Cervantes e Portugal
by Carlos Barroso · Portuguese · Gutenberg #22378 · 32,205 chars · public domain (US)
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Title: Cervantes e Portugal
curiosidade literaria
Author: Carlos Barroso
Release date: August 22, 2007 [eBook #22378]
Language: Portuguese
Original publication: Lisboa: , 1872
Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22378
Credits: Produced by Rita Farinha and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
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CERVANTES E PORTUGAL
CURIOSIDADE LITTERARIA
POR
CARLOS BARROSO
DEDICADA AO RESPEITAVEL DR. E. W. THEBUSSËM BARÃO DE THIRMENTH
LISBOA
ANNO 325 DO NASCIMENTO DO AUTOR DE D. QUIXOTE
CERVANTES E PORTUGAL
Los libros de caballería son la protesta contra el feudalismo, y
Cervantes la gran estátua que corona el renacimiento.
Emilio Castelar.
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra appellidado por seus compatriotas, o _Manco
de Lepanto_, por ter sido mutilado n'aquelle celebre combate naval,
segundo consta de sua biographia veio a Lisboa com Phelippe II em 1581
onde se namorou de certa dama incognita e de quem teve uma filha, cujo
nome foi Isabel de Saavedra. Suppõe-se que seus amores na côrte lusitana
lhe inspiraram a linda novella pastoril da _Galatea_, onde o autor
figura disfarçado no pegureiro Lauso que suspira pela formosa pastora
Silena. O escriptor de tão bello idyllio assistiu á tomada das Ilhas
Terceiras pelo marquez de Santa Cruz.
* * * * *
Começarei as minhas investigações pelo prologo do famoso poema critico
_D. Quijote_.
Alli dedica Cervantes um merecido elogio ao famoso rio Tejo que beija as
praias da inclita cidade de Ulysses, e cujas arêas consta da tradicção
serem de ouro.
Percorrendo esta obra digna de ser lida por todos os que se prezam de
verdadeiros litteratos, deparamos no capitulo 6.^o da sua 1.^a parte,
que entre os livros que adornavam a bibliotheca do engenhoso fidalgo, se
encontraram além de outros de autores portuguezes o _Palmeirim de
Inglaterra_, cuja composição se attribue a um _discreto_ rei de
Portugal, e tambem a _Diana_ de Jorge de Montemayor.
Quando o Heroe da Mancha exalta a imaginaria gerarquia da senhora de
seus pensamentos D. Dulcinea do Taboso, afirma que não é oriunda de
outras familias celeberrimas de Hespanha que menciona, nem mesmo dos
Alencastros, Pallas e Menezes de Portugal.
O pastor Lope Ruiz, com cuja historia entretem Sancho Pança o seu
temerario amo, ao fugir da ingrata Torralva, detem-se nas margens do
Guadiana antes de passar com seu rebanho para Portugal.
O reino da princeza Micomicona era maior que Portugal e Castella juntos.
Na 2.^a parte, suppõe o escudeiro de D. Quixote que mais de 12:000
exemplares da historia de seu valente patrão, se achavam n'aquelle tempo
impressos, e afirma como testemunhas do que refere a Portugal, Barcelona
e Valencia.
O rio Guadiana entra _pomposo_ e _grande_ em Portugal.
Na profunda e tenebrosa cova de Montesinos promette o _caballero de los
leones_ á sua phantastica amante, andar por causa d'ella as sete
partidas do mundo com mais pontualidade que o infante D. Pedro de
Portugal.
Para provar a verdade da existencia dos cavalheiros andantes, diz o da
Triste Figura ao conego de Toledo: «Si no diganme tambien que no es
verdad que fué caballero andante el valiente lusitano Juan de Merlo, que
fué á Borgoña, y se combatió en la ciudad de Ras con el famoso señor de
Charny, llamado Mosen Enrique de Remestan, saliendo de entrambas
empresas vencedor y lleno de honrosa fama.»
Era do _excelentisimo_ Camões uma das eclogas que haviam de representar
as pastoras em cujas redes se embaraçou o pensativo escravo de Dulcinea.
* * * * *
Passando do primor de Cervantes á sua quasi rival Galatea, lê-se que o
pae da linda heroina das margens do aurifero Tejo, intenta prendel-a com
os laços de hymineo a um pastor lusitano das ribeiras do deleitoso Lima.
Que bellos são os versos da apaixonada amante de Erastro quando ao
despedir-se do seu dourado rio, canta:
«¡Que tengo de despedirme
De ver el Tajo dorado!
¡Que ha de quedar mi ganado,
Y yo triste he de partirme!»
É pena que tão deslumbrante producção ficasse por acabar e que o leitor
ignore se os zagaes do manso Henares chegaram a rechassar o pastor
estranho.
