New Word-Analysis
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Title: New Word-Analysis
Author: William Swinton
Release date: September 22, 2006 [eBook #19346]
Language: English
Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19346
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW WORD-ANALYSIS ***
Produced by Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
NEW WORD-ANALYSIS:
OR,
SCHOOL ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVE WORDS.
_WITH PRACTICAL EXERCISES_
IN
SPELLING, ANALYZING, DEFINING, SYNONYMS, AND
THE USE OF WORDS.
BY WILLIAM SWINTON,
GOLD MEDALIST FOR TEXT-BOOKS, PARIS EXPOSITION, 1878; AND AUTHOR OF
"SWINTON'S GEOGRAPHIES," "OUTLINES OF THE WORLD'S
HISTORY," "LANGUAGE SERIES," ETC.
NEW YORK ·:· CINCINNATI ·:· CHICAGO
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
_Copyright_, 1879,
BY WILLIAM SWINTON
PREFACE.
The present text-book is a new-modeling and rewriting of Swinton's
_Word-Analysis_, first published in 1871. It has grown out of a large
amount of testimony to the effect that the older book, while valuable as a
manual of methods, in the hands of teachers, is deficient in practice-work
for pupils.
This testimony dictated a double procedure: first, to retain the old
_methods_; secondly, to add an adequate amount of new _matter_.
Accordingly, in the present manual, the few Latin roots and derivatives,
with the exercises thereon, have been retained--under "Part II.: The Latin
Element"--as simply a _method of study_.[1] There have then been added, in
"Division II.: Abbreviated Latin Derivatives," no fewer than two hundred
and twenty Latin root-words with their most important English offshoots. In
order to concentrate into the limited available space so large an amount of
new matter, it was requisite to devise a novel mode of indicating the
English derivatives. What this mode is, teachers will see in the section,
pages 50-104. The author trusts that it will prove well suited to
class-room work, and in many other ways interesting and valuable: should it
not, a good deal of labor, both of the lamp and of the file, will have been
misplaced.
To one matter of detail in connection with the Latin and Greek derivatives,
the author wishes to call special attention: the Latin and the Greek roots
are, as key-words, given in this book in the form of the _present
infinitive_,--the present indicative and the supine being, of course,
added. For this there is one sufficient justification, to wit: that the
present infinitive is the form in which a Latin or a Greek root is always
given in Webster and other received lexicographic authorities. It is a
curious fact, that, in all the school etymologies, the present indicative
should have been given as the root, and is explicable only from the
accident that it is the key-form in the Latin dictionaries. The change into
conformity with our English dictionaries needs no defense, and will
probably hereafter be imitated by all authors of school etymologies.
In this compilation the author has followed, in the main, the last edition
of Webster's Unabridged, the etymologies in which carry the authoritative
sanction of Dr. Mahn; but reference has constantly been had to the works of
Wedgwood, Latham, and Haldeman, as also to the "English Etymology" of Dr.
James Douglass, to whom the author is specially indebted in the Greek and
Anglo-Saxon sections.
W.S.
NEW YORK, 1879.
CONTENTS.
PART I.
INTRODUCTION. PAGE
I. ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY 1
II. ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS 5
III. PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES 5
IV. RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE WORDS 6
PART II.
THE LATIN ELEMENT.
I. LATIN PREFIXES 9
II. LATIN SUFFIXES 12
III. DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES 21
LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES 23
DIVISION I. METHOD OF STUDY 23
DIVISION II. ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES 50
PART III.
THE GREEK ELEMENT.
I. GREEK PREFIXES 105
II. GREEK ALPHABET 106
GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES 107
DIVISION I. PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS 107
DIVISION II. ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR
DERIVATIVES 120
PART IV.
THE ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT.
I. ANGLO-SAXON PREFIXES 125
II. ANGLO-SAXON SUFFIXES 125
ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES 127
SPECIMENS OF ANGLO-SAXON 132
SPECIMENS OF SEMI-SAXON AND EARLY ENGLISH 135
ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT IN MODERN ENGLISH 136
PART V.
MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATIVES.
I. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS 142
1. NOUNS 142
2. ADJECTIVES 144
II. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES 146
III. ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL SCHOOL STUDIES 149
1. TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY 149
2. TERMS IN GRAMMAR 150
3. TERMS IN ARITHMETIC 154
WORD-ANALYSIS.
PART I.--INTRODUCTION.
I.--ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
1. ETYMOLOGY[2] is the study which treats of the derivation of words,--that
is, of their structure and history.
2. ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY, or word-analysis, treats of the derivation of English
words.
3. The VOCABULARY[3] of a language is the whole body of words in that
language. Hence the English vocabulary consists of all the words in the
English language.
I. The complete study of any language comprises two distinct
inquiries,--the study of the _grammar_ of the language, and the study
of its _vocabulary_. Word-analysis has to do exclusively with the
vocabulary.
II. The term "etymology" as used in grammar must be carefully
distinguished from "etymology" in the sense of word-analysis.
Grammatical etymology treats solely of the grammatical changes in
words, and does not concern itself with their derivation; historical
etymology treats of the structure, composition, and history of words.
Thus the relation of _loves, loving, loved_ to the verb _love_ is a
matter of grammatical etmology; but the relation of _lover, lovely_,
or _loveliness_ to _love_ is a matter of historical etymology.
III. The English vocabulary is very extensive, as is shown by the fact
that in Webster's Unabridged Dictionary there are nearly 100,000 words.
But it should be observed that 3,000 or 4,000 serve all the ordinary
purposes of oral and written communication. The Old Testament contains
5,642 words; Milton uses about 8,000; and Shakespeare, whose vocabulary
is more extensive than that of any other English writer, employs no
more than 15,000 words.
4. The PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS of the English vocabulary are words of
Anglo-Saxon and of Latin or _French-Latin_ origin.
5. ANGLO-SAXON is the earliest form of English. The whole of the grammar of
our language, and the most largely used part of its vocabulary, are
Anglo-Saxon.
I. Anglo-Saxon belongs to the Low German[4] division of the Teutonic
stock of languages. Its relations to the other languages of Europe--all
of which are classed together as the Aryan, or Indo-European family of
languages--may be seen from the following table:--
/ CELTIC STOCK..........................as Welsh, Gaelic.
| SLAVONIC STOCK........................as Russian.
INDO- | / Greek / Italian.
EUROPEAN < CLASSIC STOCK \ Latin < Spanish.
FAMILY. | \ French, etc.
| / Scandinavian:.......as Swedish.
| TEUTONIC STOCK< / High Ger:.as Modern German.
\ \ German <
\ Low Ger....as Anglo-Saxon.
II. The term "Anglo-Saxon" is derived from the names _Angles_ and
_Saxons_, two North German tribes who, in the fifth century A.D.,
invaded Britain, conquered the native Britons, and possessed themselves
of the land, which they called England, that is, Angle-land. The Britons
spoke a Celtic language, best represented by modern Welsh. Some British
words were adopted into Anglo-Saxon, and still continue in our language.
6. The LATIN element in the English vocabulary consists of a large number
of words of Latin origin, adopted directly into English at various periods.
The principal periods, during which Latin words were brought directly
into English are:--
1. At the introduction of Christianity into England by the Latin
Catholic missionaries, A.D. 596.
2. At the revival of classical learning in the sixteenth century.
3. By modern writers.
7. The FRENCH-LATIN element in the English language consists of French
words, first largely introduced into English by the Norman-French who
conquered England in the eleventh century, A.D.
I. French, like Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, is substantially
Latin, but Latin considerably altered by loss of grammatical forms and
by other changes. This language the Norman-French invaders brought with
them into England, and they continued to use it for more than two
centuries after the Conquest. Yet, as they were not so numerous as the
native population, the old Anglo-Saxon finally prevailed, though with
an immense infusion of French words.
II. French-Latin words--that is, Latin words introduced through the
French--can often be readily distinguished by their being more changed
in form than the Latin terms directly introduced into our language.
Thus--
LATIN. FRENCH. ENGLISH.
inimi'cus ennemi enemy
pop'ulus peuple people
se'nior sire sir
8. OTHER ELEMENTS.--In addition to its primary constituents--namely, the
Anglo-Saxon, Latin, and French-Latin--the English vocabulary contains a
large number of Greek derivatives and a considerable number of Italian,
Spanish, and Portuguese words, besides various terms derived from
miscellaneous sources.
The following are examples of words taken from miscellaneous sources;
that is, from sources other than Anglo-Saxon, Latin, French-Latin, and
Greek:--
_Hebrew_: amen, cherub, jubilee, leviathan, manna, sabbath, seraph.
_Arabic_: admiral, alcohol, algebra, assassin, camphor, caravan,
chemistry, cipher, coffee, elixir, gazelle, lemon, magazine, nabob,
sultan.
_Turkish_: bey, chibouk, chouse, janissary, kiosk, tulip.
_Persian_: azure, bazaar, checkmate, chess, cimeter, demijohn, dervise,
orange, paradise, pasha, turban.
_Hindustani_: calico, jungle, pariah, punch, rupee, shampoo, toddy.
_Malay_: a-muck, bamboo, bantam, gamboge, gong, gutta-percha, mango.
_Chinese_: nankeen, tea.
_Polynesian_: kangaroo, taboo, tattoo.
_American Indian_: maize, moccasin, pemmican, potato, tobacco,
tomahawk, tomato, wigwam.
_Celtic_: bard, bran, brat, cradle, clan, druid, pony, whiskey.
_Scandinavian_: by-law, clown, dregs, fellow, glade, hustings, kidnap,
plough.
_Dutch, or Hollandish_: block, boom, bowsprit, reef, skates, sloop,
yacht.
_Italian_: canto, cupola, gondola, grotto, lava, opera, piano, regatta,
soprano, stucco, vista.
_Spanish_: armada, cargo, cigar, desperado, flotilla, grandee,
mosquito, mulatto, punctilio, sherry, sierra.
_Portuguese_: caste, commodore, fetish, mandarin, palaver.
9. PROPORTIONS.--On an examination of passages selected from modern English
authors, it is found that of every hundred words sixty are of Anglo-Saxon
origin, thirty of Latin, five of Greek, and all the other sources combined
furnish the remaining five.
By actual count, there are more words of classical than of Anglo-Saxon
origin in the English vocabulary,--probably two and a half times as
many of the former as of the latter. But Anglo-Saxon words are so much
more employed--owing to the constant repetition of conjunctions,
prepositions, adverbs, auxiliaries, etc. (all of Anglo-Saxon
origin)--that in any page of even the most Latinized writer they
greatly preponderate. In the Bible, and in Shakespeare's vocabulary,
they are in the proportion of ninety per cent. For specimens showing
Anglo-Saxon words, see p. 136.
II.--ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS.
10. CLASSES BY ORIGIN.--With respect to their origin, words are divided
into two classes,--primitive words and derivative words.
11. A PRIMITIVE word, or root, is one that cannot be reduced to a more
simple form in the language to which it is native: as, _man, good, run_.
12. A DERIVATIVE word is one made up of a root and one or more _formative
elements_: as, man_ly_, good_ness_, run_ner_.
The formative elements are called prefixes and suffixes. (See §§ 16, 17.)
13. BY COMPOSITION.--With respect to their composition, words are divided
into two classes,--simple and compound words.
14. A SIMPLE word consists of a single significant term: as, _school,
master, rain, bow_.
15. A COMPOUND word is one made up of two or more simple words united: as,
_school-master, rainbow_.
In some compound words the constituent parts are joined by the hyphen
as _school-master_; in others the parts coalesce and the compound forms
a single (though not a _simple_) word, as _rainbow_.
III.--PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.
16. A prefix is a significant syllable or word placed before and joined
with a word to modify its meaning: as, unsafe = _not_ safe; remove = move
_back_; circumnavigate = sail _around_.
17. A suffix is a significant syllable or syllables placed after and joined
with a word to modify its meaning: as, safeLY = in a safe _manner_; movABLE
= that may be moved; navIGATION = _act_ of sailing.
The word _affix_ signifies either a prefix or a suffix; and the verb _to
affix_ means to join a prefix or a suffix to a root-word.
EXERCISE.
Tell whether the following words are primitive or derivative, and also
whether simple or compound:--
1 grace
2 sign
3 design
4 midshipman
5 wash
6 sea
7 workman
8 love
9 lovely
10 white
11 childhood
12 kingdom
13 rub
14 music
15 musician
16 music-teacher
17 footstep
18 glad
19 redness
20 school
21 fire
22 watch-key
23 give
24 forget
25 iron
26 hardihood
27 young
28 right
29 ploughman
30 day-star
31 large
32 truthful
33 manliness
34 milkmaid
35 gentleman
36 sailor
37 steamboat
38 wooden
39 rich
40 hilly
41 coachman
42 warm
43 sign-post
44 greenish
45 friend
46 friendly
47 reform
48 whalebone
49 quiet
50 quietude
51 gardener
52 form
53 formal
54 classmate
55 trust
56 trustworthy
57 penknife
58 brightness
59 grammarian
60 unfetter
IV.--RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE
WORDS.
Rule 1.--_Final "e" followed by a Vowel._
Final _e_ of a primitive word is dropped on taking a suffix beginning with
a vowel: as, blame + able = blamable; guide + ance = guidance; come + ing =
coming; force + ible = forcible; obscure + ity = obscurity.
EXCEPTION 1.--Words ending in _ge_ or _ce_ usually retain the _e_
before a suffix beginning with _a_ or _o_, for the reason that _c_ and
_g_ would have the hard sound if the _e_ were dropped: as, peace + able
= peaceable; change + able = changeable; courage + ous = courageous.
EXCEPTION 2.--Words ending in _oe_ retain the _e_ to preserve the sound
of the root: as, shoe + ing = shoeing; hoe + ing = hoeing. The _e_ is
retained in a few words to prevent their being confounded with similar
words: as, singe + ing = singeing (to prevent its being confounded with
singing).
Rule II.--_Final "e" followed by a Consonant._
Final _e_ of a primitive word is retained on taking a suffix beginning with
a consonant: as, pale + ness = paleness; large + ly = largely.
EXCEPTION 1.--When the final _e_ is preceded by a vowel, it is
sometimes omitted; as, due + ly = duly; true + ly = truly; whole + ly =
wholly.
EXCEPTION 2.--A few words ending in _e_ drop the _e_ before a suffix
beginning with a consonant: as, judge + ment = judgment; lodge + ment =
lodgment; abridge + ment = abridgment.
Rule III.--_Final "y" preceded by a Consonant._
Final _y_ of a primitive word, when preceded by a consonant, is generally
changed into _i_ on the addition of a suffix.
EXCEPTION 1.--Before _ing_ or _ish_, the final _y_ is retained to
prevent the doubling of the _i_: as, pity + ing = pitying.
EXCEPTION 2.--Words ending in _ie_ and dropping the _e_, by Rule I.
change the _i_ into _y_ to prevent the doubling of the _i_: as, die +
ing = dying; lie + ing = lying.
EXCEPTION 3.--Final _y_ is sometimes changed into _e_: as, duty + ous =
duteous; beauty + ous = beauteous.
Rule IV.--_Final "y" preceded by a Vowel._
Final _y_ of a primitive word, when preceded by a vowel, should not be
changed into an _i_ before a suffix: as, joy + less = joyless.
Rule V.--_Doubling._
Monosyllables and other words accented on the last syllable, when they end
with a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, or by a vowel after
_qu_, double their final letter before a suffix beginning with a vowel: as,
rob + ed = robbed; fop + ish = foppish; squat + er = squatter; prefer' +
ing = prefer'ring.
EXCEPTIONS.--_X_ final, being equivalent to _ks_, is never doubled; and
when the derivative does not retain the accent of the root, the final
consonant is not always doubled: as, prefer' + ence = pref'erence.
Rule VI.--_No Doubling._
A final consonant, when it is not preceded by a single vowel, or when the
accent is not on the last syllable, should remain single before an
additional syllable: as, toil + ing = tolling; cheat + ed = cheated; murmur
+ ing = murmuring.
PART II.--THE LATIN ELEMENT.
I.--LATIN PREFIXES.
Prefix. Signification. Example. Definition.
A- a-vert to turn _from_.
ab- = _from_ ab-solve to release _from_.
abs- abs-tain to hold _from_.
AD- ad-here to stick _to_.
a- a-gree to be pleasing _to_.
ac- ac-cede to yield _to_.
af- af-fix to fix _to_.
ag- ag-grieve to give pain _to_.
al- = _to_ al-ly to bind _to_.
an- an-nex to tie _to_.
ap- ap-pend to hang _to_.
ar- ar-rive to reach _to_.
as- as-sent to yield _to_.
NOTE.--The forms AC-, AF-, etc., are euphonic variations of AD-, and follow
generally the rule that the final consonant of the prefix assimilates to
the initial letter of the root.
AM- = _around_ am-putate to cut _around_.
amb- amb-ient going _around_.
ANTE- = _before_ ante-cedent going _before_.
anti- anti-cipate to take _before_.
BI- = _two_ or bi-ped a _two_-footed animal.
bis- _twice_ bis-cuit _twice_ cooked.
CIRCUM- = _around_ circum-navigate to sail _around_.
circu- circu-it journey _around_.
CON- con-vene to come _together_.
co- co-equal equal _with_.
co- = _with_ or co-gnate born _together_.
col- _together_ col-loquy a speaking _with_ another.
com- com-pose to put _together_.
cor- cor-relative relative _with_.
NOTE.--The forms CO-, COL-, COM-, and COR-, are euphonic variations of
CON-.
CONTRA- contra-dict to speak _against_
contro- = _against_ contro-vert to turn _against_
counter- counter-mand to order _against_
DE- = _down_ or de-pose; to put _down_;
_off_ de-fend fend _off_.
DIS- _asunder_ dis-pel to drive _asunder_.
di- = _apart_ di-vert to turn _apart_.
dif- _opposite of_ dif-fer to bear _apart_; disagree.
NOTE.--The forms DI- and DIF- are euphonic forms of DIS-; DIF- is used
before a root beginning with a vowel.
EX- ex-clude to shut _out_.
e- = _out_ or e-ject to cast _out_.
ec- _from_ ec-centric _from_ the center.
ef- ef-flux a flowing _out_.
NOTE.--E-, EC-, and EF- are euphonic variations of EX-. When prefixed to
the name of an office, EX- denotes that the person formerly held the office
named: as, _ex_-mayor, the former mayor.
EXTRA- = _beyond_ extra-ordinary _beyond_ ordinary.
IN- (in nouns and in-clude to shut _in_.
il- verbs) il-luminate to throw light _on_.
im- = _in, into, on_ im-port to carry _in_.
ir- ir-rigate to pour water _on_.
en-, em- en-force to force _on_.
NOTE.--The forms IL-, IM-, and IR- are euphonic variations of IN-. The
forms EN- and EM- are of French origin.
IN- (in adjectives in-sane _not_ sane.
i(n) and nouns.) i-gnoble _not_ noble.
il- = _not_ il-legal _not_ legal.
im- im-mature _not_ mature.
ir- ir-regular _not_ regular.
INTER- = _between_ or inter-cede to go _between_.
intel- _among_ intel-ligent choosing _between_.
INTRA- = _inside of_ intra-mural _inside of_ the walls.
INTRO- = _within, into_ intro-duce to lead _into_
JUXTA- = _near_ juxta-position a placing _near_
NON- = _not_ non-combatant _not_ fighting.
NOTE.--A hyphen is generally, though not always, placed between _non-_ and
the root.
OB- ob-ject to throw _against_.
o- _in the way_, o-mit to leave _out_.
oc- = _against_, oc-cur to run _against_;
or _out_ hence, to happen.
of- of-fend to strike _against_.
op- op-pose to put one's self
_against_.
PER- = _through_, per-vade; to pass _through_;
pel- _thoroughly_ per-fect _thoroughly_ made.
pel-lucid _thoroughly_ clear.
NOTE.--Standing alone, PER- signifies _by_: as, _per annum_, _by_ the year.
POST- = _after_, post-script written _after_.
_behind_
PRE- = _before_ pre-cede to go _before_.
PRETER- = _beyond_ preter-natural _beyond_ nature.
PRO _for_, pro-noun _for_ a noun.
= _forth_, or pro-pose to put _forth_.
_forward_
NOTE.--In a few instances PRO- is changed into PUR-, as _pur_pose; into
POR-, as _por_tray; and into POL-, as _pol_lute.
RE- = _back_ or re-pel to drive _back_.
red- _anew_ red-eem to buy _back_.
RETRO- = _backwards_ retro-grade going _backwards_.
SE- = _aside_, se-cede to go _apart_.
_apart_
SINE- = _without_ sine-cure _without_ care.
SUB- sub-scribe to write _under_.
suc- suc-ceed to follow _after_.
suf- suf-fer to _undergo_.
sug- = _under_ or sug-gest to bring to mind from
_after_ _under_.
sum- sum-mon to hint from _under_.
sup- sup-port to bear by being _under_.
sus- sus-tain to _under_-hold.
NOTE.--The euphonic variations SUC-, SUF-, SUG-, SUM-, SUP-, result from
assimilating the _b_ of SUB- to the initial letter of the root. In
"sustain" SUS- is a contraction of _subs-_ for _sub-_.
SUBTER- = _under_ or subter-fuge a flying _under_.
_beneath_
SUPER- = _above_ or super-natural _above_ nature.
_over_ super-vise to _over_-see.
NOTE.--In derivatives through the French, SUPER- takes the form SUR-, as
_sur-_vey, to look over.
TRANS- _through_, trans-gress to step _beyond_.
tra- = _over_, tra-verse to pass _over_.
or _beyond_
ULTRA- = _beyond_, or ultra-montane _beyond_ the mountain
_extremely_ (the Alps).
ultra-conservativ _extremely_ conservative.
II.--LATIN SUFFIXES.
SUFFIX. SIGNIFICATION. EXAMPLE. DEFINITION.
-ABLE = _that may be_; cur-able _that may be_ cured.
-ible _fit to be_ possi-ble _that may be_ done.
-ble solu-ble _that may be_ dissolved.
-AC _relating to_ cardi-ac _relating to_ the heart.
= or demoni-ac _like_ a demon.
_resembling_
NOTE.--The suffix -AC is found only in Latin derivatives of Greek origin.
-ACEOUS _of_; sapon-aceous _having the quality of_
= _having the_ soap.
-acious _quality of_ cap-acious _having the quality of_
holding much.
_condition of_ celib-acy _condition of being_
-ACY = _being_; single.
_office of_ cur-acy _office of_ a curate.
-AGE _act_, marri-age _act of_ marrying.
= _condition_, or vassal-age _condition of_ a vassal.
_collection of_ foli-age _collection of_ leaves.
NOTE.--The suffix -AGE is found only in French-Latin derivatives.
adj. ment-al _relating to_ the mind.
-AL = _relating to_ remov-al _the act of_ removing.
n. _the act of_; capit-al _that which_ forms the
_that which_ head of a column.
-AN adj. _relating hum-an _relating to_ mankind.
-ane to_ hum-ane _befitting_ a man.
= or _befitting_ artis-an _one who_ follows a trade.
n. _one who_
-ANCE _state or_ vigil-ance _state of being_ watchful.
-ancy = _quality_ eleg-ance _quality of being_
_of being_ elegant.
-ANT = adj. _being_ vigil-ant _being_ watchful.
n. _one who_ assist-ant _one who_ assists.
-AR = _relating to; lun-ar _relating to_ the moon.
like_ circul-ar _like_ a circle.
adj. _relating epistol-ary _relating to_ a letter.
-ARY to_ mission-ary _one who is_ sent out.
= n. _one who_; avi-ary _a place where_ birds
_place where_ are kept.
n. _one who is_ deleg-ate _one who is_ sent by
adj. _having_ others.
-ATE = _the quality of_ accur-ate _having the quality of_
v. _to perform_ accuracy.
_the act of_, navig-ate _to perform the act of_
or _cause_ sailing.
-CLE = _minute_ vesi-cle a _minute_ vessel.
-cule animal-cule a _minute_ animal.
-EE = _one to whom_ refer-ee _one to whom_ something
is referred.
NOTE.--This suffix is found only in words of French-Latin origin.
-EER engin-eer _one who_ has charge of
= _one who_ an engine.
-ier brigad-ier _one who_ has charge of
a brigade.
NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in words of French-Latin origin.
-ENE = _having relation terr-ene _having relation to_ the
to_ earth.
-ENCE _state of being_ pres-ence _state of being_ present.
-ency = or _quality of_ tend-ency _quality of_ tending
towards.
-ENT n. _one who_ stud-ent _one who_ studies.
= or _which_ equival-ent _being_ equal to,
adj. _being_ equal_ing_.
or _-ing_
-ESCENCE = _state of conval-escence _state of becoming_ well.
becoming_
-ESCENT = _becoming_ conval-escent _becoming_ well.
-ESS = _female_ lion-ess a _female_ lion.
NOTE.--This suffix is used only in words of French-Latin origin.
-FEROUS = _producing_ coni-ferous _producing_ cones.
-FIC = _making, sopori-fic _causing_ sleep.
causing_
-FICE = _something done_ arti-fice _something done_ with
or _made_ art.
-FY = _to make_ forti-fy _to make_ strong.
rust-ic _one who_ has countrified
-IC n. _one who_ manners.
-ical = adj. _like_, hero-ic _like_ a hero.
_made of_, metall-ic _made of_ metal.
_relating to_ histor-ical _relating to_ history.
NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin,
namely, adjectives in -IKOS. In words belonging to chemistry derivatives in
-IC denote the acid containing most oxygen, when more than one is formed:
as _nitric_ acid.
-ICE _that which_ just-ice _that which_ is just.
-ICS _the science of_ mathemat-ics _the science of_ quantity.
-IC arithmet-ic _the science of_ number.
NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin.
-ID = _being_ or acr-id; flu-id _being_ bitter; flow_ing_.
_-ing_
_-ile_ = _relating to_; puer-ile _relating to_ a boy.
_apt for_ docile _apt for_ being taught.
-INE = _relating to; femin-ine _relating to_ a woman.
like_ alkal-ine _like_ an alkali.
_the act of_, expuls-ion _the act of_ expelling.
-ION = _state of corrupt-ion _state of being_ corrupt.
being_, frict-ion rubb_ing_.
or _-ing_
-ISH = _to make_ publ-ish _to make_ public.
-ISE = _to render_, or fertil-ize _to render_ fertile.
-ize _perform the act
of_
NOTE.--The suffix -ISE, -IZE, is of French origin, and is freely added to
Latin roots in forming English derivatives.
-ISM = _state or act hero-ism _state of_ a hero.
of_; _idiom_ Gallic-ism a French _idiom_.
NOTE.--This suffix, except when signifying an idiom, is found only in words
of Greek origin.
_one who_ art-ist _one who practices_
-IST = _practices_ or an art.
_is devoted to_ botan-ist _one who is devoted to_
botany.
