
fall, 139;
_Lives of_, 6
Durham,
historians of, i. 243;
King John at, 340
Durie, John, v. 138
Eadberht, king of Northumbria, i. 96, 97
Eadgar, King, i. 137, 138;
his Law, 144
Eadgar, king of Scots, i. 197
Eadgar, the Ætheling, i. 154, 165, 168, 170, 197
Eadgyth, wife of Eadward the Confessor, i. 150, 165
Eadmer, i. 173, 243
Eadmund, St., king of East Anglia, i. 104
Eadmund (the Magnificent), King, i. 120, 122, 123
Eadmund Ironside, King, i. 143;
his children, 144, 153
Eadred, King, i. 123, 136
Eadric, ealdorman of Mercia, i. 142-144
Eadward the Elder, King, i. 117-119, 305
Eadward the Martyr, King, i. 139
Eadward the Confessor, King, i, 149-153, 158, 160;
his Laws, 150, 199, 340;
_Life of_, 6
Eadwig, King, i. 136, 137
Eadwig, son of Æthelred II., i. 144
Eadwine, king of Northumbria, i. 62-64, 66
Eadwine, earl of Mercia, i. 160, 165, 167, 170
Eadwulf, earl of Northumbria, i. 146
Ealdorman, the,
his office, i. 48, 49;
becomes a delegate of the king, 131;
rises again to independence, 134;
replaced by the earl, 146
Ealdred, Archbishop of York, i. 166
Earl, the, i. 11, 50;
superseded by the thegn, 51
Earldoms,
the four great, i. 146;
abolished, 185
Earls supersede ealdormen, i. 146
East Anglia,
its conquest, i. 36;
Christianity in, 59;
subject to Mercia, 91;
revolts, 102;
conquered by the northmen, 104;
bridled by Eadward the Elder, 117, 118;
earldom of, 146;
Protestant martyrs in, iv. 96
"Easterlings," i. 303
Eastern Counties, Association of the, vi. 8, 13
East India Company, iv. 284; vii. 63, 232
East-Saxons,
their settlement, i. 35;
conversion, 59
Ebbsfleet, i. 31, 32, 58
Ecclesiastical Courts separated from civil Courts, i. 188
Ecgberht, king of Wessex, i. 101-103
Ecgfrith, king of Northumbria, i. 86-89
Ecgwine, Bishop of Worcester, i. 86
Eddi's _Life of Wilfrid_, i. 4
Edgecote, battle of, iii. 134
Edgehill, battle of, vi. 3
Edinburgh
founded, i. 63;
seat of the Scot kings, 147;
won by Bruce, ii. 191;
burnt by the English, iv. 28;
castle of, besieged by Henry IV., iii. 9;
treaty of, iv. 176;
riot at, against the new Liturgy, v. 328;
the Covenant signed at, 333;
rises against James VII., vii. 50;
"James the Eighth" proclaimed at, 228
_Edinburgh Review_, the, viii. 195
Edington, battle of, i. 107
Edith. _See_ Matilda
Edmund Rich, St., i. 287-289;
Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 33;
obtains dismissal of Peter des Roches, _ib._;
dealings with Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, 58;
retires to Pontigny, 42
Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster, son of Henry III., ii. 59, 82,
87, 187, 188
Edmund, Earl of Woodstock, ii. 293
Edward (I.), son of Henry III.,
defeated by the Welsh, ii. 59;
joins Earl Simon, 64, 65;
rejoins Henry, 65;
marches against Llewelyn, 67;
surrenders Windsor, _ib._;
attempts to surprise London, 70;
share in battle of Lewes, _ib._;
prisoner, 71;
escapes, 75;
seizes Gloucester, 76;
defeats the younger Simon, _ib._;
meets Simon at Evesham, 77;
attitude after the battle, 81;
marches against Axholme, 85;
negotiations for peace, _ib._;
captures Adam Gurdon, 87;
effects off his influence, 89;
goes on Crusade, 90;
King, _ib._;
his motto, 41;
his temper, 91-93;
influence of chivalry on, 94, 95;
spirit of legality, 96;
moral temper, 97;
military skill, _ib._, 98;
political genius, 98, 99;
constitutional aspect of his reign, 100, 101;
first measures, 102, 103;
progress of art and trade in his reign, 105-107;
brings Llewelyn to submission, 108, 109;
judicial reforms, 109-113;
policy towards the barons, 116, 117;
towards the Church, 118, 119;
conquest of Wales, 119-121;
legislation, 122-124;
visit to Aquitaine, 123;
expels the Jews, 131;
relations with Scotland, 135-140;
quarrel with France, 141, 142;
summons Scotch barons to war in Guienne, 143;
admits burgesses to Parliament, 154;
his scheme for representation of clergy in Parliament, 157;
storms Berwick, 160, 161;
Scotland submits to, 161, 162;
struggle with the clergy, 163;
exactions from merchants, 164;
quarrel with barons, 164, 165;
goes to Flanders, 165;
confirms the Charters, _ib._, 166, 170;
truce with France, 168;
victory at Falkirk, 169;
treaty with France, 170;
second conquest of Scotland, 171;
his "New Custom," 172;
absolved by the Pope from his oath to observe the Charters, _ib._;
his vow on the swan, 173, 174;
death, 174
Edward (II.), son of Edward I., ii. 173, 174;
character and policy, 184-186;
marriage, 186;
relations with Gaveston and the barons, 186-188;
struggle with the Ordainers, 188-191;
marches on Scotland, 191;
defeated at Bannockburn, 192, 193;
accepts the Ordinances, 194;
campaign of 1319, _ib._;
relations with the Despensers, 194, 195;
truce with Scotland, 196;
relations with France, 197, 198;
flies to Lundy Island, 198;
deposed, 199, 200;
murdered, 200;
authorities for his reign, 177
Edward (III.) of Windsor, son of Edward II., ii. 198;
proclaimed king, 199;
arrests Mortimer, 207;
relations with France, 208, 209;
acknowledged as suzerain by Edward Balliol, 211;
takes Berwick, _ib._;
receives Balliol's homage, 212;
declares war on France, 213;
number of his forces, 216;
continental alliances, 216-219;
Vicar-General of the Empire, 219;
negotiations with France, _ib._;
besieges Cambray, 220;
complains of papal exactions, 225;
alliance with Flemish towns, 226, 227;
besieges Tournay, 228;
losses in Scotland, 229, 230;
relations with Parliament, 230-233, 292, 299;
supports John of Montfort in Britanny, 233;
invades Normandy, 235;
marches on Paris, _ib._;
victory at Crécy, 237-239;
causes of his military success, 242, 243;
besieges Calais, 243;
his treatment of the six burgesses, 245-247;
the imperial crown offered to, 248;
his character, 249-251;
founds the Order of the Garter, 252;
rebuilds Windsor Castle, _ib._
alliance with Charles of Navarre, 258;
with David Bruce, 263, 264;
ravages France, 265;
treaty with Burgundy, _ib._;
with the Regent of France, 266;
forbids entry of Papal bulls, 273;
policy in Spain, 287;
truce with Charles V., 288;
his evil rule, 290, 291;
compromise with the Pope, 296;
death, 311
Edward (IV.), Earl of March, iii. 75;
victory at Mortimer's Cross, 78;
King, 80;
his finance, 89, 152;
protection of trade, 106;
his temper, 112, 116-118;
relations with Lewis XI., 120, 121, 123, 124;
marriage, 124;
double-dealing with Lewis and Charles the Bold, 129, 130;
league with Charles, 130;
relations with Warwick, 131-135;
driven out, 139;
returns, 141;
victory at Barnet, 142;
marches against Margaret, 143;
defeats her at Tewkesbury, 144, 145;
new alliance with Charles against Lewis, 148;
invades France, 149;
makes peace with Lewis, 150;
his rule, 151-153;
death, 163
Edward V., King, iii. 163, 167;
More's _Life of_, 83, 218
Edward (VI.), son of Henry VIII.,
born, iii. 326;
scheme for his marriage, iv. 26;
his temper, 67;
"plan" for the succession, 69, 70;
death, 70;
_Journal_, 3;
Hayward's _Life of_, _ib._;
his Grammar Schools, 62
Edward (the Black Prince)
proposed as Count of Flanders, ii. 233;
exploits at Crécy, 237, 238;
ravages Guienne, 259, 260;
campaign on the Loire, 260;
victory at Poitiers, 261-263;
invested with Aquitaine, 281;
supports Pedro the Cruel, 283;
victory at Navarete, 284;
imposes hearth-tax on Aquitaine, _ib._;
summoned by France to answer the Gascon appeal, 285;
storms Limoges, 286;
marriage, 293;
sickness, 286, 302;
action in the Good Parliament, 305;
death, 306
Edward, son of Henry VI., iii. 71, 137, 140, 145
Egypt
conquered by Buonaparte, viii. 132;
the French driven from, 165, 166
_Eikon Basilike_, vi. 72
Elba, Napoleon at, viii. 205
Eleanor of Castille, wife of Edward I., ii. 93
Eleanor of Poitou, wife of Henry II., i. 226;
her claims on Toulouse, 233;
turns against Henry, 254;
imprisoned, 255;
joins Richard in Sicily, 260;
secures Aquitaine for John, 268;
besieged at Mirebeau, _ib._;
dies, 270
Eleanor of Provence, wife of Henry III., ii. 32, 69, 72, 74
Eleanor, daughter of King John, ii. 36
Eliot, John, v. 195, 248, 249;
attacks Buckingham, 249-252;
sent to the Tower, 253;
released, _ib._;
proposes a Remonstrance, 262;
share in the Avowal, 268;
death, 273
Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII., iv. 46;
her classical scholarship, iii. 212;
Thomas Seymour's attempt to marry her, iv. 56;
sent to the Tower, 85, 136;
Parliament refuses to oust her from the succession, 89;
her person, 134;
scholarship, _ib._, 135;
relations with Mary, 136;
Philip's policy towards, 137, 138;
set free, 138;
accession, 146;
religious policy, 148-150, 152, 153;
coronation, 153;
refuses to marry Philip, 154;
relations with Paul IV., 155, 156;
her title acknowledged by Parliament, 156;
restores the Prayer-Book, 158, 159;
drops the title "Head of the Church," 160;
dealings with the clergy, 161, 162;
relations with Parker, 165, 166;
with the Scotch Lords of the Congregation, 170, 172-175;
treaty with Mary and Francis, 176;
character, 177-181;
statesmanship, 182-186;
supports the Huguenots, 189;
temporises with Pius IV., 192;
refuses to send envoys to Trent, 193, 194;
schemes for her marriage, 193, 195, 199;
refuses a safe-conduct to Mary Stuart, 200;
difficulties with Mary, 202-204;
treaty with the Huguenots, 209, 210;
with France, 219;
her changes in the system of the monarchy, 232;
policy in Ireland, 240;
drift of her religious policy, 247, 248;
difficulties with Mary and Alva, 257, 258;
demands Mary's release, 259;
refuses to recognize Murray's government, _ib._;
renews marriage negotiations with Austria, 260;
negotiates for Mary's restoration, 262;
her temporizing policy, 264;
bull of deposition against her, 265, 270;
her relations with England, 274, 275, 287-289;
checks the "liberty of prophesying," 290;
relations with Parliament, 292, 293; v. 56-58;
resists Puritan pressure, iv. 293, 294;
scheme for her marriage with Henry of Anjou, 297;
expels the "water-beggars," 298;
attitude towards the Netherlands, 300;
persecutes the Catholics, 308, 309;
alliance with the Netherlands, 311;
scheme for her marriage with Francis of Anjou, 313, 316, 337, 338;
dealings with the Catholics, 319, 320;
relations with Drake, 334;
confers new powers on the Ecclesiastical Commission, 340;
refuses Protectorate of the Netherlands, 349;
sends them aid, _ib._;
alliance with James VI., 350;
plots against her, _ib._;
signs the death-warrant of Mary Stuart, 352;
her victory over party disunion, 364, 365;
sends an expedition to Portugal, 367;
help to Henry IV., 371;
league with France and the Netherlands, v. 60;
her loneliness, 63;
waning popularity, 64, 65;
last days, 65, 66;
death, 67;
materials for her history, iv. 3-5
Elizabeth, Czarina of Russia, vii. 246, 306
Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., iii. 133, 167, 168, 170, 171;
marries Henry VII., 175
Elizabeth, daughter of James I., v. 210
Elizabeth Woodville. _See_ Woodville
Elizabeth of France, wife of Philip II. of Spain, iv. 372
Ellandun, battle of, i. 102
Elliott, General, viii. 31, 41
Elmet conquered by Eadwine, i. 63
Elmham's _Life of Henry V._, ii. 179
Ely
burnt by northmen, i. 104;
Cnut at, 145;
the Ætheling Ælfred blinded at, 148;
surrenders to William, 170;
seized by the Disinherited, ii. 88
Emma of Normandy, wife of Æthelred II., i. 141, 156
"Emperor's men," the, i. 303
Empson, Sir Richard, iii. 199
Engla-land, i. 138
England, Old, i. 9
England,
character of its settlement, i. 44-48;
work of the northmen in, 129;
first use of the name, 138;
its peace under Cnut, 146;
prosperity under Eadward and Harold, 153;
effects of foreign rule on, 176-178, 278;
fusion of Normans and English in, 200, 281;
invaded by Robert of Normandy, 200, 201;
civil war in, 219, 220;
anarchy in, 220, 221;
revival of national feeling in, 280, 281;
Norman immigration to, 302;
effects of loss of Normandy on, 325, 326;
under Interdict, 330, 331;
Friars arrive in, ii. 11;
Provençals and Poitevins in, under Henry III. 32, 33;
early finance, 103;
relations with the Papacy, 26-28, 218, 219, 221-223, 225, 273-275,
303;
social changes after the Black Death, 254, 255;
social strife in, 266-268, 289, 316, 317;
sufferings under Edward III., 290, 291;
constitutional, its beginnings, 100;
its freedom established, iii. 85;
moral and intellectual decay during Wars of the Roses, 97, 98, 115;
social condition in fifteenth century, 104-107;
agricultural changes in, 107, 108;
evictions and enclosures in, 109, 110;
definition of its foreign policy, 128;
intellectual progress under Edward IV., 153, 154;
the New Learning in, 191-196, 201;
relations with the Papacy under Henry VIII., 288, 289, 299, 300,
302;
rejects Papal jurisdiction, 305;
foreign Protestants in, iv. 51, 58, 59, 305;
condition under Somerset, 54, 55;
religious disorder in, 61;
condition under Northumberland, 66;
religious changes in, under Mary, 75;
submits to Rome, 88, 89;
effects of the Reformation on, 121, 122;
attitude in Mary's later years, 134, 138, 139;
condition at her death, 146, 147;
religious chaos under Elizabeth, 162-165;
becomes Protestant, 166, 167, 247, 248;
its importance to the Papacy, 253, 254;
parties in, 263;
social condition under Elizabeth, 274-277, 283-287;
religious condition, 289-291, 302-305;
volunteers from, in the Netherlands, 324;
unites against the Armada, 358;
effect on, of the fight with Spain, 364;
its maritime warfare with Spain, 370, 371;
intellectual developement under Elizabeth, v. 1-11;
condition at her death, 75, 76;
growth of wealth and social advance, 77;
rise of the squires, 78;
growth of national spirit in, _ib._, 79;
growth of the religious spirit in, 81;
foreign rule of the Stuarts in, 148, 149;
James I.'s proposal for its union with Scotland, 154;
change in its attitude towards the crown, 171, 172, 183, 184;
condition under Charles I., 280-282, 315, 316;
declared a Commonwealth, vi. 68, 69;
scheme of union with Holland, 81;
with Scotland, 85;
with Ireland, 86;
war with Holland, _ib._, 88;
condition under Cromwell and the major-generals, 106-108;
progress of the Puritan ideal in, 125-128;
scientific movement in, 131-133;
Latitudinarians in, 133-137;
modern, its beginnings, 160-161;
intellectual progress after the Restoration, 163-171;
union with Scotland and Ireland dissolved, 180;
Restoration settlement of, 196-198;
quarrel with the Dutch, 223, 224;
war with Holland, 225-226, 238, 239, 261;
attitude towards Lewis XIV., 228;
its diplomacy under Charles II., 247, 248;
declares war against Lewis XIV., vii. 49;
alliance with Holland, 102, 104, 105;
Union with Scotland, 127, 128;
its European position after the Revolution, 147, 148;
its European policy, 149-151;
its intellectual influence, 151-153;
character of political controversy in, 161;
strength and weakness of public opinion in, 162-164;
social condition under the Georges, 170, 171;
alliance with France and Holland, 187;
condition under Walpole, 195-198;
alliance with France and Prussia, 199;
quarrel with Spain for trade in America, 216, 217;
declares war, 218;
intercourse with India, 232;
relations with America, 240, 241, 243, 244;
treaty with Frederick II., 247, 248;
war with France, 248, 249, 264;
becomes a world-power, 274-277;
annexations in the Pacific, 278, 279;
its empire, 279;
relations with America after the Seven Years' War, 280-283;
results of the Revolution in, 286, 287;
intellectual advance in the eighteenth century, 292, 293;
war with Spain, 306;
conquests in the West Indies, 307;
its gains by the treaty of Paris, _ib._;
English and American theories of its relation to America, 321-325;
growing influence of public opinion in, viii. 1, 2, 10, 11;
war with America, 22-26, 32, 41;
relations with Ireland, 33;
position after the American war, 45;
religious movement in, 46, 47;
industrial progress, 53-60;
growing influence of the trading class in, 61;
its condition as compared to the rest of Europe, 80;
alliance with Prussia and Holland, 85;
attitude towards the French Revolution, 87, 88, 93-95;
panic in, 103-106;
war with France, 108, 109;
its colonial acquisitions in 1795, 112;
condition during the French war, 114;
its dogged temper, 115, 116;
effects of the war on its industry and trade, 157, 158;
League of Neutrals against her, 159, 160;
declares war against Buonaparte, 170;
effects of the Continental System on its industry and trade, 177;
condition during the French war, 192-195;
war with America, 198, 203-205;
last strife with Napoleon, 207-211.
