Gardening for the Million
by Alfred Pink · English · Gutenberg #11892 · 438,740 chars · public domain (US)
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Title: Gardening for the Million
Author: Alfred Pink
Release date: April 1, 2004 [eBook #11892]
Most recently updated: October 28, 2024
Language: English
Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11892
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GARDENING FOR THE MILLION ***
GARDENING FOR THE MILLION
_By_ ALFRED PINK
AUTHOR OF "RECIPES FOR THE MILLION."
T. FISHER UNWIN
PREFACE.
It is with the object of stimulating the cultivation of gardens still
more beautiful than those generally to be met with that the present
volume has been written. It has not been thought necessary to repeat
in each case the times when the seeds of the various flowers and
plants are to be sown. A careful attention to the remarks made
under the headings of "Annuals," "Biennials," "Perennials," and
"Seed-Sowing" will supply all the information needed. That the work
may prove useful to those at least who supervise their own gardens is
the sincere wish of the author.
DULWICH.
GARDENING FOR THE MILLION
A
Aaron's Rod.--_See_ "Solidago."
Abelia.--Very ornamental evergreen shrubs, bearing tubular,
funnel-shaped flowers. They succeed in any ordinary soil if the
situation is warm and sheltered, and are readily raised by cuttings.
Height, 3 ft. to 4 ft.
Abies _(Spruce Firs)_.--Among these ornamental conifers mention may be
made of the beautiful Japanese Spruce Ajanensis, which grows freely
in most soils and has dual-coloured leaves--dark green on the upper
surface and silvery white underneath; this makes a grand single
specimen anywhere. The White Spruce (_Abies Alba Glauca_) is a rapid
grower, but while it is small makes a lovely show in the border; it
prefers a moist situation. Of the slow-growing and dwarf varieties
Gregorii is a favourite. The Caerulea, or Blue Spruce, is also very
beautiful. Clanbrasiliana is a good lawn shrub, never exceeding 4 ft.
in height. The Pigmy Spruce (_A. Pygmea_) is the smallest of all firs,
only attaining the height of 1 ft. Any of these may be increased by
cuttings.
Abronia.--Handsome half-hardy annual trailers. Grow in sandy peat and
multiply by root division. Flowers in April. Height, 4 in. to 6 in.
Abutilon.--Evergreen greenhouse shrubs of great beauty and easy
cultivation. May be raised from seed, or by cuttings of young shoots
placed in spring or summer in sand under glass, or with a bottom heat.
Cut the old plants back in January, and when new shoots appear re-pot
the plants. Height, 5 ft. to 8 ft.
Acacia.--Winter and spring flowering greenhouse shrubs with charming
flowers and graceful foliage. May be grown from seed, which should be
soaked in warm water for twenty-four hours, or they may be propagated
by layers, cuttings placed in heat, or suckers. They like a rich sandy
loam soil. Height, 2 ft. to 3 ft.
Acæna.--These shrubby plants are herbaceous and mostly hardy, of a
creeping nature, fast growers, and suitable for dry banks or rough
stony places. They flourish best in sandy loam and peat, and may be
increased by cuttings placed under glass. The flowers, which are
green, are produced in May. The height of the various kinds varies
from 3 in. to 2 ft.
Acantholimon Glumaceum _(Prickly Thrift)_.--This is a frame evergreen
perennial, thriving in any light, rich soil. It can be increased by
dividing the roots. In May it puts forth its rose-coloured flowers.
Height, 3 in.
Acanthus.--A coarse, yet stately hardy perennial, which has large
ornamental foliage, and flowers in August. It is not particular as to
soil or situation, but free space should be given it. Will grow from
seed sown from March to midsummer, or in August or September in a
sheltered situation. Will also bear dividing. Height, 3 ft.