-ITE = n. _one who is_ favor-ite _one who is_ favored.
-yte adj. _being_ defin-ite _being_ well defined.
prosel-yte _one who is_ brought
over.
NOTE.--The form -YTE is found only in words of Greek origin.
-ITY = _state or security _state of being_ secure.
-ty quality_ ability _quality of being_ able.
_of being_ liber-ty _state of being_ free.
n. _one who is_
-IVE = or _that which_ capt-ive _one who is_ taken.
adj. _having_ cohes-ive _having power_ to stick.
_the power_
_or quality_
-IX = _feminine_ testatr-ix a _woman_ who leaves
a will.
IZE (See ISE.)
-MENT _state of being_ excite-ment _state of being_ excited.
= or _act of_; induce-ment _that which_ induces.
_that which_
-MONY _state or_ matri-mony _state of_ marriage.
= _quality of_; testi-mony _that which_ is testified.
_that which_
_one who_; audit-or _one who_ hears.
-OR = _that which_; mot-or _that which_ moves.
_quality of_ err-or _quality of_ erring.
adj. _fitted_ or preparat-ory _fitted_ to prepare.
-ORY = _relating to_
n. _place armor-y _place where_ arms are
where_; kept.
_that which_
-OSE = _abounding in_ verb-ose _abounding in_ words.
-ous popul-ous _abounding in_ people.
-TUDE = _condition or_ servi-tude _condition of_ a slave.
_quality of_ forti-tude _quality of_ being brave.
-TY (See -ITY.)
-ULE = _minute_ glob-ule a _minute_ globe.
-ULENT = _abounding in_ op-ulent _abounding in_ wealth.
-URE = _act or state depart-ure _act of_ departing.
of_; creat-ure _that which_ is created.
_that which_
CLASSIFIED REVIEW OF LATIN SUFFIXES, WITH GENERIC DEFINITIONS.
-an -ent
-ant -ier
-ary -ist = _one who_ (_agent_); _that which._
-ate -ive
-eer -or
-ate -ite = _one who is_ (_recipient_); _that
-ee -ive which is._
-acy -ism
-age -ity
-ance -ment
NOUN SUFFIXES -ancy -mony = _state; condition; quality; act._
-ate -tude
-ence -ty
-ency -ure
-ion
-ary = _place where._
-ory
-cle
-cule = _diminutives._
-ule
II.
-ac -ic
-al -ical
-an -id = _relating to; like; being_.
-ar -ile
-ary -ine
-ent -ory
-ate
-ose = _abounding in; having the quality_.
-ous
ADJECTIVE -able -ible = _that may be_.
SUFFIXES. -ble -ile
-ive = _having power_.
-ferous = _causing_ or _producing_.
-fic
-aceous = _of; having the quality_.
-acious
-escent = _becoming_.
III.
-ate
VERB SUFFIXES -fy = _to make; render; perform an act_.
-ise
-ize
EXERCISE.
I.
a. Write and define nouns denoting the agent (one who or that which) from
the following:--
1. Nouns.
MODEL: _art + ist = artist, one who practices an art._[5]
1 art
2 cash
3 humor
4 history
5 vision
6 tribute
7 cure
8 engine
9 auction
10 cannon
11 flute
12 drug
13 tragedy
14 mutiny
15 grammar
16 credit
17 note
18 method
19 music
20 flower (_flor_-)
2. Verbs.
1 profess
2 descend
3 act
4 imitate
5 preside
6 solicit
7 visit
8 defend
9 survey
10 oppose (_oppon_-)
3. Adjectives.
1 adverse
2 secret
3 potent
4 private
b. Write and define nouns denoting the recipient (one who is or that which)
from the following:--
1 assign
2 bedlam
3 _captum_ (taken)
4 devote
5 favor
6 lease
7 _natus_ (born)
8 patent
9 refer
10 relate
c. Write and define nouns denoting state, condition, quality, or act, from
the following:--
1. Nouns.
1 _magistr_ate
2 parent
3 cure
4 _priv_ate
5 pilgrim
6 hero
7 despot
8 judge
9 vassal
10 vandal
2. Verbs.
1 conspire
2 marry
3 forbear
4 repent
5 ply
6 abase
7 excel
8 prosper
9 enjoy
10 accompany
11 depart
12 abound
13 abhor
14 compose
15 deride (_deris_-)
3. Adjectives.
1 _accur_ate
2 _delic_ate
3 _dist_ant
4 _excell_ent
5 _curr_ent
6 parallel
7 prompt (_i_-)
8 similar
9 docile
10 moist
d. Write and define nouns denoting place WHERE from the following words:--
1 grain
2 deposit
3 penitent
4 arm
5 observe
e. Write and define nouns expressing diminutives of the following nouns:--
1 part
2 globe
3 animal
4 verse
5 _corpus_ (body)
II.
a. Write and define adjectives denoting relating to, like, or being, from
the following nouns:--
1 parent
2 nation
3 fate
4 elegy
5 demon
6 republic
7 Rome
8 Europe
9 Persia
10 presbytery
11 globule
12 _luna_ (the moon)
13 _oculus_ (the eye)
14 consul
15 _sol_ (the sun)
16 planet
17 moment
18 element
19 second
20 parliament
21 honor
22 poet
23 despot
24 majesty
25 ocean
26 metal
27 nonsense
28 astronomy
29 botany
30 period
31 tragedy
32 _ferv_or
33 _splend_or
34 infant
35 _puer_ (a boy)
36 _canis_ (a dog)
37 _felis_ (a cat)
38 promise
39 access
40 transit
b. Write and define adjectives denoting abounding in, having the quality
of, from the following nouns:--
1 passion
2 temper
3 _oper_- (work)
4 fortune
5 _popul_- (people)
6 affection
7 _aqua_- (water)
8 verb (a word)
9 beauty
10 courage
11 plenty
12 envy
13 victory
14 joy
15 globe
c. Write and define adjectives denoting that may be, or having the power,
from the following verbs:--
1 blame
2 allow
3 move
4 admit (_miss_-)
5 collect
6 abuse
7 _aud_- (hear)
8 divide (_vis_-)
9 vary
10 _ara_- (plough)
Write and define the following adjectives denoting--
(_causing_ or _producing_) 1 terror, 2 _sopor_- (sleep), 3 _flor_ (a
flower), 4 _pestis_ (a plague); (_having the quality of_) 5 _farina_
(meal), 6 crust, 7 _argilla_ (clay), (_becoming_), 8 effervesce.
III.
Write and define verbs denoting to make, render, or perform the act of,
from the following words:--
1 authentic
2 person
3 captive
4 _anima_ (life)
5 _melior_ (better)
6 ample
7 just
8 _sanctus_ (holy)
9 pan
10 false
11 _facilis_ (easy)
12 _magnus_(great)
13 equal
14 fertile
15 legal
III.--DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES.
1. A LATIN PRIMITIVE, or root, is a Latin word from which a certain number
of English derivative words is formed. Thus the Latin verb _du'cere_, to
draw or lead, is a Latin primitive or root, and from it are formed _educe_,
_education_, _deduction_, _ductile_, _reproductive_, and several hundred
other English words.
2. LATIN ROOTS consist chiefly of verbs, nouns, and adjectives.
3. ENGLISH DERIVATIVES from Latin words are generally formed not from the
root itself but from a part of the root called the _radical_. Thus, in the
word "education," the _root-word_ is _ducere_, but the _radical_ is DUC-
(education = e + DUC + ate + ion).
4. A RADICAL is a word or a part of a word used in forming English
derivatives.
5. Sometimes several radicals from the same root-word are used, the
different radicals being taken from different grammatical forms of the
root-word.
6. VERB-RADICALS are formed principally from two parts of the verb,--the
first person singular of the present indicative, and a part called the
_supine_, which is a verbal noun corresponding to the English infinitive in
-ing. Thus:--
_1st pers. sing. pres. ind._ duco (I draw)
_Root_ DUC-
_Derivative_ _educe_
_Supine_ ductum (drawing, or to draw)
_Root_ DUCT-
_Derivative_ _ductile_
I. In giving a Latin verb-primitive in this book three "principal parts" of
the verb will be given, namely: (1) The present infinitive, (2) the first
person singular of the present indicative, and (3) the supine--the second
and the third parts because from them radicals are obtained, and the
infinitive because this is the part used in naming a verb in a general way.
Thus as we say that _loved_, _loving_, etc., are parts of the verb "to
love," so we say that _a'mo_ (present ind.) and _ama'tum_ (supine) are
parts of the verb _ama're_.
II. It should be noted that it is incorrect to translate _amo_, _amatum_,
by "to love," since neither of these words is in the infinitive mood, which
is _amare_. The indication of the Latin infinitive will be found of great
utility, as it is the part by which a Latin verb is referred to in the
Dictionary.
7. NOUN-RADICALS and ADJECTIVE RADICALS are formed from the nominative and
from the genitive (or possessive) case of words belonging to these parts of
speech. Thus:--
NOM. CASE. ROOT. DERIVATIVE.
iter (a journey) ITER-. re_iter_ate
GEN. CASE. ROOT DERIVATIVE.
itineris (of a journey) ITINER- _itiner_ant
felicis (nom. _felix_, happy) FELIC- _felic_ity
NOTE.--These explanations of the mode of forming radicals are given by
way of general information; but this book presupposes and requires no
knowledge of Latin, since in every group of English derivatives from
Latin, not only the root-words in their several parts, but the
_radicals actually used_ in word-formation, are given.
Pronunciation of Latin Words.
1. Every word in Latin must have as many syllables as it has vowels or
diphthongs: as _miles_ (= _mi'les_).
2. _C_ is pronounced like _k_ before _a_, _o_, _u_; and like _s_ before
_e_, _i_, _y_, and the diphthongs _æ_ and _œ_: as _cado_, pronounced
_ka'do_; _cedo_, pronounced _se'do_.
3. _G_ is pronounced hard before _a_, _o_, _u_, and soft like _j_ before
_e_, _i_, _y_, _æ_, _œ_: as _gusto_, in which _g_ is pronounced as in
_August_; _gero_, pronounced _je'ro_.
4. A consonant between two vowels must be joined to the latter: as _bene_,
pronounced _be'ne_.
5. Two consonants in the middle of a word must be divided: as _mille_,
pronounced _mil'le_.
6. The diphthongs _æ_ and _œ_ are sounded like _e_: as _cædo_, pronounced
_ce'do_.
7. Words of two syllables are accented on the first: as _ager_, pronounced
_a'jer_.
8. When a word of more than one syllable ends in _a_, the _a_ should be
sounded like _ah_: as _musa_, pronounced _mu'sah_.
9. _T_, _s_, and _c_, before _ia_, _ie_, _ii_, _io_, _iu_, and _eu_,
preceded immediately by the accent, in Latin words as in English, change
into _sh_ and _zh_: as _fa'cio_, pronounced _fa'sheo_; _san'cio_,
pronounced _san'sheo_; _spa'tium_, pronounced _spa'sheum_.
NOTE.--According to the Roman method of pronouncing Latin, the vowels
_a_, _e_, _i_, _o_, _u_ are pronounced as in _baa_, _bait_, _beet_,
_boat_, _boot_; _ae_, _au_, _ei_, _oe_ as in _aisle_, _our_, _eight_,
_oil_; _c_ always like _k_; _g_ as in _get_; _j_ as _y_ in _yes_; _t_
as in _until_; _v_ as _w_. See any Latin grammar.
LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
DIVISION I.--METHOD OF STUDY.
1. AG'ERE: a'go, ac'tum, _to do_, _to drive_.
Radicals: AG- and ACT-.
1. ACT, _v._ ANALYSIS: from _actum_ by dropping the termination _um_.
DEFINITION: to do, to perform. The _noun_ "act" is formed in the same way.
DEFINITION: a thing done, a deed or performance.
2. AC'TION: act + ion = the act of doing: hence, a thing done.
3. ACT'IVE: act + ive = having the quality of acting: hence, busy,
constantly engaged in action.
4. ACT'OR: act + or = one who acts: hence, (1) one who takes part in
anything done; (2) a stage player.
5. A'GENT: ag + ent = one who acts: hence, one who acts or transacts
business for another.
6. AG'ILE: ag + ile = apt to act: hence, nimble, brisk.
7. CO'GENT: from Latin _cogens_, _cogentis_, pres. part, of _cog'ere_ (=
_co + agere_, to impel), having the quality of impelling: hence, urgent,
forcible.
8. ENACT': en + act = to put in act: hence, to decree.
9. TRANSACT': trans + act = to drive through: hence, to perform.
EXERCISE.
(1.) What two parts of speech is "act"?--Write a sentence containing this
word as a verb; another as a noun.--Give a synonym of "act." _Ans.
Deed._--From what is "deed" derived? _Ans._ From the word _do_--hence,
literally, something _done_.--Give the distinction between "act" and
"deed." _Ans_. "Act" is a _single_ action; "deed" is a _voluntary_ action:
thus--"The _action_ which was praised as a good _deed_ was but an _act_ of
necessity."
(2.) Define "action" in oratory; "action" in law.--Combine and define in +
action.
(3.) Combine and define in + active; active + ity; in + active + ity.--What
is the _negative_ of "active"? _Ans. Inactive_.--What is the _contrary_ of
"active"? _Ans. Passive_.
(4.) Write a sentence containing "actor" in each of its two senses. MODEL:
"Washington and Greene were prominent _actors_ in the war of the
Revolution." "David Garrick, the famous English _actor_, was born in
1716."--What is the feminine of "actor" in the sense of stage player?
(6.) Combine and define agile + ity.--What is the distinction between
"active" and "agile"? _Ans_. "Active" implies readiness to act in general;
"agile" denotes a readiness to move the _limbs_.--Give two synonyms of
"agile." _Ans. Brisk_, _nimble_.--Give the opposite of "agile." _Ans.
Sluggish_, _inert_.
(7.) Explain what is meant by a "_cogent_ argument."--What would be the
contrary of a _cogent_ argument?
(8.) Combine and define enact + ment.--What is meant by the "_enacting_
clause" of a legislative bill?--Write a sentence containing the word
"enact." MODEL: "The British Parliament _enacted_ the stamp-law in 1765."
(9.) Combine and define transact + ion.--What derivative from "perform" is
a synonym of "transaction"?
2. ALIE'NUS, _another_, _foreign_.
Radical: ALIEN-.
1. AL'IEN: from _alienus_ by dropping the termination _us_. DEFINITION: a
foreigner, one owing allegiance to another country than that in which he is
living.
2. AL'IENATE: alien + ate = to cause something to be transferred to
another: hence, (1) to transfer title or property to another; (2) to
estrange, to withdraw.
3. INAL'IENABLE: in + alien + able = that may not be given to another.
EXERCISE.
(1.) Combine and define alien + age.--Can an alien be elected President of
the United States? [See the Constitution, Article II. Sec. I. Clause
5.]--What is the word which expresses the process by which a person is
changed from an _alien_ to a _citizen_?
(2.) Combine and define alienate + ion.--Give a synonym of "alienate" in
its _second_ sense. _Ans._ To _estrange_.--What is meant by saying that
"the oppressive measures of the British government gradually _alienated_
the American colonies from the mother country"?
(3.) Quote a passage from the Declaration of Independence containing the
word "inalienable."
3. AMA'RE, _to love_, AMI'CUS, _a friend_.
Radicals: AM- and AMIC-.
1. A'MIABLE: am(i) + able = fit to be loved.
OBS.--The Latin adjective is _amabilis_, from which the English
derivative adjective would be _amable_; but it has taken the form
am_i_able.
2. AM'ITY: am + ity = the state of being a friend: hence, friendship;
good-will.
3. AM'ICABLE: amic + able = disposed to be a friend: hence, friendly;
peaceable.
4. INIM'ICAL: through Lat. adj. _inimi'cus_, enemy: hence, inimic(us) + al
= inimical, relating to an enemy.
5. AMATEUR': adopted through French _amateur_, from Latin _amator_, a
lover: hence, one who cultivates an art from taste or attachment, without
pursuing it professionally.
EXERCISE.
(1). What word is a synonym of "amiable"? _Ans. Lovable_.--Show how they
are exact synonyms.--Write a sentence containing the word "amiable." MODEL:
"The _amiable_ qualities of Joseph Warren caused his death to be deeply
regretted by all Americans."--What noun can you form from "amiable,"
meaning the quality of being amiable?--What is the negative of "amiable"?
_Ans. Unamiable_.--The contrary? _Ans. Hateful_.
(2.) Give a word that is nearly a synonym of "amity." _Ans.
Friendship_.--State the distinction between these words. _Ans._
"Friendship" applies more particularly to individuals; "amity" to
societies or nations.--Write a sentence containing the word "amity."
MODEL: "The Plymouth colonists in 1621 made a treaty of _amity_ with the
Indians."--What is the opposite of "amity"?
(3.) Give a synonym of "amicable." _Ans. Friendly_.--Which is the stronger?
_Ans. Friendly_.--Why? _Ans._ "Friendly" implies a positive feeling of
regard; "amicable" denotes merely the absence of discord.--Write a sentence
containing the word "amicable." MODEL: "In 1871 commissioners appointed by
the United States and Great Britain made an _amicable_ settlement of the
Alabama difficulties."
(4.) What is the noun corresponding to the adjective "inimical"? _Ans.
Enemy_.--Give its origin. _Ans._ It comes from the Latin _inimicus_, an
enemy, through the French _ennemi_.--What preposition does "inimical" take
after it? _Ans._ The preposition _to_--thus, "_inimical_ to health," "to
welfare," etc.
(5.) What is meant by an _amateur_ painter? an _amateur_ musician?
4. AN'IMUS, _mind_, _passion_; AN'IMA, _life_.
Radical: ANIM-.
1. AN'IMAL: from Lat. n. _anima_ through the Latin _animal_: literally,
something having life.
2. ANIMAL'CULE: animal + cule = a minute animal: hence, an animal that can
be seen only by the microscope.
3. AN'IMATE, _v._: anim + ate = to make alive: hence, to stimulate, or
infuse courage.
4. ANIMOS'ITY: anim + ose + ity = the quality of being (ity) full of (ose)
passion: hence, violent hatred.
5. UNANIM'ITY: un (from _unus_, one) + anim + ity = the state of being of
one mind: hence, agreement.
6. REAN'IMATE: re + anim + ate = to make alive again: hence, to infuse
fresh vigor.
EXERCISE.
(1.) Write a sentence containing the word "animal." MODEL: "Modern science
has not yet been able to determine satisfactorily the distinction between
an _animal_ and a vegetable."
(2.) What is the plural of "animalcule"? _Ans. Animalcules_ or
_animalculæ_.--Write a sentence containing this word.
(3.) What other part of speech than a verb is "animate"?--What is the
negative of the adjective "animate?" _Ans. Inanimate._--Define it.--Combine
and define animate + ion.--Explain what is meant by an "_animated_
discussion."
(4.) Give two synonyms of "animosity."
(5.) What is the literal meaning of "unanimity"? If people are of _one
mind_, is not this "unanimity"?--What is the adjective corresponding to the
noun "unanimity"?--What is the _opposite_ of "unanimity"?--Write a sentence
containing the word "unanimity."
(6.) Compare the verbs "animate" and "reanimate," and state the
signification of each.--Has "reanimate" any other than its literal
meaning?--Write a sentence containing this word in its figurative sense.
MODEL: "The inspiring words of Lawrence, 'Don't give up the ship!'
_reanimated_ the courage of the American sailors."--What does "_animated_
conversation" mean?
5. AN'NUS, _a year_.
Radical: ANN-.
1. AN'NALS: from _annus_, through Lat. adj. _annalis_, pertaining to the
year: hence, a record of things done from year to year.
2. AN'NUAL: through _annuus_ (annu + al), relating to a year: hence, yearly
or performed in a year.
3. ANNU'ITY: through Fr. n. _annuité_ = a sum of money payable yearly.
4. MILLEN'NIUM: Lat. n. _millennium_ (from _annus_ and _mille_, a
thousand), a thousand years.
5. PEREN'NIAL: through Lat. adj. _perennis_ (compounded of _per_ and
_annus_), throughout the year: hence, lasting; perpetual.
EXERCISE.
(1.) Give a synonym of "annals." _Ans. History._--What is the distinction
between "annals" and "history"? _Ans._ "Annals" denotes a mere
chronological account of events from year to year; "history," in addition
to a narrative of events, inquires into the causes of events.--Write a
sentence containing the word "annals," or explain the following sentence:
"The _annals_ of the Egyptians and Hindoos contain many incredible
statements."
(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "annual."
(4.) Write a sentence containing the word "millennium."
(5.) What is the meaning of a "_perennial_ plant" in botany? _Ans._ A plant
continuing more than two years.--Give the contrary of "perennial." _Ans.
Fleeting, short-lived._
6. ARS, ar'tis, _art, skill._
Radical: ART-.
1. ART: from _artis_ by dropping the termination _is_. DEFINITION: 1.
cunning--thus, an animal practices _art_ in escaping from his pursuers; 2.
skill or dexterity--thus, a man may be said to have the _art_ of managing
his business; 3. a system of rules or a profession--as the _art_ of
building; 4. creative genius as seen in painting, sculpture, etc., which
are called the "fine arts."
2. ART'IST: art + ist = one who practices an art: hence, a person who
occupies himself with one of the fine arts.
OBS.--A painter is called an artist; but a blacksmith could not
properly be so called. The French word _artiste_ is sometimes used to
denote one who has great skill in some profession, even if it is not
one of the fine arts: thus a great genius in cookery might be called an
_artiste_.
3. AR'TISAN: through Fr. n. _artisan_, one who practices an art: hence, one
who practices one of the mechanic arts; a workman, or operative.
4. ART'FUL: art + ful = full of art: hence, crafty, cunning.
5. ART'LESS: art + less = without art: hence, free from cunning, simple,
ingenuous.
6. AR'TIFICE: through Lat. n. _artificium_, something made (_fa'cere_, to
make) by art: hence, an artful contrivance or stratagem.
EXERCISE.
(1.) What is the particular meaning of "art" in the sentence from
Shakespeare, "There is no _art_ to read the mind's construction in the
face"?
(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "artist."--Would it be proper to
call a famous hair-dresser an _artist_?--What might he be called?--Combine
and define artist + ic + al + ly.--What is the negative of "artistic"?
(3.) What is the distinction between an "artist" and an "artisan"?
(5.) Give a synonym of "artless." _Ans. Ingenuous, natural._--Give the
opposite of "artless." _Ans. Wily._--Combine and define artless + ly;
artless + ness.
(6.) Give a synonym of "artifice."--Combine artifice + er.--Does
"artificer" mean one who practices artifice?--Write a sentence containing
this word.--Combine and define artifice + ial; artifice + al + ity. Give
the opposite of "artificial."
7. AUDI'RE: au'dio, audi'tum, _to hear_.
Radicals: AUDI-, and AUDIT-.
1. AU'DIBLE: audi + ble = that may be heard.
2. AU'DIENCE: audi + ence = literally, the condition of hearing: hence, an
assemblage of hearers, an _auditory_.
3. AU'DIT: from _audit(um)_ = to hear a statement: hence, to examine
accounts.
4. AU'DITOR: audit + or = one who hears, a hearer.
OBS.--This word has a secondary meaning, namely: an officer who
examines accounts.
5. OBE'DIENT: through _obediens, obedient(is)_, the present participle of
_obedire_ (compounded of _ob_, towards, and _audire_): literally, giving
ear to: hence, complying with the wishes of another.
EXERCISE.
(1.) "Audible" means that can be heard: what prefix would you affix to it
to form a word denoting what can _not_ be heard?--What is the adverb from
the adjective "audible"?--Write a sentence containing this word.
(2.) What is meant when you read in history of a king's giving _audience_?
(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "audit." MODEL--"The committee
which had to _audit_ the accounts of Arnold discovered great frauds."--How
do you spell the past tense of "audit"?--Why is the _t_ not doubled?
(5.) What is the _noun_ corresponding to the adjective "obedient"?--What is
the _verb_ corresponding to these words?--Combine and define dis +
obedient.
8. CA'PUT, cap'itis, _the head_.
Radical: CAPIT-.
1. CAP'ITAL, _a._ and _n._: capit + al = relating to the _head_: hence,
chief, principal, first in importance. DEFINITION: as an adjective it
means, (1) principal; (2) great, important; (3) punishable with death;--as
a noun it means, (1) the metropolis or seat of government; (2) stock in
trade.
2. CAPITA'TION: capit + ate + ion = the act of causing heads to be counted:
hence, (1) a numbering of persons; (2) a tax upon each head or person.
3. DECAP'ITATE: de + capit + ate = to cause the head to be taken off; to
behead.
4. PREC'IPICE: through Lat. n. _præcipitium_: literally, a headlong
descent.
5. PRECIP'ITATE: from Lat. adj. _præcipit(is)_, head foremost. DEFINITION:
(1) (_as a verb_) to throw headlong, to press with eagerness, to hasten;
(2) (_as an adjective_) headlong, hasty.
EXERCISE.
(1). Write a sentence containing "capital" as an adjective.--Write a
sentence containing this word as a noun, in the sense of _city_.--Write a
sentence containing "capital" in the sense of _stock_.--Is the _capital_ of
a state or country necessarily the metropolis or chief city of that state
or country?--What is the _capital_ of New York state?--What is the
_metropolis_ of New York State?
(3) Combine and define decapitate + ion.--Can you name an English king who
was _decapitated_?--Can you name a French king who was _decapitated_?
(4) What as the meaning of "precipice" in the line, "Swift down the
_precipice_ of time it goes"?
(5) Combine and define precipitate + ly.--Write a sentence containing the
adjective "precipitate". MODEL: "Fabius, the Roman general, is noted for
never having made any _precipitate_ movements."--Explain the meaning of the
verb "precipitate" in the following sentences. "At the battle of Waterloo
Wellington _precipitated_ the conflict, because he knew Napoleon's army was
divided", "The Romans were wont to _precipitate_ criminals from the
Tarpeian rock."
9. CI'VIS, _a citizen_.
Radical: CIV-.
1. CIV'IC: civ + ic = relating to a citizen or to the affairs or honors of
a city.
OBS.--The "_civic_ crown" in Roman times was a garland of oak-leaves
and acorns bestowed on a soldier who had saved the life of a citizen in
battle.
2. CIV'IL: Lat adj. _civilis_, meaning (1) belonging to a citizen, (2) of
the state, political, (3) polite.
3. CIV'ILIZE: civil + ize = to make a savage people into a community having
a government, or political organization; hence, to reclaim from a barbarous
state.
4. CIVILIZA'TION: civil + ize + ate + ion = the state of being civilized.
5. CIVIL'IAN: civil + (i)an = one whose pursuits are those of civil
life--not a soldier.
EXERCISE.