_See_ English People
Engle, the,
their early home, i. 9, 10;
settle in East Anglia and the north, 36;
conquer Bernicia, 52.
_See_ English, Mercians, South-Engle
English people,
their life in Old England, i. 10-22;
religion, 22-24;
temper, 24-26;
love of the sea, 27;
character of their conquests, 39-44;
of their settlement, 44-48;
changes in organization after the conquest, 48-52;
tendencies towards unity, 53-55, 61, 83, 130;
union under Ecgberht, 103;
fusion of northmen with, 126, 127;
effects of struggle with the northmen on, 129, 130;
tendencies towards disintegration, 133, 134;
effects of foreign rule on, 176-178;
fusion of Normans with, 200, 281;
support William Rufus, 191, 192;
support Henry I., 201, 202;
revival of national feeling, 280, 281;
attitude under George III., vii. 312-314;
new life in America, viii. 43, 44.
_See_ England
Episcopacy
abolished in Scotland, v. 140;
restored, 143, 166, 167;
again abolished, 335;
proposal to abolish it in England, 354
Erasmus, Desiderius, iii. 193, 194;
his relations with Warham, 196, 212;
teaches Greek at Cambridge, 201;
protests against war, 211;
his _Praise of Folly_, 199, 219;
edition of St. Jerome, 212, 213;
of the New Testament, 213, 215;
his theology, 214;
defends the New Learning against Luther, 256
Eric, king of Sweden, i. 128
Essayists, the English, vii. 158-160
Essex
settled by the East Saxons, i. 35;
submits to Wulfhere, 85;
peasant revolt in, ii. 321;
Protestantism in, under Mary, iv. 144;
royalist rising in, vi. 59
Essex, Arthur Capel, first earl of,
commissioner of the Treasury, vi. 301;
supports Shaftesbury and the Exclusion, 315, 319;
plots with Monmouth, etc., 336;
death, 337
Essex, Robert Devereux, second earl of, v. 43, 62, 63
Essex, Robert Devereux, third earl of,
marries Frances Howard, v. 190;
divorced, 191;
resists a forced loan, 255;
captain-general of the Parliamentary army, vi. 1;
movements in 1642, 2, 3;
captures Reading, 5;
his inactivity, 6, 8-10;
retires to Uxbridge, 12;
relieves Gloucester, 13, 14;
movements in 1644, 19, 22, 23;
retires, 35
Essex, Earls of. _See_ Fitz-Peter, Mandeville
Essex, Frances, Countess of. _See_ Howard
Estates of the realm, various groupings of, in Parliament, ii. 202,
203
Etherege, Sir George, vi. 157
Eugene of Savoy, Prince, vii. 118, 120, 121, 131, 134
Euphuism, v. 5
Eustace, Count of Boulogne, i. 152, 167
Eustace, son of King Stephen, i. 226, 227
Eustace the Monk, ii. 2
Eva, daughter of Dermod of Leinster, i. 252
Evelyn's _Diary_, vi. 157
Evesham
founded, i. 86;
battle of, ii. 77, 78
Evreux, Charles of, ii. 315
Exchange, the Royal, founded, iv. 280
Exchequer, Court of, i. 206; ii. 109;
Richard Fitz-Neal's _Dialogue_ on, i. 174, 244;
closed, vi. 261
Excise,
Walpole's scheme of, vii. 195, 201, 202;
revived by Pitt, viii. 77
Exeter,
northmen at, i. 106;
Welsh driven from, 120;
subdued by William I., 167, 168;
tailors' gild at, 318;
William of Orange received at, vii. 40
Exeter, Henry Holland, duke of, iii. 140, 142
Exeter, John Holland, duke of (Earl of Huntingdon), iii. 7, 8
Exeter, Edward Courtenay, marquis of, iii. 322, 348, 350
Exton, Sir Piers, iii. 8
Exclusion Bill, the, vi. 307, 308, 319, 320
Eylau, battle of, viii. 175
Fabyan's _Chronicle_, ii. 179
Fairfax, Edward, his version of Tasso, v. 2
Fairfax, Ferdinando, second Lord, vi. 4
Fairfax, Sir Thomas,
his victory at Nantwich, vi. 18;
commander-in-chief of the New Model army, 35, 36;
victory at Naseby, 40, 41;
in the west, 41;
marches on Oxford, 46;
suppresses royalist rising in Kent, 61;
Colchester surrenders to, 64;
marches on London, 65;
suppresses mutiny, 75;
superseded by Cromwell, 79;
joins Monk, 151
Falaise,
birthplace of William the Conqueror, i. 157;
treaty of, ii. 140;
reduced by Henry V., iii. 33
Falconberg, William Neville, Lord, iii. 113
Falkirk, battles of, ii. 168, 169; vii. 229
Falkland, Lucius Cary, second viscount,
his plans of Church reform, v. 354;
abandons Strafford's impeachment, 356;
his political position, 368;
becomes Charles's minister, 375;
joins Charles at York, 378;
death, vi. 14;
influence on religious thought, 133
Family Compact, the, vii. 215
"Farm" of a borough, ii. 152
Farmer, Anthony, vii. 25
Farmers, rise of, ii. 240
Farne, islet of, i. 71
Fastolfe, Sir John, iii. 46, 162
Fawkes, Guido, v. 158, 159
Feckenham, Abbot of Westminster, iv. 106
Felton, John, v. 264, 265
Ferdinand (I.), Archduke of Austria, iii. 208, 243; iv. 19;
Emperor, 98; v. 174, 175
Ferdinand (II.), Archduke of Austria, v. 213;
king of Bohemia, 216;
Emperor, 217
Ferdinand V., king of Aragon, iii. 186, 187, 207;
forms the Holy League, 209;
seizes Navarre, _ib._;
dies, 234
Ferdinand VII., king of Spain, viii. 185
Ferrar, Bishop of St. David's, iv. 91
Ferrars, Robert, fourth earl of Derby, i. 254
Ferrars, Robert, eighth earl of Derby, ii. 87
Feudalism,
tendency to, in England after Danish wars, i. 133, 135, 136;
the Conqueror's dealings with, 181-185;
antagonism of the universities to, 289-291;
revives under Henry III., ii. 4, 5;
its military basis, 239;
ruin, iii. 92-94
Fielding, Henry, vii. 297
Fifth-monarchy men, vi. 182
Filmer, Sir Robert, vi. 171
Finance,
early English, ii. 103;
William I.'s system of, i. 186
Finch, Sir John,
Chief-Justice, v. 331;
Lord Keeper, 351
First of June, battle of the, viii. 111
Fisher, John, Bishop of Rochester, iii. 201;
his reply to Luther, 257:
quarrel with the Commons, 290;
sent to the Tower, 319;
beheaded, 321
Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, viii. 121, 128
Fitzgerald, Lord Thomas, iii. 328
Fitz-Hamo, Robert, ii. 48
Fitzharris, Edward, vi. 323
Fitz-Maurices, the, Earls of Desmond, ii. 377
Fitz-Maurice, James, iv. 315
Fitz-Neal, Richard, bishop of London and treasurer, i. 174, 223;
his _Dialogue on the Exchequer_, 174, 244
Fitz-Osbern, Roger, i. 189
Fitz-Osbern, William, i. 167, 168, 183
Fitz-Peter, Geoffry, Earl of Essex and justiciar, i. 267, 338, 339,
341
Fitz-Ralf, Richard, Chancellor of Oxford, ii. 295
Fitz-Stephen, Robert, i. 252
Fitz-Urse, Reginald, i. 241
Fitz-Walter, Robert,
captain of the Londoners, i. 305;
conspires against John, 335;
leader of the barons, 343;
"Marshal of the Army of God and Holy Church," 346;
counsels alliance with France, 355;
besieges Lincoln, ii. 2
Fitz-Warenne or Fitz-Warin, Fulk (the third), i. 343; ii. 42
Fitz-Warenne, Fulk (the fifth), ii. 116
Fitzwilliam, William, fourth Earl, viii. 104, 120
Five Boroughs, the, i. 117, 120
"Five members," the, v. 373-376
Flambard, Ranulf, i. 192, 199.
Flamsteed, John, vi. 166
Flanders,
its wool trade with England, ii. 107, 226;
interdict in, 219, 224;
alliance with Edward III., 226, 227;
civil strife in, 233;
joins Edward again, 244;
struggle with France, 349;
English gild of Merchant Adventurers in, iii. 155;
decay of its trade, iv. 281;
refugees from, in England, 305, 323;
attacked by France, vi. 124
Flanders, Lewis le Mâle, Count of, ii. 244, 286
Flanders, Margaret of, ii. 286
Fleet, English,
created by Ælfred, i. 116;
successes under John, 333, 337;
under Hubert de Burgh, ii. 2, 3;
repulsed from Abermenai, 54;
reduces Anglesea, 109;
victory at Sluys, 228;
defeated by Spaniards, 313;
harries the coast of Britanny, iii. 16;
Henry VIII.'s, iv. 28, 29;
Elizabeth's, 360;
its fight with the Armada, 361, 362;
declares for Charles I., vi. 59;
re-created by Vane, 78;
increased under William III., vii. 105, 107;
blockades Cadiz and threatens Naples, 223;
its share in the war with France, viii. 111, 127, 133;
blockades Malta, 162, 165;
attacks Copenhagen, 163, 180
Fleetwood, General, vi. 121, 145, 150
Flemings
in Pembrokeshire, ii. 48, 55;
settle in England under Edward III., 226;
besiege Bouvines, 234;
attack France, 244
Fletcher, Giles, v. 304
Fletcher, Phineas, v. 304
Fleurus, battles of, vii. 75; viii. 109
Flint,
Richard II. taken prisoner at, ii. 381;
castle captured by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 11
Flodden, battle of, iii. 210
Flood, Henry, viii. 37
Florence,
revival of letters at, iii. 189;
commercial treaty with, iv. 282
Florence of Worcester, i. 6, 173, 280
Florida,
Huguenot colony in, iv. 330;
ceded to England, vii. 307;
to Spain, viii. 41
Flushing pledged to Elizabeth, iv. 349
Foliot, Gilbert, his letters, i. 173
Folk, the, i. 19
"Folk-land," i. 47
Folk-moot, the, i. 19, 20.