Acer (_Maple_).--Very vigorous plants, suitable when young for pots,
and afterwards for the shrubbery. The A. Negundo Variegata has silvery
variegated leaves, which contrast effectively with dark foliage,
Campestre Colchicum Rubrum, with its bright crimson palmate leaves,
is very ornamental, as is also Negundo Californicum Aurem, with its
golden-yellow foliage. The Maple grows best in a sandy loam. It may be
increased by cuttings planted in a shaded situation, or by layers, but
the choice varieties are best raised from seed sown as soon as it is
ripe.
Achillea Ptarmica (_Sneezewort_).--A pure white hardy perennial which
blooms in August. The dried leaves, powdered, produce sneezing.
Any soil. Best increased by rooted off-sets. Flowers from July to
September. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
Achimenes.--Fine plants, suitable for the greenhouse, sitting-room, or
hanging baskets. Plant six tubers in a 5-in. pot, with their growing
ends inclining to the centre and the roots to the edge of the pot, and
cover them an inch deep with a compost of peat, loam, and leaf-mould,
or a light, sandy soil. Keep them well supplied with liquid manure
while in a growing state. Height, 6 in. to 2-1/2 ft.
Aconite (_Monk's-Hood or Wolf's-Bane_).--Very pretty and very hardy,
and succeeds under the shade of trees; but being very poisonous should
not be grown where there are children. Increased by division or
by seeds. Flowers June to July. Height, 4 ft. (_See also_ "Winter
Aconites.")
Acorus (_Sweet Flag)._--A hardy bog plant, having an abundance of
light-coloured evergreen foliage. It will grow in any wet soil.
Height, 2 ft.
Acroclinium.--Daisy-like everlastings. Half-hardy annuals suitable
for cutting during summer, and for winter bouquets. Sow in pots in
February or March, cover lightly with fine soil, plunge the pot in
gentle heat, place a square of glass on the top, and gradually harden
off. Seed may also be sown in the open during May or in autumn for
early flowering. Height, 1 ft.
Acrophyllum Verticillatum.--A greenhouse evergreen shrub. It will grow
in any soil, and may be increased by cuttings of half-ripened wood.
March is its flowering season. Height, 3 ft.
Acrotis.--These are mostly hardy herbaceous plants from South Africa.
The soil should consist of two parts loam and one part leaf-mould, and
the situation should be dry and sunny. Seed may be sown early in March
in gentle heat, and the plants grown on in a cold frame till May, when
they may be planted out a foot apart. They will flower at midsummer.
Winter in a warm greenhouse. Height, 2 ft. Some few are of a creeping
nature.
Actaea Spicata (_Bane Berry_).--A hardy herbaceous perennial which
delights in a shady position, and will even grow under trees. It is
increased by division of the roots, or it may readily be raised from
seed in ordinary soil. May is its flowering month. Height, 3 ft.
Actinella Grandiflora.--A showy herbaceous plant, bearing large
orange-coloured flowers in July. It is not particular as to soil, and
is increased by dividing the roots. Height, 1 ft.
Actinomeris Squarrosa.--This hardy and ornamental herbaceous plant
bears heads of bright yellow flowers, resembling small sunflowers,
from June to August. It thrives in any loamy soil, and is easily
increased by dividing the root. Height, 4 ft.
Adam's Needle.--_See_ "Yucca."
Adenandra Fragrans.--An evergreen shrub suitable for the greenhouse.
It thrives best in a mixture of sandy peat and turfy loam. Cuttings
of the young branches stuck in sand will strike. It flowers in June.
Height, 3 ft.
Adenophora Lilifolia.--Pretty hardy perennials suitable for the
border. Produce drooping pale blue flowers on branching spikes in
July. Any soil suits them. They may be grown from seed, but will not
allow being divided at the root. Height, 1 ft.
Adlumia Cirrhosa.--Interesting hardy climbers. Will grow in any soil,
and are readily increased by seeds sown in a damp situation. Require
the support of stakes. Bloom in August. Height, 15 ft.
Adonis Flos.--Showy crimson summer flowers, requiring only the
simplest treatment of hardy annuals. Sow in March or April in the open
border. Height, 1 ft.
Adonis Pyrenaica.--A rare but charming Pyrenean perennial species,
with thick ornamental foliage, and producing large golden-yellow
flowers from May to July. It needs no special treatment. Height, 1-1/2
ft.