(2.) "What is the ordinary signification of "civil"?--Give a synonym of
this word.--Is there any difference between "civil" and "polite"? _Ans._
"Polite" expresses more than "civil," for it is possible to be "civil"
without being "polite."--What word would denote the opposite of "civil" in
the sense of "polite"?--Combine and define civil + ity.--Do you say
_un_civility or _in_civility, to denote the negative of "civility"?--Give a
synonym of "uncivil." _Ans. Boorish._--Give another synonym.
(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "civilize."--Give a participial
adjective from this word.--What compound word expresses _half_
civilized?--What word denotes a state of society between savage and
civilized?
(4.) Give two synonyms of "civilization." _Ans. Culture, refinement._--What
is the meaning of the word "civilization" in the sentence: "The ancient
Hindoos and Egyptians had attained a considerable degree of
_civilization_"?--Compose a sentence of your own, using this word.
10. COR, cor'dis, _the heart_.
Radical: CORD-.
1. CORE: from _cor_ = the heart: hence, the inner part of a thing.
2. COR'DIAL, _a._: cord + (i)al = having the quality of the heart: hence,
hearty, sincere. The _noun_ "cordial" means literally something having the
quality of acting on the heart: hence, a stimulating medicine, and in a
figurative sense, something cheering.
3. CON'CORD: con + cord = heart _with (con)_ heart: hence, unity of
sentiment, harmony.
OBS.--_Concord_ in music is harmony of sound.
4. DIS'CORD: dis + cord = heart _apart from (dis)_ heart: hence,
disagreement, want of harmony.
5. RECORD': through Lat. v. _recordari_, to remember (literally, to get by
_heart_): hence, to register.
6. COUR'AGE: through Fr. n. _courage_: literally, _heartiness_: hence,
bravery, intrepidity.
OBS.--The heart is accounted the seat of bravery: hence, the derivative
sense of courage.
EXERCISE.
(1.) "The quince was rotten at the _core_"; "The preacher touched the
_core_ of the subject": in which of these sentences is "core" used in its
_literal_, in which in its _figurative_, sense?
(2.) What is the Anglo-Saxon synonym of the adjective "cordial"?--Would you
say a "_cordial_ laugh" or a "_hearty_ laugh"?--What is the opposite of
"cordial"?--Combine and define cordial + ly: cordial + ity.--Write a
sentence containing the _noun_ "cordial" in its figurative sense. MODEL:
"Washington's victory at Trenton was like a _cordial_ to the flagging
spirits of the American army."
(3.) Give a synonym of "concord." _Ans. Accord._--Supply the proper word:
"In your view of this matter, I am in (_accord?_ or _concord?_) with you."
"There should be ---- among friends." "The man who is not moved by ---- of
sweet sounds."
(4.) What is the connection in meaning between "discord" in music and among
brethren?--Give a synonym of this word. _Ans. Strife._--State the
distinction. _Ans._ "Strife" is the stronger: where there is "strife" there
must be "discord," but there may be "discord" without "strife"; "discord"
consists most in the feeling, "strife" in the outward action.
(5.) What part of speech is "record'"?--When the accent is placed on the
first syllable (rec'ord) what part of speech does it become?--Combine and
define record + er; un + record + ed.
(6.) "Courage" is the same as having a stout--what?--Give a synonym. _Ans.
Fortitude._--State the distinction. _Ans._ "Courage" enables us to meet
danger; "fortitude" gives us strength to endure pain.--Would you say "the
Indian shows _courage_ when he endures torment without flinching"?--Would
you say "The three hundred under Leonidas displayed _fortitude_ in opposing
the entire Persian army"?--What is the contrary of "courage"?--Combine and
define courage + ous; courage + ous + ly.
11. COR'PUS, cor'poris, _the body_.
Radical: CORPOR-.
1. COR'PORAL: corpor + al = relating to the _body_.
OBS.--The noun "corporal," meaning a petty officer, is not derived from
_corpus_: it comes from the French _caporal_, of which it is a
corruption.
2. COR'PORATE: corpor + ate = made into a body: hence, united into a body
or corporation.
3. INCOR'PORATE: in + corpor + ate = to make into a body: hence, (1) to
form into a legal body; (2) to unite one substance with another.
4. CORPORA'TION: corpor + ate + ion = that which is made into a body:
hence, a body politic, authorized by law to act as one person.
5. COR'PULENT: through Lat. adj. _corpulentus_, fleshy: hence, stout in
body, fleshy.
6. COR'PUSCLE: corpus + cle = a diminutive body; hence, a minute particle
of matter.
7. CORPS: [pronounced _core_] through Fr. n. _corps_, a body. DEFINITION:
(1) a body of troops; (2) a body of individuals engaged in some one
profession.
8. CORPSE: through Fr. n. _corps_, the body; that is, _only_ the body--the
spirit being departed: hence, the dead body of a human being.
EXERCISE.
(1.) Give two synonyms of "corporal." _Ans. Corporeal_ and
_bodily_.--What is the distinction between "corporal" and "corporeal"?
_Ans._ "Corporal" means pertaining to the body; "corporeal" signifies
material, as opposed to spiritual.--Would you say a _corporal_ or a
_corporeal_ substance? _corporal_ or _corporeal_ punishment? Would you say
_corporal_ strength or _bodily_ strength?
(3.) Write a sentence containing the verb "incorporate" in its _first_
sense. MODEL: "The London company which settled Virginia was _incorporated_
in 1606, and received a charter from King James I."
(4.) Write a sentence containing the word "corporation." [Find out by what
corporation Massachusetts Bay Colony was settled, and write a sentence
about that.]
(5.) What noun is there corresponding to the adjective "corpulent" and
synonymous with "stoutness"?--Give two synonyms of "corpulent." _Ans._
_Stout_, _lusty_.--What is the distinction? _Ans._ "Corpulent" means fat;
"stout" and "lusty" denote a strong frame.
(6.) What is meant by an "army _corps_"? _Ans_. A body of from twenty to
forty thousand soldiers, forming several brigades and divisions.
(7.) How is the plural of corps spelled? _Ans. Corps._ How pronounced?
_Ans. Cores._--What is meant by the "diplomatic _corps_"?
(8.) What other form of the word "corpse" is used? _Ans_. The form _corse_
is sometimes used in poetry; as in the poem on the Burial of Sir John
Moore:
"Not a drum was heard, not a funeral note,
As his _corse_ to the ramparts we hurried."
12. CRED'ERE: cre'do, cred'itum, _to believe_.
Radicals: CRED- and CREDIT-.
1. CREED: from the word _credo_, "I believe," at the beginning of the
Apostles' Creed: hence, a summary of Christian belief.
2. CRED'IBLE: cred + ible = that may be believed: hence, worthy of belief.
3. CRED'IT: from credit(um) = belief, trust: hence, (1) faith; (2)
reputation; (3) trust given or received.
4. CRED'ULOUS: through the Lat. adj. _credulus_, easy of belief: credul +
ous = abounding in belief: hence, believing easily.
5. DISCRED'IT: dis + credit = to _dis_believe.
EXERCISE.
(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "credible." MODEL: "When the King
of Siam was told that in Europe the water at certain seasons could be
walked on, he declared that the statement was not _credible_."--What single
word will express _not credible_?--Combine and define credible + ity.--Give
a synonym of "credible." _Ans. Trustworthy._--State the distinction. _Ans_.
"Credible" is generally applied to things, as "_credible_ testimony";
"trustworthy" to persons, as "a _trustworthy_ witness."
(3.) What is the meaning of _credit_ in the passage,
"John Gilpin was a citizen
Of _credit_ and renown"?
Give a synonym of this word. _Ans. Trust._--What is the distinction? _Ans_.
"Trust" looks forward; "credit" looks back--we _credit_ what has happened;
we _trust_ what is to happen.--What other part of speech than a noun is
"credit"?--Combine and define credit + ed.--Why is the _t_ not doubled?
(4.) What is the meaning of "credulous" in the passage,
"So glistened the dire snake, and into fraud
Led Eve, our _credulous_ mother"?--MILTON.
What noun corresponding to the adjective "credulous" will express the
quality of believing too easily?--What is the negative of
"credulous"?--What is the distinction between "incredible" and
"incredulous"?--Which applies to persons? which to things?
(5.) To what two parts of speech does "discredit" belong?--Write a sentence
containing this word as a _noun_; another as a _verb_.
13. CUR'RERE: cur'ro, cur'sum, _to run_.
Radicals used: CURR- and CURS-.
1. CUR'RENT, a.: curr + ent = running: hence, (1) passing from person to
person, as a "_current_ report"; (2) now in progress, as the "_current_
month."
2. CUR'RENCY: curr + ency = the state of passing from person to person, as
"the report obtained _currency_": hence circulation.
OBS.--As applied to money, it means that it is in circulation or
passing from hand to hand, as a representative of value.
3. CUR'SORY: curs + ory = runn_ing_ or pass_ing_: hence, hasty.
4. EXCUR'SION: ex + curs + ion = the act of running out: hence, an
expedition or jaunt.
5. INCUR'SION: in + curs + ion = the act of running in: hence, an invasion.
6. PRECUR'SOR: pre + curs + or = one who runs before: hence a forerunner.
EXERCISE.
(1.) What other part of speech than an adjective is "current"?--What is now
the _current_ year?
(2.) Why are there two r's in "currency"? _Ans_. Because there are two in
the root _currere_.--Give a synonym of this word in the sense of "money."
_Ans._ The "circulating medium."--What was the "currency" of the Indians in
early times?--Compose a sentence using this word.
(3.) When a speaker says that he will cast a "_cursory_ glance" at a
subject, what does he mean?--Combine and define cursory + ly.
(4.) Is "excursion" usually employed to denote an expedition in a friendly
or a hostile sense?
(5.) Is "incursion" usually employed to denote an expedition in a friendly
or a hostile sense?--Give a synonym. _Ans. Invasion._--Which implies a
hasty expedition?--Compose a sentence containing the word _incursion_.
MODEL: "The Parthians were long famed for their rapid _incursions_ into the
territory of their enemies."
(6.) What is meant by saying that John the Baptist was the _precursor_ of
Christ?--What is meant by saying that black clouds are the _precursor_ of a
storm?
14. DIG'NUS, _worthy_.
Radical: DIGN-.
1. DIG'NIFY: dign + (_i_)fy = to make of worth: hence, to advance to honor.
2. DIG'NITY: dign + ity = the state of being of worth: hence, behavior
fitted to inspire respect.
3. INDIG'NITY: in + dign + ity = the act of treating a person in an
unworthy (_indignus_) manner: hence, insult, contumely.
4. CONDIGN': con + dign = very worthy: hence, merited, deserved.
OBS.--The prefix _con_ is here merely intensive.
EXERCISE.
(1.) What participial adjective is formed from the verb "dignify"? _Ans.
Dignified._--Give a stronger word. _Ans. Majestic._--Give a word which
denotes the same thing carried to excess and becoming ridiculous. _Ans.
Pompous._
(2.) Can you mention a character in American history remarkable for the
dignity of his behavior?--Compose a sentence containing this word.
(3.) Give the plural of "indignity."--What is meant by saying that
"indignities were heaped on" a person?
(4.) How is the word "condign" now most frequently employed? _Ans._ In
connection with punishment: thus we speak of "_condign_ punishment,"
meaning richly deserved punishment.
15. DOCE'RE: do'ceo, doc'tum, _to teach_.
Radicals: DOC- and DOCT-.
1. DOC'ILE: doc + ile = that may be taught: hence, teachable.
2. DOC'TOR: doct + or = one who teaches: hence, one who has taken the
highest degree in a university authorizing him to practice and teach.
4. DOC'TRINE: through Lat. n. _doctrina_, something taught; hence, a
principle taught as part of a system of belief.
EXERCISE.
(1.) Combine and define docile + ity.--Give the opposite of "docile." _Ans.
Indocile._--Mention an animal that is very docile.--Mention one remarkable
for its want of docility.
(2.) What is meant by "_Doctor_ of Medicine"?--Give the abbreviation.--What
does LL.D. mean? _Ans._ It stands for the words _legum doctor_, doctor of
laws: the double L marks the plural of the Latin noun.
(3.) Give two synonyms of "doctrine." _Ans. Precept, tenet._--What does
"tenet" literally mean? _Ans._ Something _held_--from Lat. v. _tenere_, to
hold.--Combine and define doctrine + al.
16. DOM'INUS, _a master or lord_.
Radical: DOMIN-.
1. DOMIN'ION: domin + ion = the act of exercising mastery: hence, (1) rule;
(2) a territory ruled over.
2. DOM'INANT: domin + ant = relating to lordship or mastery: hence,
prevailing.
3. DOMINEER': through Fr. v. _dominer_; literally, to "_lord_ it" over one:
hence, to rule with insolence.
4. PREDOM'INATE: pre + domin + ate = to cause one to be master _before_
another: hence, to be superior, to rule.
EXERCISE.
(1.) What is meant by saying that "in 1776 the United Colonies threw off
the _dominion_ of Great Britain"?
(2.) What is meant by the "_dominant_ party"? a "_dominant_ race"?
(3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "domineer." MODEL: "The
blustering tyrant, Sir Edmund Andros, _domineered_ for several years over
the New England colonies; but his misrule came to an end in 1688 with the
accession of King William."
(4.) "The Republicans at present _predominate_ in Mexico": what does this
mean?
17. FI'NIS, _an end or limit_.
Radical: FIN-.
1. FI'NITE: fin + ite = having the quality of coming to an end: hence,
limited in quantity or degree.
2. FIN'ISH: through Fr. v. _finir_; literally, to bring to an end: hence,
to complete.
3. INFIN'ITY: in + fin + ity = the state of having no limit: hence,
unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity.
4. DEFINE': through Fr. v. _definer_; literally, to bring a thing down to
its limits: hence, to determine with precision.
5. CONFINE': con + fine; literally, to bring within limits or bounds:
hence, to restrain.
6. AFFIN'ITY: af (a form of prefix _ad_) + fin + ity = close agreement.
EXERCISE.
(1.) What is meant by saying that "the human faculties are _finite_"?
(2.) What is the opposite of "finite"?--Give a synonym. _Ans.
Limited._--What participial adjective is formed from the verb to
"finish"?--What is meant by a "_finished_ gentleman"?
(3.) Give a synonym of "infinity." _Ans. Boundlessness._--"The microscope
reveals the fact that each drop of water contains an _infinity_ of
animalculæ." What is the sense of _infinity_ as used in this sentence?
(4.) Combine define + ite; in + define + ite.--Analyze the word
"definition."--Compose a sentence containing the word "define."
(5.) Combine and define confine + ment.--What other part of speech than a
verb is "confine"? _Ans._ A noun.--Write a sentence containing the word
"confines."
(6.) Find in the dictionary the meaning of "chemical _affinity_."
18. FLU'ERE: flu'o, flux'um, _to flow_.
Radicals: FLU- and FLUX-.
1. FLUX: from flux_um_ = a flowing.
2. FLU'ENT: flu + ent = having the quality of flowing. Used in reference to
language it means _flowing_ speech: hence, voluble.
3. FLU'ID, _n._: flu + id = Flow_ing_: hence, anything that flows.
4. FLU'ENCY: flu + ency = state of flowing (in reference to language).
5. AF'FLUENCE: af (form of _ad_) + flu + ence = a flowing _to_: hence, an
abundant supply, as of thought, words, money, etc.
6. CON'FLUENCE: con + flu + ence = a flowing together: hence, (1) the
flowing together of two or more streams; (2) an assemblage, a union.
7. IN'FLUX: in + flux = a flowing in or into.
8. SUPER'FLUOUS: super + flu + ous = having the quality of _over_flowing:
hence, needless, excessive.
EXERCISE.
(2.) What is meant by a "fluent" speaker?--What word would denote a speaker
who is the reverse of "fluent"?
(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "fluid."
(4.) What is meant by "fluency" of style?
(5.) What is the ordinary use of the word "affluence"? An "_affluence_ of
ideas," means what?
(6.) Compose a sentence containing the word "confluence." MODEL: "New York
City stands at the ---- of two streams."
(8.) Mention a noun corresponding to the adjective "superfluous."--Compose
a sentence containing the word "superfluous."--What is its opposite? _Ans.
Scanty, meager._
19. GREX, gre'gis, _a flock or herd_.
Radical: GREG-.
1. AG'GREGATE, _v._: ag (for _ad_) + greg + ate = to cause to be brought
into a flock: hence, to gather, to assemble.
2. EGRE'GIOUS: e + greg + (i)ous, through Lat. adj. _egre'gius_, chosen
from the herd: hence, remarkable.
OBS.--Its present use is in association with inferiority.
3. CON'GREGATE: con + greg + ate = to perform the act of flocking together:
hence, to assemble.
EXERCISE.
(1.) What other part of speech than a verb is "aggregate"?--Why is this
word spelled with a double _g_?
(2.) Combine and define egregious + ly.--What does an "_egregious_ blunder"
mean?--Compose a sentence containing the word "egregious."
(3.) Why is it incorrect to speak of congregating _together_?--Combine and
define congregate + ion.
20. I'RE: e'o, i'tum, _to go_.
Radical: IT-.
1. AMBI'TION: amb (around) + it + ion = the act of going around.
DEFINITION: an eager desire for superiority or power.
OBS.--This meaning arose from the habit of candidates for office in
Rome _going around_ to solicit votes: hence, aspiration for office, and
finally, aspiration in general.
2. INI'TIAL, _a._: in + it + (i)al = pertaining to the _in_going: hence,
marking the commencement.
3. INI'TIATE: in + it + (i)ate = to cause one to go in: hence, to
introduce, to commence.
4. SEDI'TION: sed (_aside_) + it + ion = the act of going _aside_; that is,
going to a separate and insurrectionary party.
5. TRANS'IT: trans + it = a passing across: hence, (1) the act of passing;
(2) the line of passage; (3) a term in astronomy.
6. TRAN'SITORY: trans + it + ory = pass_ing_ over: hence, brief, fleeting.
EXERCISE.
(1.) Compose a sentence containing the word "ambition." MODEL: "Napoleon's
_ambition_ was his own greatness; Washington's, the greatness of his
country."--What is meant by "military ambition"? "political ambition"?
"literary ambition"?--What adjective means _possessing ambition_?--Combine
and define un + ambitious.
(2.) What is the opposite of "initial"? _Ans. Final, closing._--What part
of speech is "initial" besides an adjective?--What is meant by "initials"?
(3.) What is meant by saying that "the campaign of 1775 was _initiated_ by
an attack on the British in Boston"?--Give the opposite of "initiate" in
the sense of "commence."
(4.) Give a synonym of "sedition." _Ans. Insurrection._--Give
another.--Compose a sentence containing this word.
(5.) Explain what is meant by goods "in _transit_."--Explain what is meant
by the "Nicaragua _transit_."--When you speak of the _transit_ of Venus,"
you are using a term in what science?
(6.) Give a synonym of "transitory."--Give its opposite. _Ans. Permanent,
abiding._
21. LA'PIS, lap'idis, _a stone_.
Radical: LAPID-.
1. LAP'IDARY: lapid + ary = one who works in stone: hence, one who cuts,
polishes, and engraves precious stones.
2. DILAP'IDATED: di + lapid + ate + ed = put into the condition of a
building in which the stones are falling apart: hence, fallen into ruin,
decayed.
3. DILAPIDA'TION: di + lapid + ate + ion = the state (of a building) in
which the stones are falling apart: hence, demolition, decay.
EXERCISE.
Use the word "lapidary" in a sentence. MODEL: "When Queen Victoria wanted
the Koh-i-noor to be recut, she sent it to a famous _lapidary_ in Holland."
(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "dilapidated." MODEL: "At
Newport, Rhode Island, there stands a _dilapidated_ mill, which some
writers have foolishly believed to be a tower built by Norsemen in the
twelfth century."--If we should speak of a "_dilapidated_ fortune," would
the word be used in its literal meaning or in a figurative sense?
(3.) Give two synonyms of "dilapidation." _Ans. Ruin, decay._
22. LEX, le'gis, _a law or rule_.
Radical: LEG-.
1. LE'GAL: leg + al = relating to the law; lawful.
2. ILLE'GAL: il (for _in_, not) + leg + al = not legal: hence, unlawful.
3. LEG'ISLATE: from _legis_ + _latum_ (from Lat. v. _fer're, latum_, to
bring), to bring forward: hence, to make or pass laws.
4. LEGIT'IMATE: through Lat. adj. _legitimus_, lawful; legitim (us) + ate =
made lawful: hence, in accordance with established law.
5. PRIV'ILEGE: Lat. adj. _privus_, private; literally, a law passed for the
benefit of a private individual: hence, a franchise, prerogative, or right.
EXERCISE.
(1.) Point out the different senses of "legal" in the two expressions, "the
_legal_ profession" and "a _legal_ right."--Combine and define legal +
ize.
(2.) Give an Anglo-Saxon synonym of "illegal." _Ans. Unlawful._--Show that
they are synonyms. _Ans_. il (_in_) = un; _leg_ = law; and al =
ful.--Compose a sentence containing the word "illegal."--Combine and define
illegal + ity.
(3.) What noun derived from "legislate" means the law-making
power?--Combine and define legislate + ion; legislate + ive.
(4.) Give the negative of "legitimate."
(5.) What is the plural of "privilege"?--Define the meaning of this word in
the passage,--
"He claims his _privilege_, and says 't is fit
Nothing should be the judge of wit, but wit."
23. LIT'ERA, _a letter_.
Radical: LITER-.
1. LIT'ERAL: liter + al = relating to the letter of a thing; that is, exact
to the letter.
2. LIT'ERARY: liter + ary = pertaining to _letters_ or learning.
3. OBLITERATE: ob + liter + ate = to cause letters to be rubbed out: hence,
to rub out, in general.
4. LIT'ERATURE: through Lat. n. _literatura_ = the collective body of
literary works.
5. ILLIT'ERATE: il (for _in_, not) + liter + ate = of the nature of one who
does not know his letters.
EXERCISE.
(1.) Define what is meant by a "_literal_ translation."
(2.) Give a synonymous expression for a "literary man."--Compose a sentence
containing the terms "literary society."
(3.) Give a synonym of "obliterate" in its literal meaning. _Ans._ To
_erase_.--If we should speak of _obliterating_ the memory of a wrong,
would the word be used in its primary or its derivative sense?
(4.) "When we speak of English "literature" what is meant?--Can you mention
a great poem in Greek "literature"?--Compose a sentence containing the word
"literature."
(5.) Give a synonym of "illiterate." _Ans. Unlearned_.--What is the
opposite of "illiterate"? _Ans. Learned_.
24. MORS, mortis, _death_.
Radical: MORT-.
1. MOR'TAL: mort + a = relating to death.
2. MOR'TIFY: mort + ify = literally, to cause to die: hence, (1) to destroy
vital functions; (2) to humble.
3. IMMOR'TALIZE: im (for _in_, not) + mort + al + ize = to make not subject
to death: hence, to perpetuate.
EXERCISE.
(1.) What does Shakespeare mean by the expression to "shuffle off this
_mortal_ coil"?--Combine and define mortal + ity.--What is the opposite of
"mortal"?--Give a synonym. _Ans. Deathless_.
(2.) State the two meanings of "mortify."--What noun is derived from this
verb? _Ans. Mortification_.--When a surgeon speaks of "mortification"
setting in, what does he mean?--What is meant by "mortification" when we
say that the British felt great _mortification_ at the recapture of Stony
Point by General Anthony Wayne?
(3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "immortalize." MODEL: "Milton
_immortalized_ his name by the production of Paradise Lost."
25. NOR'MA, _a rule_.
Radical: NORM-.
1. NOR'MAL: norm + al = according to rule.
2. ENOR'MOUS: e + norm + ous = having the quality of being out of all rule:
hence, excessive, huge.
3. ENOR'MITY: e + norm + ity = the state of being out of all rule: hence,
an excessive degree--generally used in regard to bad qualities.
4. ABNOR'MAL: ab + norm + al = having the quality of being _away_ from the
usual rule: hence, unnatural.
EXERCISE.
(1.) What is meant by the expression, "the _normal_ condition of
things"?--"What is the meaning of the term a "_normal_ school"? _Ans._ It
means a school whose methods of instruction are to serve as a model for
imitation; a school for the education of teachers.
(2.) Give a synonym of "enormous." _Ans. Immense_.--Give another.--"What is
meant by "_enormous_ strength"? an "_enormous_ crime?"--Combine and define
enormous + ly.
(3.) Illustrate the meaning of the word "enormity" by a sentence.
26. OR'DO, or'dinis, _order_.
Radical: ORDIN-.
1. OR'DINARY: ordin + ary = relating to the usual order of things.
2. EXTRAOR'DINARY: extra + ordin + ary = beyond ordinary.
3. INOR'DINATE: in + ordin + ate = having the quality of not being within
the usual order of things: hence, excessive.
4. SUBOR'DINATE: sub + ordin + ate = having the quality of being under the
usual order: hence, inferior, secondary.
5. OR'DINANCE: ordin + ance = that which is according to order: hence, a
law.
6. INSUBORDINA'TION: in + sub + ordin + ate + ion = the state of not being
under the usual order of things: hence, disobedience to lawful authority.
EXERCISE.
(1.) What is meant by "_ordinary_ language"? an "_ordinary_ man"?
(2.) Combine and define extraordinary + ly.--Compose a sentence using the
word "extraordinary."--Give a synonym of "extraordinary." _Ans. Unusual._
(3.) Explain what is meant by saying that General Charles Lee had
"_inordinate_ vanity."--Is "inordinate" used with reference to
praiseworthy things?
(4.) What part of speech other than an adjective is "subordinate"?--What is
meant by "a _subordinate_"?--What does "subordinate" mean in the sentence,
"We must _subordinate_ our wishes to the rules of morality"?--Combine and
define subordinate + ion.
(5.) What does the expression "the _ordinances_ of the Common Council of
the City of New York" mean?
(6.) Compose a sentence containing the word "insubordination."--Give the
opposite of "insubordination"? _Ans. Subordination, obedience._
27. PARS, par'tis, _a part or share_.
Radical: PART-.
1. PART: from part_is_ = a share.
2. PAR'TICLE: part + (_i_)cle = a small part.
3. PAR'TIAL: part + (_i_)al = relating to a part rather than the whole:
hence, inclined to favor one party or person or thing.
4. PAR'TY: through Fr. n. _partie_: a set of persons (that is, a part of
the people) engaged in some design.
5. PAR'TISAN: through Fr. n. _partisan_ = a party man.
6. DEPART': de + part = to take one's self away from one part to another.
EXERCISE.
(1.) What part of speech is "part" besides a noun?--Write a sentence
containing this word as a noun; another as a verb.
(2.) Point out the connection of meaning between "particle" and
"particular." _Ans_. "Particular"' means taking note of the minute parts or
_particles_ of a given subject.
(3.) What is the negative of "partial"? _Ans. Impartial._--Define it.