Fontenoy, battle of, vii. 227
Ford, John, v. 303
Forests,
Assize of the, i. 267;
Charter of the, ii. 165, 166, 170;
Law of the, 34;
commission of, under Charles I., v. 277;
New, disafforested by Great Charter, i. 352
Forster, Thomas, vii. 184
Fort St. George (Madras), vii. 232
Fort William (Calcutta), vii. 232
Fort William (Inverness-shire), vii. 52
Fortescue, Sir Faithful, vi. 3
Fortescue, Sir John, iii. 86
Fotheringay, Mary Stuart beheaded at, iv. 352
Fougères sacked by the English, iii. 62
Fourmigny, battle of, iii. 62
_Four Masters, Annals of the_, i. 7
Fox, Edward, Bishop of Hereford, iii. 336
Fox, Richard, Bishop of Winchester, iii. 202, 216, 230, 285
Fox, Charles James,
leader of the Whigs, viii. 63, 64;
his jealousy of Shelburne, 65;
his India Bill, 67, 68;
his joy at the capture of the Bastille, 84;
supports the Prince's claim to the Regency, _ib._;
his Libel Act, 92;
supports Pitt in giving self-government to Canada, 92;
Burke's quarrel with him, _ib._;
returns to office, 174;
death, 178
Foxe's _Book of Martyrs_, iv. 3
France,
war of William the Conqueror with, i. 190;
invaded by Otto of Germany, 338;
regency offered to Simon of Montfort, ii. 40;
relations with Scotland, 141, 170, 171, 197, 213;
treaty with Edward I., 170;
claim of Edward III. to the throne, 208;
Edward III. declares war with, 213;
greatness at opening of Hundred Years' War, 215, 216;
relations with the papacy, 217, 224;
condition after battle of Poitiers, 264;
ravaged by Edward III., 265;
Edward III. renounces his claims on, 266;
renewal of war with, 285;
invaded by John of Gaunt, 287;
relations with Scotland and Flanders, 349;
truces with Richard II., 354, 368;
relations with Henry IV., iii. 6;
with the Percies, 12, 14;
with Owen Glyndwr, 15, 18;
civil war in, 16;
relations with the Council of Henry IV., 23, 24;
truce with, 26;
Henry V.'s claims on, 28, 29;
treaty with him, 35, 36;
political position at close of Hundred Years' War, 119;
relations with Maximilian and England, 170, 171;
growth of its power, 205, 206;
attacked by English, Germans, and Spaniards, 247;
Mary Tudor's war with, iv. 108;
relations with Scotland under Mary of Guise, 169-173;
growth of the Huguenots in, 174, 206-208;
Huguenot rising in, 209;
massacre of Protestants in, 299;
parties in, on death of Henry III., 369;
re-united under Henry IV., 373;
league with England and the Netherlands, v. 60;
alliance with Holland, 316;
growth of its power, vi. 113, 114;
treaty with Cromwell, 117;
its growing prosperity, 187-189;
alliance with England and Holland, vii. 187;
alliance with England and Prussia, 199;
position after Treaty of Utrecht, 212;
union with Spain, 213, 214;
supports her against England, 219;
alliance with Prussia, 221;
claims on America and India, 232;
war with England, 248, 249, 264, 265;
withdraws from India and America, 307;
policy in American war, viii. 28;
league with America and Spain, 30;
Pitt's treaty of commerce with, 79;
condition in the eighteenth century, 81, 82;
volunteers from, in Washington's army, 83;
revolution in, _ib._, 86, 95, 96, 101;
attitude towards England, 97-100;
attacked by the Coalition, 101;
royalty abolished in, _ib._;
attacks Holland, 102;
declares war on England, 103;
reverses in 1793, 107;
successes, 109, 110;
Directory in, 113;
dealings with Ireland, 121, 123-125;
attacks Austria and Italy, 122;
conquers Switzerland, 134, 135;
takes Rome, 136;
relations with Russia, _ib._, 137;
conquers Italy, 139;
forced to evacuate it, 140;
Consulate in, 142;
position after the Peace of Lunéville, 144, 145;
driven from Egypt, 165, 166;
invaded by the Allies, 202;
the Bourbons return to, 203;
Napoleon's last struggle in, 206;
literature of, its influence on Chaucer, ii. 359, 360
Franchise, restriction of, iii. 99-102
Francis of Assisi, St., ii. 9, 12, 13
Francis II., Emperor, viii. 96
Francis I., king of France, iii. 232;
campaign in Italy, 233;
treaties with Maximilian and Charles, 234;
with Henry VIII., 235;
meeting with Henry, 241;
struggle with Henry and Charles, 247;
defeats in Italy, 248, 250;
prisoner, 250;
treaties with Henry, 266, 270;
released, 267;
intrigues with Lutherans and Papacy, iv. 22;
attacks Charles, 24;
negotiations with Scotland, _ib._;
treaty with Charles, 32;
with Henry, 33;
sends explorers to America, 330
Francis (II.), of France,
marries Mary Stuart, iv. 53, 169;
king, 174;
treaties with Elizabeth and the Scots, 176;
death, 188
Franciscans (Grey Friars) in England, ii. 11
Frankfort,
English Protestants at, iv. 118, 119;
their "troubles," 127, 128
Franklin, Benjamin,
his plan for the defence of the American colonies, vii. 243;
sent as their agent to England, 326;
counsels submission to the Stamp Acts, 330;
relations with Chatham, viii. 20;
mission to France, 28
Frank-pledge, i. 238, 322
Frederick II., Emperor, i. 293; ii. 7, 27
Frederick III., Emperor, iii. 146, 147
Frederick, Elector Palatine,
marries Elizabeth of England, v. 210;
king of Bohemia, 217;
driven out, 220, 226
Frederick II., king of Prussia, vii. 220;
alliance with France, 221;
victory at Chotusitz, 223;
Silesia ceded to, _ib._;
seizes Prague, 225;
driven from Bohemia, _ib._;
victory at Hohenfriedburg, 227;
treaty with England, 247, 248;
seizes Dresden, 248;
victory at Prague, _ib._;
defeated at Kolin, _ib._;
victories at Rossbach, Leuthen and Zorndorf, 263;
defeated at Hochkirch and Kunersdorf, _ib._;
at Plauen, 264;
campaign of 1760, 302;
share in partition of Poland, viii. 85;
death, _ib._
Frederick, Prince of Wales, vii. 218
Free Companies, the, ii. 281, 282
Freeholders succeed the villeins, ii. 333
Freeman, the English, i. 11, 12;
sinks into the villein, 133, 321
Fréteval,
Henry II. and Thomas reconciled at, i. 240;
Richard I. surprises Philip's treasure at, 263
Friars, the, ii. 10-14;
Lord Bacon's comment on, 21;
their political influence, 22, 23;
character and effect of their preaching, 24;
attempt conversion of Jews, 127;
oppose Wyclif, 335
Friedland, battle of, viii. 175
Frisians in Ælfred's fleet, i. 116
"Frith" of Wedmore, i. 107
Frobisher, Martin, iv. 331, 361
Froissart, Jean, ii. 178
Fuentes d'Onore, battle of, viii. 191
Fyrd, the, i. 116, 161, 257; ii. 103, 122, 240
Gage, General, viii. 19
Gaimar, Geoffrey, i. 174, 247
Gainsborough, Swein dies at, i. 143
Gall, St., i. 68
Gardiner, Stephen, iii. 272, 279;
Bishop of Winchester, 298;
expelled from the Council, 348;
supersedes Norfolk in the king's counsels, iv. 24;
excluded from the regency, 46;
imprisoned, 54;
Chancellor, 74;
proposes Mary's marriage with Courtenay, 78;
his aversion to the Spanish match, 80;
attitude towards Rome, 87;
tract _On True Obedience_, _ib._;
change in his attitude, 88;
threat to the Protestant refugees, 119;
desires "to go roundly to work" with Elizabeth, 137;
death, 98
Garnet, Henry, Provincial of the Jesuits, v. 159
Garter, Order of the, founded, ii. 252
Gascony,
Simon of Montfort's rule in, ii. 38-40;
seized by Charles IV., 197;
restored to Edward III., 266;
resists the hearth-tax, 285;
barons appeal to France against the Black Prince, _ib._;
its final loss, iii. 70, 71
Gates, General, viii. 26
Gauden, Dr., vi. 72
Gaunt, Elizabeth, vii. 11
Gaunt, John of. _See_ John
Gavel-kind, i. 324
Gaveston, Piers, ii. 186-188, 190
Gay, John, vii. 161
Gemblours, battle of, iv. 312
Geneva, Calvin at, iv. 126
Genoa annexed by Napoleon, viii. 172
Genoese at battle of Crécy, ii. 236, 238
Geoffry, Archbishop of York, i. 330
Geoffry of Britanny, son of Henry II., i. 247, 254, 257
Geoffry of Monmouth, i. 246; ii. 57
George I., King, vii. 146;
his temper, 173;
foreign policy, 187-189;
death, 200
George, Duke of Cambridge (George II.), vii. 144;
his character, 173;
King, 200;
his foreign policy, 221, 223, 226, 247;
victory at Dettingen, 224;
death, 283
George III., King, vii. 283;
his character and aims, 284, 285;
importance of his action, 285, 286;
his power, 300;
relations with Pitt, 305, 316, 328, 331, 339;
with the Whigs, 305, 316, 328, 339;
with Parliament, 309;
urges the expulsion of Wilkes, viii. 6;
renews the quarrel with America, 13;
his personal government, 16, 17;
his rejoicing at the quarrel with America, 19;
madness, 84, 196;
refuses emancipation to Catholics, 154, 155, 179
George, Prince of Wales (George IV.), Regent, viii. 84, 196
Georgia, colony of, vii. 236, 237
Gerald of Wales, i. 174, 245, 246, 275, 285
Germany,
its relations with the Papacy, ii. 218;
growth of Protestantism in, iv. 31; v. 175;
Catholic reaction in, 176;
attacked by Lewis XIV., vii. 38, 48, 118
Gervase of Canterbury, i. 174
_Gesta Stephani_, i. 173
Gesith, the, i. 50
Gewissas, i. 34
Ghent,
Charters confirmed at, ii. 166;
revolt at, 233;
John of Gaunt born at, 293;
reduced by the French, 349;
Pacification of, iv. 310, 311
Gibbon, Edward, viii. 46
Gibraltar
ceded to England, vii. 142;
besieged by the Spaniards, 199;
Elliott's defence of, viii. 31, 41
Gifford, Bonaventure, vii. 26
Gilbert, Sir Humphry, iv. 345
Gilbert, William, discovers terrestrial magnetism, vi. 131
Gilbert, William, papal emissary in Ireland, iv. 317
Gildas, i. 3
Gilds, i. 298-300, 304;
of English Merchant Adventurers in Flanders, iii. 155;
of St. John at Bruges, 154;
of the Staple, ii. 304;
of tailors, i. 318;
of weavers, 317;
Ordinances of, 274;
suppression of, iv. 54.
_See_ Craft-gilds, Merchant-gild
Ginkell, General, vii. 73
Giraldus Cambrensis. _See_ Gerald
Girondists, viii. 96
Glamis, Patrick Lyon, Master of, v. 124
Glamorgan
conquered by Robert Fitz-Hamo, ii. 48;
by Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, 58
Glamorgan, Edward Somerset, Earl of, vi. 16
Glanvill, Ranulf de, i. 255, 259;
his treatise on law, 174, 244
Glastonbury,
St. Dunstan at, i. 121, 123;
Arthur's tomb at, 247; ii. 57
Glastonbury, Richard Whiting, abbot of, hanged, iii. 350
Glencoe, massacre of, vii. 53, 54
Glendower. _See_ Glyndwr
Gloucester,
northmen at, i. 106;
Henry III. crowned at, ii. 1;
seized by Edward, 76;
besieged by Charles I., vi. 13;
relieved, 14;
Parliament at, ii. 289, 315
Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, iii. 33;
his marriage with Jacqueline, 38, 42;
Regent of England, 40;
set aside, 41;
Protector, _ib._;
his love of literature, 40, 41;
character, 41;
recovers Hainault, 42;
struggle with Beaufort, 44;
represses Lollard risings, 96;
retires, 58, 59;
arrest and death, 61;
his library, 161
Gloucester, Richard, Duke of. _See_ Richard
Gloucester, Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of, ii. 351, 352;
head of Continual Council, 353;
struggle with Richard II., _ib._, 354;
withdraws from Court, 370;
arrested, _ib._;
dies, 371
Gloucester, Richard de Clare, Earl of, ii. 64-66
Gloucester, Gilbert de Clare, Earl of,
supports Simon de Montfort, ii. 67, 70, 71;
quarrels with him, 75;
his policy after Evesham, 81, 85, 86, 88;
occupies London, 89;
marries Johanna of Acre, 123
Gloucester, Robert, Earl of. _See_ Robert
Gloucester, Thomas Spenser, Earl of, iii. 7
Godolphin, Sidney, vi. 315;
takes office, vii. 98;
Lord Treasurer, 112, 113;
supports Occasional Conformity, 123;
dismissed, 139
Glyndwr, Owen, iii. 9-12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 22
Godfrey, Sir Edmondsbury, vi. 294, 295
Godwine, Earl of Wessex, i. 146-153
"Goliath, Bishop," i. 248
Gondomar, Count of, v. 226, 229
Goodman, Godfrey, Bishop of Gloucester, v. 298
Goodman, Christopher, iv. 130, 131
Goodrich, Bishop of Ely, iii. 336
Gorm, king of Denmark, i. 128
Government,
Act of, vi. 122;
Instrument of, 99, 102, 105
Gower, Caxton's edition of, iii. 157
Gowrie, William Ruthven, first Earl of, v. 128, 138
Grafton, Augustus Henry Fitzroy, third Duke of, vii. 170, 340; viii.
4, 15
Grafton's _Chronicle_, iii. 83
Grammont, Count, _Memoirs_ of, vi. 157
Granby, John Manners, Marquis of, viii. 15
Grantmesnil, Ivo of, i. 201
Granville, John Carteret, second Earl (_see_ Carteret), vii. 225, 226
Grasse, Admiral de, viii. 40
Grattan, Henry,
demands repeal of Poynings' Act, viii. 37;
leads the Protestants in the Irish Parliament, 79;
strives for its reform, 117, 118, 120
Gravelines, battle of, iv. 108
"Greater and lesser folk," i. 318
Greek,
study of, at Canterbury, i. 92;
revival of, in fifteenth century, iii. 189, 190, 194, 195, 200
Greene, General, viii. 32
Greene, Robert, v. 8, 25, 26, 30, 31
Greenvil, Sir Bevil, vi. 5, 6
Greenway, Oswald, v. 159
Greenwich, Ælfheah martyred at, i. 142
Gregory the Great (Pope),
his interview with English slaves, i. 53;
sends Augustine to England, 57;
his _Pastoral Book_ translated by Ælfred, 114
Gregory VII., Pope, i. 187
Gregory IX., Pope, ii. 27
Gregory XIII., Pope, iv. 299;
urges Philip to attack Elizabeth, 301;
heads the Catholic movement, 306;
plans a descent on Ireland, 315;
sends Jesuits to England, 317
Grenada conquered by England, vii. 307
Grenville, William Wyndham, Lord, viii. 155;
leader of the Old Whigs, 156;
refuses office, 171;
accepts it, 174;
his Orders in Council, 178;
fall of his ministry, 179
Grenville, George,
adherent of Pitt, vii. 247, 250;
deserts him, 303, 328;
head of the Admiralty, 311;
prime minister, 314;
character and policy, 316, 317, 320;
death, viii. 16
Grenville, Sir Richard, iv. 370, 371
Gresham, Sir Thomas, iv. 280
Gresham College, meetings of the Royal Society at, vi. 165
Grew, Nehemiah, vi. 167
Grey, John de, Bishop of Norwich, i. 329
Grey of Ruthin, Reginald, third Lord, iii. 10
Grey of Wilton, William, thirteenth Lord, iv. 175
Grey of Wilton, Arthur, fourteenth Lord, v. 12
Grey, Lady Catharine, iv. 70, 238; v. 121
Grey, Lady Jane, iv. 69;
proclaimed queen, 70;
imprisoned, 71;
trial, 75;
beheaded, 84;
_Chronicle of_, 3
Grey, Lord Leonard, iii. 330
Grey, Sir John, iii. 124
Grey, Sir Thomas, iii. 30
Grimbald, Abbot of Winchester, i. 113
Grimston, Sir Harbottle, v. 324
Grindal, Edmund,
Protestant exile, iv. 119, 132;
tutor of Elizabeth, 134;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 290; v. 17;
Strype's _Life of_, iv. 4
Grindecobbe, William, ii. 330, 332
Grocyn, William, iii. 190, 197, 256
Grosseteste, Robert, bishop of Lincoln,
his letters, i. 274;
his Constitutions, ii. 8;
lectures at Oxford, 14;
friendship with Bacon, 18;
remonstrates against policy of Henry III., 34;
friendship with Simon de Montfort, 41
Grouchy, Marshal, viii. 208, 210
Gruffydd ap Llewelyn, prince of Wales, ii. 47
Gruffydd ap Conan, prince of North Wales, ii. 54
Guader, Ralf de, i. 189
Gualchmai, ii. 52, 54
Gualo, legate, ii. 1
Guesclin, Bertrand du, ii. 281, 283-287
Guienne
seized by Philip the Fair, ii. 142;
restored to Edward III., 266;
the Black Prince's ravages in, 259;
attacked by Du Guesclin, 285;
attacked by Armagnac, iii. 16;
conquered by Charles VII., 68, 69.