Adonis Vernalis.--A favourite hardy perennial, which grows freely from
seed in any garden soil. It may also be increased by dividing the
roots. Height, 1 ft.
Æthionema Cordifolium.--This little Alpine plant is a hardy evergreen
that is very suitable for rock-work, as it will grow in any soil. Its
rose-hued flowers are produced in June. It may be propagated by seeds
or cuttings. Height, 3 in.
Agapanthus (_African Lily_).--This is a noble plant, which succeeds
well in the open if placed in a rich, deep, moist loam in a sunny
situation or in partial shade. In pots it requires a strong loamy soil
with plenty of manure. Throughout the summer the pots should stand
in pans of water. Re-pot in March. Give it plenty of pot room, say a
9-in. pot for each plant. In winter protect from severe frost, and
give but very little water. The flowers are both lovely and showy,
being produced during August in great bunches on stems 3 ft. high. The
plant is nearly hardy. Several growing together in a large tub produce
a fine effect. It is increased by dividing the root while in a dormant
state.
Ageratum.--Effective half-hardy annual bedding plants, thriving best
in a light, rich soil. Seed should be sown in heat in February or
March. Cuttings root freely under glass. Height, 1-1/2 ft. There is a
dwarf variety suitable for ribbon borders and edgings. Height, 6 in.
Agricultural Seeds.--Required per statute acre.
Carrot 5 to 6 lb. Cabbage (to transplant) 1" Cabbage (to drill) 2 to
3" Kohl Rabi (to drill) 2 to 3" Lucerne 16 to 20" Mangold Wurtzel 5
to 7" Mustard (Broadcast) 10 to 20" Rape or Cole 4 to 6" Rye Grass,
Italian 3 bus. Rye Grass, Perennial 2" Sainfoin 4" Tares, or Vetches
3" Turnip, Swedish 3 lb. Turnip, Common 2 to 3" Trifolium 16 to 20"
Agrostemma.--A hardy annual that is very pretty when in flower;
suitable for borders. Flourishes in any soil, and is easily raised
from seed sown in spring. Blooms in June and July. There are also
perennial varieties: these are increased by division of the root.
Height, 1 ft. to 3 ft.
Agrostis.--A very elegant and graceful species of Bent-Grass. It is a
hardy annual, and is largely used for bouquets. Sow the seed in March.
Height, 1 ft. to 1-1/2 ft.
Ajuga Reptans.--A hardy herbaceous perennial, suitable for the front
of borders. It will grow in any soil, and may be propagated by seeds
or division. May is its flowering season. Height, 6 in.
Akebia Quinata.--This greenhouse evergreen twining plant delights in a
soil of loam and peat; flowers in March, and is increased by dividing
the roots. Height, 10 ft.
Alchemilla Alpina (_Lady's Mantle_).--A useful hardy perennial for
rock-work. It will grow in any soil, if not too wet, and may be
increased by seed sown in the spring or early autumn, or by dividing
the roots. It flowers in June. Height, 1 ft.
Allium Descendens.--A hardy, bulbous perennial. Plant in October or
November in any garden soil, and the flowers will be borne in July.
Height, 1 ft.
Allium Neapolitanum.--This is popularly known as the "Star." It bears
large heads of pure white flowers, and is suitable for borders, pots,
or forcing in a cool house. Any common soil suits it. It is increased
by off-sets. Being one of our earliest spring flowers, the bulbs
should be planted early in autumn. Height, 1 ft.
Allspice.--_See_ "Calycanthus" and "Chimonanthus."
Alonsoa.--A pretty and free-blooming half-hardy annual, which produces
fine spikes of orange-scarlet flowers in June. It is multiplied by
cuttings or seeds. Height, 1 ft. to 1-1/2 ft.
Aloysia Citriodora.--This favourite lemon-scented verbena should be
grown in rich mould. If grown in the open, it should be trained to a
wall facing south, and in winter the roots need protecting with a heap
of ashes and the branches to be tied up with matting. It is increased
by cuttings planted in sand. August is its flowering season. Height, 3
ft.