(4.) Explain what is meant by a "political _party_."
(6.) Combine and define depart + ure.
28. PES, pe'dis, _a foot_.
Radical: PED-.
1. PED'AL: ped + al = an instrument made to be moved by the foot.
2. BI'PED: bi + ped = a two-footed animal.
3. QUAD'RUPED: quadru + ped = a four-footed animal. (_Quadru_, from
_quatuor_, four.)
4. PED'DLER: literally, a trader who travels on foot.
5. EXPEDITE': ex + ped + ite (_ite_, equivalent to _ate_) = literally, to
free the feet from entanglement: hence, to hasten.
6. EXPEDI'TION: ex + ped + ite + ion = the act of expediting: hence, (1)
the quality of being expeditious, promptness; (2) a sending forth for the
execution of some object of importance.
7. IMPED'IMENT: through Lat. n. _impedimentum_; literally, something which
_impedes_ or entangles the feet: hence, an obstacle, an obstruction.
EXERCISE.
(2.) Make up a sentence containing the word "biped."
(3.) Make up a sentence containing the word "quadruped."
(4.) What is the English verb from which "peddler" comes?--In what other
way is "peddler" sometimes spelled? _Ans._ It is sometimes spelled with but
one _d_--thus, _pedler_.
(5.) "To expedite the growth of plants": what does that mean?--Give the
opposite of "expedite." _Ans._ To _retard_.
(6.) Point out the double sense of the word "expedition" in the following
sentences: "With winged _expedition_, swift as lightning."--_Milton_. "The
_expedition_ of Cortez miserably failed."--_Prescott._
(7.) Compose a sentence containing the word "impediment."--What is meant by
"_impediment_ of speech"?--Is the word here used in its literal or its
figurative sense?
29. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum, _to break_.
Radical: RUPT-.
1. RUP'TURE: rupt + ure = the act of breaking with another; that is, a
_breach_ of friendly relations.
2. ERUP'TION: e + rupt + ion = the act of breaking or bursting out.
3. ABRUPT': ab + rupt = broken off short: hence, having a sudden
termination.
4. CORRUPT': cor (for _con_) + rupt = thoroughly broken up: hence,
decomposed, depraved.
5. INTERRUPT': inter + rupt = to break in between: hence, to hinder.
6. BANK'RUPT: literally, one who is bank-broken, who cannot pay his debts,
an insolvent debtor.
EXERCISE.
(1.) What other part of speech than a noun is "rupture"? _Ans._ A
verb.--Compose one sentence using the word as a verb, the other as a
noun.--What does the "_rupture_ of a blood vessel" mean? Is this the
literal sense of the word?--The "_rupture_ of friendly relations" between
Maine and Massachusetts: is this its literal or its figurative sense?
(2.) Compose a sentence containing the word "eruption."
(3.) Combine and define abrupt + ness; abrupt + ly.--When we speak of an
"_abrupt_ manner," what is meant?--When we speak of an "_abrupt_ descent,"
what is meant?
(4.) Explain what is meant by "corrupt principles"; a "_corrupt_
judge."--Combine and define corrupt + ion; corrupt + ible; in + corrupt +
ible.--What other part of speech than an adjective is "corrupt"?--What part
of speech is it in the sentence "evil communications _corrupt_ good
manners"?
30. TEM'PUS, tem'poris, _time_.
Radical: TEMPOR-.
1. TEM'PORAL: tempor + al = relating to time: hence, not everlasting.
2. TEM'PORARY: tempor + ary = lasting only for a brief time.
3. CONTEM'PORARY: con + tempor + ary = one who lives in the same time with
another.
4. TEM'PERANCE: through Fr. n. _tempérance_; literal meaning, the state of
being _well timed_ as to one's habits: hence, moderation.
5. EXTEMPORA'NEOUS: ex + temporane(us) + ous = produced at the time.
6. TEM'PORIZE: tempor + ize = to do as the times do: hence, to yield to the
current of opinion.
EXERCISE.
(1.) Give the opposite of "temporal." _Ans. Eternal._ Illustrate these two
words by a sentence from the Bible. _Ans._ "The things which are seen are
_temporal_; but the things which are not seen are _eternal_."
(2.) Give the opposite of "temporary." _Ans. Permanent._--What is meant by
the "_temporary_ government of a city"?--Give a synonym of "temporary."
_Ans. Transitory._--Would you say that man is a "_temporary_ being" or a
"_transitory_ being"?
(3.) Compose a sentence illustrating the use of the word
"contemporary."--What adjective corresponds to this adjective?
(4.) State the distinction between "temperance" and "abstinence."--Write a
sentence showing the use of the two words.
(5.) What is meant by an "_extemporaneous_ speech?"
(6.) What is one who _temporizes_ sometimes called? _Ans_. A _time_-server.
DIVISION II.--ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES.
NOTE--In Division II, the English derivatives from Latin roots are
given in abbreviated form, and are arranged in paragraphs under the
particular _radicals_, from which the several groups of derivatives are
formed. The radicals are printed at the left in bold-face type--thus.,
ACR-, ACERB-, etc. Derivatives not obviously connected with the Latin
roots are given in the last paragraph of each section. Pupils are
required to unite the prefixes and suffixes with the radicals, thus
forming the English derivatives, which may be given either orally or in
writing. Only difficult definitions are appended: in the case of words
not defined, pupils may be required to form the definition by reference
to the signification of the radicals and the formative elements, thus,
acr + id = acrid, being bitter, acr + id + ity = state of being bitter,
bitterness.
1. A'CER, a'cris, _sharp_; Acer'bus, _bitter_; Ac'idus, _sour_; Ace'tum,
_vinegar_.
ACR: -id, -idity; ac'rimony (Lat. n. _acrimo'nia_, sharpness of temper);
acrimo'nious.
ACERB: -ity; exac'erbate, _to render bitter_; exacerba'tion.
ACID: ac'id; -ify, -ity; acid'ulate (Lat. adj. _acid'ulus_, slightly sour);
acid'ulous; subac'id, _slightly acid_.
ACET: -ate, _a certain salt; _-ic, _pertaining to a certain acid; _-ify,
-ification, -ose, -ous.
2. AE'DES, _a house_.
ED: ed'ify; edifica'tion; ed'ifice (Lat. n. _edifi'cium_, a large
building); e'dile (Lat. n. _aedi'lis_, a Roman magistrate who had charge of
buildings).
3. Æ'QUUS, _equal_: Æqua'lis, _equal, just_.
EQU: -able, -ation, -ator, -atorial, -ity, -itable; ad'equate (Lat. v.
_adequa're_, _adequa'tum_, to make equal); inadequacy; inad'equate;
iniq'uity (Lat. n. _iniq'uitas_, want of equal or just dealing);
iniq'uitous.
EQUAL: e'qual (n., v., adj.), -ity, -ize; co-e'qual; une'qual.
4. Æ'VUM, _an age_; Æter'nitas, _eternal_.
EV: co-e'val; longevity (Lat. adj. _lon'gus_, long); prime'val (Lat. adj.
_pri'mus_, first).
ETERN: -al, -ity, -ize; co-eter'nal.
5. A'GER, a'gri, _a field, land_.
AGRI: agra'rian (Lat. adj. _agrarius_, relating to land); agra'rianism;
ag'riculture (Lat. n. _cultu'ra_, cultivation), agricult'ural,
agricult'urist.
Per'egrinate (Lat. v. _peregrina'ri_, to travel in foreign lands);
peregrina'tion; pil'grim (Fr. n. _pélérin_, a wanderer); pil'grimage.
AGERE, to do. (See p. 23.)
6. AL'ERE: a'lo, al'itum _or_ al'tum, _to nourish_; ALES'CERE:
ales'co _to grow up_.
AL: al'iment (Lat. n. _alimen'tum_, nourishment); alimen'tary; al'imony
(Lat. n. _alimo'ma_, allowance made to a divorced wife for her support).
ALIT: coali'tion (-ist).
ALESC: coalesce' (-ence, -ent).
ALIENUS. (See p. 25.)
7. AL'TER, _another_; Alter'nus, _one after another_.
ALTER: al'ter, -ation, -ative (a medicine producing a change); unal'tered;
alterca'tion (Lat. n. _alterca'tio_, a contention).
ALTERN: -ate, -ation, -ative; subal'tern, _a subordinate officer_.
AMARE; AMICUS. (See p. 25.)
ANIMUS; ANIMA. (See p. 26.)
ANNUS. (See p. 27.)
8. ANTI'QUUS, _old, ancient_.
ANTIQU: -ary, -arian, -ated, -ity; antique' (Fr. adj. _antique_), _old,
ancient_.
9. AP'TUS, _fit, suitable_.
APT: apt, -itude, -ly, -ness; adapt' (-able, -ation, -or).
10. A'QUA, _water_.
AQUE: -duct (_du'cere_, to lead); a'queous; suba'queous; terra'queous (Lat.
n. _terra_, land); aquat'ic (Lat. adj. _aquat'icus_, relating to water);
aqua'rium (Lat. n. _aqua'rium_, a reservoir of water), _a tank for
water-plants and animals_.
11. AR'BITER, ar'bitri, _a judge or umpire_.
ARBITER: ar'biter, _a judge or umpire_.
ARBITR: -ary, -ate, -ation, -ator; arbit'rament (Lat. n. _arbitramen'tum_,
decision).
12. AR'BOR, ar'boris, _a tree_.
ARBOR: ar'bor, _a lattice-work covered with vines, etc., a bower_; -et, _a
little tree_; -ist, -escent, -(e)ous; arbore'tum, _a place where specimens
of trees are cultivated_; arboricult'ure (-ist).
13. AR'MA, _arms, weapons_.
ARM: arm (n. and v.); arms, _weapons_; -or, _defensive weapons_; ar'morer;
ar'mory; armo'rial, _belonging to the escutcheon or coat of arms of a
family_; ar'mistice (_sis'tere_, to cause to stand still); disarm';
unarmed'.
Arma'da (Span, n.), _a naval warlike force_; ar'my (Fr. n _armée_);
ar'mament (Lat. n. _armamen'ta_, utensils); armadil'lo (Span, n.), _an
animal armed with a bony shell_.
ARS. (See page 28.)
14. ARTIC'ULUS, _a little joint_.
ARTICUL: -ate (v., to utter in distinctly _jointed_ syllables), -ate (adj.
formed with joints), -ation; inartic'ulate; ar'ticle (Fr. n. _article_).
15. AS'PER, _rough_.
ASPER: -ate, -ity; exas'perate; exas'peration.
AUDIRE. (See page 29.)
16. AUGE'RE: au'geo, auc'tum, _to increase_.
AUG: augment' (v.); augmentation.
AUCT: -ion, _a sale in which the price is increased by bidders_; -ioneer.
Author (Lat. n. _auc'tor_, one who increases knowledge); author'ity;
au'thorize; auxil'iary (Lat. n. _auxil'ium_, help).
17. A'VIS, _a bird_; Au'gur, Aus'pex, aus'picis, _a soothsayer_.
AUGUR: au'gur (n.), _one who foretells future events by observing the_
_flight of birds_, (v.) _to foretell_; au'gury, _an omen_; inau'gurate, _to
invest with an office by solemn rites_; inaugura'tion; inau'gural.
AUSPICI: -ous, _favorable_; inauspi'cious; aus'pices.
18. BAR'BARUS, _savage, uncivilized_.
BARBAR: -ian (n. and adj.), -ic, -ism, -ity, -ize, -ous.
19. BIS, _twice or two_.
BI: bi'ennial (Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year); big'amy (Greek n. _gamos_,
marriage); bil'lion (Lat. n. _mil'lio_, a million; literally, twice a
million); bipar'tite (Lat. n. _pars, par'tis_, a part); bi'ped (Lat. n.
_pes, pe'dis_, foot); bis'cuit (Fr. v. _cuit_, cooked); bisect' (Lat. v.
_sec'tum_, cut); bi'valve (Lat. n. _val'væ_, folding-doors); bi'nary (Lat.
adj. _bi'ni_, two by two); binoc'ular (Lat. n. _oc'ulus_, the eye);
combine'; combina'tion.
20. BO'NIS, _good_; Be'ne, _well_.
BONUS: bonus (something to the _good_ of a person in addition to
compensation), bounty (Fr. n. _bonté_, kindness); boun'teous; boun'tiful.
BENE: ben'efice (Lat. v. _fac'ere, fac'tum_, to do), literally, _a benefit,
an ecclesiastical living_; benef'icence; benef'icent; benefi'cial;
ben'efit; benefac'tion; benefac'tor; benedic'tion (Lat. v. _dic'ere,
dic'tum_, to say); benev'olence (Lat. v. _vel'le_, to will).
EXERCISE.
_In this and the following exercises, tell the roots of the words printed
in italic_: The _equator_ divides the globe into two _equal_ parts. Good
_agriculturists_ read _agricultural_ papers. In the _primeval_ ages the
_longevity_ of man was very great. The _pilgrims_ have gone on a
_pilgrimage_ to the Holy Land. The _subaltern_ had no _alternative_ but to
obey. To remove the stain a powerful _acid_ must be used. The _alimony_
which had hitherto been allowed was no longer considered _adequate_. The
discourse, though learned, was not _edifying_. God is an _eternal_ and
unchangeable being. The handsome _edifice_ was burned to the ground. The
plants and animals in the _aquarium_ were brought from abroad. Though the
style is _antiquated_, it is not inelegant. The _arbitrary_ proceedings of
the British Parliament _exasperated_ the Americans. God is the _bountiful_
Giver of all good. The President made a short _inaugural_ address. By
_combined_ effort success is sure. One of Scott's novels is called The
_Antiquary_. It is _barbarous_ needlessly to destroy life. George Peabody
was noted for his _benevolence_. The Romans were famous for their great
_aqueducts_.
21. CAD'ERE: ca'do, ca'sum, _to fall_.
CAD: -ence, _a falling of the voice_; cascade' (Fr. n.); deca'dence.
CIDE: ac'cident; coincide' (con + in); coin'cidence; decid'uous; in'cident;
oc'cident, _the place of the falling or setting sun, the west_.
CASE: case, _the state in which a thing happens or falls to be_; casual
(Lat. n. _ca'sus_, a fall); cas'ualty; cas'uist, _one who studies cases of
conscience_; cas'uistry; occa'sion.
Chance (Fr. v. _choir_, to fall), _something that befalls without apparent
cause_; decay (Fr. v. _déchoir_, to fall away).
22. CÆD'ERE: cæ'do, cæ'sum, _to cut, to kill_.
CIDE: decide', _to cut off discussion, to determine_; frat'ricide, _the
killing of a brother_ (Lat. n. _fra'ter_, a brother); hom'icide (_ho'mo_, a
man); infan'ticide (_in'fans_, an infant); mat'ricide (_ma'ter_, a mother);
par'ricide (_pa'ter_, a father); reg'icide (_rex, re'gis_, a king);
su'icide (Lat. pro. _sui_, one's self).
CISE: con-, ex-, pre-; concise'ness; decis'ion; deci'sive; excis'ion,
incis'ion; inci'sor; precis'ion.
23. CAL'CULUS, _a pebble_.
CALCUL: -able (literally, that may be counted by the help of pebbles
anciently used in reckoning), -ate, -ation, -ator; incal'culable;
miscal'culate.
24. CANDE'RE: can'deo, can'ditum, _to be white, to shine
(literally, to burn, to glow)_; Can'didus, _white_.
CAND: -id, _fair, sincere_; -or, _openness, sincerity_; incandes'cent.
CAN'DID: -ate (in Rome aspirants for office wore _white_ robes).
Cen'ser, _a vessel in which incense is burned_; in'cense (n.), _perfume
given off by fire_; incense' (v.), _to inflame with anger_; incen'diary
(Lat. n. _incen'dium_, a fire); can'dle (Lat. _cande'la_, a _white_ light
made of wax); chand'ler (literally a maker or seller of candles);
chandelier'; candel'abra.
25. CAN'ERE: ca'no, can'tum, _to sing_; Fr chanter, _to sing_.
CANT: cant, _hypocritical sing-song speech_; canta'ta, _a poem set to
music_; can'ticle; can'ticles, _the Song of Solomon_; can'to, _division of
a poem_; discant'; incanta'tion, _enchantment_; recant', literally, _to
sing back, to retract_.
CHANT: chant; chant'er; chan'ticleer; chant'ry; enchant'.
Ac'cent (Lat. _ad._ and _cantus_, a song), literally, _a modulation of the
voice_; accentua'tion; precen'tor (Lat. v. _præcan'ere_, to sing before).
26. CAP'ERE: ca'pio, cap'tum, _to take_.
CAP: -able, -ability; inca'pable.
CIP: antic'ipate; eman'cipate (Lat. n. _ma'nus_, hand), literally, _to take
away from the hand of an owner, to free_; incip'ient; munic'ipal (Lat. n.
_municip'ium_, a free town; _mu'nia_, official duties, and _cap'ere_, to
take); partic'ipate (Lat. n. _pars, par'tis_, a part); par'ticiple; prince
(Lat. n. _prin'ceps_,--Lat. adj. _pri'mus_, first: hence, taking the
_first_ place or lead); prin'cipal; prin'ciple; recip'ient; rec'ipe
(imperative of _recip'ere_; literally, "take thou," being the first word of
a medical prescription).
CEIVE (Fr. root = cap- or cip-): conceive'; deceive'; perceive'; receive'.
CAPT: -ive, -ivate, -ivity, -or, -ure.
CEPT: accept' (-able, -ance, -ation); concep'tion; decep'tion; decep'tive;
except' (-ion, -ionable); incep'tion; incep'tive; intercept'; pre'cept;
precep'tor; recep'tacle; recep'tion; suscep'tible.
CEIT (Fr. root = capt- or cept-): conceit'; deceit'; receipt'.
Capa'cious (Lat. adj. _ca'pax_, _capa'cis_, able to hold: hence large);
capac'itate; capac'ity; incapac'itate.
CAPUT. (See page 30.)
27. CA'RO, carnis, _flesh_.
CARN: -age, _slaughter_; -al, -ation, _the flesh-colored flower_;
incar'nate; incarna'tion.
Carne'lian (Lat. adj. _car'neus_, fleshy), _a flesh-colored stone_;
car'nival (Lat. v. _vale_, farewell), _a festival preceding Lent_;
carniv'orous (Lat. v. _vora're_, to eat); char'nel (Fr. adj. _charnel_,
containing flesh).
28. CAU'SA, _a cause_.
CAUS: -al, -ation, -ative; cause (Fr. n. _cause_), n. and v.
Accuse' (Fr. v. _accuser_, to bring a charge against), -ative, -ation, -er;
excuse' (Fr. v. _excuser_, to absolve); excus'able; rec'usant (Lat. v.
_recusa're_, to refuse).
29. CAVE'RE: ca'veo, cautum, _to beware_.
CAUT: -ion, -ious; incau'tious; precaution.
Ca'veat (3d per. sing. present subjunctive = let him beware), _an
intimation to stop proceedings_.
30. CA'VUS, _hollow_.
CAV: -ity; concav'ity; ex'cavate.
Cave (Fr. n. _cave_), literally, _a hollow, empty space_; con'cave (Lat.
adj. _conca'vus_, arched); cav'il (Lat. n. _cavil'la_, a jest).
31. CED'ERE: ce'do, ces'sum, _to go, to yield_.
CEDE: cede; accede'; antece'dent; concede'; precede'; recede'; secede';
unprecedented.
CEED: ex-, pro-, sub- (suc-).
CESS: -ation, -ion; ab'scess, _a collection of matter gone away, or
collected in a cavity_; ac'cess; acces'sible; acces'sion; acces'sory;
conces'sion; excess'; exces'sive; interces'sion; interces'sor; preces'sion;
proc'ess; proces'sion; recess'; seces'sion; success' (-ful, -ion, -ive).
32. CENSE'RE: cen'seo, cen'sum, _to weigh, to estimate, to tax_.
CENS: -or, -ure; censo'rious; cen'surable; recen'sion.
Cen'sus (Lat. n. _census_, an estimate).
33. CEN'TRUM, _the middle point_.
CENTR: -al, -ical; centrif'ugal (Lat. v. _fu'gere_, to flee); centrip'etal
(Lat. v. _pet'ere_, to seek); concen'trate; concentra'tion; concen'tric;
eccen'tric; eccentric'ity.
Cen'ter or cen'tre (Fr. n. _centre_), n. and v.; cen'tered.
34. CEN'TUM, _a hundred_.
CENT: cent; cent'age; cen'tenary (Lat. adj. _centena'rius_); centena'rian;
centen'nial (Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year); cen'tigrade (Lat. n. _gra'dus_, a
degree); cen'tipede (Lat. n. _pes_, _pe'dis_, the foot); cen'tuple (Lat.
adj. _centu'plex_, hundredfold); centu'rion (Lat. n. _centu'rio_, a captain
of a hundred); cent'ury (Lat. n. _centu'ria_, a hundred years);
percent'age.
35. CER'NERE: cer'no, cre'tum, _to sift, to see, to judge_; Discrimen,
discrim'inis, _distinction_.
CERN: con-, de-, dis-; unconcern'; discern'er, discern'ible, discern'ment.
CRET: decre'tal, _a book of decrees_; discre'tion; discre'tionary;
excre'tion; se'cret; sec'retary.
DISCRIMIN: -ate, -ation; indiscrim'inate.
Decree' (Fr. n. _decret_); discreet' (Fr. adj. _discret_); discrete'
(literally, sifted apart), _separate_.
36. CERTA'RE: cer'to, certa'tum, _to contend, to vie_.
CERT: con'cert (n.); concert' (v.); disconcert'; preconcert'.
37. CIN'GERE: cin'go, cinc'tum, _to gird_.
CINCT: cinct'ure; pre'cinct; succinct', literally, _girded or tucked up,
compressed, concise_; succinct'ness.
38. CIR'CUS, _a circle_; cir'culus, _a little circle_.
CIRC: cir'cus, _an open space for sports_; cir'clet.
CIRCUL: -ar, -ate, -ation, -atory.
Cir'cle (Fr. n. _cercle_); encir'cle; sem'icircle.
39. CITA'RE: ci'to, cita'tum, _to stir up, to rouse_.
CITE: cite, _to summon or quote_; excite' (-able, -ability, -ment); incite'
(-ment); recite' (-al); resus'citate (Lat. v. _suscita're_, to raise).
CITAT: cita'tion; recita'tion; recitative', _a species of musical
recitation_.
CIVIS. (See p. 31.)
40. CLAMA'RE: cla'mo, clama'tum, _to cry out, to shout_; Clam'or,
_a loud cry_.
CLAIM: claim (v. and n., to demand; a demand), ac-, de-, dis-, ex-, pro-,
re-; claim'ant; reclaim'a'ble.
CLAMAT: acclama'tion; declama'tion; declam'atory; exclama'tion;
exclam'atory; proclama'tion; reclama'tion.
CLAMOR: clam'or (v. and n.), -er, -ous.
EXERCISE.
The _decay_ of the tree was caused by the _incisions_ which had
_accidentally_ been made in the bark. The _captives_ will be set at
liberty, but the _precise_ time of their _emancipation_ has not been fixed.
The harbor is _capacious_, and can _receive_ vessels of the largest size.
The merits of the _candidates_ were _discriminated_ with great _candor_. We
were _enchanted_ with the _carnival_ at Rome. This _recitation_ is
satisfactory. Have you ever seen a _centigrade_ thermometer? Nothing is so
_successful_ as _success_. The number of _concentric circles_ in the trunk
marked the age of the tree. No _censer_ round our altar beams. The heat
being _excessive_, we took shelter in the _recesses_ of a _cave_.
_Precision_ is the _principal_ quality of good writing. Franklin's father
was a tallow _chandler_. Last _century_ there was great _carnage_ in
America. _Infanticide_ is much practiced in China. The _proclamation_ was
widely _circulated_. The president was _inaugurated_ on the 4th of March.
The _census_ is taken every ten years. _Conceit_ is worse than
_eccentricity_. Have you filed your _caveat_?
41. CLAU'DERE: clau'do, clau'sum, _to shut, to close_.
CLUD: conclude'; exclude'; include'; preclude'; seclude'.
CLUS: conclu'sion; conclu'sive; exclu'sion; exclu'sive; recluse';
seclu'sion.
CLOSE: close (v., n., adj.); clos'et; close'ness; inclose' (-ure); enclose'
(-ure).
Clause (Fr. n. _clause_); clois'ter (old Fr. n. _cloistre_).
42. CLINA'RE: cli'no, clina'tum, _to bend_; Cli'vus, _a slope or hill_.
CLINAT: inclina'tion.
CLINE: de-, in-, re-.
CLIV: accliv'ity; decliv'ity; procliv'ity.
43. COL'ERE: co'lo, cul'tum, _to till, to cultivate_ (_Low Lat._
Cultiva're, _to cultivate_).
CULT: cult'ure (Lat. n. _cultu'ra_, a cultivation); ag'riculture (Lat. n.
_a'ger_, a field); arboricult'ure (Lat. n. _ar'bor_, a tree); flor'iculture
(Lat. n. _flos_, _flo'ris_, a flower); hor'ticulture (Lat. n. _hor'tus_, a
garden); ausculta'tion (Lat. n. _ausculta'tio_, a listening; hence, a test
of the lungs).
CULTIV: -ate, -ation, -ator.
Col'ony (Lat. n. _colo'nia_, a settlement); colo'nial; col'onist;
col'onize.
COR. (See page 32.)
CORPUS. (See page 33.)
CREDERE. (See page 35.)
44. CREA'RE: cre'o, crea'tum, _to create_.
CREAT: -ion, -ive, -or, -ure; create' (pro-, re-).
45. CRES'CERE: cres'co, cre'tum, _to grow_.
CRESC: cres'cent; excres'cence; decrease'; increase'.
CRET: accre'tion; con'crete; concre'tion.
Accrue' (Fr. n. _accrue_, increase); in'crement (Lat. n. _incremen'tum_,
increase); recruit' (Fr. v. _recroitre_, _recru_, to grow again).
46. CRUX, cru'cis, _a cross_.
CRUC: cru'cial (Fr. adj. _cruciale_, as if bringing to the cross: hence,
severe); cru'cible (a chemist's melting-pot--Lat. n. _crucib'ulum_--marked
in old times with a cross); cru'ciform (Lat. n. _for'ma_, a shape);
cru'cify (Lat. v. _fig'ere_, _fix'um_, to fix); crucifix'ion;
excru'ciating.
Cross (Fr. n. _croix_); cro'sier (Fr. n. _crosier_); cruise (Dan. v.
_kruisen_, to move crosswise or in a zigzag); crusade' (Fr. n. _croisade_,
in the Middle Ages, an expedition to the Holy Land made under the banner of
the cross); crusad'er.
47. CUBA'RE: cu'bo (_in compos, _cumbo__), cub'itum, _to lie down_.
CUB: in'cubate; incuba'tion; in'cubator.