_See_ Aquitaine
Guineas, the first, vi. 223
Guise, Francis, Duke of, iv. 108, 174, 208, 210, 216
Guise, Henry, Duke of, iv. 355, 356, 367
Guise, Mary of. _See_ Mary
Guisnes
ceded to Edward III., ii. 266;
meeting of Henry VIII. and Francis I. at, iii. 241;
surrendered to France, iv. 108
Gunpowder, effects of its introduction, iii. 95
Gunpowder Plot, the, v. 158, 159
Gurdon, Sir Adam, ii. 86, 87, 94
Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, v. 275, 276
Guthlac, St., i. 86
Guthrum, king of East Anglia, i. 104, 106
Guy, Bishop of Amiens, i. 6
Gwent, the, i. 34
Gwent (in Wales) rises against Eadward the Elder, i. 118
Gwynn, Nell, vi. 176; vii. 5
Gyrth, son of Godwine, i. 164
Gyrwas, i. 117
Gytha of Hordaland, i. 128
Hainault, Jacqueline, Countess of, iii. 38, 42, 43
Hainault, William I., Count of, ii. 198, 217
Hainault, William II., Count of, ii. 220
Hakluyt's _Voyages_, v. 10
Hale, Sir Matthew, vi. 85, 96, 200
Hales, Sir Edward, vii. 15
Hales, John, theologian, vi. 134, 136, 137
Hales, John, leader of Peasant Revolt, ii. 319
Halidon Hill, battle of, ii. 211
Halifax (Nova Scotia), its foundation, vii. 242
Halifax, George Savile, first Viscount, Earl, and Marquis of, vi. 280;
correspondence with Barillon, 298;
takes office, 301;
against the exclusion of James, 307;
plans for the succession, 308;
throws out the Exclusion Bill, 320;
his Bill of Securities, _ib._;
his Limitation Bill, 323;
advises calling a new Parliament, 334;
dismissed from the Privy Council, vii. 14;
joins William III., 43;
prays him to accept the Crown, 47;
Lord Privy Seal, 67;
opposes the war and the Bank, 88;
death, 182
Halifax, George Montague, second Earl of, vii. 242-244
Hall, Joseph, Bishop of Norwich and satirist, v. 303
Halle's _Chronicle_, iii. 83
Halley, Edmund, vi. 166
Hamilton, James, third Marquis and first Duke of, v. 275, 334-336,
364;
supports Charles I., vi. 58, 59;
defeated at Preston, 62;
executed, 72
Hamilton, William, second Duke of, vi. 82, 84
Hamilton, James, of Bothwellhaugh, iv. 271; v. 122
Hamilton, General Gustavus, vii. 58
Hamilton, Colonel, vii. 53
Hammond, Colonel, vi. 59
Hampden, Griffith, v. 320
Hampden, John,
his youth, v. 320;
in Parliament of 1621, 321;
resists forced loan, _ib._, 255;
in Parliament of 1628, 321;
his home, 321, 322;
character, 322;
friends and kindred, _ib._;
refuses to pay ship-money, 323;
trial of his case, 324, 330, 331;
judgement against him annulled, 352;
one of the "five members," 373;
urges the abolition of Episcopacy, vi. 14;
member of Committee of Public Safety, 1;
his "Greencoats," 6, 7;
his services in the war, 6-8;
fight at Chalgrove, 10;
death, 11;
burial, 12
Hampden, John, the younger, vi. 336
Hampton Court,
Wolsey's palace at, iii. 236, 253;
treaty of, iv. 209;
conference on religion at, v. 152
Hanover, convention of, vii. 231
Harald Fairhair, king of Norway, i. 128, 129
Harald Hardrada, king of Denmark, i. 161, 162
Harald Harefoot, king of England, i. 147
Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, first Earl of, vii. 203, 245
Hardyng's _Chronicle_, ii. 179
Harfleur taken by Henry V., iii. 30
Hargreaves, John, viii. 59
Harley, Robert, vii. 102;
Secretary of State, 124;
intrigues against Marlborough, 132;
dismissed, 138;
returns to office, 139;
rivalry with Bolingbroke, 143;
countenances the South Sea bubble, 192.
_See_ Oxford
Harold, son of Godwine, Earl of East Anglia, i. 150;
governor of the realm under Eadward, 153;
campaign in Wales, _ib._, ii. 47;
his oath to William, i. 159;
king, 160;
struggle with Tostig and Harald Hardrada, 161, 162;
slain at Senlac, 165
Harrington's version of Ariosto, v. 2
Harrison, General, vi. 90, 91, 195
Harry, Blind, i. 275
Harthacnut, king, i. 147, 148
Harvey, Gabriel, v. 11, 12
Harvey, William, v. 52, 55; vi. 131
Haselrig, Arthur,
one of the Five Members, v. 373;
charges against him, vi. 85;
opposes the dissolution of the Rump, 89;
in Parliament of 1654, 101;
denies the legality of the government, 102;
demands the dismissal of Fleetwood and Lambert, 150
Hasting, i. 116, 117
Hastings, battle of, i. 162-165
Hastings, John, second Lord, claimant of Scotland, ii. 136
Hastings (of Ashby), William, first Lord, iii. 163, 164
Hastings, Henry, Lord, iv. 70.
_See_ Huntingdon
Hastings, Warren, viii. 31, 50, 51
Havana conquered by England, vii. 307
Havre
surrendered to Elizabeth, iv. 210;
capitulates to France, 217
Hawarden Castle captured by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 11
Hawke, Admiral, vii. 265
Hawkesbury, Robert Banks Jenkinson, Lord, viii. 157.
_See_ Liverpool
Hawkins, John, iv. 283, 361
Hawley, General, vii. 229
Haxey, Sir Thomas, ii. 370
Hayward's _Life of Edward VI._, iv. 3;
his _Annals_, _ib._, 4
Heathenism, its struggle with Christianity in England, i. 65, 66,
70-73
Heathfield, battle of the, i. 66
Heaven's Field, battle of, i. 67
Hebrides, Northmen in the, i. 129
Hemingford or Heminburh, Walter of, ii. 177
Hengest, i. 31, 49
Henrietta Maria of France, wife of Charles I., v. 241, 376; vi. 4
Henrietta, Duchess of Orleans, vi. 192, 257
Henry I., King, i. 198;
charter and marriage, _ib._, 199;
relations with the English people, 198, 200-202;
with the barons, 202;
conquers Normandy, _ib._;
dealings with Wales, ii. 48;
his rule, i. 203-205;
administration, 205, 206;
death, 214;
literature at his court, 246;
his charter produced by Langton, 340;
his charter to London, 304;
to Oxford, 309;
"Laws" of, 339
Henry (II.) Fitz-Empress, i. 226;
comes to England, 227;
treaty with Stephen, _ib._;
king, 228;
person and character, 229-231;
results of his rule, 231;
first measures, 232;
Welsh war, _ib._; ii. 53, 54;
extent of his continental dominions, i. 232, 233;
war of Toulouse, 233;
relations with the barons, _ib._;
with the Church, 235-237, 253;
struggle with Thomas, 236, 237, 239, 240;
penance at his shrine, 255;
legal reforms, 235-239, 255, 256;
reforms of the King's Court, ii. 110, 111;
visits Arthur's tomb at Glastonbury, i. 247; ii. 57, 58;
dealings with Ireland, i. 250, 251, 253;
rebellions against him, 254, 255;
receives homage of Scotland, i. 255; ii. 134;
reorganizes the fyrd, 257;
revolt of his sons, _ib._;
introduces taxation of personal property, _ib._;
death, 258;
charter to Oxford, 309
Henry III., King,
crowned, ii. 1;
crowned again, 5;
character and policy, 25, 26;
relations with Rome, 26, 27, 59;
campaigns in Britanny and Poitou, 29;
quarrel with Hubert de Burgh, _ib._;
personal government, 31;
marriage, 32;
foreign favourites, _ib._, 33;
misrule, 34;
confirms Charter, _ib._;
second campaign in Poitou, 35;
quarrels with Simon of Montfort, 39, 40;
contributes to Matthew Paris's _Chronicle_, 44;
goes to France, 64;
forbids summoning of Parliament, _ib._;
gets the Provisions of Oxford annulled by the Pope, 65;
tries to surprise Simon at Southwark, 69;
prisoner, 71;
vengeance after Evesham, 79, 83;
dies, 90
Henry (IV.), Earl of Derby, son of John of Gaunt, ii. 351;
one of the Lords Appellant, 353;
position and policy, 369;
supports Richard II., 370;
Duke of Hereford, 372;
quarrel with Norfolk, _ib._;
exiled, _ib._;
returns, 373, 379;
captures Richard II. at Flint, 381;
king, iii. 2;
relations with Parliament, 3, 4;
with the Church, 4;
with France, 6;
with the lords, 7;
plot against him, 8;
marches against Scotland, 9;
against Owen Glyndwr, 10, 11;
imprisons James of Scotland, 15, 16;
epilepsy, 22;
struggle with council and Parliament, 23-25;
vow of crusade, 25;
death, _ib._
Henry (V.), son of Henry of Lancaster, ii. 378;
his campaigns in Wales, iii. 10, 17, 18, 22;
person and character, 17, 18;
friendship with Oldcastle, 20, 27;
policy, 22;
struggle with the council, 24, 25;
king, 25;
coronation, 26;
first measures, _ib._;
action against Lollards, 27;
claims French crown, 28;
plot against him, 30;
takes Harfleur, _ib._;
victory at Agincourt, 30-32;
alliance with Burgundy, 32;
conquers Normandy, 33, 34;
marriage and treaty with France, 35;
enters Paris, 36;
captures Dreux, _ib._;
repulsed from Orleans, _ib._;
besieges Meaux, _ib._;
his plans, 37, 38;
death, 36;
_Life of_, by Titus Livius, iii. 41;
authorities for his reign, ii. 179
Henry VI., king, iii. 39;
crowned at Paris, 55;
his court at Rouen, _ib._;
struggle with York, 68-70;
idiotcy, 71;
recovers, 72;
prisoner, 74, 75;
escapes to Scotland, 80;
recaptured, 123, 127;
sent to the Tower, 127;
restored, 139;
imprisoned again, 142;
death, 145;
library, 161;
authorities for his reign, ii. 179, 180
Henry (VII.) Tudor, iii. 145;
early life, 165, 166;
expedition to England, 167;
goes to France, 171;
lands at Milford Haven, _ib._;
victory at Bosworth, 172;
person and character, 173;
title to the crown, 174, 175;
marriage, 175;
his government, 176-178;
expedition to France, 179, 180;
dealings with Ireland, 181, 182;
with Scotland, 184, 185;
with Spain, 186-188;
patronage of Caxton, 161;
chapel at Westminster, 174;
death, 198;
_Lives of_, 83
Henry (VIII.), son of Henry VII.,
betrothed to Catharine of Aragon, iii. 187;
king, 198;
person and tastes, _ib._, 199;
protects the New Learning, 202, 204;
temper, 204;
policy towards France, 205, 207;
marries Catharine, 207;
relations with Ferdinand, _ib._;
attempt on France, 209, 210;
treaty with Lewis XII., 232;
with Charles, 233;
relations with Charles, 235;
treaty with Francis, _ib._;
seeks the Empire, 240;
designs on France, _ib._;
interview with Charles, 241;
with Francis, _ib._;
league with Charles and the Pope, 243;
financial difficulties, _ib._, 244, 251, 252;
new alliance with Charles, 250;
supports the Papacy, 255;
his _Assertion of the Seven Sacraments_, _ib._;
named "Defender of the Faith," _ib._;
protects Latimer, 263, 265;
treaties with France, 266, 270;
joins the Holy League, 266;
seeks a divorce, 268, 272;
relations with Anne Boleyn, 267, 270, 273, 274, 276;
with Parliament, 288;
forbids the circulation of Tyndale's Bible, 290;
appeals to the Universities about his divorce, 292;
claims to be "Head of the Church," 296;
banishes Catharine from his house, 298;
league with France, 302;
threatened with excommunication, _ib._;
marries Anne Boleyn, 303;
takes title of "Supreme Head of the Church," 306;
Cromwell's hold over him, 313, 314;
marries Jane Seymour, 326;
dealings with Ireland, 327, 328, 330-333;
turns to the Lutherans, 335, 336;
his Articles of Religion, 337, 338;
attitude towards Protestantism, 345;
excommunicated, 350;
marries Anne of Cleves, 351;
divorces Anne and marries Catharine Howard, iv. 17;
marries Catharine Parr, 24;
dealings with Scotland, 25-29;
alliance with Charles, 27;
campaign in France, 30;
treaty with Francis, 33;
financial difficulties, 34;
offers aid to the League of Schmalkald, 36;
drift of his religious policy, 37;
address to Parliament in 1545, 38;
his scheme for union of England and Scotland, 52;
death, 45;
will, 46, 69
Henry V., Emperor, i. 208
Henry VI., Emperor, i. 262
Henry II., king of France, iv. 53, 65, 174
Henry III., king of France (_see_ Anjou), iv. 301, 348, 356, 367, 368
Henry, king of Navarre, iv. 348, 355, 367;
king of France (Henry IV.), 368;
victory at Ivry, 369;
besieges Paris, _ib._;
besieges Rouen, 371;
conversion, 372;
assassinated, v. 178
Henry, son of Henry II.,
betrothed to Margaret of France, i. 233;
crowned, 240;
rebels, 254, 257;
dies, 257
Henry of Almaine, ii. 87
Henry, Bishop of Winchester, i. 224, 225
Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, i. 264
Henry, son of David I. of Scotland, ii. 134
Henry of Essex, ii. 54
Henry of Trastamara, ii. 282-284, 287
Herbert, Arthur,
carries the invitation to William III., vii. 35;
Earl of Torrington, 68, 75
Herbert, George, v. 113, 303
Herbert, Philip, Lord, vi. 101
Herbert, Sir Thomas, v. 72
Hereford, Humfrey de Bohun, Earl of. _See_ Bohun
Hereford, Henry, Duke of. _See_ Henry IV.
Hereward, i. 170
Herford, Nicholas, ii. 336, 339, 341, 343
Herrick, Robert, v. 303
Herrings, battle of the, iii. 46
Hertford, Edward Seymour, Earl of, iv. 41;
expedition to Scotland, _ib._, 29;
head of the "new men," 45, 46;
sends aid to the German Protestants, 50.
_See_ Somerset
Hertford, Edward Seymour, first Earl of, v. 121
Hertfordshire, royalist rising in, vi. 59
Hexham,
battle of, iii. 123;
chroniclers of, i. 173, 243
Heywood, Thomas, v. 42
Heyworth Moor, meeting of Yorkshire freeholders at, v. 378
Higden, Ralph, ii. 356;
Caxton's edition of, iii. 157
Highlands,
rising in, under Montrose, vi. 23;
under Dundee, vii. 52;
under Mar, 183;
under Charles Edward, 228;
conquest of, 230, 231
Hild, abbess of Streoneshealh, i. 77
Hilsey, Bishop of Rochester, iii. 336
History, English,
its beginning, i. 31;
compilation of, under Ælfred, 115;
new school of, under Henry II., 173, 174, 244;
revival under Elizabeth, v. 3, 4;
municipal, materials for, i. 274
Hoard, the, at Winchester, i. 180, 188
Hobbes, Thomas, vi. 138-141, 170
Hoby, Sir Edward, v. 57
Hoche, General, viii. 121, 123, 124
Hochkirch, battle of, vii. 263
Hohenfriedburg, battle of, vii. 227
Hohenlinden, battle of, viii. 143
Holinshed's _History_, iii. 83
Holland,
its alliance with France, v. 316;
recognizes Charles II., vi. 70;
relations with the Commonwealth, 81;
war with England, 86, 88;
alliance with Cromwell, 116;
relations with Charles II., 186, 187;
quarrel with England, 223, 224;
war, 225, 226, 238, 239, 242;
policy of Lewis XIV. towards, 251;
war with England, 261, 268;
attacked by Lewis, 268;
declares war against him, vii. 49;
acknowledges Philip V. as king of Spain, 101;
alliance with England, 102, 105;
with England and France, 187;
with England and Prussia, viii. 85;
attacked by France, 102;
conquered, 110;
made a kingdom for Louis Buonaparte, 185;
annexed by Napoleon, 199
Holland, Henry Rich, first Earl of, vi. 62, 72
Hollis, Denzil, v. 373;
member of Committee of Public Safety, vi. 1;
his policy in 1646, 48, 49;
ecclesiastical policy, 50;
his expulsion demanded, 54;
takes office under Charles II., 301;
his _Memoirs_, v. 72
Holmby House, Charles I. seized at, vi. 53
Holy Island (Lindisfarne), i. 69
Homildon Hill, battle of, iii. 12
_Homilies, Book of_, iv. 59
Honorius III., Pope, ii. 1
Hood, Samuel, first Baron and Viscount, viii. 109
Hooke, Robert, vi. 166
Hooker, Richard, v. 110-112
Hooper, Bishop of Gloucester, iv. 61, 91, 120
Hopton, Sir Ralph, vi. 5, 6
Horder (treasurer), the, i. 132
Horne, Robert, iv. 119
Horsa, i. 31
Horse-thegn (constable), i. 132
Hospitals, suppression of, iv. 34
Hotham, Sir John, v. 378
Hough, John, President of Magdalen College, Oxford, vii. 25, 26
Hounslow, camp at, vii. 16
Howard of Effingham, Charles, second Lord, iv. 358, 360, 361
Howard of Escrick, Edward, first Lord, v. 343
Howard of Escrick, William, third Lord, vi. 336
Howard, John, viii. 48-50
Howard, Catharine, iv. 17, 24
Howard, Frances, Countess of Essex, v. 190-193;
of Somerset, 193, 205-207
Howard, Sir Robert, iii. 286
Howards, the, iii. 286
Howe, Richard, first Earl, viii. 111
Howe, John, vi. 210;
refuses the Indulgence, vii. 22
Howe, General Sir William, viii. 23, 25
Howel Dda, Laws of, ii. 46
Howden, Roger of, i. 174, 244
Hrolf the Ganger, i. 154, 155
Hubert Walter, Bishop of Salisbury, i. 262;
Archbishop of Canterbury and justiciar, _ib._;
his administration, 264;
puts down tumult in London, 320;
resigns justiciarship, 267;
opposes John, 328;
dies, 329
Hubertsberg, treaty of, vii. 306
Huddleston, Father John, vii. 4
Hugh, St., Bishop of Lincoln, i. 174, 267
Hugh, St. (martyr), of Lincoln, ii. 127
Hugh the Wolf, Earl of Chester, ii. 47
Huguenots, iv. 174-176;
supported by Elizabeth, 189;
growth of their power, 206-208;
rising of, 209;
treaty with Elizabeth, _ib._, 210;
with Catharine, 217;
defeated at Jarnac, 267;
at Montcontour, 268;
massacre of, 299;
refugees at Canterbury, 306;
settle in Florida, iv. 330;
persecuted by Lewis XIV., vi. 317, 335; vii. 13;
fly to England, 14
Hull, Charles I. refused admittance to, v. 378
Humbert, General, viii. 130
Hundred, the, i. 19, 47
Hundred-court, the, i. 20;
preserved by William I., 185, 186;
grand jury elected in, 264
Hundred-Rolls, ii. 117
Hundred Years' War,
its beginning, ii. 213;
change in its character, iii. 29;
its effects, ii. 214, 215; iii. 103, 104
Huntingdon
reduced by Eadward, i. 119;
granted to David of Scotland, ii. 134
Huntingdon, Henry Hastings, third Earl of (_see_ Hastings), iv. 268
Huntingdon, John Holland, Earl of (Duke of Exeter), iii. 7, 8
Huntingdon, Henry of, i. 4, 173, 243
Huntly, Alexander Gordon, fourth Earl of, iv. 199, 205
Huntly, George Gordon, fifth Earl of, iv. 226
Huntly, George Gordon, sixth Earl of, v. 139, 140
Huntly, George Gordon, second Marquis of, v. 336, 337
Hus-carls,
Cnut's, i. 144, 146;
Harthacnut's, 148;
Harold's, 163, 164
Huss, John, ii. 349
Hussey, John, Lord, iii. 322, 325
Hutchinson, Colonel, v. 81, 97;
_Memoirs of_, 72
Hutten, Ulrich von, iii. 256
Hwiccas, i. 66
Hyde, Anne, vi. 221
Hyde, Edward, v. 362;
organizes the Royalist party in Parliament, 367;
joins Charles I. at York, 378;
Chancellor of the Exchequer, vi. 205.