* * * * *
Passemos ás _Novellas Exemplares_.
Na da _Hespanhola ingleza_, Ricaredo depois de separar-se de Isabella,
seguindo a derrota das Ilhas Terceiras, em que sempre se encontravam
navios portuguezes das Indias Orientaes, approxima-se com effeito de um
carregado de especiarias e de tantas perolas e diamantes, que valiam
mais de um milhão de ouro, e levava trezentas pessoas, ao qual abastece
de artilheria por tel-a alijado durante uma tespestade.
Quando Isabella parte para Hespanha, promette o capitão do baixel á
rainha de Inglaterra de aportar a Lisboa, Cadix ou Sevilha.
No _Licenciado Vidraça_ observa-se a anecdota do portuguez que pintava
as barbas de negro, o qual altercando com um castelhano disse-lhe: «por
estas barbas que tenho no rosto», a quem redarguiu o licenceado: «não
digaes tenho, dizei _tiño_ (palavra hespanhola que em portuguez equivale
a _tinjo_).
Na _Força do sangue_, o arrebatador da honra de Leocadia afim que ella
para o futuro o desconhecesse inteiramente, ao deixal-a com os olhos
vendados junto á egreja da praça, muda a voz e annuncia-lhe em lingua
meio portugueza e meio castelhana, que póde d'alli ir para casa de seus
paes.
No _Zelloso extremenho_, diz Loaysa ao negro guarda da jovem esposa do
velho Carrizales, que sabia cantigas capazes de fazer pasmar até aos
portuguezes.
A negra Guiomar era portugueza.
No _Colloquio dos cães_, Berganza vitupera os que fallando mal o latim
introduzem sua ruim linguagem qual cobre dourado nas conversações
eruditas, como os portuguezes fazem com os pretos de Guiné.
Na _Tia fingida_, ha a seguinte phrase que acho muito graciosa: «á poco
rato vieron venir una reverenda matrona, con unas tocas blancas como la
nieve, mas largas que sobrepelliz de canónigo portugués.»
Ao descrever-se na mesma novella o caracter de todos os povos da
peninsula, tambem se menciona o dos portuguezes, ainda que de um modo
pouco lisongeiro.
* * * * *
É em Lisboa que o barbaro hespanhol embarca para Inglaterra.
Em lingua portugueza canta o namorado Manuel de Sousa Coutinho seus
amores por que morre depois de os relatar, e cuja narração occupa todo o
capitulo X do livro I dos _Trabalhos de Persiles e Segismunda_.
Na interessantissima parte 3.^a dos mesmos presenceamos a chegada a
Portugal e desembarque dos viajantes na praia de Belem, d'onde se
dirigem á _famosa_ Lisboa, cujos ricos templos e hospitaes são
celebrados. A seguinte passagem merece ser lida em seu primitivo idioma:
«aqui el amor y la honestidad se dan las manos, y se pasean juntos; la
cortesía no deja que se le llegue la arrogancia, y la braveza no
consiente que se le acerque la cobardía: todos sus moradores son
agradables, son corteses, son liberales y son enamorados, porque son
discretos: la ciudad es la mayor de Europa y la de mayores tratos; en
ella se descargan las riquezas del Oriente y desde ella se reparten por
el universo; su puerto es capaz, no solo de naves que se puedan reducir
á número, sino de selvas movibles de árboles que los de las naves
forman: la hermosura de las mujeres admira y enamora, la bizarría de los
hombres pasma, como ellos dicen; finalmente, esta es la tierra que da al
cielo santo y copiosísimo tributo.»
Em S. Julião, que no original se vê escripto _Sangian_, é revistado o
navio em que vinham os peregrinos. A formosura de Auristela e a
galhardia de Periandro são o alvo da admiração do governador do castello
e de seus habitantes.
Não se esquecem os devotos peregrinos de visitar o historico mosteiro de
Santa Maria, e dirigindo-se depois por terra á capital, constantemente
acompanhados _de plebeya y cortesana gente_ encontram-se por acaso com
um dos vinte fugitivos da ilha selvagem, que tendo presenceado a morte
do desditoso Coutinho, volvera á patria, e dera conta do successo aos
parentes do fallescido, que o accreditaram _por tener casi en costumbre
el morir de amores los portugueses_, mandando depois d'esta noticia
fabricar um tumulo de marmore branco, e como se n'elle estivesse
enterrado, applicou-lhe seu irmão uma lapide na qual se lia a seguinte
inscripção em portuguez, que traduzida do castelhano reza assim:
AQUI JAZ VIVA A MEMORIA
DO JÁ MORTO
MANUEL DE SOUSA COUTINHO,
CAVALHEIRO PORTUGUEZ,
QUE SE NÃO FOSSE PORTUGUEZ AINDA VIVERA.