CUMB: incum'bency; incum'bent; procum'bent; recum'bency; recum'bent;
succumb' (sub-); superincum'bent.
Cu'bit (Lat. n. _cub'itus_, the elbow, because it serves for leaning upon);
in'cubus (Lat. n. _in'cubus_), the nightmare.
48. CU'RA, _care_.
CUR: -able, -ate, -ative, -ator; ac'curate; ac'curacy; inac'curate;
proc'urator.
Cu'rious; prox'y (contracted from _proc'uracy_). _authority to act for
another_; secure' (Lat. adj. _secu'rus_, from _se_ for _si'ne_, without,
and _cu'ra_, care); secu'rity; insecure'; si'necure (Lat. prep. _si'ne_,
without--an office without duties).
CURRERE. (See page 36.)
49. DA'RE: do, da'tum, _to give_.
DAT: date (originally the time at which a public document was
given--_da'tum_); da'ta (Lat. plural of _da'tum_), _facts or truths given
or admitted_; da'tive.
DIT: addi'tion; condi'tion; ed'it (-ion, -or); perdi'tion; tradi'tion;
extradi'tion.
Add (Lat. v. _ad'dere_, to give or put to); adden'dum (pl. adden'da),
_something to be added_.
50. DEBE'RE: de'beo, deb'itum, _to owe_.
DEBT: debt; debt'or; indebt'ed; deb'it (n. and v.).
51. DE'CEM, _ten_; Dec'imus, _the tenth_.
DECEM: Decem'ber (formerly the _tenth_ month); decem'virate (Lat. n. _vir_,
a man), _a body of ten magistrates_; decen'nial (Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year).
DECIM: dec'imal; dec'imate; duodec'imo (Lat. adj. _duodec'imus_, twelfth),
_a book having twelve leaves to a sheet_.
52. DENS, den'tis, _a tooth_.
DENT: dent, _to notch_; den'tal; den'tifrice (Lat. v. _frica're_, to rub);
den'tist; denti'tion (Lat. n. _denti'tio_, a cutting of the teeth);
eden'tate (Lat. adj. _edenta'tus_, toothless); indent'; indent'ure;
tri'dent (Lat. adj. _tres_, three), _Neptune's three-pronged scepter_;
dan'delion (Fr. _dent-de-lion_, the lion's tooth), _a plant_.
53. DE'US, _a God_; Divi'nus, _relating to God, divine_.
DE: de'ify; de'ism; de'ist; deist'ical; de'ity.
DIVIN: divine'; divina'tion (Lat. n. _divina'tio_, a foretelling the aid of
the gods); divin'ity.
54. DIC'ERE: di'co, dio'tum, _to say_.
DICT: dic'tate; dicta'tor; dictatorial; dic'tion; dic'tionary (Lat. n.
_dictiona'rium_, a word-book); dic'tum (pl. dic'ta), _positive opinion_;
addict' (Lat. v. _addic'ere_, to devote); benedic'tion (Lat. adv. _be'ne_,
well); contradict'; e'dict; indict' (Lat. v. _indic'ere_, to proclaim), _to
charge with a crime_; indict'ment; in'terdict; jurid'ic (Lat. n. _jus_,
_ju'ris_, justice), _relating to the distribution of justice_; maledic'tion
(Lat. adv. _ma'le_, ill); predict'; predic'tion; valedic'tory (Lat. v.
_va'le_, farewell); ver'dict (Lat. adj. _ve'rus_, true).
Dit'to, _n_. (Ital. n. _det'to_, a word), _the aforesaid thing_; indite'
(Lat. v. _indic'ere_, to dictate), _to compose_.
55. DI'ES, _a day_; _French_ jour, _a day_.
DIES: di'al; di'ary; di'et; diur'nal (Lat. adj. _diur'nus_, daily);
merid'ian (Lat. n. _merid'ies_ = _me'dius di'es_, midday); merid'ional;
quotid'ian (Lat. adj. _quotidia'nus_, daily).
JOUR: jour'nal; jour'nalist; jour'ney; adjourn'; adjourn'ment; so'journ;
so'journer.
DIGNUS (See page 37.)
56. DIVID'ERE: div'ido, divi'sum, _to divide, to separate_.
DIVID: divide'; div'idend; subdivide'; individ'ual, literally, _one not to
be divided, a single person_.
DIVIS: -ible, -ibility, -ion, -or.
Device' (Fr. n. _devis_, something imagined or devised); devise' (Fr. v.
_deviser_, to form a plan).
DOCERE. (See page 38.)
57. DOLE'RE: do'leo, doli'tum, _to grieve_.
Dole'ful; do'lor; dol'orous; condole'; condo'lence; in'dolent (literally,
not grieving or caring), _lazy_.
DOMINUS. (See page 38.)
58. DU'CERE: du'co, duc'tum, _to lead, to bring forward_.
DUC: adduce'; conduce'; condu'cive; deduce'; educe'; ed'ucate; educa'tion;
induce'; induce'ment; introduce'; produce'; reduce'; redu'cible; seduce';
superinduce'; traduce'; tradu'cer.
DUCT: abduc'tion; duc'tile (-ity); conduct' (-or); deduct' (-ion, -ive);
induct' (-ion, -ive); introduc'tion; introduc'tory; prod'uct (-ion, -ive);
reduc'tion; seduc'tion; seduc'tive; aq'ueduct (Lat. n. _a'qua_, water);
vi'aduct (Lat. n. _vi'a_, a road); con'duit (Fr. n. _conduit_), a channel
for conveying water.
59. DU'O, _two_.
DU: du'al; du'el (-ist); duet'; du'plicate (Lat. v. _plica're_, to fold);
dupli'city (Lat. n. _duplic'itas_, double dealing).
Dubi'ety (Lat. n. _dubi'etas_, uncertainty); du'bious (Lat. adj. _du'bius_,
uncertain); indu'bitable (Lat. v. _dubita're_, to doubt); doub'le (Fr. adj.
_double_, twofold); doubt (Fr. n. _doubt_), -ful, -less; undoubt'ed.
60. DU'RUS, _hard, lasting_; DURA'RE: du'ro, dura'tum, _to last_.
DUR: -able, -ableness, -ability, -ance, _state of being held hard and
fast_; duresse, _hardship, constraint_; endure' (-ance); ob'duracy.
DURAT: dura'tion; in'durate, _to grow hard_; indura'tion; ob'duracy.
EXERCISE.
When the speech, was _concluded_ loud acclamation _arose_. In many parts of
the _colony_ much of the waste land has been _reclaimed_, and
_agricultural_ operations now _receive_ the due attention of the
_colonists_. The patient declined to undergo _auscultation_. Fishing is a
healthful _recreation_. Many of the _crusaders_ were inspired with great
courage. _Security_ was offered, but it was not _accepted_. The _incumbent_
could not stand the _crucial_ test, and hence _succumbed_. A _curious
excrescence_ was cut from the tree. To Neptune with his _trident_ the
Greeks ascribed _divine_ power. A French _journalist_ has been _indicted_.
The _valedictory_ was pronounced in _December_. What is the difference
between _addition_ and _division_? We may easily _predict_ the ruin of an
_indolent debtor_. How many _maledictions_ are heaped on _dentists_! The
_reduction_ of the public _debt_ is desirable. The prisoner was _doleful_
because he was in _duresse_ vile. An educated man is known by his
_accurate_ use of language. The _dandelion_ is a _productive_ plant. The
_pilgrims received_ the priest's _benediction_ before setting out on their
_journey_. The _decimal_ system _conduces_ to the saving of time.
61. EM'ERE: E'MO, EMP'TUM, to buy or take.
EMPT: exempt' (-ion); per'emptory (Lat. adj. _perempto'rius_, wholly taken
away), _decisive_, _final_; pre-empt'; pre-emp'tion, _the right of buying
before others_; redemp'tion.
Redeem' (Lat. v. _redim'ere_, to buy back); redeem'er; prompt (Lat. adj.
_promp'tus_ = _pro-emp'tus_, taken out; hence, ready); prompt'er;
prompt'itude; prompt'ness; impromp'tu (Lat. _in promp'tu_, in readiness).
62. ERRA'RE: er'ro, erra'tum, _to wander_.
ERR: err, -ant, -antry; er'ror (Lat. n. _er'ror_); erro'neous (Lat. adj.
_erro'neus_, erring).
ERRAT: errat'ic; erra'tum (pl. er'rata), _a mistake in printing_;
aberra'tion.
63. ES'SE, _to be_; en, en'tis, _being_.
ENT: ab'sent (-ee); ab'sence; en'tity; nonen'tity; omnipres'ent (Lat. adj.
_om'nis_, all); pres'ent (-ation, -ly); represent' (-ation, -ative);
misrepresent'.
Es'sence (Lat. n. _essen'tia_, being); essen'tial; quintes'sence (Lat. adj.
_quin'tus_, fifth), _the highest essence; in'terest_ (3d pers. sing. pres.
indic. of _interes'se_ = it interests or is of interest); disin'terested.
64. FA'CERE: fa'cio, fac'tum, _to do or make_; _French_ Faire.
FAC: face'tious (Lat. adj. _face'tus_, merry); fac'ile (Lat. adj.
_fa'cilis_, easily done); facil'ity; facil'itate; fac'ulty (Lat. n.
_facul'tas_, power, ability); fac-sim'ile (Lat. adj. _sim'ilis_, like),
literally, _make like_, _an exact copy_; facto'tum (Lat. adj. _to'tum_, the
whole; literally, do the whole), _a servant of all work_.
FIC: ben'efice (see _bene_); def'icit (literally, it is wanting), _a lack_;
defi'ciency; defi'cient; dif'ficult (Lat. adj. _diffic'ilis_, arduous);
ef'ficacy (Lat. adj. _ef'ficax_, _effica'cis_, powerful); effi'cient,
_causing effects_; of'fice (Lat. n. _offic'ium_, a duty); of'ficer;
offi'cial; offi'cious; profi'cient; suffice', literally, _to make up what
is wanting_; suffi'cient.
FACT: fact; fac'tor; fac'tion, _a party acting in opposition_; fac'tious;
facti'tious (Lat. adj. _facti'tius_, artificial); benefac'tor; manufacture
(Lat. n. _ma'nus_, the hand).
FECT: affect' (-ation, -ion); disaffec'tion; confec'tion, literally, _made_
_with sugar_ (-er); defect' (-ion, -ive); effect' (-ive); effect'ual;
infect' (-ion); infec'tious; per'fect, literally, _thoroughly made_ (-ion);
imper'fect (-ion); refec'tion; refec'tory.
FAIRE (past participle _fait_): fash'ion (Fr. n. _façon_, the make or form
of a thing); fea'sible (Old Fr. _faisible_, that may be done); feat;
affair'; coun'terfeit, literally, _to make again_, _to imitate_; for'feit,
(Fr. v. _forfaire_, to misdo), _to lose by some fault_; sur'feit, v., _to
overdo in the way of eating_.
65. FAL'LERE: fal'lo, fal'sum, _to deceive_; _French_ Faillir, _to fall
short or do amiss_.
FALL: fal'lacy; falla'cious; fal'lible; fallibil'ity; infal'lible.
FALS: false (-hood, -ify); falset'to (Ital. n. = a false or artificial
voice).
FAIL: fail'ure; fault (Old Fr. n. _faulte_); fault'y; fal'ter; default'
(-er).
66. FA'NUM, _a temple_.
FAN: fane; fanat'ic (Lat. adj. _fanat'icus_, literally, one inspired by
divinity--the god of the fane), _a wild enthusiast_; fanat'ical;
fanat'icism; profane', v. (literally, to be before or outside of the
temple), _to desecrate_; profane', adj., _unholy_; profana'tion;
profan'ity.
67. FA'RI, fa'tus, _to speak_.
FAT: fate, -al, -ality, -alism, -alist; pref'atory.
Affable (Lat. adj. _affab'ilis_, easy to be spoken to); affabil'ity;
inef'fable; in'fant (Lat. participle, _in'fans_, _infan'tis_, literally,
not speaking) (-ile, -ine); in'fancy; nefa'rious (Lat. adj. _nefa'rius_,
impious); pref'ace (Fr. n. _préface_), _something spoken or written by way
of introduction_.
68. FATE'RI: fa'teor, fas'sus (_in comp._ fes'sus), _to acknowledge, to
show_.
FESS: confess' (-ion, -ional, -or); profess' (-ion, -ional, -or).
69. FELIX, feli'cis, _happy_.
FELIC: -ity, -itous; infeli'city; feli'citate, _to make happy by
congratulation._
70. FEN'DERE: fen'do, fen'sum, _to keep off, to strike_.[6]
FEND: fend (-er); defend' (-er, -ant); offend' (-er).
FENS: defense' (-ible, -ive); offense' (-ive); fence (n. and v.,
abbreviated from defence);[7] fencer; fencing.
71. FER'RE: fe'ro, la'tum, _to bear, to carry_.
FER: fer'tile (Lat. adj. _fer'tilis_, bearing, fruitful); fertil'ity;
fer'tilize; circum'ference, literally, _a measure carried around anything_;
confer', _to consult_; con'ference; defer'; def'erence; deferen'tial;
dif'fer (-ence, -ent); infer' (-ence); of'fer; prefer' (-able, -ence,
-ment); prof'fer; refer' (-ee, -ence); suf'fer (-ance, -able, -er);
transfer' (-able, -ence); conif'erous (Lat. n. _co'nus_, a cone);
florif'erous (Lat. n. _flos_, _flo'ris_, a flower); fructif'erous (Lat. n.
_fruc'tus_, fruit); Lu'cifer (Lat. n. _lux_, _lucis_, light), _the morning
or evening star, Satan_; pestif'erous (Lat. n. _pes'tis_, pest, plague).
LAT: ab'lative (literally, carrying away; the sixth case of Latin nouns);
collate' (-ion); dilate' (-ory); elate'; ob'late, _flattened at the poles_;
obla'tion, _an offering_; prel'ate; prel'acy; pro'late, _elongated at the
poles_; relate' (-ion, -ive); correla'tion; correl'ative; super'lative;
translate' (-ion); delay' (= dis + lat, through old Fr. verb _delayer_, to
put off).
72. FERVE'RE: fer'veo, _to boil_; Fermen'tum, _leaven_.
FERV: -ent, -ency, -id, -or; effervesce', _to bubble or froth up_;
efferves'cence.
FERMENT: fer'ment, -ation.
73. FES'TUS, _joyful, merry_.
FEST: -al, -ival, -ive, -ivity; feast (Old Fr. _feste_, a joyous meal);
fête (modern Fr. equivalent of _feast_), _a festival_; festoon (Fr. n.
_feston_, originally an ornament for a festival).
74. FID'ERE: fi'do, _to trust_; Fi'des, _faith_; Fide'lis, _trusty_.
FID: confide' (-ant, -ence, -ent, -ential); dif'fidence; dif'fident;
per'fidy (per = through and hence _away from_ good faith); perfid'ious.
FIDEL: fidel'ity; in'fidel; infidel'ity.
Fe'alty (Old Fr. n. _féalté_ = Lat. _fidel'itas_), _loy'alty_; fidu'cial
(Lat. n. _fidu'cia_, trust); fidu'ciary; affi'ance, _to pledge faith_, _to
betroth_; affida'vit (Low Lat., signifying, literally, he made oath), _a
declaration on oath_; defy' (Fr. v. _défier_, originally, to dissolve the
bond of allegiance; hence, to disown, to challenge, to brave).
75. FI'GERE: fi'go, fix'um, _to join, fix, pierce_.
FIX: affix'; cru'cifix (Lat. n. _crux_, _cru'cis_, a cross); cru'cify;
fix'ture; post'fix; pre'fix; suf'fix (n., literally, something fixed below
or on; hence, appended); transfix', _to pierce through_.
76. FIN'GERE: fin'go, fic'tum, _to form, to feign_; Figu'ra, _a shape_.
FICT: fic'tion; ficti'tious.
FIGUR: fig'ure; figura'tion; configura'tion; disfig'ure; prefig'ure;
transfig'ure.
Feign (Fr. v. _feindre_, _feignant_, to pretend); feint (_feint_, past
part. of _feindre_); ef'figy (Lat. n. _effig'ies_, an image or likeness);
fig'ment (Lat. n. _figmen'tum_, an invention).
FINIS. (See page 40).
77. FIR'MUS, _strong, stable_.
FIRM: firm; firm'ness; infirm' (-ary, -ity); fir'mament, originally, _firm
foundation_; affirm' (-ation, -ative); confirm' (-ation, -ative).
78. FLAM'MA, _a stream of fire_.
FLAM: flame; inflame' (-able, -ation, -atory).
Flambeau' (Fr. n. _flambeau_ from v. _flamber_, to blaze); flamin'go (Span.
n. _flamenco_), _a bird of a flaming red color_.
EXERCISE.
Age does not always _exempt_ one from _faults_. _Peremptory _orders were
given that all the princes should be _present_ at the _diet_. Many
_beneficial_ results must come from the _introduction_ of drawing into the
public schools. The lady is _affable_ and _perfectly_ free from
_affectation_. The field is _fertile_ and _produces_ abundant crops. The
_professor's_ lecture _related_ to _edentate_ animals. Men sometimes
_feign_ a _fealty_ they do not feel. The lady _professed_ that her
_felicity_ was ineffable. The King seized a _flambeau_ with zeal to
destroy. It is a _nefarious_ act to make a _false affidavit_. _Fanaticism_
is often _infectious_. The _confirmed offender_ had issued many
_counterfeits_. Dickens gives us the _quintessence_ of the _facetious_. In
_figure_ the earth is an _oblate_ spheroid.
79. FLEC'TERE: flec'to, flex'um, _to bend_.
FLECT: deflect' (-ion); inflect' (-ion); reflect' (-ion, -ive, -or).
FLEX: -ible, -ile, -ion, -or (a muscle that bends a joint), -ure;
flex'-uous; flex'uose; cir'cumflex; re'flex.
80. FLOS, flo'ris, _a flower_.
FLOR: -al, -et, -id, -ist; Flo'ra, _the goddess of flowers_; flor'iculture
(Lat. n. _cultu'ra_, cultivation); florif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to
bear); flor'in (originally, a Florentine coin with a lily on it); flour
(literally, the _flower_ or choicest part of wheat); flow'er (-et, -y);
flour'ish (Lat. v. _flores'cere_, to begin to blossom, to prosper);
efflores'cence; efflores'cent.
FLUERE. (See page 41.)
81. FŒ'DUS, fœd'eris, _a league or treaty_.
FEDER: fed'eral; fed'eralist (in the United States a member of the party
that favored a strong league of the States); fed'erate; confed'erate;
confed'eracy; confedera'tion.
82. FO'LIUM, _a leaf_.
FOLI: -aceous, -age, -ate; fo'lio (ablative case of _fo'lium_, a leaf), _a
book made of sheets folded once_; exfo'liate, _to come off in scales_;
foil, _a thin leaf of metal_; tre'foil, _a plant with three (tres) leaves_;
cinque'foil (Fr. _cinque_, five).
83. FOR'MA, _shape, form_.
FORM: form (-al, -ality); conform' (-able, -ation, -ity); deform' (-ity);
inform' (-ant, -er, -ation); perform' (-ance, -er); reform' (-ation,
-atory, -er); transform' (-ation); for'mula (Lat. n. _for'mula_, pl.
_for'mulæ_, a little form, a model); for'mulate; mul'tiform (Lat. adj.
_mul'tus_, many); u'niform (Lat. adj. _u'nus_, one).
84. FOR'TIS, _strong_.
FORT: fort; for'tress, _a fortified place_; for'tify; fortifica'tion;
for'titude; com'fort, n., _something that strengthens or cheers_ (-able,
-er, -less); discom'fort; effort, _a putting forth of one's strength_;
force (Fr. n. _force_, strength); for'cible; enforce' (-ment); reinforce'
(-ment).
85. FRAN'GERE: fran'go, frac'tum, _to break_; Fra'gilis, _easily
broken_.
FRANG, FRING: fran'gible (-ibility); infran'gible; infringe' (-ment);
refran'gible.
FRACT: frac'tion; frac'tious; fract'ure; infract' (-ion); refract' (-ion,
-ory).
Fra'gile; frag'ment; frail (old Fr. ad; _fraile_ = Lat. _fra'gilis_);
frail'ty.
86. FRA'TER, fra'tris, _a brother_; Frater'nus, _brotherly_.
FRATR: frat'ricide (Lat. v. _cæd'ere_, to kill).
FRATERN: -al, -ity, -ize; confrater'nity.
Fri'ar (Fr. n. _frère_, a brother); fri'ary.
87. FRONS, fron'tis, _the forehead_.
FRONT: front (-age, -al, -less, -let); affront'; confront'; effront'ery;
fron'tier (Fr. n. _frontière_); front'ispiece (Lat. n. _frontispi'cium_,
from _frons_ and _spic'ere_, to view; literally, that which is seen in
front).
88 FRU'OR: fruc'tus, _to enjoy_; Fru'ges, _corn_; French Fruit, _fruit_.
FRUCT: -ify, -ification; fructif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear).
FRUG: -al, -ality; frugif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear).
FRUIT: fruit; fruit'erer; fruit'ful; frui'tion.
89. FU'GERE: fu'gio, fu'gitum, _to flee_.
FUG: fuga'cious; centrif'ugal (Lat. n. _cen'trum_, the center); feb'rifuge
(Lat. n. _fe'bris_, fever); fugue (Lat. n. _fu'ga_, a flight), _a musical
composition_; ref'uge (-ee); sub'terfuge; ver'mifuge (Lat. n. _ver'mis_, a
worm).
FUGIT: fu'gitive (adj. and n.).
90. FU'MUS, _smoke_.
FUM: fume; fu'mid; fumif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear), _producing
smoke_; fu'matory, _a plant with bitter leaves_; per'fume (-er, -ery).
Fu'migate (Lat. v. _fumiga're_, _fumiga'tum_, to smoke), _to disinfect_;
fumiga'tion; fu'migatory.
91. FUN'DERE: fun'do, fu'sum, _to pour_.
FUND: refund'; found (Fr. v. _fondre_ = Lat. _fun'dere_), _to form by
pouring into a mould_ (-er, -ery); confound' (Fr. v. _confondre_,
literally, to pour together; hence, to confuse).
FUS: fuse (-ible, -ion); confuse' (-ion); diffuse' (-ion, -ive); effuse'
(-ion, -ive); infuse' (-ion); profuse' (-ion); refuse' (-al); suffuse'
(-ion); transfuse' (-ion).
92. GER'ERE: ge'ro, ges'tum, _to bear or carry_.
GER: ger'und, _a Latin verbal noun_; bellig'erent (Lat. n. _bel'lum_, war);
con'geries (Lat. n. _conge'ries_, a collection); vicege'rent (Lat. _vi'ce_,
in place of), _one bearing rule in place of another_.
GEST: gest'ure; gestic'ulate (Lat. n. _gestic'ulus_, a mimic gesture);
gesticula'tion; congest' (-ion, -ive); digest', literally, _to carry
apart_: hence, _to dissolve food in the stomach_ (-ible, -ion, -ive);
suggest', literally, _to bear into the mind from below_, that is,
_indirectly_ (-ion, -ive); reg'ister (Lat. v. _reger'ere_, to carry back,
to record); reg'istrar; registra'tion; reg'istry.
93. GIG'NERE: gig'no, gen'itum, _to beget_; Gens, gen'tis, _a clan or
nation_, Ge'nus, gen'eris, _a kind_.
GENIT: gen'itive, _a case of Latin nouns_; congen'ital, _born with one_;
primogen'itor (Lat. adj. _pri'mus_, first), _an ancestor_; primogen'iture,
_ state of being first born_; progen'itor, _an ancestor_.
GENT: genteel' (Lat. adj. _genti'lis_, pertaining to the same clan; hence,
of good family or birth); gentil'ity; gen'tle (_genti'lis_, of good birth),
_mild, refined_; gen'try (contracted from gentlery), _a class in English
society_; gen'tile, _belonging to a nation other than the Jewish_.
GENER: gen'eral (-ity, -ize); gen'erate (Lat. _genera're, genera'tum_, to
produce); genera'tion; regenera'tion; gener'ic; gen'erous; generos'ity;
con'gener, _of the same kind_; degen'erate, _to fall off from the original
kind_; degen'eracy.
Gen'der (Fr. n. _genre_ = Lat. _ge'nus, gen'eris_), _the kind of a noun as
regards the sex of the object_; gen'ial (Lat. adj. _genia'lis_, cheerful);
gen'ius (Lat. n. _ge'nius_, originally, the divine nature innate in
everything); gen'uine (Lat. adj. _genui'nus_, literally, proceeding from
the original stock; hence, natural, true); ge'nus, a kind including many
species; engen'der (Fr. v. _engendrer_, to beget); ingen'ious (Lat. adj.
_ingenio'sus_, acute, clever); ingen'uous (Lat. adj. _ingen'uus_, frank,
sincere).
94. GRA'DI: gra'dior, gres'sus, _to walk_.
GRAD: grada'tion; gra'dient (_gra'diens, gradien'tis_, pres. part. of v.
_gradi_), _rate of ascent, grade_; grad'ual (Lat. n. _gradus_, a step);
grad'uate; degrade' (-ation); ingre'dient (Lat. part. _ingre'diens_,
entering); ret'rograde.
GRESS: aggres'sion; aggres'sive; con'gress (-ional); digress' (-ion);
e'gress; in'gress; prog'ress (-ion, -ive); retrogres'sion; transgress'
(-ion, -or).
Grade (Fr. n. _grade_ = Lat. _gra'dus_, degree or rank); degree' (Fr. n.
_degré_ = _de_ + _gradus_).
95. GRA'TUS, thankful, _pleasing_.
GRAT: grate'ful; gra'tis (Lat. _gra'tiis_, by favor, for nothing)
grat'itude; gratu'ity; gratu'itous; grat'ify (-ication); congrat'ulate
(-ion, -ory); ingra'tiate.
Grace (Fr. _grâce_ = Lat. _gra'tia_, favor, grace); grace'ful; gra'cious;
grace'less; disgrace'; agree' (Fr. v. _agréer_, to receive kindly), -able,
-ment; disagree'.
96. GRA'VIS, _heavy_.
GRAV: _grave_, literally, _heavy_: hence, _serious_; grav'ity;
gravita'tion; ag'gravate (-ion).
Grief (Fr. _grief_ = Lat. _gra'vis_), literally, _heaviness of spirit,
sorrow_; grieve; griev'ance; griev'ous.
GREX. (See page 41.)
97. HABE'RE: ha'beo, hab'itum, _to have or hold_; HABITA'RE,
hab'ito, habita'tum, _to use frequently, to dwell_.
HABIT: habit'ual; habit'uate; hab'itude; hab'itable; hab'itat, _the natural
abode of an animal or a plant_; habita'tion; cohab'it; inhab'it (-able,
-ant).