_See_ Clarendon
Hyde, Lawrence, vi. 315, 334
Hyder Ali, viii. 131
Iceland colonized by Northmen, i. 129
Ida the Flame-bearer, i. 52
Impositions of James I., v. 160
Income-tax, viii. 137
Independents, v. 308;
emigrate to America, _ib._, 310;
return, vi. 28;
their petition to Charles II., 200
India,
Ælfred's intercourse with, i. 109, 113;
English settlements in, vii. 232;
French attack on, 233;
Portuguese settlements in, 232;
French withdraw from, 307;
Warren Hastings' rule in, viii. 31, 32, 50;
Fox's scheme for its government, 67, 68;
Buonaparte's designs on, 131, 132
Indulgence,
first Declaration of, vi. 219, 220;
second, 262, 273;
third, vii. 22;
fourth, 29, 30
Ine, king of Wessex, i. 89, 90
Ingelger of Anjou, i. 209
Innocent III., Pope,
quashes elections to Canterbury, i. 329;
appoints Stephen Langton, 330;
lays England under interdict, _ib._;
sentences John to deposition, 333;
annuls the Charter, excommunicates the barons, and suspends Langton,
354
Interdict
in England, i. 330, 331;
in Flanders, ii. 219, 224
"Interim," the, iv. 51
Inquisition, the, iv. 31, 101
Inverlochy, battle of, vi. 38
Iona, i. 69
Ireland,
materials for early history of, i. 7, 8;
its condition after the Danish invasions, 249, 250;
slave-trade with Bristol, 250;
bull for conquest of, 251;
Anglo-Norman invasion of, 252;
Henry II. in, 253;
Gerald de Barri's treatises on, 245, 285;
students from, at Oxford, 291;
condition after the Norman invasion, ii. 373-375;
barons of, rise against John, i. 332, 333;
John in, ii. 375, 376;
Gaveston in, 187;
Edward Bruce's expedition to, 376;
condition under Edward III., 377;
Richard II. in, 367, 378;
Henry VII.'s dealings with, iii. 181, 182;
condition under Henry VIII., 326, 327;
conquest of, 328-330;
Henry's government of, 330-333;
effects of Cromwell's ecclesiastical policy in, 339-342;
attempts to force the Reformation on, iv. 62, 63;
condition under Mary, 109-111;
trade with Bristol, iv. 282;
condition under Elizabeth, 314, 315;
rising in, 315, 316;
condition after the fall of Smerwick, v. 61;
rising in, under Hugh O'Neill, 62;
condition under James I., 287, 288;
Wentworth's rule in, 290-292, 364;
rising in, 365;
Charles I.'s dealings with, vi. 16;
success of Ormond's diplomacy in, 71;
Royalist successes in, 75;
Cromwell's campaign in, 76, 77, 79;
proposal for its union with England, 84, 86;
its first representation in the English Parliament, 99;
Cromwell's conquest and settlement of, 109, 110;
first union with England, 110;
union dissolved, 180;
condition under Charles II., 181, 182;
under James II., vii. 17, 55-59;
war in, between James and William, 70-72;
William's conquest of, 73, 74;
relations with England, viii. 33;
condition in eighteenth century, 34-36;
demand for independence, 37, 38;
made independent, 39;
Pitt's dealings with, 78, 117, 118;
peasant risings in, 119;
Hoche's descent on, 124;
panic in, _ib._, 125;
revolt in, 129;
second union with England, 139
Ireton, Henry,
supports the Independents, vi. 45;
his influence with the army, 51;
policy, 54, 56, 57, 81;
Irish campaign and death, 109;
his corpse outraged, 201
Irishmen, United, viii. 118-120, 127, 128
Iron,
manufactures of, iv. 279;
mines, i. 30; ii. 107;
trade in eighteenth century, viii. 54, 57
Isabel I., queen of Castille, iii. 186, 187
Isabella of Angoulême, wife of King John, ii. 33
Isabella of France, wife of Edward II., ii. 186, 197, 198, 207, 208
Isabella of France, wife of Richard II., ii. 368
Isabella, daughter of Philip II. of Spain, iv. 372; v. 121
Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 290
Italy,
the Renascence in, iii. 189, 190;
northern, conquered by Charles VIII. of France, 206;
by Francis I., 233;
by Buonaparte, viii. 122, 123, 125
_Itinerarium Cambriæ_, i. 274
_Itinerarium Regis Ricardi_, i. 174
Ivar the Boneless, i. 104
Ivry, battle of, iv. 369
"Jack the Carter," ii. 318
"Jack the Miller," ii. 318
"Jack Trewman," ii. 318
Jackson, General, viii. 205
Jacobins, viii. 96
Jacobites, vii. 68;
their plots, 102, 103, 105;
relations with the Tories, 166-168;
rise in 1715, 183, 184;
in 1745, 228-230
Jacquerie, the, ii. 265
Jamaica conquered by the English, vi. 117
James (I.), son of Robert III. of Scotland, iii. 15;
prisoner in England, 16;
king, _ib._, 183;
murdered, 184
James IV., king of Scots, iii. 184, 185, 210
James V., king of Scots, iii. 248; iv. 23, 25, 26
James (VI.) of Scotland,
born, iv. 231;
crowned, 259;
relations with Lennox and the Guises, 346;
alliance with Elizabeth, 350;
relations with Essex and Robert Cecil, v. 63;
king of England, 122;
his early life, 122-124;
character and purpose, 124, 125;
struggle with the nobles, 128;
with the Kirk, 133, 134, 139-143;
his _Basilikon Dôron_, 143;
enters London, 146;
person and character, 146-148;
policy, 144, 149, 150;
gives relief to the Catholics, 150;
refuses Puritan demands, 152, 153;
proposes union with Scotland, 154;
takes title of King of Great Britain, 155;
his impositions, 160, 161;
struggle with the Assembly and the Kirk, 164-166;
with English law, 168;
his _True Law of Free Monarchy_, 169;
his theory of monarchy, _ib._, 170;
financial straits, 172;
struggle with Parliament, 179-182;
his own minister, 185, 186;
sets aside the council, 187;
his favourites, 188, 189;
backs the divorce of Lady Essex, 190, 191, 193;
immorality of his court, 193, 194;
summons Parliament, 195;
dissolves it, 196;
revives benevolences, 197, 198, 229;
checks the growth of London, 198, 199;
increases the peerage, 200;
relations with the judges, 201, 202;
dismisses Coke, 202;
policy towards Spain, 211, 212;
towards Germany and Bohemia, 218, 219;
revives monopolies, 222;
quarrel with Parliament, 228, 229;
tears its Protestation, 229;
overborne by Buckingham, 235;
death, 239;
letters of, iv. 4;
authorities for his reign, v. 71
James, duke of York (King James II.), vi. 182;
Lord Admiral, 193;
marries Anne Hyde, 221;
fight with Opdam off Lowestoft, 225;
conversion, 255;
fight with De Ruyter, 268;
owns himself a Catholic and resigns his office, 274;
second marriage, 278;
exempted from the act excluding Catholics from Parliament, 297;
sent to Brussels, 300;
plans for excluding him from the succession, 306;
recalled, 310;
goes to Scotland, _ib._;
again recalled, 315, 335;
king, vii. 5;
his character, _ib._, 6;
first measures, 6, 7;
increases the army, 11;
relations with France, 12;
refuses to let William visit England, _ib._;
dealings with the Catholics and the Parliament, 14, 15;
with the judges, 15;
establishes a camp at Hounslow, 16;
restores the High Commission, 18;
struggle with the Tory nobles, 19-21;
issues Declarations of Indulgence, 22, 29;
attempts to pack Parliament, 23, 29;
dealings with the Universities, 24-26;
relations with William of Orange, 26-28;
struggle with the seven bishops, 30, 31;
reinforces his army with Irish troops, 33;
sides with Lewis against the Empire and Holland, 36;
reverses his policy, 39;
flight, 42-44;
received as king by Lewis, 49;
policy in Ireland, 55;
lands at Kinsale, 56;
his rule at Dublin, 58, 59;
returns to France, 71;
his plans, 77;
death, 106;
his _Autobiography_, vi. 157, 158
James, William, ii. 340
Jamestown, foundation of, v. 308
Jarnac, battle of, iv. 267
Jarrow, i. 91, 92;
plundered by northmen, 101
Jeanne d'Arc, iii. 46-55;
_Procès de_, ii. 179
Jeffreys, George, Chief-Justice, vii. 10, 19;
Lord Chancellor, 31
Jehan le Bel, ii. 178
Jemappes, battle of, viii. 101
Jena, battle of, viii. 174
Jenkins's ear, vii. 217
Jenkinson, Charles (first earl of Liverpool), vii. 311
Jenkinson's Travels, v. 9
Jersey, Charles II. in, vi. 78
Jerusalem,
Ælfred's intercourse with, i. 113;
taken by Saladin, 257
Jervis, Admiral, viii. 127
Jesuits,
Order of, founded, iv. 31, 101;
missionaries in England, 317-320, 353;
banished, v. 156;
return, vii. 16;
in England, materials for their history, iv. 5
Jewel, John, iv. 119, v. 106
Jews in England, i. 187, ii. 125, 130, 284, 307;
expelled, ii. 131;
return, vi. 112
Joan of Arc. _See_ Jeanne
Joan, daughter of Edward II., ii. 206
Joan of Kent, wife of the Black Prince, ii. 293, 306
Jocelin of Brakelond, i. 174
Johanna, daughter of King John, ii. 54
Johanna, daughter of Edward I., ii. 123
John of Beverley, St., i. 77
John, son of Henry II., i. 258;
Lord of Ireland, ii. 374;
struggle with Longchamp, i. 260, 261;
with Hubert Walter, _ib._;
king, 268;
victory at Mirebeau, _ib._;
loses his French dominions, 269;
his character, 326-328;
prepares for war with France, 328;
Welsh rise against him, 333;
his continental alliances, _ib._, 334;
campaigns in Wales, ii. 54, 55;
struggle with the Church, i. 329-331;
relations with the baronage, 332, 338;
sentenced by the Pope to deposition, 333;
becomes the Pope's vassal, 337;
absolved, 338;
struggle with Langton, 340, 341;
goes to France, 342;
defeat and return, 343;
struggle with the barons, 344-347;
assents to Great Charter, 348, 353;
gets it annulled by the Pope, 354;
takes Rochester and marches on the north, _ib._;
struggle with Lewis of France, 355;
divides the Pale into counties, ii. 376;
charter to Oxford, i. 309;
death, 356;
his submission to the Pope repudiated by Parliament, ii. 275
John, king of Bohemia, ii. 236, 239
John, duke of Normandy, ii. 234, 235;
king of France, 258;
Normandy rises against, 259;
campaign against the Black Prince, 260, 261;
prisoner, 262, 263;
death, 281
John of Austria, Don, iv. 310-312
John of Cambridge, prior of St. Edmund's, ii. 329
John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, ii. 287, 293, 294;
position and policy, 302, 303;
corrupt administration, 303;
opposed by the Good Parliament, 305-307;
action after its dismissal, 307;
attacks Wykeham, 308;
supports Wyclif, 309;
withdraws from court, 311;
expedition to St. Malo, 315;
turns against Wyclif, 337, 341;
goes to Spain, 350;
intercedes for the Lords Appellant, 354;
patron of Chaucer, 359;
Aquitaine granted to, 369;
death, 373
John the Litster, ii. 325, 331
John of London, pupil of Roger Bacon, ii. 16
John of Northampton, mayor of London, ii. 345, 350
John the Old Saxon, i. 113
John of Salisbury, i. 173, 174, 250, 282, 283, 285
Johnson, Samuel, vii. 204, 217; viii. 11
Jonson, Ben, v. 42
Joseph II., emperor, viii. 81, 85, 86
Journalism, developement of, in the eighteenth century, vii. 298
Juana of Castille, wife of Philip of Austria, iii. 186, 208
Judges,
limitations of their powers, ii. 110, 111;
circuits of, i. 207;
organized by Henry II., 256;
regulated by the Great Charter, 350
Julius II., Pope, iii. 187, 188, 209, 274
Julius III., Pope, iv. 86
Junius, viii. 9
Junto, the, vii. 85
Jurors, two classes of, i. 238;
their functions in the Shire Court, ii. 149
Jury,
trial by, its origin, i. 238;
the Grand, _ib._;
mode of its election, 264;
petty, 239
Justice
in Old England, i. 12, 13, 49;
Henry II.'s organization of, 256;
administration of, in towns, 297;
provisions for, in Great Charter, 350, 352
Justices of the Peace, ii. 123
Justiciar, the, i. 206;
barons claim right of electing, ii. 38, 60;
made responsible to Permanent Council, 61
Jutes, the,
their early home, i. 10;
land in Thanet, 31, 32;
their victories in Kent, 33;
settlements in Wight and along Southampton Water, 85
Juxon, bishop of London and treasurer, v. 298
Ken, Thomas, bishop of Bath and Wells, vii. 4
Kenilworth,
the younger Simon de Montfort defeated at, ii. 76;
Richard of Cornwall prisoner at, 80:
its garrison refuse to surrender, 86;
surrender, 89;
Edward II. in ward at, 199;
Henry VI. at, iii. 66;
Ban of, ii. 87-89;
"Round Table" of, 95
Kent,
conquest of, i. 33;
its rise under Æthelberht, 56;
conversion, 59;
relations with Eadwine, 64;
conquered by Ine, 90;
submits to Mercia, 91, 98;
revolts against Offa, 98;
against William I., 167;
risings in, ii. 319; iii. 64;
Complaint of the Commons of, iii. 65, 66;
resists benevolences, 251;
Protestant martyrs in, iv. 96;
iron manufactures in, 279;
royalist rising in, vi. 59, 61
Kent, West, kingdom of, i. 83
Kent, Edmund, earl of, son of Edward I., ii. 206, 207
Kent, Joan of, ii. 293, 306
Kent, Thomas Holland, earl of (duke of Surrey), iii. 7, 8
Kent, the Nun of, iii. 319
Kerry, rising in, iv. 315
Ketel of St. Edmund's, i. 313
Kildare, Gerald Fitzgerald, eighth Earl of, iii. 175, 181, 182
Kildare, Gerald Fitzgerald, ninth Earl of, iii. 328
Killiecrankie, battle of, vii. 52
Killigrew, Tom, vi. 175
Kilmarnock, William Boyd, fourth Earl of, vii. 230
Kilsyth, battle of, vi. 41
King, the, i. 48;
nature and limits of his power, 49, 132;
his "comrades," 50-52;
increase of his importance through struggle with northmen, 131;
his household officers become officers of state, 132;
relations with England after loss of Normandy, 326;
his revenue, ii. 103;
relations with Parliament, 181-183;
position at opening of Wars of the Roses, iii. 85, 86;
the Convention's settlement of his position, vi. 197;
in Council, i. 256; ii. 110, 111.