Alsine Rosani.--This pretty little herbaceous plant, with its cushions
of green growth, makes a very fine display on rock-work or in any
shady position. Ordinary soil suits; it is of easy culture, and
flowers during June and July. Height, 3 in.
Alstromeria (_Peruvian Lilies_).--These beautiful summer-flowering
hardy perennials produce large heads of lily-like blossoms in great
profusion, which are invaluable for cutting for vase decorations as
the bloom lasts a long time in water. Plant in autumn 6 in. deep in a
well-drained sunny situation, preferably on a south border. Protect
in winter with a covering of leaves or litter. They may be grown from
seed sown as soon as it is ripe in sandy loam. They bloom in July.
Height, 2 ft. to 3 ft.
Alternantheras.--Cuttings of this greenhouse herbaceous plant may be
struck in autumn, though they are usually taken from the old plants in
spring. Insert them singly in 4-1/2-in. pots filled with coarse sand,
loam, and leaf-mould. When rooted, place them near the glass, and keep
the temperature moist and at 60 degrees or 65 degrees, then they will
flower in July. Height, 4 in. to 1 ft.
Althea--_See_ "Hibiscus."
Alyssum.--Well adapted for rock-work or the front of flower-beds,
and is best sown in autumn. The annual, or Sweet Alyssum, bears an
abundance of scented white flowers in June, and on to the end of
September. The hardy perennial, Saxatile (commonly called Gold Dust),
bears yellow flowers in spring. Height, 6 in.
Amaranthus.--The foliage of these half-hardy annual plants are
extremely beautiful, some being carmine, others green and crimson,
some yellow, red, and green. They are very suitable either for bedding
or pot plants. Sow the seed early in spring in gentle heat, and plant
out in May or June in very rich soil. If put into pots, give plenty of
room for the roots and keep well supplied with water. Flower in July
and August. Height, 1-1/2 ft. to 6 ft.
Amaryllis.--These plants bear large drooping bell-shaped lily-like
blossoms. They thrive best in a compost of turfy loam and peat, with
a fair quantity of sand. The pots must in all cases be well drained.
Most of the stove and greenhouse species should be turned out of their
pots in autumn, and laid by in a dry place until spring, when they
should be re-potted and kept liberally supplied with water. A.
Reticulata and A. Striatifolia bloom best, however, when undisturbed.
Discontinue watering when the foliage shows signs of failing, but
avoid shrivelling the leaves. The hardy varieties should be planted
6 in. deep in light, well--drained soil, and allowed to remain
undisturbed for two or three years, when they will probably require
thinning out. They are increased by off-sets from the bulbs.
The Belladonna (_Belladonna Lily_) should be planted in June in a
sheltered border in rich, well-drained soil.
Formosissima (_the Scarlet Jacobean Lily_) is a gem for the
greenhouse, and very suitable for forcing, as it will bloom two or
three times in a season. It should be potted in February.
Lutea (_Sternbergia)_ flowers in autumn. Plant 4 in. deep from October
to December.
Purpurea (_Vallota Purpurea or Scarborough Lily_) is a very beautiful
free bloomer. October and November or March and April are the most
favourable times for potting, but established plants should be
re-potted in June or July.
Ambrosia Mexicana.--A hardy annual of the simplest culture. Sow the
seed in spring in any fine garden soil. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
American Plants.--These thrive most in a peat or bog soil, but where
this cannot be obtained a good fertile loam, with a dressing of fresh
cow manure once in two years, may be used; or leaf-mould and soil from
the surface of pasture land, in the proportions of three parts of the
former to one of the latter. The soil should be chopped up and used
in a rough condition. Sickly plants with yellowish foliage may be
restored by applying liquid manure once a week during the month of
July. A light top-dressing of cow manure applied annually, and keeping
the roots free from stagnant water, will preserve the plants in good
health.