HIBIT: exhib'it, literally, _to hold out, to show_ (-ion, -or); inhib'it
(-ion); prohib'it (-ion, -ory).
Hab'it (Lat. _hab'itus_, state or dress); habil'iment (Fr. n.
_habillement_, from v. _habiller_, to dress); a'ble (Lat. adj. _hab'ilis_,
literally, that may be easily held or managed; hence, apt, skillful.)
98. HÆRE'RE: hæ'reo, hæ'sum, _to stick_.
HER: adhere' (-ency, -ent); cohere' (-ence, -ency, -ent); inhere (-ent).
HES: adhe'sion; adhe'sive; cohe'sion; cohe'sive.
Hes'itate (Lat. v. _hæsita're, hæsita'ium, _to be at a stand, to doubt);
hes'itancy; hesita'tion.
99. HÆRES, hære'dis, _an heir or heiress_; French Hériter, _to be heir
to_.
HERED: hered'itary, _descending to heirs_.
HERIT: her'itable; her'itage; inher'it (-ance); disinher'it.
Heir (Old Fr. _heir_ = Lat. _hæ'res_); heir'ess; heir'loom (Anglo-Saxon
_geloma_, goods).
100. HO'MO, hom'inis, _a man_; Huma'nus, _human_.
HOM: hom'age (Fr. _hommage_, literally, acknowledgment by a _man_ or vassal
to his feudal lord); homicide (Lat. v. _cæd'ere_, to kill)
HUMAN: hu'man, _belonging to a man_; humane', _having the feelings proper
to a man, kind_; human'ity; hu'manize; inhu'man.
EXERCISE.
_Floral devices_ were tastefully _introduced_. The _friar_ gives himself to
_reflection_, and does not care a _florin_ for worldly pleasures. The tree
is covered with _foliage_, but bears no _fruit_. The rights of the
_fraternity_ have been _infringed_. The metal was _fused_ in iron pans. By
the law of _primogeniture_ the eldest son will _succeed_ to the estate.
_Congress_ met, and a _general_ of the army was chosen president. The
_gradient_ is _gentle_, and the _access_ easy. The _reform_ of the
_refractory_ was in the highest _degree genuine_. We _received_ our
_frugal_ meal with _gratitude_. Many of the _inhabitants_ perished in the
_flames_. Hamilton and Jay were leading _federalists_. To err is _human_;
to forgive, _divine_. The boy _gesticulated_ violently, but it was a mere
_subterfuge_. Your words _infuse comfort_ into my heart. May one not be
_human_ without being _humane_? Do you know the _difference_ between the
_genitive_ and the _ablative case_?
101. HU'MUS, _the earth_; Hu'milis, _on the ground, lowly_.
HUM: exhume' (-ation); inhume.
HUMIL: humil'ity; humil'iate (-ion); hum'ble (Fr. adj. _humble_ = Lat.
_hu'milis_).
IRE. (See page 41.)
102. JA'CERE: ja'cio, jac'tum, _to throw or cast_.
JECT: ab'ject; ad'jective; conject'ure (-al); deject'ed; dejec'tion; eject'
(-ion, -ment); inject' (-ion); interject' (-ion); object' (-ion, -ionable,
-ive, -or); project' (-ile, -ion, -or); reject' (-ion); subject' (-ion,
-ive); traject'ory.
Ejac'ulate (Lat. v. _ejacula're, ejacula'tum_, to hurl or throw);
ejacula'tion; ejac'ulatory; jet (Fr. v. _jéter = ja'cere_); jet'ty; jut.
103. JUN'GERE: jun'go, junc'tum, _to join_; Ju'gum, _a yoke_.
JUNCT: junc'tion; junct'ure, _a point of time made critical by a joining of
circumstances_; ad'junct; conjunc'tion; conjunc'tive; disjunc'tion;
disjunc'tive; injunc'tion; subjunc'tive (literally, joined subordinately to
something else).
JUG: con'jugal, _relating to marriage; _conjugate (-ion); sub'jugate
(-ion).
Join (Fr. v. _joindre_ = Lat. _jun'gere_); adjoin'; conjoin'; disjoin';
enjoin'; rejoin'; subjoin'; joint (Fr. part, _joint_ = Lat. _junc'tum_);
joint'ure, _property settled on a wife_, _to be enjoyed after her husband's
death_; jun'ta (Spanish _junta_ = Lat. _junc'tus_, joined), _a grand
council of state in Spain; _jun'to (Span, _junt_), _a body of men united
for some secret intrigue_.
104. JURA'RE: ju'ro, jura'tum, _to swear_.
JUR: ju'ry; ju'ror; abjure'; adjure'; conjure'; con'jure, _to effect
something as if by an oath of magic_; con'jurer; per'jure, _to forswear_;
per'jurer; per'jury.
105. JUS, ju'ris, _right law_; Jus'tus, _lawful_; Ju'dex, ju'dicis,
_a judge_.
JUR: jurid'ical (Lat. v. _dica're_, to pronounce), _relating to the
administration of justice_; jurisdic'tion, _legal authority_;
jurispru'dence, _science of law_; ju'rist; in'jure; in'jury.
JUST: just; jus'tice; justi'ciary; jus'tify; justifica'tion.
JUDIC: ju'dicature, _profession of a judge_; judi'cious, _according to
sound judgment_; prej'udice, n., _judgment formed beforehand_;
prejudi'cial; judge (Fr. n. _juge_ = Lat. _ju'dex_); judg'ment; prejudge'.
106. LE'GERE: le'go, lec'tum, _to gather, to read_.
LEG: le'gend (originally, stories of saints to be read--_legen'da_--in
church); leg'endary; leg'ible; le'gion (originally, a body of troops
_gathered_ or levied--_le'gio_); el'egance; el'egant; sac'rilege
(originally, the gathering or stealing of something sacred--_sa'crum_).
LIG: dil'igent (originally, esteeming highly; hence, assiduous): el'igible;
intel'ligible; intel'ligence; intel'ligent; neg'ligent (literally,
not--_neg_ = _nec_ = not--picking up).
LECT: lect'ure (-er); collect' (-ion, -ive, -or); recollect' (-ion);
eclec'tic (Greek _ec_ = _ex_); elect' (-ion, -or, -oral); in'tellect;
neglect'; predilec'tion, _a liking for_; select' (-ion); les'son (Fr. n.
_leçon_ = Lat. _lec'tio_, a reading).
107. LEVA'RE: le'vo, leva'tum, _to raise_; Le'vis, _easily raised, light_;
_French_ Lever, _to rise or raise_.
LEV: lev'ity; levita'tion; alle'viate (-ion); el'evate (-ion); rel'evant,
literally, _raising up_: hence, _pertinent, applicable_; rel'evancy;
irrel'evant.
LEVER: leav'en (Fr. _levain_, yeast); Levant', literally, _the place of the
rising sun--the countries near the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea_;
lev'ee; le'ver (-age); lev'y.
LEX. (See page 43.)
108. LI'BER, _free_.
LIBER: -al, -ality, -alize, -ate, -ator, -ty.
Deliv'er (Fr. v. _délivrer_ = Lat. _delibera're_, to set free);
deliv'erance; deliv'ery.
LITERA. (See page 43.)
109. LO'CUS: _a place_.
LOC: -al, -ality, -alize, -ate; locomo'tive (Lat. v. _move're_, to move);
al'locate; col'locate (-ion); dis'locate (-ion).
110. LO'QUI: lo'quor, locu'tus, _to speak_.
LOQU: loqua'cious; loqua'city; col'loquy; collo'quial; el'oquent;
magnil'oquent (Lat. adj. _mag'nus_, big, pompous); ob'loquy; solil'oquy
(Lat. adj. _so'lus_, alone); ventril'oquist (Lat. n. _ven'ter_, the
stomach).
LOCUT: circumlocu'tion; elocu'tion; interloc'utor.
111. LU'DERE: lu'do, lu'sum, _to play or deceive_.
LUD: lu'dicrous (Lat. adj. _lu'dicrus_, sportive, laughable); allude',
literally, _to play at, to refer to indirectly_; delude'; elude'; prelude'.
LUS: allu'sion; collu'sion; delu'sion; delu'sive; illu'sion; prelu'sive;
prelu'sory.
112. LUX, lu'cis, _light_; Lu'men, lu'minis, _light_.
LUC: Lu'cifer (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear); lu'cid; elu'cidate;
translu'cent.
LUMIN: lu'minary; lu'minous; illu'minate; illu'mine.
113. MAG'NUS, _great_; Ma'jor, _greater_; Magis'ter, _master_.
MAGN: magnanim'ity (Lat. n. _an'imus_, soul); mag'nate, _a man of rank_;
mag'nify (-er); magnif'icent (Lat. v. _fac'ere_, to make), _showing
grandeur_; mag'nitude.
MAJ: maj'esty (-ic); ma'jor (-ity); may'or; may'oralty.
MAGISTER: mag'istrate; mag'istracy; magiste'rial; mas'ter (Old Fr.
_maistre_ = Lat. _magis'ter); _mis'tress (Old Fr. _maistresse_ = Lat
_magis'tra_, fem. of _magis'ter_).
114. MA'NUS, _the hand_; _French_ Main, _the hand_.
MAN: man'acle (Lat. n. _man'ica_, a fetter); manip'ulate, _to work with the
hand_ (-ion, -or); man'ual; manufact'ure (Lat. v. _fac'ere_, to make);
manufac'tory; manumit' (Lat. v. _mit'tere_, to send); man'uscript (Lat. v.
_scrib'ere, scrip'tum_, to write); amanuen'sis (= _ab_ + _ma'nus), one who
does handwriting for another_; eman'cipate (Lat. v. _cap'ere_, to take);
quadru'manous (Lat. _quatuor_, four).
MAIN: man'ner (Fr. n. _manière_, originally, the mode in which a thing is
_handled_); maneu'ver (Fr. n. _manœuvre_, literally, hand work; Fr. n.
_œuvre = o'pus_, work); manure', _v_. (contracted from Fr. _manœuvrer_, to
cultivate by manual labor).
115. MA'RE, _the sea_.
Marine' (Lat. adj. _mari'nus_, pertaining to the sea); mar'iner; mar'itime
(Lat. adj. _mariti'mus_ = _mari'nus_); submarine'; transmarine';
ultramarine'; mermaid (Fr. n. _mer_ = Lat. _ma're_).
116. ME'DIUS, _the middle_.
Mediæ'val (Lat. n. _æ'vum_, age), _relating to the Middle Ages_; me'diate
(-ion, -or); me'diocre (Lat. adj. _medio'cris_, middling; hence inferior);
medioc'rity; Mediterra'nean (Lat. n. _ter'ra_, land); me'dium (Lat. n.
_me'dium_, the middle); imme'diate (prefix _in_ = not), _with nothing
intervening_; interme'diate.
117. MENINIS'SE: mem'ini, _to remember_; Me'mor, _mindful_; MEMORA'RE
mem'oro, memora'tum, _to remember, to mention_.
MEMINISSE: memen'to (imper. mood; literally, _remember thou), a reminder, a
memorial_.
MEMOR: mem'orable; memoran'dum (Lat. _memoran'dus_, p. part. of
_memora're_; literally, something to be remembered); commem'orate (-ion,
-ive); mem'ory (Lat. n. _memo'ria_); memo'rial (-ize); immemo'rial.
Mem'oir (Fr. n. _mémoire_ = Lat. _memoran'dum_); men'tion (Fr. n. _mention_
= Lat. _men'tio_, a speaking of); remem'ber (Old Fr. v. _remembrer = Lat.
remem'orare_); remem'brance; remem'brancer; reminis'cence (Fr. n.
_réminiscence_, from Lat. v. _reminis'ci_, to recall to mind).
118. MENS, men'tis, _the mind_.
MENT: men'tal; dement'ed; demen'tia, _insanity_; ve'hement (Lat. adj.
_ve'hemens = ve_, not, and _mens_; literally, not reasonable), _furious,
ardent_.
EXERCISE.
We _reject_ insincere _homage_. When the body was _exhumed_ the _jury
decided_ that poison had been administered. _Legendary_ stories were
_related_ by the _friar_. The _lessons_ were _selected_ with _intelligence.
Levity_ and _gravity_ are _different_ qualities. The _mayor's_ speech was
more _ludicrous_ than _facetious_. The _magistrate_ claimed _jurisdiction_
in the _locality_. We heard Hamlet's _soliloquy_ finely _delivered_. Do you
_recollect_ the _magnificent_ lines at the beginning of "Paradise Lost"?
The _lecturer_ was _lucid_ in his _allusions_. In _mediæval_ times _homage_
was exacted of all vassals. The _mariners maneuvered_ beautifully. Your
_magnificent donation_ will be _gratefully remembered_. The _mermaid_ is a
mere _delusion. Illegible manuscript_ is a _decided nuisance_. The eastern
part of the _Mediterranean_ is called the _Levant_. Franklin's _memoirs_
are very interesting.
119. MER'CES, _hire_; Merx, mer'cis, _merchandise_.
MERC: mer'cantile (Lat. part. _mer'cans, mercan'tis_); mer'cenary (Lat.
adj. _mercena'rius_); mer'cer (Fr. n. _mercier_), _one who deals in silks
and woolens_; mer'chant (Lat. part, _mer'cans_); mer'chandise; com'merce
(Fr. n. _commerce_); commer'cial; mar'ket (Lat. n. _merca'tus_, a place of
public traffic).
120. MER'GERE: mer'go, mer'sum, _to dip, to sink_.
MERG: merge; emerge'; emer'gency, _that which arises suddenly_; submerge'.
MERS: emer'sion; immerse'.
121. MIGRA'RE: migro, migra'tum, _to remove_.
MIGR: em'igrant (Lat. part. _mi'grans, migran'tis_).
MIGRAT: mi'grate (-ion, -ory); em'igrate (-ion); im'migrate (-ion);
transmigra'tion, _the passage of the soul into another body after death_.
122. MI'LES, mil'itis, _a soldier_.
MILIT: -ary, -ant; mil'itate, _to act against_; mili'tia, _enrolled
soldiers not in a standing army_.
123. MINE'RE: min'eo, min'itum, _to hang over_.
MIN. em'inent (Lat. part, _em'inens, _standing out); em'inence; im'minent,
literally, _threatening to fall_; pre-em'inent; pre-em'inence; prom'inent;
prom'inence; superem'inent.
124. MINU'ERE: min'uo, minu'tum, _to lessen_; Mi'nor, _less_;
Mi'nus, _less_.
MINUT: minute'; minu'tiæ (pl. of Lat. n. _minu'tia_, a very small object);
min'uend (Lat. part, _minuen'dus_, to be lessened); min'uet (Fr. n.
_minuet_ = Lat. adj. _minu'tus, _small), _a dance of small steps_;
dimin'ish (Lat. v. _diminu'ere_, to lessen); diminu'tion; dimin'utive.
MINOR: mi'nor, _n_. and a.; minor'ity.
MINUS: mi'nus (Lat. adj. comp. deg., less); min'imum (Lat. adj. super,
deg., least); min'im.
125. MINIS'TER, _a servant or attendant_.
MINISTER: min'ister; ministe'rial; min'istry; admin'ister;
administra'tion; admin'istrative; administra'tor.
126. MIRA'RI: mi'ror, mira'tus, _to wonder_.
MIR: admire' (-able, -ation); mir'acle (Lat. n. _mirac'ulum_, a wonderful
thing); mirac'ulous.
Mirage' (Fr. n. _mirage_, a reflection); mir'ror (Fr. n. _miroir_, from v.
_mirer_, to view).
127. MISCE'RE: mis'ceo, mix'tum, _to mingle_.
MISC: mis'cellany; miscella'neous; promis'cuous.
MIXT: mix; mixt'ure; admixt'ure; intermix'.
128. MI'SER, _wretched_.
MISER: mi'ser (-able); mis'ery; commis'erate (-ion).
129. MIT'TERE: mit'to, mis'sum, _to send or cast_.
MIT: admit' (-ance); commit' (-ee, -ment); demit'; emit'; intermit' (-ent);
manumit' (Lat. n. _manus_, the hand), _to release from slavery_; omit';
permit'; pretermit'; remit' (-ance); submit'; transmit'; mit'timus (Lat.
_we send_), _a warrant of commitment to prison_.
MISS: mis'sile; mis'sion (-ary); admis'sible; admis'sion; com'missary, _an
officer who furnishes provisions for an army_; commissa'riat; commis'sion
(-er); com'promise; demise', _death_; em'issary; intermis'sion; omis'sion;
permis'sion; premise'; prem'ises; prom'ise (-ory); remiss' (-ion);
submis'sion; submis'sive; transmis'sion; transmis'sible.
130. MODERA'RI: mod'eror, modera'tus, _to keep within bounds_;
Mo'dus, _a measure or manner_.
MODERAT: mod'erate (-ion, -or); immod'erate.
MOD: mode; mood; mod'ify (-able, -er); modifica'tion; accom'modate (-ion);
commode' (Lat. adj. _com'modus_, convenient). _a small sideboard_;
commo'dious, literally, _measured with_; commod'ity, literally, _a
convenience_; incommode'; mod'ern (Lat. adv. _mo'do_, lately, just now);
mod'ernize; mod'ulate (Lat. n. _mod'ulus_, a measuring of tones);
modula'tion.
131. MONE'RE: mo'neo, mon'itum, _to remind, to warn_.
MON: admon'ish; mon'ument (Lat. n. _monumen'tum_); premon'ish; sum'mon
(Lat. v. _summone're_ = _sub_ + _mone're_, to remind privily), _to call by
authority_.
MONIT: mon'itor (-ial); admoni'tion; admon'itory; premoni'tion;
premon'itory.
132. MONS, mon'tis, _a mountain_.
MOUNT: mount, n. _a high hill_; v. _to rise or ascend_; moun'tain (-eer,
-ous); mount'ebank (It. n. _banco_, a bench); amount'; dismount';
par'amount (Fr. _par_ = Lat. _per_, exceedingly), _of the highest
importance_; prom'ontory (literally, the _fore_-part or projecting part of
a mountain); remount'; surmount' (-able); tan'tamount (Lat. adj. _tan'tus_,
so much); ultramon'tane (literally, beyond the Alps; i. e. on the Italian
side).
133. MONSTRA'RE: mon'stro, monstra'tum, _to point out, to show_.
MONSTR: mon'ster; mon'strous; monstros'ity; mus'ter, literally, _to show
up_, _to display_.
MONSTRAT: dem'onstrate (-able, -ion, -ive); remon'strate; remon'strance.
134. MORDE'RE: mor'deo, mor'sum, _to bite_.
MORD: mor'dant, _biting_, _serving to fix colors_; morda'cious (Lat. adj.
_mor'dax_, _morda'cis_, biting), _severe_, _sarcastic_.
MORS: mor'sel, literally, _a little bite_; remorse', _the biting of
conscience_ (-ful, -less).
MORS. (See page 44.)
135. MOS, mo'ris, _manner, custom_; _pl._ Mo'res, _manners or morals_.
MOR: mor'al (ist, -ity, -ize); immor'al (-ity); demor'alize (-ation).
136. MOVE'RE: mo'veo, mo'tum, _to move_.
MOV: move (-able, -er, -ment); remove' (-able, -al).
MOT: (-ive, -or); commo'tion; emo'tion (-al); locomo'tion (Lat. n.
_lo'cus_; a place); promote' (-er, -ion); remote' (-ness).
Mob (Lat. adj. _mob'ilis_, easily moved); mo'bile (-ity); momen'tum, _the
force of a moving body_, _impetus_.
137. MUL'TUS, multi, _many, much_.
MULTI: mul'titude; multitu'dinous; multifa'rious; mul'tiform; mul'tiple
(Lat. adj. _mul'tiplus_ for _mul'tiplex_, manifold); mul'tiply (Lat. adj.
_mul'tiplex_); mul'tiplicate (-ion); multiplic'ity.
138. MU'NUS, mu'neris, _a gift, a service_.
MUN. munic'ipal (Lat. n. _municip'ium_, a free town), _pertaining to a
corporation_; municipal'ity; munif'icent; munif'icence; com'mon (Lat. adj.
_commu'nis_ = _con_ + _munus_; literally, ready to be of service);
commune', _v._ literally, _to share (discourse) in common_; commun'ion,
commu'nity; com'munism; com'munist; commun'icate (-ion, -ive);
commu'nicant; excommu'nicate; immu'nity (_in_ + _munus_; literally, absence
of service).
MUNER: remunerate (-ion, -ive).
139. MUTA'RE: mu'to, muta'tum, _to change_.
MUT: mu'table (-ity); immu'table; commute'; transmute' (-able).
MUTAT: muta'tion; commutation; transmuta'tion.
140. NAS'CI: nas'cor, _na'tus, to be born, to grow_; Natu'ra, _nature_.
NASC: nas'cent, _growing_; renaissance' (a style of decorative art
_revived_ by Raphael).
NAT: na'tal; na'tion, originally, _a distinct race or stock_ (-al, -ality,
-ize); interna'tional; na'tive (-ity); cog'nate; in'nate.
NATUR: nat'ural (-ist, -ize, -ization); preternat'ural; supernat'ural.
141. NA'VIS, _a ship_.
NAV: nave, _the middle or body of a church_; na'val; na'vy; nau'tical (Lat.
adj. _nau'ticus_, from _nauta_ or _nav'ita_, a sailor); nav'igate (Lat. v.
_naviga're_ = _na'vis_ + _ag'ere_); nav'igable; naviga'tion; nav'igator;
circumnavigate.
142. NEC'TERE: nec'to, nex'um, _to tie or bind_.
NECT: connect' (-ion, -ive); disconnect' (-ion).
NEX: annex'; annexation.
EXERCISE.
The _administration_ of affairs is in the hands of her _majesty's
ministers_. A _miscellaneous collection_ of goods was sold on _commission_.
The _merchant remitted_ the money called for in the _emergency_. The
_suggestion_ to _modify_ the plan was _tantamount_ to its _rejection_. Do
you _admire_ Bunker Hill _Monument_? A _miser_ is an object of
_commiseration_ to all who know him. _Remuneration_ will be allowed
according to the _amount_ of labor. The _major_ has been _promoted_ to the
rank of colonel. All who were _connected_ with the _movement_ were
_excommunicated_. As the _annexed_ territory is chiefly _maritime_ it will
greatly _increase_ the _commerce_ of the _nation_. The _monitor admonished_
the pupils with great _gentleness_. The _committee_ said the _master_ had
done his work in an _admirable_ manner. The _Pilgrim_ Fathers _emigrated_
to this country in 1620. A _minute missile moved_ towards us. What is the
_subjunctive mood_ or _mode_? A _multitude_ of _communists_ appeared in
Paris.
143. NEGA'RE: ne'go, nega'tum, _to deny_.
NEGAT: nega'tion; neg'ative; ab'negate (-ion); ren'egade, _an apostate_.
Deny' (Fr. v. _dénier_ = Lat. _de_ + _nega're_, to contradict); deni'al;
undeni'able.
144. NEU'TER, neu'trum, _neither of the two_.
NEUTR: neu'ter; neu'tral (-ity, -ize).
145. NOCE'RE: no'ceo, no'citum, _to hurt_.
NOC: no'cent, _hurtful_; in'nocent; in'nocence; innoc'uous.
Nox'ious (Lat. adj. _nox'ius_, hurtful); obnox'ious; nui'sance (Fr. v.
_nuire_ = Lat. _noce're_).
146. NO'MEN, nom'inis, _a name_.
NOMEN: nomenclat'ure, _a list of technical names_; cogno'men, _a surname_.
NOMIN: nom'inal; nom'inate (-ion, -ive); nominee'; denom'inate (-ion, -or);
ig'nominy (Lat. _i(n)_ + _gnomen_, old form of _nomen_, a deprivation of
one's good name); ignomin'ious.
Noun (Fr. n. _nom_ = Lat. _no'men_); pro'noun; misno'mer (Old Fr. _mes_ =
wrong, and _nommer_, to name), _a wrong name_.
NORMA. (See page 45.)
147. NOS'CERE: nos'co, no'tum, _to know_; No'ta, _a mark_.
NOT: note (-able, -ary, -ice, -ify, -ion); no'ticeable; notifica'tion;
noto'rious (Lat. adj. _noto'rius_, making known), _known in a bad sense_;
notori'ety; an'notate (-ion); denote'.
No'ble (Lat. adj. _no'bilis_, deserving to be known); noblesse' (Fr. n.
_noblesse_ = Lat. _nobil'itas_); nobil'ity; enno'ble; igno'ble (Lat. prefix
_i(n)_ + _gnobilis_, old form of _nobilis_); cog'nizance (Old Fr.
_cognizance_ = Lat. _cognoscen'tia_, notice or knowledge), _judicial
observation_; connoisseur' (Fr. n. _connoisseur_, a critical judge);
incog'nito (Italian _incognito_, from Lat. part. _incog'nitus_, unknown),
_unknown, in disguise_; rec'ognize (Lat. _re_, again, and _cognos'cere_, to
know); recog'nizance, _a term in law_; recogni'tion; reconnoi'ter (Fr. v.
reconnoitre), _to survey, to examine_.
148. NO'VUS, _new_.
NOV: in'novate (-ion, -or); ren'ovate (-ion, -or).
Nov'el (Lat. adj. _novel'lus_, diminutive of _no'vus_); adj. _something
new, out of the usual course_; n., literally, _a story new and out of the
usual course_; nov'elist; nov'elty; nov'ice, _a beginner_; novi'tiate,
_time of being a novice_.
149. NU'MERUS, _a number_.
NUMER: (-al, -ate, -ation, -ator, -ic, -ical, -ous); enu'merate (Lat. v.
_enumera're_, _enumera'tum_, to count or tell of), _to reckon up singly_;
enumera'tion; innu'merable (= _in_ + _nu'mer_ + _able_, that may not be
counted); supernu'merary, _one above the necessary number_; num'ber (Old
Fr. n. _numbre_ = Lat. _nu'merus_).
150. NUNCIA'RE: nuncio, nuncia'tum, _to announce_; Nun'cius, _a
messenger_.
NUNCIAT: enun'ciate, _to utter_ (-ion); denuncia'tion; pronuncia'tion;
renuncia'tion, _disavowal, relinquishment_.
Nun'cio (Sp. n. _nuncio_ = Lat. _nun'cius), a messenger from the Pope_;
announce' (Fr. v. _annoncer_ = Lat. _ad_ + _nuncia're_), _to proclaim_;
announce'ment; denounce' (Fr. v. _dénoncer_ = Lat. _de_ + _nuncia're_), _to
accuse publicly_; pronounce' (Fr. v. _prononcer_ = Lat. _pro_ +
_nuncia're_); pronounce'able; renounce' (Fr. v. _renoncer_ = Lat. _re_ +
_nuncia're_), _to disclaim_; renounce'ment.