_See_ Monarchy
King's Bench, court of, ii. 109
King's County, English settlement of, iv. 111
King's Court, the, i. 186;
its organization under Henry I., 206;
under Henry II., 255; ii. 110, 111;
regulated by Great Charter, i. 350;
divided into three tribunals, ii. 109
Kirk, the Scottish,
its organization, v. 131, 132;
relations with the people and the king, 132-136;
its triumph, 140;
new struggle with James, 164-166;
dealings of Charles I. and Laud with, 326, 328, 330, 331;
re-established, 335; vii. 54
Kirk o' Field, iv. 244
Knighthood,
compulsory, under Edward I., ii. 118, 164;
under Charles I., v. 277
Knights,
their complaint against the barons, ii. 62;
right of attendance at the Great Council, 145;
growth of their importance after the Barons' War, 147;
relations with the Crown, _ib._, 148;
of the shire, summoned to Parliament, 66, 71, 73, 150, 151;
result of their election in county court, 151, 152;
relations with the Lords, 202;
grouped together with the burgesses as "the Commons," 203;
petition for due election of, 300
Knolles's _History of the Turks_, v. 4
Knollys, Sir Francis, iv. 119, 215
Knox, John, iv. 113-115, 119, 128;
denounces Mary Tudor, 130;
resists Mary Stuart, 201, 212, 218;
breaks with Murray, 218;
defies Mary, 220;
calls for her death, 259;
his character and influence, v. 130, 131;
his Liturgy, 327;
his _History of the Reformation_, iv. 4
Knyghton, Henry, ii. 177, 179
Kolin, battle of, vii. 248
Kunersdorf, battle of, vii. 263
Labour-rents, i. 322, 323;
commutation of, 324;
attempts to revive, ii. 257, 266, 267
Labourdonnais besieges Madras, vii. 233
Labourers,
their position after the Black Death, ii. 255;
condition under Richard II., 314;
in fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, iii. 109-111;
under Elizabeth, iv. 275, 276
Lacy, Henry de, ii. 188
Lacy, Robert de, i. 201
Læt, the, i. 14, 15
Lafayette, Marquis de, viii. 83
Lagos, battle off, vii. 273
La Hire, iii. 49
La Hogue, battle of, vii. 78
Lake, Gerard, first viscount, viii. 130
Lambert, General,
his campaign against Hamilton, vi. 62;
pursuit of Charles II., 83;
resigns his command, 121;
relations with Monk, 150, 151;
escape and defeat, 152;
exempted from pardon, 195
Lambeth,
Harthacnut dies at, i. 148;
treaty of, ii. 3;
the archbishop's chapel at, its transformations, v. 90;
Laud's restoration of, 299, 300
Lancashire, reluctance of its boroughs to send members to Parliament,
ii. 155
Lancaster, Blanche of, ii. 287
Lancaster, Edmund, Earl of. _See_ Edmund
Lancaster, Henry, Earl of, ii. 199, 203, 206
Lancaster, Henry, first Duke of (_see_ Derby), ii. 258-260, 266
Lancaster, Henry of (King Henry IV.) _See_ Henry
Lancaster, Thomas, Earl of, ii. 188, 191, 193-195
Lancelot, legend of, i. 247
Land-tenure
in Old England, i. 14;
after Norman Conquest, 322-324;
Edward I.'s legislation concerning, ii. 124, 125
Land-tax, i. 186, 207, 350; ii. 103
"Landless man," the, i. 322, 323
_Lanercost, Chronicle of_, i. 273
Lanfranc, abbot of Bec, i. 159;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 187;
crowns William II., 191
Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, vi. 40
Langland, William, ii. 178, 179, 269-272
Langport, battle of, vi. 41
Langside, battle of, iv. 261
Langton, Simon, i. 355
Langton, Stephen, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 330;
comes to England, 338;
relations with John and the Charter, 340, 341;
suspended, 354;
goes to Rome, _ib._;
returns, ii. 3;
supports Hubert de Burgh, 5;
his care for the Charter, 6;
death, 26
Langton, Thomas, Bishop of Winchester, iii. 196
Language, English,
its literary revival in thirteenth century, i. 174;
effects of Norman Conquest on, 278;
Henry III.'s proclamation in, ii. 62;
first used in opening Parliament, 300, 356;
ordered to be used in law courts, 356; vii. 201;
supersedes French, ii. 356, 357;
changes in, in Caxton's time, iii. 159, 160;
replaces Latin in church service, iv. 49;
Welsh, ii. 50
Lansdowne, William Fitzmaurice, first marquis of (_see_ Shelburne)
viii. 115
Lansdowne Hill, battle of, vi. 6
Lathom House, siege of, vi. 19
Latimer, William Latimer, fourth Lord, ii. 304, 306
Latimer, George Neville, first Lord, iii. 114
Latimer, John Neville, third Lord, iii. 323
Latimer, Hugh, iii. 262-265;
Bishop of Worcester, 336;
imprisoned, 347;
forced to resign, _ib._;
denounces Warwick's government, iv. 57;
sent to the Tower, 74;
burnt, 92
Latimer, William, iii. 201
Latitudinarians, the, vi. 133-137, 168
Laud, William, Bishop of St. David's, v. 293;
his views and character, 245, 292-294;
Bishop of London, 266;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 295;
dealings with the Puritans, 295-297;
revives the Bishops' Courts, 298;
restores Lambeth Chapel, 299, 300;
revives ritual, 300;
dealings with Prynne, 306, 329;
relations with Wentworth, 318;
dealings with Scotland, 325-327;
arrested, 351
Lauderdale, John Maitland, second Earl and first Duke of, vi. 181,
245, 259
Lauffeld, battle of, vii. 231
Lauzun, Count of, vii. 71, 72
Law,
common, ii. 110, 113;
ecclesiastical, new code of, iv. 60;
English, Glanvill's treatise on, i. 174, 244;
of the Forest, ii. 34;
Roman, revived study of, i. 282;
in England, 283;
influence of its imperial theories, ii. 95, 96
"Lawmen" of the Five Boroughs, i. 118
Laws,
Old English, two classes of, i. 5;
first put in writing, 59;
of Æthelred, i. 138;
of David of Scotland, ii. 171;
of Eadgar, i. 144;
of Eadward the Confessor, 150, 199, 340;
of Henry I., 339;
of Howel Dda, ii. 46
Layamon, i. 174, 279
League
of Cambray, iii. 206;
the Catholic, in Germany, v. 177, 232;
the Holy, iii. 209, 210, 266;
in France, iv. 348, 355, 356;
of Neutrals, viii. 162-164;
of Schmalkald, iii. 336; iv. 36, 50;
of the Public Weal, iii. 122, 125, 126
Learning,
the New, iii. 194-198, 201, 202;
its protest against war, 210;
attitude after Wolsey's fall, 289, 291
Leicester,
one of the Five Boroughs, i. 117;
surrenders to Æthelflæd, 118;
condition under its earls, 297;
regains right of compurgation, 313-315;
stormed by Charles I., vi. 38
Leicester, Robert de Beaumont, Earl of, i. 254
Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of (_see_ Dudley), iv. 205, 349, 357;
v. 58, 63
Leighton, John, v. 305
Leinster, kingdom of, i. 251, 252
Leipzig, battle of, viii. 202
Leith
sacked by the English, iv. 29;
siege of, 175, 176
Leland, John, v. 4
Lennox, Esmé Stuart, Duke of, iv. 346; v. 123
Lennox, Matthew Stuart, Earl of, iv. 227, 244; v. 123
Lennox, Margaret, Countess of, iv. 220, 221
Leo X., Pope, iii. 249, 253, 254
Leofa, slayer of Eadmund the Magnificent, i. 123
Leofric, Earl of Mercia, i. 150, 152
Leopold II., Emperor, viii. 95, 96
Leopold V., Duke of Austria, i. 261
Lepanto, battle of, iv. 297
Leslie, Alexander, v. 335, 337.
_See_ Leven
Leslie, David, vi. 79, 80, 83, 84
"Lesser barons." _See_ Knights
Levant Company, v. 161
Leven, Alexander Leslie, first Earl of (_see_ Leslie), vi. 18
Lever, Thomas, iv. 119, 128, 132
Lewes,
battle of, ii. 70, 71;
Mise of, 71;
Protestant martyrs at, iv. 96
Lewis of Bavaria, Emperor, ii. 217-219, 221, 229, 235, 248
Lewis d'Outremer, king of France, i. 210
Lewis VII., king of France, i. 233, 254
Lewis (VIII.) of France,
the English crown offered to, i. 355;
successes in England, _ib._;
defeated, ii. 2;
withdraws, 3
Lewis IX., king of France, ii. 35, 40, 68, 90
Lewis XI., king of France, iii. 119;
relations with Edward IV., 120, 121;
with Burgundy, _ib._;
with Margaret of Anjou, 121;
negotiations with Warwick, 122, 123;
struggle with League of the Public Weal, 126, 127;
again seeks treaty with Edward, 128;
Edward's negotiations with, 129;
league against, 130;
attacks Britanny, 132;
captured and released by Charles, _ib._;
stirs Warwick against Edward, 136;
reconciles Warwick and Margaret, 137;
alliance with Henry VI., 139;
treaty with Edward, 150;
seized Picardy, Artois, etc., _ib._;
war with Maximilian, 151;
treaty with him, 170;
refuses to recognize Richard III., 169;
death, _ib._
Lewis XII., king of France (_see_ Orleans), iii. 206, 232
Lewis XIII., king of France, v. 256
Lewis XIV., king of France, vi. 188-189;
his policy, 190, 191;
alliance with Charles II., 192;
relations with England and Holland, 227;
sends his fleet to join the Dutch, 239;
attacks Flanders, 247;
his offers to Spain, 249;
treaty with her, 250;
policy towards Holland, 251;
treaties with Charles, 257, 258;
attacks Holland, 268;
position after Peace of Nimeguen, 291, 316;
persecutes the Huguenots, 317, 335;
new agreement with Charles, 323;
seizes Strassburg, Casale, and Luxemburg, 335;
relations with James II., vii. 12;
revokes the Edict of Nantes, 13;
relations with James and Holland, 36, 38;
attacks Germany, 38, 48;
receives James II. at St. Germain, 49;
war declared against, by England and Holland, _ib._;
his fleet, 68;
sends troops to Ireland, 71;
his successes, 75, 76;
turn of his fortune, 79, 80;
treaty with William, 90, 91;
seizes the Dutch Barrier, 102;
acknowledges James's son as king of England, 106;
attacks Germany again, 118, 119;
his losses, 131, 134;
offers terms, 134, 135;
death, 183, 185
Lewis XV., king of France, vii. 185, 225
Lewis XVI., king of France, viii. 28;
summons the States-General, 83;
a Constitution forced on, 86;
attempts flight, 95;
imprisoned, 101;
executed, 103
Lewis XVIII., king of France, viii. 206, 211
Lexington, skirmish at, viii. 22
Leyva, Alonzo da, iv. 363
_Liber Albus_ of London, i. 274
_Liber de Antiquis Legibus_, i. 274
_Liber Custumarum_ of London, i. 274
Lichfield, diocese of, i. 83
Liége taken by Marlborough, vii. 117
Liegnitz, battle of, vii. 302
Ligny, battle of, viii. 207
Lilburne, John, vi. 28, 75, 78
Lille reduced by Marlborough, vii. 134
_Lillibullero_, vii. 33
Lilly, William, iii. 200
Limerick, siege of, vii. 72, 73
Limitation Bill, vi. 323
Limoges
welcomes Du Guesclin, ii. 285;
stormed by the Black Prince, 286
Limousin restored to Edward III., ii. 266
Linacre, Thomas, iii. 190, 197, 256
Lincoln,
one of the Five Boroughs, i. 117;
battles of, 219; ii. 2;
relieved by John, i. 356;
Jews at, ii. 126, 127
Lincolnshire
surrendered to Ecgfrith by Wulfhere, i. 86;
rising in, iii. 323
Lindesay of the Byres, Patrick, sixth Lord, iv. 225, 228, 230
Lindisfarne, i. 69, 79, 87, 97
Lindiswaras, i. 73, 117
Linen manufacture, Irish, its foundation, v. 291
Lisbon, Drake's and Norris's expedition to, iv. 367, 368
Lisle, Alice, vii. 11, 66
Lisle, John Dudley, Lord, iv. 41, 46.
_See_ Warwick
Litany, the English, iv. 40
Literature, English,
its beginnings, i. 77, 93, 96;
decay during struggle with Danes, 113;
Ælfred's influence on, 114, 115;
after Norman Conquest, 242, 243, 246, 278;
under Henry II., 174, 244-249;
under John, 278, 279;
popular, during Peasant Revolt, ii. 318, 319;
Wyclif's influence on, 338;
revival in fourteenth century, 357, 358;
effects of the Renascence on, v. 1-3;
developement under Elizabeth, 3-11;
after the Revolution, 154;
in poetry, 156, 157;
in prose, 157-161, 292, 293;
beginning of a new developement with Dryden, 333;
Welsh, ii. 49-54.
_See_ Drama
Lithsmen of London, i. 300
Liturgy,
the English, iv. 49;
Knox's, v. 327;
the Scottish (Laud's), of 1636, _ib._;
rejected, 328.
_See_ Prayer-Book
Liverpool, its rise, vii. 196
Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, second Earl of, viii. 196.