NÃO MORREU ÁS MÃOS
DE NENHUM CASTELHANO,
MAS SIM ÁS DO AMOR, QUE TUDO PÓCE;
PROCURA SABER SUA VIDA,
E INVEJARÁS SUA MORTE,
PASSAGEIRO.
O qual lido por Periandro confirmou que excede na composição de
epitaphios a gente da nação portugueza.
O cavalleiro que entrega o menino recemnascido a Ricla, diz-lhe que seus
inimigos o perseguem, e que se por alli passarem e lhe perguntarem por
elle, diga-lhes que apenas tinha visto tres ou quatro homens a cavallo
que iam gritando _á Portugal, á Portugal_.
Mais adiante conta o polaco as suas aventuras em Lisboa, onde
inopinadamente mata certo fidalgo, filho de uma senhora, em cuja casa se
refugia o assassino para subtrahir-se á justiça; a mãe do assassinado
sem saber do caso, esconde-o por detraz dos tapetes de sua mesma alcova,
tem a generosidade de não o entregar á justiça depois de saber do crime
que o seu protegido havia commettido, e para não faltar á hospitalidade
perdôa-lhe, e dá-lhe fuga pela porta occulta de seu jardim.
Ao fallar Cervantes de Valencia e de suas lindas mulheres, diz que é
gracioso o dialecto valenciano, e que só com o idioma portuguez _puede
competir en ser dulce y agradable_.
O sumptuoso palacio de Manases em que se hospedaram os peregrinos em
Roma achava-se situado junto ao arco de Portugal.
Emfim, o retrato da bellissima Auristela feito em Lisboa por um pintor
portuguez, foi por outro pintor comprado em França e d'alli transportado
á Hespanha.
* * * * *
Na _Viagem do Parnaso_, canto IV, depois de descrever o autor a deidade
que personifica a Poesia, e de dizer que o Sul lhe brinda perolas, Sabea
perfumes, o Tiber ouro, e Hibla suavidade, continúa:
«Galas Milan, y lusitania amores.»
Mais adiante e no mesmo canto lê-se:
«Aquel discreto Juan de Basconcellos
Venia delante en un caballo bayo,
Dando á las musas lusitanas celos.
E pouco depois:
«Así como las naves que cargadas
Llegan de la oriental India á Lisboa,
Que son por las mayores estimadas;
Esta llegó desde la popa á proa
Cubierta de poetas, mercancia
De quien hay saca en Calicut y en Goa.
E elogiando a alguns poetas diz no canto VII:
«De la alta cumbre del famoso Pindo
Bajaron tres bizarros lusitanos,
A quien mis álabanzas todas rindo
Con prestos pies y con valientes manos
Con Fernando Correa de La Cerda
Pisó Rodriguez Lobo monte y llanos.
Y porque Febo su razon no pierda,
El grande Don Antonio de Ataide
Llegó con furia alborotada y cuerda.
Entre os sonetos que compoz Cervantes, observa-se um dirigido ao marquez
de Santa Cruz que se apoderou das ilhas dos Açores.
* * * * *
Em conclusão; nos seus onze entremezes só duas cousas se lêem referentes
a Portugal, e ambas no da _Guarda cuidadosa_, em que apparece um
vendedor ambulante que entre outras cousas apregoa _hilo portugués_, e
varias scenas depois um soldado que menciona a grande peça de Diu
existente em Lisboa, não sei se no Arsenal do Exercito. São estas as
suas palavras--«No habiéndome espantado ni atemorizado tiros maiores que
el de Dio, que está en Lisboa.»
O que me faz collegir que o dicto militar presenciou o memoravel cêrco.
* * * * *
É isto tudo o que li relativo a Portugal nas obras do immortal critico
das Hespanhas, e que fielmente relato, rogando aos que lerem este
folheto me desculpem a má linguagem em que o escrevi em
Lisboa, aos 18 de fevereiro de 1872.
NOTA
Referindo-se a Bento Caldera (portuguez) primeiro traductor dos Lusiadas
em castelhano, diz o sr. visconde de Jurumenha na sua bella edição das
obras do immortal Luiz de Camões, 1860, as seguintes palavras: «O
celebre Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra fez menção da traducção e traductor
n'estes versos na sua _Galatea_ liv. VI, _Canto de Caliope_.
Tu que de luso el singular tesoro
Irigiste en nueva forma á la ribera
Del fertil rio, á quien el lecho de oro
Tan famoso le hace adonde quiera;
Con el devido aplauso, y el decoro
Devido á ti, Benito de Caldera,
Y á tu ingenio sin par prometo honrarte,
Y de lauro, y de hiedra coronarte.
FINIS CORONAT OPUS.
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