151. NUTRI'RE: nu'trio, nutri'tum, _to nourish_.
NUTRI: nu'triment, _that which nourishes_; nutri'tion; nutri'tious;
nu'tritive.
Nour'ish (Fr. v. _nourrir_ = Lat. _nutri'ere_); nurse (Fr. v. _nourrice_; a
nurse); nur'sery; nurs'ling, _a little one who is nursed_; nurt'ure.
152. O'PUS, op'eris, _a work or deed_; OPERA'RI, opera'tus, _to work_.
OPER: operose, _requiring labor_, _tedious_.
OPERAT: operate (-ion, -ive, -or); co-operate (-ion, -ive, -or).
Op'era (It. _op'era_ = _opera_, pains, pl. of _o'pus_), _a musical drama_;
operat'ic.
ORDO. (See page 45.)
153. PAN'DERE: pan'do, pan'sum, _and_ pas'sum, _to spread_; Pas'sus,
_a step_.
PAND: expand', _to spread out_.
PANS: expanse' (-ion, -ive).
PASS: pass; pass'able, _that may be passed_, _tolerable_; pas'sage;
com'pass, v. _to stretch round_; encom'pass; surpass'; tres'pass (_tres_ =
_trans_), _to pass beyond due bounds_.
Pace (Fr. n. _pas_ = Lat. _pas'sus_); pas'senger (Old Eng. _passager_);
pass'over, _a Jewish festival_;[8] pass'port (= pass + port, literally, a
permission to leave a port or to sail into it.)
154. PAR, _equal_.
PAR: par'ity; dispar'ity; dispar'age, _to injure by comparison of
unequals_; dispar'agement.
Pair (Fr. adj. _paire_ = Lat. _par_), _two of a kind_; peer (Old Fr. _peer_
or _pair_ = Lat. _par_), _an equal_, _a nobleman_; peer'age; peer'less;
compeer'; non'pareil (Fr. _non_, not, and _pareil_, equal), _a peerless
thing or person_.
155. PARA'RE. pa'ro, para'tum, _to make ready, to prepare_; SEPARA'RE:
sep'aro, separa'tum, _to separate_.
PARAT: compar'ative; prepara'tion; prepar'atory; repara'tion.
SEPAR: sep'arate, literally, _to prepare aside_: hence, _to disjoin_;
separa'tion; sep'arable; insep'arable.
Parade' (Fr. n. _parade_, literally, a parrying), _military display_; pare
(Fr. v. _parer_, to pare or ward off); par'ry (Fr. v. _parer_, to ward
off); appara'tus (Lat. _appara'tus_ = _ad_ + _paratus_, literally,
something prepared for a purpose); appar'el (Fr. n. _appareil_,
preparation); compare' (Fr. v. _comparer_ = Lat. _compara're_), _to set
things together to see how far they resemble each other_; prepare' (Fr. v.
_preparer_ = Lat. _prepara're_); repair' (Fr. v. _réparer_ = Lat.
_repara're_), literally, _to prepare again_, hence, _to restore after
injury_; irrep'arable; sev'er (Old Fr. v. _sevrer_ = Lat. _separa're_), _to
render asunder_; sev'eral (Old Fr. adj. _several_ = Lat. _separa'lis_,
separate); sev'erance; dissev'er.
PARS. (See page 46.)
156. PAT'ER, pa'tris, _a father_; Pa'tria, _one's native country_.
Pater'nal (Lat. adj. _pater'nus_, pertaining to a father); pater'nity (Lat.
n. _pater'nitas_, Fr. _paternité_), _fathership_; patri'cian (Lat. adj.
_patri'cius_, from _pa'tres_, fathers or senators), _a Roman nobleman_;
pat'rimony (Lat. n. _patrimo'nium_), _an estate inherited from one's
ancestors_; pa'tron (Lat. n. _patro'nus_, a protector), _one who
countenances or supports_; pat'ronage; pat'ronize; pat'tern (Fr. n.
_pattern_, something to be copied), _a model_; expatriate, _to banish_;
expatria'tion.
157. PA'TI: pa'tior, pas'sus, _to bear, to suffer_.
PATI: pa'tient; pa'tience; impa'tient; compat'ible, _consistent with_;
compat'ibility; incompat'ible.
PASS: pas'sion, _strong agitation of the mind_; pas'sive; impas'sive,
_insensible_; compas'sion, _sympathy_; compas'sionate.
158. PEL'LERE; pel'lo, pul'sum, _to drive_.
PEL (com-, dis-, ex-, im-, pro-, re-).
PULS: pulse, _the beating of an artery as blood is driven through it_;
pul'sate; pulsa'tion; compul'sion; compul'sory; expul'sion; propul'sion;
repulse'; repul'sive.
159. PENDE'RE; pen'deo, pen'sum, _to hang_.
PEND: pen'dant, _a long, narrow flag_; pend'ing, _not decided, during_;
append'; append'age; depend' (-ant, -ent, -ence); independ'ent;
independ'ence; suspend'.
PENS: pen'sile, _hanging_; suspense'(-ion).
Pen'dulous (Lat. adj. _pen'dulus_, hanging); pen'dulum (Lat. adj.
_pen'dulus)_; appen'dix (Lat. n. _appen'dix_, an addition).
160. PEN'DERE: pen'do, pen'sum, _to weigh, to pay_.
PEND: com'pend (contraction of compendium); compen'dium (Lat. n.
_compen'dium_, that which is weighed, saved, shortened); compen'dious
(Lat. adj. _compendio'sus_, brief, succinct); expend'; expen'diture;
sti'pend (Lat. n. _stipen'dium_, literally, the pay of soldiers);
stipendiary.
PENS: pen'sive, _thoughtful_; pen'sion, _an allowance for past services_
(-eer); com'pensate (-ion); dispense', _to deal out_ (-ary); dispensa'tion;
indispen'sable; expense' (-ive); rec'ompense.
PES. (See page 47.)
161. PET'ERE: pe'to, peti'tum, _to attack, to seek_.
PET: centrip'etal (Lat. n. _cen'trum_, center); compete'; com'petent, _fit,
suitable_; com'petence, _sufficiency_; incom'petent.
PETIT: peti'tion, _a request_ (-er); compet'itor; compet'itive;
repeti'tion.
Pet'ulant (Fr. adj. _petulant_, fretful); ap'petite (Fr. n. _appétit_), _a
seeking for hunger_; impet'uous (Lat. adj. _impetuo'sus_, vehement);
impetuos'ity; im'petus (Lat. n. _im'petus_, a shock); repeat' (Fr. v.
_répéter_ = Lat. _repet'ere_).
EXERCISE
_Numerous objections_ were _submitted_ against the _innovations_ about to
be _introduced_. The _obnoxious_ articles have been _removed_. The
_nominee_ by his _ludicrous_ speech _neutralized_ all that his friends did
for him. _Part_ of the _apparatus prepared_ for the _occasion_ was damaged
in _transmission_. The _patronage_ of the _nobility_ and _gentry connected_
with the neighborhood was asked. Many _parts_ of the _edifice_ are highly
_ornate_. Christ had _compassion_ on the _multitude_, for they had been a
long time without food. The _petitioner's application_ for a _pension_ was
not _repeated_. How can an _acid_ be _neutralized_? The _renegade_ was
brought to _ignominy_. The _prince_ was travelling _incognito_. The young
lady seems _pensive_ rather than _petulant_. Here is a new _edition_ of the
_novel_, with _annotations_ by the _author_. The _opera_ seems to be well
_patronized_ this winter. Webster had a _compendious mode_ of stating great
truths. What is meant by _centripetal motion_? What is the _difference_
between the _numerator_ and the _denominator_?
162. PLEC'TERE: plec'to, plex'um, _to twist_; PLICA'RE: pli'co,
plica'tum, _and_ plic'itum, _to fold_.
PLEX: com'plex (literally, twisted together); complex'ion; complex'ity;
perplex' (literally, to twist thoroughly--_per_: hence, to puzzle or
embarrass); perplex'ity.
PLIC: ap'plicable (-ity); ap'plicant; ex'plicable.
PLICAT: applica'tion; com'plicate (-ion); du'plicate; im'plicate (-ion);
replica'tion, _an answer in law_; sup'plicate, _to entreat earnestly_;
supplica'tion.
PLICIT: explic'it (literally, out-folded; hence, distinctly stated);
implic'it, _implied_.
Ply (Fr. v. _plier_ = Lat. _plica're_), _to work diligently_; pli'able,
_easily bent_; pli'ant; pli'ancy; accom'plice, _an associate in crime_;
apply' (Old Fr. _applier_ = Lat. _applica're_); appli'ance, _the thing
applied_; comply' (Fr. v. _plier_), _to fold with_: hence, _to conform or
assent_; compli'ance; display' (Old Fr. v. _desployer_, to unfold); doub'le
(Fr. adj. _double_ = Lat. _du'plex_, twofold); du'plex; duplic'ity (Lat. n.
_duplic'itas_, from _du'plex_, double); employ' (Fr. v. _employer_ = Lat.
_implica're_), _to keep at work_; employé; employ'er; employ'ment; exploit'
(Fr. n. _exploit_ = Lat. _explic'itum_, literally, something unfolded, set
forth: hence, a deed, an achievement); imply', literally, _to infold_:
hence _to involve_, _to signify_; mul'tiply (Fr. v. _multiplier_ = Lat.
_mul'tus_ much, many); quad'ruple (Lat. _qua'tuor_, four); reply' (Old Fr.
v. _replier_ = Lat. _replica're_, to answer); sim'ple (Lat. _simplex_, gen.
_simplicis_), _not compounded_, _artless_; sim'pleton (compare It.
_simplicione_, a silly person); simplic'ity (Lat. n. _simplic'itas_);
sim'plify; sup'ple (Fr. adj. _souple_ = Lat. _sup'plex_, bending the knee,
from _sub_ and _plica're_); sup'pliant (literally, bending the knees under,
kneeling down); treb'le (Old Fr. adj. _treble_ = Lat. _tri'plex_,
threefold); trip'le (Lat. _tri'plex_); trip'let, _three lines rhyming
alternately_.
163. PON'ERE: po'no, pos'itum, _to place_.
PON: compo'nent, _forming a compound_; depone', _to bear testimony_;
depo'nent; oppo'nent; postpone' (-ment).
POSIT: posi'tion; pos'itive; pos'itivism, _a system of philosophy_;
pos'itivist, _a believer in the positive philosophy_; ap'posite, _adapted
to_; compos'ite, _compound_; composi'tion; compos'itor; decomposi'tion;
depos'it (-ary, -ion, -ory); deposi'tion, _the giving testimony under
oath_; exposi'tion; expos'itor; imposi'tion; interposi'tion;
juxtaposi'tion; op'posite (-ion); preposi'tion; proposi'tion; supposi'tion;
suppositi'tious; transposi'tion.
Pose (Fr. v. _poser_ = Lat. _pon'ere_), _to bring to a stand by questions_;
post; post'age; post'ure (Fr. n. _posture_ = Lat. _positu'ra_, position);
compose' (Fr. v. _composer_ = Lat. _compon'ere_); compos'ure; com'pound
(Lat. v. _compon'ere_); com'post, _a mixture_, _a manure_; depot' (Fr. n.
_dépôt_ = Lat. _depos'itum_); dispose' (Fr. v. _disposer_); dispo'sal;
expose' (Fr. v. _exposer_); expos'ure; impose' (Fr. v. _imposer_); im'post,
_a tax placed on imported goods_; impos'tor, _one guilty of fraud_;
impost'ure; interpose'; oppose'; propose'; prov'ost (Old Fr. _provost_,
from Lat _præpos'itus_, placed before, a chief), _the principal of a
college_; pur'pose (Old Fr. n. _purpos_, _propos_ = Lat. _propos'itum_),
_an end set before one_; repose' (Fr. v. _reposer_); suppose' (Fr. v.
_supposer_); transpose' (Fr. v. _transposer_).
164. PORTA'RE: por'to, porta'tum, _to carry_.
PORT: port'able; por'ter (-age); deport'ment; export' (-ation, -er);
im'port (-ance, -ant, -er); pur'port, _design_; report' (-er); support';
insupport'able; transport' (-ation).
Portfo'lio (Lat. n. _fo'lium_, a leaf); portman'teau (Fr. n. _manteau_, a
cloak); importune' (Lat. adj. _importu'nus_, unseasonable); import'unate;
importu'nity; op'portune (Lat. adj. _opportu'nus_, literally, at or before
the port or harbor: hence, seasonable); opportu'nity; inop'portune.
165. POS'SE, _to be able_; Po'tens, poten'tis, _powerful, mighty_.
POSSE: pos'sible (Lat. adj. _possib'ilis_); possibil'ity; impos'sible.
POTENT: po'tent; po'tency; po'tentate; poten'tial; im'potent; omnip'otent
(Lat. adj. _om'nis_, all); plenipoten'tiary (Lat. adj. _ple'nus_, full).
166. PREHEN'DERE: prohen'do, prehen'sum, _to lay hold of, to
seize_.
PREHEND: apprehend'; comprehend'; reprehend'.
PREHENS: prehen'sile; apprehen'sion; apprehen'sive; comprehen'sible;
comprehen'sion; comprehen'sive; reprehen'sible.
Appren'tice (Old Fr. n. _apprentis_, from v. _apprendre_, to learn);
apprise' (Fr. v. _apprendre_, part. _appris_, to inform); comprise' (Fr. v.
_comprendre, compris_), _to include_; en'terprise (Fr. n. _entrepise_,
something undertaken); impreg'nable (Fr. adj. _imprenable_, not to be
taken); pris'on (Fr. n. _prison_); prize (Fr. n. _prise_, something taken,
from _prendre, pris_, to take); reprieve' (Old Fr. v. _repreuver_, to
condemn), _to grant a respite_; repri'sal; surprise'.
167. PREM'ERE: pre'mo, pres'sum, _to press_.
PRESS: press (-ure); compress' (-ible); depress' (-ion); express' (-ion,
-ive); impress' (-ion, -ive, -ment); irrepres'sible; oppress' ('-ion, -ive,
-or); repress' (-ion, -ive); suppress' (-ion).
Print (abbreviated from _imprint_, from Old Fr. v. _preindre_ = Lat.
_prem'ere_); im'print, _the name of the publisher and the title page of a
book_; imprima'tur (Lat. _let it be printed_), originally, _a license to
print a book, the imprint of a publisher_.
168. PRI'MUS, _first_; Prin'ceps, prin'cipis, _chief, original_.
PRIM: prime; pri'mate, _the highest dignitary of a church_; pri'macy;
prim'ary; primer; prime'val (Lat. n. _æ'vum_, an age); prim'itive;
primogen'itor (Lat. n. _gen'itor_, a begetter); primogeniture (Lat. n.
_genitu'ra_, a begetting), _the exclusive right of inheritance which in
English law belongs to the eldest son or daughter_; primor'dial (Lat. v.
_ordi'ri_, to begin), _existing from the beginning_; prim'rose (Lat. n.
_ro'sa_); prin'cess; prince (Fr. n. _prince_ = Lat. _prin'ceps_);
prin'cipal; prin'ciple.
Pre'mier (Fr. adj. _premier_, first), _the prime minister_; pri'or (Lat.
adj. _prior_, former); pri'oress, _the female superior of a convent_;
pri'ory, _a convent_; prior'ity, _state of being first_; pris'tine (Lat.
adj. _pristi'nus_, primitive), _original, ancient_.
169. PROBA'RE: pro'bo, proba'tum, _to try, to prove_.
PROB: prob'able, _likely, credible_; probabil'ity; improb'able; pro'bate,
_the proof of a will_; proba'tion, _the act of trying_; proba'tioner;
proba'tionary; probe, _to try by an instrument_; prob'ity, _tried
integrity_; approba'tion, _commendation_; rep'robate (adj. literally,
proved against), _base, condemned_.
Prove (Old Fr. _prover_, New Fr. _prouver_ = Lat. _proba're_); proof (Old
Fr. n. _prove_ = Lat. _pro'ba_, proof); approve' (Fr. v. _approuver_ = Lat.
_approba're_); approv'al; disapprove'; improve', (-ment); reprove';
reproof'.
170. PUN'GERE: pun'go, punc'tum, _to prick_; Punc'tum, _a point_.
PUNG: pun'gent; pun'gency; expunge', _to mark out_.
PUNCT: punctil'io (Sp. _punctillo_, from Lat. _punc'tum_, a point), _a nice
point of exactness in conduct_, etc.; punctil'ious; punct'ual (-ity);
punct'uate (-ion); punct'ure; compunc'tion, _remorse_.
Punch (abbreviated from _puncheon_, from Lat. n. _punc'tio_, a pricking),
_an instrument for cutting holes_; point (Fr. n. _pointe_ = Lat.
_punc'tum)_; poign'ant (Fr. part. _poignant_, stinging); pon'iard (Fr. n.
_poignard_), _a small dagger_.
171. PUTA'RE: pu'to, puta'tum, _to think, to prune, to count or reckon_.
PUT: compute' (-able, -ation); depute' (Lat. v. _deputa're_, to allot), _to
empower to act_; dep'uty; dispute' (-ant); indis'putable; impute'
(literally, to reckon in), _to charge_; repute'; disrepute' (-able).
PUTAT: pu'tative, _supposed_; am'putate, _to cut off the limb from an
animal_; deputa'tion; imputa'tion; reputa'tion.
Count (Fr. v. _compter_ = Lat. computa're); account'; discount'; recount'.
172. RAP'ERE: ra'pio, rap'tum, _to seize suddenly, to snatch or hurry
away_.
RAP: rapa'cious (Lat. adj. _ra'pax, rapa'cis_, greedy); rapac'ity; rap'id
(Lat. adj. _rap'idus_, swift); rapid'ity; rap'ids; rap'ine (Lat. n.
_rapi'na_, robbery).
RAPT: rapt, _transported_; rapt'ure (-ous); enrapt'ure; surrepti'tious
(Lat. v. _surrip'ere, surrep'tum_, to take away secretly), _done by
stealth_.
Rav'age (Fr. v. _ravager_ = to lay waste); rav'ish (Fr. v. _ravir_ = Lat.
_rap'ere_).
173. REG'ERE: re'go, rec'tum, _to rule_; Rec'tus, _straight_.
REG: re'gent; re'gency; reg'imen (Lat. n. _reg'imen_, that by which one
guides or governs anything); reg'iment (Lat. n. _regimen'tum_); re'gion
(Lat. _re'gio, regio'nis_, a region); cor'rigible (Lat. v. _corrig'ere_ =
_con_ + _reg'ere_); incor'rigible.
RECT: rec'tify; rec'titude; rec'tor (-ory); correct' (Lat. v. _corrig'ere_
= _con_ + _reg'ere), to remove faults_; direct' (-ion, -or, -ory); erect';
insurrec'tion; resurrec'tion.
Re'gal (Lat. n. _rex, re'gis_, a king); rega'lia; reg'icide (Lat. v.
_cæd'ere_, to kill); reg'ular (Lat. n. _reg'ula_, a rule); reg'ulate; realm
(Old Fr. _realme_, from Lat. adj. _rega'lis_, royal); reign (Fr. n. _règne_
= Lat. _reg'num); _corrigen'da (sing. _corrigen'dum_), _things to be
corrected_; dress (Fr. v. _dresser_ = Lat _dirig'ere_); address' (Fr. v.
_adresser_, to direct); redress' (Fr. v. _redresser_ = Lat. _re_ +
_dirig'ere), to rectify, to repair_; source (Fr. n. _source_, from Lat.
_sur'gere_, to spring up); surge; insur'gent (Lat. v. _insur'gere_).
174. RI'VUS, _a river_.
RIV: ri'val (Lat. n. _riva'lis_, one who used a brook in common with
another); ri'valry; outri'val; riv'ulet (Lat. n. _riv'ulus_, diminutive of
_ri'vus_); derive' (literally, to receive as from a source); deriva'tion;
deriv'ative.
175. ROGA'RE: ro'go, roga'tum, _to ask_.
ROG: ar'rogant, _proud, overbearing_; ar'rogance; prorogue' (Fr. v.
_proroger_ = Lat. _proroga're_).
ROGAT: ab'rogate; _to repeal_; ar'rogate, _to assume_; arroga'tion;
derog'atory, _detracting_; inter'rogate (-ion, -ive, -ory); prerog'ative
(literally, that is asked before others for an opinion: hence, preference),
_exclusive or peculiar right or privilege_; proroga'tion, _prolonga'tion_;
superer'ogate (Lat. _super_ + _eroga're_, to spend or pay out over and
above), _to do more than is necessary_; supereroga'tion.
176. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum, _to break_.
RUPT: rupt'ure, _to part violently_; abrupt' (-ly, -ness); bank'rupt (It.
n. _banco_, a merchant's place of business); bank'ruptcy; corrupt' (-ible,
-ion); disrup'tion; erup'tion; interrupt' (-ion); irrup'tion; irrup'tive.
177. SA'CER, sa'cri, _holy_.
SACR: sac'rament (Lat. n. _sacramen'tum_, an oath, a sacred thing); sa'cred
(orignally, past p. of Old Eng. v. _sacre_, to consecrate); sac'rifice
(Lat. v. _fac'ere_, to make); sac'rilege (literally, that steals--properly
gathers, picks up, _leg'ere_--sacred things); sac'ristan (Low Lat.
_sacrista'nus)_, a church officer.
SECR: (in comp.) con'secrate (-ion); des'ecrate (-ion); ex'ecrate (-ion);
ex'ecrable; sacerdo'tal (Lat. n. _sacer'dos, sacerdo'tis_, priest),
_pertaining to the priesthood_.
178. SA'LUS, salu'tis, _health_; Sal'vus, _safe_.
SALUT: sal'utary, _promoting health_; salu'tatory, _giving salutation_;
salute' (-ion).
SALV: sal'vage, _reward for saving goods_; sal'vo, _a volley_; salva'tion.
Safe (through Old Fr. _salf_ or _sauf_); safe'ty; save; sav'ior salu'brious
(Lat. adj. _salu'bris_, health-giving); salu'brity.
179. SCAN'DERE: scan'do (_in comp._ scen'do), scan'dum (_in comp._
scen'sum), _to climb_.
SCEND: ascend' (-ant, -ency); descend' (-ant); condescend' (-ing);
transcend' (-ent); transcendental.
SCENS: ascen'sion; ascent'; condescen'sion.
180. SCRIB'ERE: scri'bo, scrip'tum, _to write_.
SCRIB: ascribe', _to impute to_; circumscribe', _to draw a line around, to
limit_; describe'; inscribe'; prescribe', _to order or appoint_;
pro-scribe' (literally, to write forth), _to interdict_; subscribe';
superscribe'; transcribe'.
SCRIPT: script, _type in imitation of handwriting_; script'ure;
ascrip'tion; con'script, _one taken by lot and enrolled for military
service_; conscrip'tion; descrip'tion; inscrip'tion; man'uscript (see
_manus_); post'script; prescrip'tion; proscription; subscription;
superscrip'tion; tran'script.
Scribe (Fr. n. _scribe_); scrib'ble; escritoire'.
181. SECA'RE: se'co, sec'tum, _to cut_.
SEC: se'cant (Lat. pres. p. _se'cans_, _secan'tis_), _a line that cuts
another_.
SECT: sect (literally, a body of persons separated from others by peculiar
doctrines); secta'rian (-ism); sec'tion (-al); bisect' (Lat. _bis_, two);
dissect' (-ion); in'sect (literally, an animal whose body is apparently cut
in the middle); insectiv'orous (Lat. v. _vora're_, to feed); intersect'
(-ion); venesec'tion (Lat. n. _vena_, a vein).
Seg'ment (Lat. n. _segmen'tum_), _a part cut off_.
182. SEDE'RE: se'deo (_in comp._ se'do), ses'sum, _to sit_.
SED: sed'entary (Lat. adj. _sedenta'rius_, accustomed to sit); sed'iment
(Lat. n. _sedimen'tum_, a settling or sinking down); sedimen'tary;
sed'ulous (Lat. adj. _sed'ulus_, sitting close to an employment);
supersede'.
SID: assid'uous; assidu'ity; insid'ious (literally, sitting in wait
against); preside' (literally, to sit before or over); pres'ident;
presidence; reside' (-ence); res'idue; resid'uary; subside'; subsidiary.
SESS: ses'sion (-al); assess' (literally, to sit by or near a person or
thing); assess'ment; assess'or; possess' (Lat. v. _possid'ere, posses'sum_,
to sit upon: hence, to occupy in person, to have or hold); posses'sion;
possess'or; posses'sive; prepossess', _to take possession of beforehand, to
prejudice_.
183. SENTI'RE: sen'tio, sen'sum, _to feel, to think_.
SENT: scent (Old English _sent_), _odor_; sen'tence (Lat. n. _senten'tia_);
senten'tious (Lat. adj. _sententio'sus_, full of thought); sentiment (Fr.
n. _sentiment_); sentimen'tal; assent', _to agree to_; consent' (literally,
to think or feel together), _to acquiesce, to permit_; dissent' (-er);
dissen'tient; presen'timent; resent' (literally, to feel back), _to take
ill_; resent'ment.
SENS: sense (-less, -ation, -ible, -itive); insen'sate; non'sense; sen'sual
(Lat. adj. _sensua'lis_); sen'sualist; sen'suous.
184. SE'QUI: se'quor, secu'tus, _to follow_.
SEQU: se'quence, _order of succession_; consequent; con'sequence;
consequential; ob'sequies, _formal rites_; obse'quious (literally,
following in the way of another), _meanly condescending_; sub'sequent
(-ly).
SECUT: consec'utive; persecute (-ion, -or); pros'ecute (-ion).
Se'quel (Lat. n. _seque'la_, that which follows); sue (Old Fr. v. _suire_,
New Fr. _suivre = se'qui), to follow at law_; suit; suit'able; suit'or;
suite (Fr. n. _suite_), _a train or set_; ensue' (Fr. v. _ensuivre_, to
follow, to result from); pursue' (Fr. v. _poursuivre_, to follow hard, to
chase); pursu'ance; pursu'ant; pursuit'; pur'suivant, _a state messenger_;
ex'ecute (Fr. v. _executer_ = Lat. _ex'sequi_); execu'tion; exec'utor;
exec'utrix.
185. SERVA'RE: ser'vo, serva'tum, _to save, to keep, to bind_.
SERV: conserve'; observe' (-able, -ance); preserve' (-er); reserve';
unreserved'.
SERVAT: conserv'ative; conserv'atory; observ'ation; observ'atory;
preserva'tion; preserv'ative; reserva'tion.
Res'ervoir (Fr. n. _réservoir_ = Lat. _reservato'rium_, a place where
anything is kept in store).
EXERCISE.
The puzzle is _complicated_ and _displays_ much _ingenuity_ on the _part_
of the inventor. A _reply_ may be _explicit_ without showing _duplicity_.