_See_ Hawkesbury
"Livery," ii. 311, 355; iii. 105
Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, prince of North Wales, ii. 58;
alliance with Montfort, 67, 76;
raid upon Chester, 85;
defeats Mortimer at Brecknock, 88;
submits, 89;
refuses homage to Edward I., 108;
submission and marriage, 109;
last revolt and death, 119, 120
Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, prince of North Wales, ii. 5, 54-58, 108
Llywarch Hen, ii. 49, 53
Loans, forced,
under Richard II., ii. 372;
demanded by Wolsey, iii. 244;
by Charles I., 254, 255
_Loch Cé, Annals of_, i. 7
Lochleven, Mary Stuart imprisoned at, iv. 257, 258
Locke, John, vi. 170, 171, 259
Logic, study of, at Oxford, i. 288
Lollardry, ii. 339;
suppressed at Oxford, 341;
its later phases, 344-348;
influence in Bohemia, 349;
attitude under Henry IV., iii. 19, 21;
sympathy of the Commons with, 21;
rising under Oldcastle, 27;
suppression of, 27, 28;
its lingering existence, 96, 258;
legal prohibitions of, rescinded, iv. 48;
its influence in Scotland, 111
Lodi, battle of, viii. 122
London,
Middle-Saxons settle round, i. 54;
subject to the East-Saxons, 59;
to Mercia, 85;
beginnings of its commercial greatness, 138;
resists Swein, 142;
submits to him, 143;
to the Conqueror, 165;
its election of Stephen, 215;
expels Matilda, 219;
its share in religious revival, 222, 223;
Normans in, 303;
Henry I.'s charter to, 304;
relations with Oxford, 308, 309;
strife of classes in, 318-320;
meeting of barons at, 340;
joins the barons against John, 346;
its liberties secured by Great Charter, 352;
barons blockaded by John in, 355;
defies the Pope, _ib._; ii. 8;
Franciscans settle in, 12;
Archbishop Boniface driven from, 32;
supports Earl Simon, 67, 69, 70;
its charter annulled, 82;
its mayor imprisoned, 83;
occupied by Gilbert of Gloucester, 89;
supports Wyclif, 309, 310;
threatened by revolted peasants, 321, 322;
its Lollardry, 345;
welcomes Henry of Lancaster, 379;
Richard II. brought captive to, 381;
betrayed to Edward IV. by Archbishop Neville, iii. 142;
its petition to Richard III., 168;
evades Wolsey's demand for a benevolence, 251;
Protestants in, 347;
Walloons in, iv. 51;
unfavourable to Jane Grey's succession, 71;
its Protestant sympathies, _ib._, 75;
attitude in Wyatt's rising, 83-85;
Protestant martyrs in, 96, 144;
supplies sent from, to refugees abroad, 119;
its commerce under Elizabeth, 280;
Flemish settlers in, 281;
traders of, send help to the Prince of Orange, 324;
its contribution for defence against the Armada, 358;
its advance under Elizabeth, v. 77;
its increase checked, 198, 199, 277;
its welcome to Prince Charles, 233;
colonizes Derry, 289;
sides with the Parliament against Charles I., 372, 375, 376;
fortified by the Parliament, vi. 4;
train-bands of, at battle of Newbury, 14;
Independents and Baptists in, 28;
petitions against toleration, 37;
rises against the Parliament, 56;
Plague at, 226;
Fire at, 239;
supports the Exclusion Bill, 308;
riots in, 322, 323;
supports Shaftesbury, 334;
turns against him, 335, 336;
Huguenot refugees in, vii. 14;
Methodists in, 208;
supports Pitt, 256, 305;
supports Wilkes, 319; viii. 6, 8, 12;
petitions to George III., 16, 20;
supports the younger Pitt, 69;
riot in, 113;
"barons" of, i. 319;
"boatmen" of, 308;
St. Paul's Cathedral in, 223;
Dooms of, 300;
Gilds of, 299;
"lithsmen" of, 300;
merchants of, _ib._;
Merchant Adventurers of, iv. 283, 284;
materials for its municipal history, i. 274;
portreeves of, i. 303;
first theatres in, v. 22, 23;
Tower of, i. 166;
weavers of, 317, 318;
Witenagemots at, i. 152, 153
Londonderry
colonized, v. 289;
siege of, vii. 57, 58
Longchamp, William, Bishop of Ely and justiciar, i. 260, 261, 264
"Lord" and "man,"
their mutual relations, i. 133;
and villeins, i. 323-325
Lords, House of,
origin of its judicial character, i. 256;
its composition under the Houses of Lancaster and York, iii. 94, 99;
under Henry VIII., iv. 13, 14;
rejects proposals of the Commons to confiscate Church property, iii.
15, 22;
its dealings with the Duke of York's claim to the Crown, 77;
assents to bills for Church reform, 291;
its address to the Pope, 297;
increase in its numbers under the Stuarts, v. 199, 200;
relations with Crown and Commons in 1641, 360;
charges Cromwell with treason, vi. 63;
rejects the ordinance for the trial of Charles I., 66, 67;
abolished, 67, 69;
Cromwell's substitute for, 144;
the Bishops restored to, 204;
rejects the Exclusion Bill, 320;
proposal to limit its numbers, vii. 190, 191;
its dealings with Wilkes, 318;
rejects Chatham's bill for repeal of the Stamp Acts, viii. 19, 20;
refuses Catholic emancipation, 196
Lorne, Archibald Campbell, Lord, v. 326.
_See_ Argyle
Lorraine annexed by France, vii. 215
Lorraine, the Cardinal of, iv. 267
Lothian ceded to Malcolm I., i. 147
Loughborough, Alexander Wedderburn, first Lord, viii. 154
Louisburg, capture of, vii. 266
Louisiana,
French settlement in, vii. 242;
ceded to England, 307
Louviers captured by Henry V., iii. 33
Lovat, Simon Fraser, thirteenth Lord, vii. 230
Lovelace, John, third Lord, vii. 42
Lowestoft, battle of, vi. 225
Lowlands, alleged grant of, by Cnut to the Scots, ii. 132
Lucy, Geoffrey de, i. 345
Lucy, Richard de, i. 343, 344
Luddite riots, viii. 194
Ludlow, General, vi. 109;
his _Memoirs_, v. 72
Lumley, John, Lord, iv. 267, 268
Lumley, Richard, second Viscount, vii. 35, 37
Lunéville, Peace of, viii. 143
Luther, Martin, iii. 253-257
Lutherans
in England, iii. 262;
their progress on the Continent, 275;
importation of their books forbidden, 304;
Henry VIII.'s alliance with, 336;
growth in Germany, iv. 31;
refuse to send representatives to Trent, 35, 36;
reject Henry VIII.'s advances, 36;
defeated at Muhlberg, 50;
take refuge in England, 51;
again invited to Trent, 193;
position after Peace of Passau, v. 176
Lutterworth, Wyclif at, ii. 343, 344
Luttrell, Colonel, viii. 8
Luttrell's _Diary_, vi. 158
Lutzen, battle of, viii. 201
Luxemburg
seized by Lewis XIV., vi. 335;
restored to Spain, vii. 91
Luxemburg, Francis Henry de Montmorency, Duke of, vii. 75, 79, 80
Luxemburg, Jacquetta of, iii. 124
Lydgate, John, iii. 17, 40;
Caxton's edition of, 157
Lyly, John, v. 5
Lymne, its fall, i. 33
Lynn,
King John at, i. 356;
its charter annulled, ii. 79
Lyons, Richard, ii. 304, 306, 323
Lyttelton, Lord Keeper, v. 378
Lyttelton, George, first Lord, vii. 249
_Mabinogion_, i. 7; ii. 50, 51
Macclesfield, Fitton Gerard, third Earl of, vii. 37
Machyn's _Diary_, iv. 3
Mackay, General, vii. 52
Madison, James, President of the United States, viii. 198
Madras,
its origin, vii. 232;
razed by Labourdonnais, 233
Magdalen of Valois, queen of Scots, iv. 23
Magdeburg, siege of, iv. 64
Magesætas, i. 66
Magna Carta. _See_ Charter, the Great
Mahrattas, vii. 234, 235; viii. 31
Maidstone, Protestant martyrs at, iv. 96
Maine
conquered by counts of Anjou, i. 212;
by William of Normandy, 158, 213;
by Philip Augustus, 269;
ceded to France, ii. 63
"Maintenance," ii. 311; iii. 105
Mainwaring, Dr. Roger, v. 254, 267
Major-Generals, Cromwell's, vi. 107, 118, 119
Malcolm I., king of Scots, i. 123
Malcolm II., king of Scots, i. 146
Malcolm III., king of Scots, i. 170, 197
Maldon, battle of, i. 139
Malet, Robert, i. 201
Malet, William, i. 343
"Malignants," vi. 47, 83, 99, 194, 201
Malmesbury, James Harris, first Lord, viii. 121, 123
Malmesbury, William of, i. 4, 6, 173, 243, 244
Malplaquet, battle of, vii. 136
Malta
conquered by Buonaparte, viii. 132;
blockaded by a British fleet, viii. 162;
surrenders, 165
"Maltôte," ii. 166
Man, Isle of, conquered by Eadwine, i. 63
Manchester seized by Eadward the Elder, i. 119;
its rise, vii. 196
Manchester, Edward Montagu, second Earl of (_see_ Mandeville),
head of the Association of the Eastern Counties, vi. 8, 13, 18;
quarrels with Cromwell, 24, 34;
retires, 35
Mandeville, Geoffrey de, Earl of Essex, i. 343
Mandeville, Edward Montagu, Viscount, v. 354, 358.
_See_ Manchester
Manor, the, i. 322-323
Mans, Le,
seized by Geoffrey Martel, i. 212;
rebels against William Rufus, 197;
Henry II. besieged in, 258;
surrendered to Charles VII., iii. 62
Mansel, John, ii. 8
Mansfield, Count, v. 239
Mansfield, William Murray, first Earl of, vii. 259
Mansion, Colard, iii. 155
Mantes, William the Conqueror wounded at, i. 190
Manton, Thomas, vi. 252
Mantua,
siege of, viii. 123;
surrenders to Buonaparte, 125
Manufactures,
growth of, under Elizabeth, iv. 278-280;
in Yorkshire, their rise, v. 281;
English, in eighteenth century, viii. 53, 54, 59, 60;
altered conditions of, 193, 194;
of linen, in Ireland, v. 291;
of silk, at Spitalfields, vii. 14
Manumissions, sale of, to the king's serfs, i. 325
Map, Walter, i. 174, 247-249
Mar, John Erskine, sixth Earl of, vii. 145, 183
March, Edward, Earl of. _See_ Edward IV.
March, Roger Mortimer, first Earl of. _See_ Mortimer
March, Roger Mortimer, fourth Earl of, ii. 378
March, Edmund Mortimer, fifth Earl of, iii. 2, 13, 14, 28, 30
Marchers, the Lords, ii. 67, 75, 80-82, 85
Mardyke, capture of, by the French, vi. 124
Mare, Sir Peter de la, ii. 306, 307, 311
Marengo, battle of, viii. 142
Maria Theresa of Austria, vii. 199;
queen of Hungary, 220;
her struggle with Frederick the Great, 221, 223, 225, 246
Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry VI., iii. 61;
her policy, 72, 74;
flies to Scotland, 75;
victory at St. Albans, 79;
defeated at Towton, 80;
appeals to Lewis XI., 121;
defeated at Hexham, 123;
reconciled with Warwick, 137;
lands at Weymouth, 143;
captured at Tewkesbury, 145
Margaret, wife of Malcolm III., king of Scots, i. 170
Margaret, daughter of Henry VII., wife of James IV. of Scotland, iii.
185;
her second marriage, 231;
strife with Albany, 232, 235, 247, 248;
with her husband, iv. 22
Margaret, the "Maid of Norway," ii. 135
Margaret of York,
schemes for her marriage, iii. 128-130;
marries Charles the Bold, 131;
patroness of Caxton, 155;
supports Lambert Simnel, 176;
supports Perkin Warbeck, 180
Margaret Beaufort. _See_ Beaufort
Marignano, battle of, iii. 233
Marisco. _See_ Marsh
Marlborough, Parliament at, ii. 89
Marlborough, John Churchill, Earl of (_see_ Churchill), vii. 50, 110;
campaign in Ireland, 72, 73;
plans of treason, 77;
relations with William III. and Anne, 111, 112;
Captain-General, 112;
relations with the allies, 113, 114;
his temper, 115, 116;
his military genius, 117;
campaign in 1702, _ib._;
difficulties with the Dutch, 118;
Duke, _ib._;
campaign of 1704, 119-122;
supports Occasional Conformity, 123;
relations with the Tories, _ib._, 124;
with the Whigs, 125;
troubles with the Allies, 125;
campaign of 1706, 126, 127;
difficulties at home, 131-133;
campaign of 1708, 134;
of 1709, 136;
attacked by the Tories, 138, 140;
his fall, 141;
imbecility, 182
Marlborough, Sarah Jennings, Duchess of, vii. 110, 111, 133, 136, 138
Marlowe, Christopher, v. 26, 27, 29, 31, 35
Marmont, General, viii. 199
"Marprelate, Martin," iv. 5, 342, 343
Marseilles besieged by Charles V., iii. 248, 249
Marsh, Adam, i. 274; ii. 14, 40, 41
Marshal, William, first Earl of Pembroke,
opposes John, i. 328, 329;
character and position, 345;
counsels John to accept the Charter, 347;
his fidelity to John, ii. 1;
"governor of king and kingdom," 2;
death, 3
Marshal, William, second Earl of Pembroke, i. 343; ii. 36
Marshal, Richard, third Earl of Pembroke, ii. 33, 34
Marshall, Stephen, v. 354
Marston, John, v. 42
Marston Moor, battle of, vi. 19
Martinengo, Papal nuncio, iv. 193
Martinico conquered by England, vii. 307;
restored to France, _ib._
Marvell, Andrew, vi. 329
Mary, daughter of Henry VIII.,
betrothed to the Dauphin, iii. 235;
to Charles V., 242, 250;
refuses to conform to Protestantism, iv. 58;
proclaimed queen, 71;
enters London, 74;
person and character, _ib._;
her aim, 75, 76;
schemes for her marriage, 78-80;
relations with Parliament, 81, 85;
revolt against her, 82-84;
marriage, 86;
persecutions, 91, 95, 96, 144;
disappointment, 98;
relations with Paul IV., 102, 103, 106;
refounds abbeys, 106;
war with Franco, 108;
dealings with Ireland, 109, 111;
effect of her persecutions, 118;
Protestant denunciations of, 130, 131;
death, 145
Mary, daughter of James, Duke of York, vi. 282;
plan for her marriage, 283;
married, 290;
refuses to reign alone, vii. 46;
declared queen, 47;
death, 88
Mary Stuart
born, iv. 25;
proposal for her marriage with Edward VI., 26, 28;
crowned, 28;
marries the Dauphin, 53, 169;
her claims to the English crown, 79, 153;
treaties with Elizabeth and the Lords, 176;
returns to Scotland, 196, 201;
person and character, 196-198;
policy, 199-201, 208, 211, 212;
relations with Elizabeth, 205;
scheme of marriage with Leicester, _ib._;
with Don Carlos, 206, 213, 221;
relations with Knox and the Calvinists, 218;
turns to the Lennoxes, 222;
proposes to marry Darnley, 223;
expels Murray, 225;
demands to be recognized as Elizabeth's successor, 226;
her plans for Scotland and England, _ib._;
quarrel with Darnley, 227;
captured, 229;
escapes to Dunbar, _ib._;
returns, 230;
birth of her son, 231;
relations with Darnley and Bothwell, 242, 243;
sanctions the establishment of Protestantism, 245;
marries Bothwell, _ib._;
captured by the Lords, 246;
prisoner at Lochleven, 257, 258;
forced to resign, 259;
escapes, 260;
defeated at Langside, 261;
flies to Carlisle, _ib._;
refuses to clear herself, 262;
plans for her marriage with Arran, 263;
for her marriage with Norfolk, _ib._, 265;
plots with Norfolk, 265, 271, 272;
given in charge to Lord Huntingdon, 268;
imprisoned at Coventry, 269;
scheme of marriage with Don John, 310;
joins Babington's plot, 351;
trial and death, 352;
bequeaths her claims to Philip, 353;
materials for her history, 4
Mary of Guise, queen of Scotland, iv. 23, 25, 28;
Regent, 112;
relations with the Protestants, 118, 168;
with France, 170;
death, 176
Mary of Modena, wife of James II., vi. 278; vii. 29, 34
Mary, daughter of Henry VII., iii. 232; iv. 46
Maserfeld, battle of the, i. 71
Masham, Mrs., vii. 132
Massachusetts,
first settlement in, v. 310;
first charter granted to, 311;
protests against English taxation, vii. 326;
proposes a congress, 330;
its assembly dissolved, viii. 14;
resists the tea-duty, 15;
its charter altered, 18;
takes up arms against England, 19;
repudiates English government, 23;
refuses to join in war against England, 203, 204
Massena, General, viii. 140, 189-191
Massey, Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, vii. 25
Massinger, Philip, v. 303
Matilda of Flanders, wife of William the Conqueror, i. 159
Matilda or Maud (Edith), wife of Henry I., i. 198-200, 246
Matilda or Maud, daughter of Henry I., i. 208, 213, 219, 220
Matthias, Emperor, v. 177, 213, 217
Maud. _See_ Matilda
Maunay, Sir Walter, ii. 234, 246, 253
Maurice, Bishop of London, i. 223
Maurice, Prince, vi. 13, 19, 22
Maximilian I. of Austria, iii. 147;
marries Mary of Burgundy, 151;
war with Lewis XI., _ib._;
treaty with him, 170;
supports Perkin Warbeck, 180;
relations with France, 232-234;
death, 239;
policy towards Luther, iv. 18
May's _History of the Long Parliament_, v. 72
Mayenne, Charles of Lorraine, Duke of, iv. 367, 372
_Mayflower_, the, v. 309
Mayne, Cuthbert, iv. 309
Maynooth stormed, iii. 328, 329
Mayor of a town,
successor of portreeve, i. 303;
right of electing, 315;
of Oxford, 310
Mazarin, Cardinal, vi. 114, 117, 190
Measures, uniformity of, enacted by Great Charter, i. 352
Meaux taken by Henry V., iii. 36
Medina Sidonia, Duke of, iv. 360, 362
Medway, the Dutch in the, vi. 242
Melfort, John Drummond, first Earl of, vii. 17
Melrose,
Cuthbert at, i. 75;
_Chronicle_ of, 273;
English raid on, iv. 29
Melville, Andrew, v. 133, 136, 138, 164, 165
Menou, General, viii. 164, 166
Meonwaras, i. 85
Merchadé, i. 265
Merchant Adventurers,
English, in Flanders, iii. 155;
of London, iv. 283, 284
Merchant Associations, iv. 233, 283
Merchant-gild, the, i. 297, 300;
struggle with craft-gilds, 316-318;
of London, 319
Mercia
under Penda, i. 66, 70-73;
submits to Oswiu, 73;
becomes Christian, _ib._;
its revival under Wulfhere, 78, 85;
struggle with Wessex, 90-91;
greatness under Offa, 97, 98;
struggle with Wales, ii. 46;
civil strife in, i. 101;
conquered by Ecgberht, 102;
attacked by northmen, 104;
conquered by them, 105;
English, under ealdorman Æthelred, 117;
annexed to Wessex, 118;
revolts against Eadwig, 137;
submits to Cnut, 143;
earldom of, 146
Mercians, their settlement, i. 37
Meres, Francis, v. 32, 41, 42
Merlin,
legend of, i. 247;
prophecies of, ii. 57, 119
Merton, school of, i. 225
Methodists, vii. 204-207, 210, 211;
their influence, viii. 46
Meulan captured by John of Bedford, iii. 39
Meulan, Robert, count of, i. 201
Mexico conquered by Cortes, iv. 329
Michiel, Giovanni, iv. 3
Middle English
settle round Leicester, i. 37;
become Christian, 72
Middle Saxons, i. 54
Middlesex elects Wilkes, viii. 5, 7
Middleton, Thomas, v. 42
Milan Decree, Napoleon's, viii. 181
Mile-end, meeting of Richard II. and the Kentishmen at, ii. 322
Milford Haven, Richard II. lands at, ii. 380
Millenary Petition, v. 151
Milton, John,
his early life, v. 98-101;
life at Horton, 302, 303;
early poems, 304;
_Comus_, 305, 306;
_Lycidas_, 332;
views on Church reform, 355;
change in his ecclesiastical views, vi. 32;
his sonnet on the Vaudois, 123;
his _Defence of the English People_, 231;
his later life, 232, 233;
_Paradise Lost_, 234-237;
_Areopagitica_, 305
Minden, battle of, vii. 264
Mines in England, i. 30; ii. 107; viii. 57
Minorca
ceded to England, vii. 142;
lost, 248;
restored, 307;
ceded to Spain, viii. 41
Mirebeau, Arthur of Britanny captured at, i. 268
Mise
of Amiens, ii. 68;
of Lewes, 71
Model, New. _See_ Army
_Modus Tenendi Parliamentum_, i. 275
Mogul Empire, the, vii. 234
Monaco, soldiers of, at Crécy, ii. 236
Monarchy,
growth of its strength, iii. 88, 89;
new policy, 89;
causes of its power, 111;
its position at Thomas Cromwell's death, iv. 7;
changes in its system under Elizabeth, 232;
James I.'s theory of, v. 169-171;
change in its relations to the country, 183, 184;
abolished, vi. 68;
proposal to restore it, 119-121;
restored, 152;
character after the Restoration, 172, 173, 183, 184;
character since the Revolution, vii. 60;
its insignificance under the House of Hanover, vii. 172-175.
_See_ King
Monasteries, suppression of, iii. 310, 311, 346; iv. 13
Monasticism,
revival of, under Henry I. and Stephen, i. 222;
its condition in the sixteenth century, iii. 309-310
Monk, George,
subdues the Highlands, vi. 108;
commander in Scotland, 150;
gathers a Convention at Edinburgh, _ib._;
leads his army to London, 151;
restores Charles II., 152;
Duke of Albemarle, 193;
fight with De Ruyter, 238
Monmouth, James, Duke of, vi. 176, 309;
schemes for his succession, 309, 310;
comes to court, 312;
ordered to leave London, _ib._;
returns, 314;
his progresses, 316, 322;
arrested, 335;
flight, 337;
finds refuge at the Hague, vii. 8;
his attempt on England, 9;
defeat and death, 10
Monmouth, Humfrey, iii. 258
Monopolies,
sale of, by Edward III., ii. 291;
abolished by Elizabeth, v. 58;
revived by James I., 222;
by Charles I., 279
Mons
surprised by Lewis of Nassau, iv. 298;
captured by Lewis XIV., vii. 76
Montacute, Henry Pole, Lord, iii. 349, 350
Montagu, John Neville, first Lord, iii. 113;
victory at Hexham, 123;
relations with Edward IV., 137, 138;
joins Warwick and Clarence, 139;
joins Warwick again, 142;
slain, _ib._
Montagu, Ralph, vi. 299
Montague, Anthony Browne, first Viscount, iv. 267
Montague, Charles, vii. 85;
founds the Bank of England, 86;
Chancellor of the Exchequer, 88;
reforms the currency, 89;
dismissed, 98;
impeached, 105
Montague, Dr. Richard, v. 245, 246;
bishop of Chichester, 267, 298
Montcalm, Marquis of, vii. 244, 268, 269
Montcontour, battle of, iv. 268, 298
Monteagle, William Parker, fourth Lord, v. 159
Montereau, Duke John of Burgundy assassinated at, iii. 35
Montfort, Amaury of (brother of Earl Simon), ii. 35
Montfort, Amaury of (son of Earl Simon), ii. 83
Montfort, Eleanor of, ii. 109
Montfort, Henry of, ii. 81
Montfort, John of, Duke of Britanny, ii. 233
Montfort, Richard of, ii. 83
Montfort, Simon IV. of, earl of Leicester, ii. 35
Montfort, Simon V. of, ii. 35;
marriage, 36;
earl of Leicester, _ib._, 37;
relations with the barons, _ib._;
heads reforming party, 37, 38;
protests against papal exactions, 38;
Seneschal of Gascony, 38-40;
quarrel with Henry III., 40;
regency of France offered to, _ib._;
character, 40-42;
returns to England, 59;
swears to Provisions of Oxford, 63;
negotiations with France, _ib._;
breach with Gloucester, 64;
goes to France, 66;
returns, 67;
alliance with Llewelyn, _ib._;
heads the barons in arms, _ib._;
rejects the Mise of Amiens, 68, 69;
victory at Lewes, 70, 71;
his rule, 71;
summons the commons to Parliament, 73, 153;
quarrel with Gloucester, 75;
last campaign, 76, 77;
death, 78;
his corpse mutilated, 80;
his adherents disinherited, 82, 83;
miracles at his tomb, 83
Montfort, Simon, the younger,
taken prisoner, ii. 70;
defeated by Edward, 76;
advances to Alcester, 77;
falls back to Kenilworth, 80;
releases his prisoners, _ib._;
goes to Axholme, 84;
surrenders to Edward, 85;
flies over sea, 86
Montgomery, Roger of, ii. 47
Montreal taken by Amherst, vii. 269
Montreuil besieged by the English, iv. 30
Montrose, James Grahame, fifth earl and first marquis of, v. 337, 342;
relations with Charles I., 359, 364;
raises the Highlands for the king, vi. 23;
his victories, _ib._, 38, 41;
defeat at Philiphaugh, _ib._;
executed, 78
Moore, Sir John, viii. 186, 187
Moot, the, i. 17, 18
Morat, battle of, iii. 150
Moray, Thomas Randolph, Earl of, ii. 213.
_See_ Randolph
More, Hannah, vii. 170; viii. 47
More, Thomas,
his person and character, iii. 216, 217;
first appearance in Parliament, 218;
his home-life, _ib._, 219;
returns to court, 219;
his lectures on "The City of God," 197;
_Life of Edward the Fifth_, 83, 218;
_Utopia_, 189, 220-228;
Speaker of the Commons, 245;
his reply to Luther, 257;
Chancellor, 286, 289;
resigns, 299;
summoned to take the oath of succession, 317;
refuses, 318;
sent to the Tower, 319;
beheaded, 321;
his reverence for Parliament, iv. 9;
Roper's _Life of_, iii. 83
More, Thomas de la, ii. 177
Moreau, General, viii. 122, 142, 143
_Moriæ Encomium_, iii. 219
Morice, Sir William, Secretary of State, vi. 194
Morkere, Earl of Northumbria, i. 160, 165, 167, 170
Mornington, Richard Wellesley, second Earl of, viii. 132.
_See_ Wellesley
Morrison, Robert, vi. 167
Mortemer, battle of, i. 158
Mortimer, Anne, iii. 56
Mortimer, Edmund, Earl of March. _See_ March
Mortimer, Sir Edmund, iii. 13
Mortimer, Roger,
supporter of Henry III., ii. 64, 72, 85;
defeated by Llewelyn, 88;
head of regency, 102
Mortimer, Roger, conspires against Edward II., ii. 198;
Earl of March, 206;
fall, 207
Mortimer's Cross, battle of, iii. 78
Morton, John, Bishop of Ely and Archbishop of Canterbury, iii. 167,
285;
his "fork," 177
Morton, James Douglas, fourth Earl of, iv. 114;
Chancellor of Scotland, 224;
aids Darnley against Mary, 228;
flies, 230;
recalled, 243;
joins Argyle against Mary, 245;
beheaded, 346
Morton, Dr. Nicholas, iv. 265, 268
Moscow, Napoleon's expedition to, viii. 200
Mount Badon, battle of, i. 34
Mountjoy, Charles Blount, eighth Lord, v. 62
Mountnorris, Francis Annesley, Lord, v. 290
Moveables, taxation of,
under Henry II., i. 257;
under Richard I., 350
Mowbray, Robert, Earl of Northumberland, i. 192
Mowbray, Roger, i. 254
Muhlberg, battle of, iv. 50
Munster,
the Fitz-Maurices in, ii. 377;
English conquest of, iii. 329;
revolt in, v. 62
Münster, Bernard van Galen, Bishop of, vi. 227
Murimuth, Adam of, i. 274; ii. 177
Murray, James Stuart, first earl of (_see_ Stuart), iv. 199;
his policy, _ib._, 200, 201, 205;
opposes the Darnley marriage, 223;
plots with Elizabeth, 224;
rises against Mary, _ib._;
defeated, 225;
returns, 229;
pleads for Morton's recall, 243;
goes to France, 244;
Regent of Scotland, 259;
defeats Mary at Langside, 260, 261;
his charges against Mary, 262;
murdered, 271; v. 122
Murray, Sir Robert, vi. 166
Mysore, sultans of, viii. 131
Nalson's historical collections, v. 72
Namur
surrendered to Lewis XIV., vii. 79;
taken by the Allies, 88
Nanci, battle of, iii. 150
Nantes, Edict of, revoked, vii. 13
Nantwich, battle at, vi. 18
Naples
threatened by an English fleet, vii. 223;
attacked by Austria, 224
Napoleon, Emperor of the French (_see_ Buonaparte),
his scheme for invading England, viii. 170, 171;
victories at Ulm and Austerlitz, 173;
at Jena, 174;
at Eylau and Friedland, 175;
his Berlin Decree, 176;
Milan Decree, 181;
masters Spain, 185;
military successes there, 187;
victory at Wagram, 188;
seeks the alliance of America, 192;
marches on Russia, 198, 200;
retreats, 200, 201;
last victories, 201;
fall, 203;
at Elba, 205;
re-enters France, 206;
raises an army, 207;
victory at Ligny, _ib._;
defeat at Waterloo, 208-210;
exile to St. Helena, 211
Narbonne sacked by the Black Prince, ii. 260
Naseby, battle of, vi. 40
Nash, Thomas, v. 8
Nassau, Lewis, Count of, iv. 298
Navarete, battle of, ii. 284
Navarre, Anthony of Bourbon, king of, iv. 206
Navy. _See_ Fleet
Nectansmere, battle of, i. 89
Neerwinden, battles of, vii. 80; viii. 107
Nelson, Horatio, viii. 133, 172, 173
Nennius, i. 3
Netherlands,
their importance to Philip II., iv. 255;
rise against him, 256, 297, 298;
alliance with Elizabeth, 311;
English sympathy with, 323, 324;
choose the Duke of Anjou for their sovereign, 336-338;
Parma's successes in, 347;
prevent Parma joining the Armada, 359;
league with France and England, v. 60;
submit to Philip V. of Spain, vii. 101;
Marlborough's campaigns in, 117, 126, 127;
invaded by Lewis XV., vii. 225;
war in, 227, 231;
conquered by France, viii. 109
Neufmarché, Bernard of, ii. 47
Neuss besieged by Charles the Bold, iii. 147-149
Neville, Alexander, Archbishop of York, ii. 353
Neville, Anne, iii. 137, 140
Neville, Cecily, Duchess of York, iii. 73
Neville, George, Chancellor, iii. 113, 123;
Archbishop of York, 113;
deprived of the seals, 130;
betrays London to Edward, 142
Neville, Ralph, Earl of Westmoreland, ii. 379
Neville, house of, iii. 73, 112, 113
Neville's Cross, battle of, ii. 243
New Amsterdam, vi. 243
Newark,
king John dies at, i. 356;
siege of, vi. 19
Newburgh, William of, i. 174
Newbury, battles of, vi. 14, 23, 24
Newcastle-on-Tyne
founded, i. 189;
occupied by the Scots, v. 342;
besieged by the Scots, vi. 23;
Charles I. and the Scots at, 48;
Parliament at, ii. 160
Newcastle, William Cavendish, first Earl, Marquis and Duke of, vi. 4,
18, 19
Newcastle, John Holies, Duke of, vii. 134
Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of, vii. 218;
head of the ministry, 246;
refuses subsidy to Russia, 247;
jealous of Pitt, 250;
resigns, _ib._;
joins Pitt in forming a ministry, 251;
opposes Pitt, 304;
retires, 305
New England,
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