It was urged that the _election_ of _delegates_ be _postponed_. The
_portmanteau_ containing _important_ papers was left at the _merchant's
office_. An _impostor_ is sure to show _opposition_ to the course of
_justice_. Coleridge holds that it is _possible_ to _apprehend_ a truth
without _comprehending_ it. The _bankrupt_ was so _arrogant_ that his
_creditors_ were not _disposed_ to be lenient with him. Most of the
questions _proposed_ by the _rector_ were answered in the _negative_. What
is the origin of the word _derivation_? The _region_ is _described_ as
healthful. The _manuscript_ was _transcribed_ and _subscribed_ by the
_author_. It is _salutary_ to be _rivals_ in all worthy _ambitions_.
186. SIG'NUM, _a sign_.
SIGN: sign; sig'nal (-ize); sig'net; sig'nify; signif'icant; signif'icance;
significa'tion; assign' (Lat. v. _assigna're_, to designate); assignee';
consign' (Lat. v. _consigna're_, to seal) _to intrust to another_;
consign'ment; coun'tersign, _to sign what has already been signed by
another_; design', _to plan_; design'er; des'ignate, _to name_, _to point
out_; designa'tion; en'sign, _the officer who carries the flag of a
regiment_; insig'nia, _badges of office_; resign' (-ation); sig'nature
(Lat. n. _signatu'ra_, a sign or stamp).
187. SIM'ILIS, _like_.
SIMIL: sim'ilar (-ity); sim'i-le, _a formal likening or comparison_;
simil'itude; verisimil'itude (Lat. adj. _ve'rus_, true); dissim'ilar;
assim'ilate; fac-sim'ile (Lat. _v. fac'ere_, to make), an exact copy;
sim'ulate (Lat. v. _simula're_, _simula'tum_, to make like).
Dissimula'tion (Lat. v. _dissimula're_, _dissimula'tum_, to feign);
dissem'ble (Fr. v. _dissembler_ = Lat. _dissimula're_); resem'ble (Fr. v.
_ressembler_).
188. SIS'TERE: sisto, sta'tum, _to cause to stand, to stand_.
SIST: assist' (-ance, -ant); consist' (-ent, -ency); desist'; exist' (for
ex-sist), _to stand out_: hence, _to be, to live_; exist'ence; co-exist';
pre-exist'; insist', _to stand upon, to urge firmly_; persist' (-ent,
-ence); resist' (-ance, -ible); subsist (-ence).
189. SOL'VERE: sol'vo, solu'tum, _to loosen_.
SOLV: solve (-able, -ent, -ency); absolve'; dissolve'; resolve'.
SOLUT: solu'tion; ab'solute (-ion); dis'solute (-ion); res'olute (-ion).
Sol'uble (Lat. adj. _solu'bilis_); solubil'ity.
190. SPEC'ERE _or_ SPIC'ERE: Spe'cio _or_ spi'cio, spec'tum, _to behold_;
Spe'cies, _a kind_.
SPIC: aus'pices (literally, omens drawn from the inspection of birds);
auspi'cious; conspic'uous (Lat. adj. _conspic'uus_, wholly visible);
conspicu'ity; des'picable (Lat. _despicab'ilis_, deserving to be despised);
perspic'uous (Lat. adj. _perspic'uus_, that may be seen through);
perspicu'ity; suspi'cion; suspi'cious.
SPECT: as'pect; cir'cumspect (-ion); expect' (-ant, -ation); inspect'
(-ion, -or); perspec'tive; pros'pect (-ive); prospec'tus (Lat. n.
_prospec'tus_, a view forward); respect' (literally, to look again: hence,
to esteem or regard); respect'able; respect'ful; re'tro-spect (-ive);
suspect'.
SPECIES: spe'cies; spe'cial (-ist, -ity, -ize); spe'cie; spec'ify (-ic,
-ication); spe'cious, _showy_.
Spec'imen (Lat. n. _spec'imen_, a sample); spec'tacle (Lat. n.
_spectac'ulum_, anything presented to view); specta'tor (Lat. n.
_specta'tor_, a beholder); spec'ter (Lat. n. _spec'trum_, an image);
spec'tral; spec'trum (pl. spec'tra), _an image_; spec'troscope (Gr. v.
_skopein_, to view), _an instrument for analysing light_; spec'ulate (Lat.
n. _spec'ula_, a lookout), _to contemplate_, _to traffic for great profit_;
specula'tion; spec'ulative.
191. SPIRA'RE: spi'ro, spira'tum, _to breathe_; Spir'itus, _breath,
spirit_.
SPIR: spir'acle, _a breathing pore_; aspire' (-ant); conspire' (-acy);
expire'; expir'ing; inspire'; perspire'; respire'; transpire'.
SPIRAT: aspira'tion; as'pirate; conspir'ator; inspira'tion; perspira'tion;
respira'tion; respir'atory.
SPIRITUS: spir'it; spir'itual (-ity); spir'ituous.
Sprightly (spright, a contraction of spirit); sprite (a contraction of
spirit).
192. SPONDE'RE: spon'deo, spon'sum, _to promise_.
SPOND: correspond', _to answer one to another_; correspond'ence;
correspond'ent; despond' (literally, to promise away: hence, to give up, to
despond); despond'ency; respond'.
SPONS: spon'sor, _a surety_; response' (-ible, -ibility, -ive);
irrespon'sible.
Spouse (Old Fr. n. _espous_, _espouse_ = Lat. _spon'sus_, _spon'sa_);
espouse' (Old Fr. v. _espouser_ = Lat. _sponsa're_, to betroth, from
_spondere_).
193. STA'RE: sto, sta'tum (_in comp._ sti'tum, _to stand; pres. part._
stans, stan'tis, _standing_); SIS'TERE: sis'to, sta'tum, _to
cause to stand_; STATU'ERE: stat'uo, statu'tum, _to station,
to fix, to place_.
STANT: cir'cumstance (from part. _circumstans'_, _circumstan'tis_, through
Lat. n. _circumstan'tia_, Fr. _circonstance_), _the condition of things
surrounding or attending an event_; circumstan'tial; circumstan'tiate;
con'stant; con'stancy; dis'tant (literally, standing asunder: hence,
remote, reserved); dis'tance; ex'tant; in'stant; instanta'neous;
transubstan'tiate, _to change to another substance_.
STAT: state; sta'tion (-ary, -er, -ery); state'ly; state'ment; states'man;
stat'ue (-ary); stat'ure.
STIT: supersti'tion (literally, a standing over, as if awe-struck);
supersti'tious.
STATUT: stat'ute (-ory).
STITU: con'stitute (literally, to set or station together: hence, to
establish, to make); constitu'tion (-al); constituent; constit'uency;
des'titute (literally, put from or away: hence, forsaken, in want of);
in'stitute (literally, to place into: hence, to found, to commence);
restitu'tion; sub'stitute (-ion).
Sta'ble; (Lat. adj. _stab'ilis_, standing firmly); stab'lish; estab'lish
(-ment); stay, literally, _to keep standing_; ar'mistice (Lat. n. _ar'ma_,
arms), _a temporary stand-still of war_; arrest' (Old Fr. _arrester_ = Lat.
_ad_ + _restare_, to stay back, to remain); contrast' (Lat. _contra_ +
_sta're_, to stand against); inter'stice; ob'stacle; ob'stinate; sol'stice
(Lat. n. _sol_, the sun).
194. STRIN'GERE: strin'go, stric'tum, _to bind; to draw tight_.
STRING: strin'gent; astrin'gent; astrin'gency.
STRICT: strict (-ness, -ure); dis'trict, _a defined portion of a country_;
restrict' (-ion).
Strain (Old Fr. _straindre_ = Lat. _strin'gere_); constrain'; dis-train';
restrain'; restraint'.
195. STRU'ERE: stru'o, struc'tum, _to build, to place in order_.
STRUCT: struct'ure; construct' (-ion, -ive); destruct'ible; destruc'tion;
instruct' (-ion,-ive,-or); obstruct'(-ion); superstruct'ure.
Con'strue; destroy'; in'strument (Lat. n. _instrumen'tum_);
instrumental'ity.
196. SU'MERE: su'mo, sump'tum, _to take_; Sump'tus, _cost, expense_.
SUM: assume'; consume' (-er); presume'; resume'.
SUMPT: sumpt'uous (Lat. adj. _sumptuo'sus_, expensive); sumpt'uary,
_relating to expense_; assumption; consumption; consump'tive; presump'tion;
presump'tive; presump'tuous.
197. TAN'GERE: tan'go, tac'tum, _to touch_.
TANG: tan'gent, _a straight line which touches a circle or curve_;
tan'gible.
TACT: tact, _peculiar faculty or skill_; con'tact; intact'.
Attain' (Fr. v. _attaindre_, to reach); attain'able; conta'gion,
_communication of disease by contact or touch_; contam'inate, _to defile,
to infect_; contig'uous; contin'gent.
TEMPUS. (See page 48.)
198. TEN'DERE: ten'do, ten'sum _or_ ten'tum, _to stretch_.
TEND: tend, _to aim at, take care of_; tend'ency; attend' (-ance, -ant);
contend'; distend'; extend'; intend' (literally, to stretch to), _to
purpose, to design_; portend' (literally, to stretch forward), _to presage,
to betoken_; pretend' (literally, to stretch forth), _to affect, feel_;
subtend', _to extend under_; superintend' (-ence, -ent).
TENS: tense (adj.), _stretched_; ten'sion; intense' (-ify); osten'sible
(Lat. v. _osten'dere_, to stretch out or spread before one), _apparent_;
pretense'.
TENT: tent, literally, _a shelter of stretched canvas_; tentac'ula, _the
feelers of certain animals_; atten'tion; atten'tive; conten'tion;
conten'tious; extent'; intent' (-ion); ostenta'tion; ostenta'tious;
por'tent, _an ill omen_.
199. TENE'RE: ten'eo, ten'tum, _to hold_; _French_ Tenir (_radical_ tain),
_to hold_.
TEN: ten'able; ten'ant, _one who holds property under another_; ten'antry;
ten'ement; ten'et (Lat. _tenet_, literally, "he holds"), _a doctrine held
as true_; ten'ure.
TIN (in compos.): ab'stinent; ab'stinence; continent; incon'tinent;
per'tinent; imper'tinent.
TENT: content' (-ment); contents'; discontent'; deten'tion; reten'tion;
reten'tive; sus'tenance.
TAIN: abstain'; appertain'; contain'; detain'; entertain' (-ment);
pertain'; retain' (-er); sustain'.
Tena'cious (Lat. adj. _te'nax, tena'cis_, holding firmly); tenac'ity;
appur'tenance, _that which belongs to something else_; contin'ue (Fr. v.
_continuer_ = Lat. _contine're_); contin'ual; contin'uance; continua'tion;
continu'ity; discontin'ue; coun'tenance (literally, the contents of a body:
hence, of a face); lieuten'ant (Fr. n. _lieu_, a place); maintain' (Fr. n.
_main_, the hand), literally, _to hold by the hand_: hence, _to support, to
uphold_; main'tenance; pertina'cious; pertinac'ity; ret'inue, _a train of
attendants_.
200. TER'RA, _the earth_.
TERR: ter'race (Fr. n. _terrasse_); terra'queous (Lat. n. _a'qua_, water);
terres'trial; ter'ritory (-al); ter'rier, _a small dog that goes into the
ground after burrowing animals_; Mediterra'nean (Lat. n. _me'dius_,
middle); subterra'nean.
Inter, _to put in the earth, to bury_; inter'ment; disinter'.
201. TES'TIS, _a witness_.
TEST: tes'tify; attest' (-ation); contest'; detest' (-able); protest'
(-ation, -ant); prot'estantism.
Tes'tament (Lat. n. _testamen'tum_, a will); testamen'tary; testa'tor;
tes'timony (-al); intes'tate, _not having left a will_.
202. TOR'QUERE: tor'queo, tor'tum, _to twist_.
TORT: tort'ure; contort' (-ion); distort' (-ion); extort' (-ion, -ionate);
retort'.
Tor'tuous (Lat. adj. _tortuo'sus_, very twisted); tortuos'ity; torment'
(Lat. n. _tormen'tum_, extreme pain).
203. TRA'HERE: tra'ho, trac'tum, _to draw_; _Fr._ Trair, _past part._
Trait.
TRACT: tract (-able, -ile, -ion); ab'stract (-ion); attract' (-ion, -ive);
contract' (-ile, -or); detract'; distract'; extract' (-ion, -or);
protract'; retract' (-ion); subtract' (-ion).
Trace (Fr. n. _trace_); track (Old Fr. n. _trac_); train; trait; treat
(-ise, -ment, -y).
204. TRIBU'ERE: trib'uo, tribu'tum, _to allot, to give_.
TRIBUT: trib'ute (-ary); attrib'ute; contribute (-ion); distrib'ute (-ion,
-ive); retribu'tion; retrib'utive.
205. TRU'DERE: tru'do, tru'sum, _to thrust_.
TRUD: detrude', _to thrust down_; extrude'; intrude' (-er); obtrude';
protrude'.
TRUS: abstruse' (literally, thrust away: hence, difficult to be
understood); intru'sion; intru'sive; obtru'sive; protru'sion.
206. TU'ERE: tu'eor, tu'itus _or_ tu'tus, _to watch_.
TUIT: tui'tion, _instruction_; intui'tion, _the act or power of the mind by
which it at once perceives the truth of a thing without argument_;
intu'itive.
TUT: tu'tor; tuto'rial; tu'torage.
207. UN'DA, _a wave_.
UND: abun'dance, literally, condition of overflowing--(_abunda're_, to
overflow); abun'dant; superabundant; inun'date (-ion); redun'dant
(literally, running back or over: hence, exceeding what is necessary);
redundance; redun'dancy.
Un'dulate (Lat. n. _un'dula_, a little wave); undula'tion; un'dulatory;
abound'; superabound'; redound' (Old Fr. v. _redonder_ = Lat. _redunda're_,
to roll back as a wave or flood).
208. U'TI: u'tor, u'sus, _to use_.
UT: uten'sil (Lat. n. _uten'sile_, something that may be used); util'ity
(Lat. n. _util'itas_, usefulness); u'tilize.
US: use (-able, -age, -ful, -less); us'ual (Lat. adj. _usua'lis_, of
frequent use); u'sury, _illegal interest paid for the use of money_;
u'surer; abuse' (-ive); disabuse'.
209. VAD'ERE: va'do, va'sum, _to go_.
VAD: evade'; invade'; pervade'.
VAS: eva'sion; inva'sion; perva'sive.
210. VALE'RE: valeo, vali'tum, _to be strong, to be of value_; Val'idus,
_strong_; Va'le, _farewell_.
VAL: valedic'tory, _bidding farewell_; valetudina'rian (Lat. n.
_valetu'do_, state of health), _a person in ill-health_; val'iant, _brave_,
_heroic_; val'or (-ous); val'ue (-able, -ation, -ator); convales'cent,
_regaining health_; equiv'alent (Lat. adj. _e'quus_, equal); prev'alent,
_very common or general_; prevalence.
VAIL: (Fr. radical): avail' (-able); prevail'.
VALID: val'id; valid'ity; in'valid.
211. VENI'RE: ve'nio, ven'tum, _to come, to go_.
VENT: vent'ure, literally, _something gone upon_; vent'uresome; ad'vent;
adventi'tious, _accidental, casual_; advent'ure (-ous); circumvent';
contraven'tion; con'vent, _a monastery, a nunnery_; conven'ticle, _a place
of assembly_; conven'tion (-al); event'(-ful); event'ual; invent'
(literally, to come upon), _to find out, to contrive_; inven'tion;
invent'ive; invent'or; interven'tion; peradvent'ure; prevent' (-ion, -ive).
Av'enue (Fr. n. _avenue_, an approach to); contravene'; convene';
conven'ient (Lat. pres. part, _conve'niens, convenien'tis_, literally,
coming together), _suitable_; conven'ience; cov'enant _an agreement between
two parties_; intervene'; rev'enue; supervene', _to come upon, to happen_.
212. VER'BUM, _a word_.
VERB: verb (-al, -ally, -ose, -osity); ad'verb; prov'erb.
Verba'tim (Lat. adv. _verba'tim_, word for word); ver'biage (Fr. n.
_verbiage_, wordiness).
213. VER'TERE: ver'to, ver'sum, _to turn_.
VERT: advert'; inadver'tent (literally, not turning the mind to),
_heedless_; ad'vertise, _to turn public attention to_; adver'tisement;
animadvert' (Lat. n. _an'imus_, the mind), _to turn the mind to, to
censure_; avert'; controvert', _to oppose_; convert', _to change into
another form or state_; divert'; invert', literally, _to turn the outside
in_; pervert', _to turn from the true purpose_; retrovert'; revert';
subvert'.
VERS: adverse' (-ary, -ity); animadver'sion; anniver'sary, _the yearly_
(Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year) _celebration of an event_; averse', _having a
dislike to_; aver'sion; con'troversy; converse' (-ant, -ation);
conver'sion; diverse' (-ify, -ion, -ity); ob'verse; perverse' (-ity);
retrover'sion; reverse' (-al, -ion); subver'sion; subversive;
tergiversa'tion (Lat. n. _ter'gum_, the back), _a subterfuge_; transverse',
_lying or being across_; u'niverse (Lat. adj. _u'nus_, one), _the system of
created things_; univer'sal (-ist); univer'sity, _a universal school in
which are taught all branches of learning_.
Verse (Lat. n. _ver'sus_, a furrow), _a line in poetry_; ver'sify;
versifica'tion; ver'sion, _that which is turned from one language into
another, a statement_; ver'satile (Lat. adj. _versat'ilis_, turning with
ease); vertex (pl. ver'tices), _the summit_; vertical; vertebra (pl.
ver'tebræ); ver'tebrate; ver'tigo; vor'tex (Lat. n. _vor'tex_, a
whirlpool); divorce' (Fr. n. _divorce_), _a separation_.
214. VE'RUS, _true_; Ve'rax, vera'cis, _veracious_.
VER: ver'dict (Lat. n. _dic'tum_, a saying), _the decision of a jury_;
ver'ify, _to prove to be true; _verifica'tion; ver'ity (Lat. n. _ver'itas_,
truth); ver'itable; verisim'ilar, _truth-like_; verisimil'itude; aver', _to
declare truer_; aver'ment; ver'ily; ver'y.
VERAC: v'era'cious; verac'ity.
215. VI'A, _a way_.
VIA: vi'aduct (Lat. v. _du'cere, duc'tum_, to lead); viat'icum (Lat. n.
_viat'icum_, literally, traveling money), _the sacrament administered to a
dying person_; de'viate (-ion); de'vious; ob'viate, _to meet in the way, to
remove_; ob'vious; per'vious, _affording a passage through_; imper'vious.
Voy'age (Fr. n. _voyage_); convoy', _to escort_; en'voy (Fr. v. _envoyer_,
to send), _one sent on a special mission_; triv'ial (Lat. n. _triv'ium_, a
cross road), _trifling_; trivial'ity.
216. VIDE'RE: vi'deo, vi'sum, _to see_.
VID: ev'ident, _clearly seen; _ev'idence; invid'ious, literally, _looking
against_: hence, _likely to provoke envy_; provide', _to look out for, to
supply_; prov'idence; prov'ident.
VIS: vis'ible; vis'ion (-ary); advise'; advis'able, _expedient_;
im'provise, _to compose and recite without premeditation_; provis'ion;
revise' (-al, -ion); supervis'ion; supervis'or.
View (Fr. v. _voir_, to see, _vu_, seen); review'; in'terview; vis'age (Fr.
n. _visage_, the countenance); vis'it (-ant, -or, -ation); vis'or, _part of
a helmet perforated to see through; _vis'ta (It. n. _vista_, sight), _a
prospect as seen through an avenue of trees _; advice'; en'vy (Fr. n.
_envie_ = Lat. _invid'ia_, from _invide're_, to see against); in'voice (It.
n. _avviso_, notice), _a priced list of goods_; peruse' (Lat. v.
_pervide're, pervi'sum_, to look through); provi'so, _a stipulation_;
pru'dent (Lat. adj. _pru'dens _from _prov'idens_); pru'dence; purvey', _to
look out for in the way of buying provisions_; purvey'or; survey' (-or).
217. VIN'CERE: vin'co, vic'tum, _to conquer_.
VINC: vin'cible; invin'cible; convince'; evince', _to show clearly_
VICT: vic'tor; vic'tory (-ous); convict', _to prove guilty of crime_;
evict', _to dispossess_; evic'tion.
Vanquish (Fr. v. _vaincre, vaincu_ = Lat. _vin'cere_); prov'ince (Fr. n.
_province_ = Lat. _provin'cia_, literally, a conquered country).
218. VOCA'RE: vo'co, voca'tum, _to call_; Vox, vo'cis, _the voice_.
VOCAT: voca'tion, literally, _calling, occupation_; voc'ative, _the case of
a noun in which the subject is called, or addressed_; ad'vocate _to plead
for_; convoca'tion, _an assembly, a meeting_; equivocate (Lat. adj.
_e'quus_, equal), _to use words of doubtful meaning_; equivoca'tion;
evoca'tion, _act of calling forth_; invoca'tion; provoca'tion;
provo'cative; revoca'tion.
VOC: vo'cable (Lat. n. _vocab'ulum_, that which is sounded with the voice),
_a word_; vocab'ulary; vo'cal (-ist, -ize); vociferate, _to cry with a loud
voice_; ad'vocacy, _a pleading for, a defense_; irrev'ocable.
Voice (Fr. n. _voix_ = Lat. _vox), sound uttered by the mouth_; vouch, _to
call out, or affirm strongly_; vow'el (Fr. n. _vouelle_, a voice-sound);
advow'son, _right of perpetual calling to a benefice_; convoke', _to call
together_; evoke'; invoke'; revoke'.
219. VOL'VERE: vol'vo, volu'tum, _to roll_.
VOLV: circumvolve'; convolve', _to roll together_; devolve'; evolve';
involve'; revolve' (-ion, -ionist).
VOLUT: circumvolu'tion; evolu'tion; revolution (-ary, -ist, -ize).
Vol'ume (Lat. n. _volu'men_, a roll, or inscribed parchment sheet rolled
up), _a single book_; volute', _a kind of rolled or spiral scroll_;
vol'uble, literally, _rolling easily_: hence, _having great fluency of
speech_; convol'vulus, _a genus of twining plants_; revolt'.
220. VUL'GUS, _the common people_.
VULG: vul'gar; vul'garism; vulgar'ity; vul'gate, _a Latin version of the
Scriptures_.
Divulge', _to make known something before kept secret_; divulge'ment;
promulgate (-ion).
PART III.--THE GREEK ELEMENT.
I.--GREEK PREFIXES.
PREFIX SIGNIFICATION. EXAMPLE. DEFINITION
a- = _without_; a-pathy state of being _without_
an- _not_ an-omalous feeling.
_not_ similar.
amphi- = _around_; amphi-theater place for seeing all
_both_ amphi-bious _around_.
living in _both_ land and
water.
ana- = _back_, ana-logy reasoning _back_.
_throughout_ ana-lysis loosening _throughout_.
anti- = _against_; anti-pathy a feeling _against_.
ant- _opposite_ ant-arctic _opposite_ the Arctic.
apo- = _away_; apo-stle one sent _out_.
ap- _out_ ap-helion _away_ from the sun.
cata- = _down_ or cata-ract a rushing _down_.
cat- _against_ cat-arrh a flowing _down_.
dia- = _through_ or dia-meter measure _through_ the
_across_ dia-logue center.
speaking _across_ (from
one another).
dis- = _two_, dis-syllable word of _two_ syllables.
di- _double_ di-lemma a _double_ assumption.
dys- = _ill_ dys-pepsia _ill_ digestion.
ec- = _out of_ ec-centric _out of_ the center.
ex- ex-odies an _outgoing_.
Note--EX- is used before a root beginning with a vowel.
en- = _in_ or en-ergy power _in_ one.
em- _on_ em-phasis stress _on_.
epi- = _upon_; epi-dermis skin _upon_ skin.
ep- _for_ ep-hemeral lasting _for_ a day.
Note--EP- is used before a root beginning with a vowel or a _h_ aspirate
eu- = _well_ or eu-phonic sounding _well_.
ev- _good_ ev-angel _good_ news.
hemi- = _half_ hemi-sphere _half_ a sphere
hyper- = _over_ or hyper-critical _over_-critical.
_beyond_ hyper-borean _beyond_ the North.
hypo- = _under_ hypo-thesis a placing _under_ (= Lat.
supposition.)
meta- = _beyond_; meta-physics science _beyond_ physics.
met- _transference_ met-onymy _transference_ of name.
para- = _by the_ par-helion mock sun _by the side of_
par- _side of_ the real.
peri- = around peri-meter the measure _around_
anything.
pro- = before pro-gramme something written
_before_.
pros- = to pros-elyte one coming _to_ a new
religion.
syn- _with_ syn-thesis placing _together_.
sy- = or sy-stem part _with_ part.
syl- _together_ syl-lable letters taken _together_.
sym- sym-pathy feeling _together_.
NOTE.--The form SY- is used before _s_; SYL- before _l_, SYM- before _b, p_
or _m_.
II.--GREEK ALPHABET.
Α α a _Alpha._
Β β * b _Beta._
Γ γ g _Gamma._
Δ δ d _Delta._
Ε ε e as in _met_ _Epsilon._
Ζ ζ z _Zeta._
Η η e as in _me_ _Eta._
Θ θ * th _Theta._
Ι ι i _Iota_
Κ κ k _Kappa._
Λ λ l _Lambda._
Μ μ m _Mu._
Ν ν n _Nu._
Ξ ξ x _Xi._
Ο ο o as in _not_ _Omicron._
Π π * p _Pi_
Ρ ρ r _Rho._
Σ ς, ς final s _Sigma._
Τ τ t _Tau._
Υ υ u, or y _Upsilon._
Φ φ ph _Phi._
Χ χ ch _Chi._
Ψ ψ ps _Psi._
Ω ω o as in _no_ _Omega._
Pronunciation of Greek Words.
_Gamma_ has always the hard sound of _g_, as in _give_.
_Kappa_ is represented by _c_ in English words, although in Greek it has
but one sound, that of our _k_.
_Upsilon_ is represented by _y_ in English words; in Greek it has always
the sound of _u_ in mute.
_Chi_ is represented in English by _ch_ having the sound of _k_; as in
_chronic_.
In Greek words, as in Latin, there are always as many syllables as there
are vowels and diphthongs.
An inverted comma placed over a letter denotes that the sound of our _h_
precedes that letter.
GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
DIVISION I.--PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS.
1. A'ER (αηρ), _the air_.
A'ERATE, _to combine with air; to mix with carbonic acid_.
A-E'RIAL, _belonging to
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