Ammobium.--Pretty hardy perennials which may be very easily raised
from seed on a sandy soil. Flower in June. Height, 2 ft.
Ampelopsis.--Handsome and rapid climbers, with noble foliage, some
changing to a deep crimson in autumn. The Veitchii clings to the wall
without nailing, and produces a profusion of lovely leaves which
change colour. Any of the varieties may be grown in common garden
soil, and may be increased by layers.
Anagallis (_Pimpernel_.)--Very pretty. Sow the hardy annuals in the
open early in March; the biennials or half-hardy perennials in pots in
a greenhouse or a frame, and plant out when strong enough. May also be
increased by cuttings planted in ordinary soil under glass. Flower in
July. Height, 6 in.
Anchusa.--Anchusa Capensis is best raised in a frame and treated as
a greenhouse plant, though in reality it is a hardy perennial. The
annual and biennial kinds succeed well if sown in the open in rich
soil. All are ornamental and open their flowers in June. Height, 1-1/2
ft. (_See also_ "Bugloss.")
Andromeda.--An ornamental evergreen shrub, commonly known as the Marsh
Cystus, and thriving in a peat soil with partial shade. May be grown
from seed sown directly it is ripe and only lightly covered with
soil, as the seed rots if too much mould is placed over it. Place the
seedlings in a cold frame and let them have plenty of air. It is
more generally increased by layers in September, which must not be
disturbed for a year. Drought will kill it, so the roots must never be
allowed to get dry. It flowers in April and May. Height, 2 ft.
Androsace.--Pretty little plants, mostly hardy, but some require the
protection of a frame. They grow best in small pots in a mixture
of turfy loam and peat. Water them very cautiously. They flower at
different seasons, some blooming as early as April, while others do
not put forth flower till August. They can be increased by division as
well as by seed. Height, 6 in.
Anemones.--These are highly ornamental, producing a brilliant display
of flowers. The scarlets make very effective beds. They are mostly
hardy, and may be grown in any moist, light, rich garden soil,
preferably mixed with a good proportion of silver sand. They should
occupy a sunny and well-drained situation. For early spring flowering
plant from October to December, placing the tubers 2-1/2 or 3 in. deep
and 4 or 5 in. apart, with a trowelful of manure under each plant, but
not touching them. A little sea sand or salt mixed with the soil is a
preventive of mildew. If planted in February and March they will
bloom from April to June. They are increased by seeds, divisions, or
off-sets; the greenhouse varieties from cuttings in light loam under
glass. The tubers will not keep long out of the ground. In growing
from seed choose seeds from single-flowering plants; sow in March
where they are intended to flower 1 in. deep and 9 in. apart; cover
with leaf-mould. Two or three sowings may be made also during the
summer. Height, 6 in. to 2 ft.
Anemonopsis Macrophylla.--A rather scarce but remarkably handsome
perennial, producing lilac-purple flowers with yellow stamens in July
and August. It will grow in ordinary soil, and may be increased by
division. Height, 2 ft.
Angelonia Grandiflora Alba.--An elegant and graceful greenhouse plant,
giving forth a delicious aromatic odour. It grows best in a compost
of turfy loam and peat, but thrives in any light, rich soil. Take
cuttings during summer, place them under glass, but give a little air
occasionally. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
Annuals.--Plants of this description arrive at maturity, bloom,
produce seed, and die in one season.
_Hardy_.--The seed should be sown thinly in the open borders
during March, April, or May in fine soil, covering slightly with
well-prepared mould--very small seeds require merely a dusting over
them. When the plants are large enough to handle, thin them out
boldly, to allow them to develop their true character. By this means
strong and sturdy plants are produced and their flowering properties
are enhanced. Many of the hardy annuals may be sown in August and
September for spring flowering, and require little or no protection
from frost.
_Half-Hardy._--These are best sown in boxes 2 or 3 in. deep during
February and March, and placed on a slight hotbed, or in a greenhouse
at a temperature of about 60 degrees. The box should be nearly
filled with equal parts of good garden soil and coarse silver sand,
thoroughly mixed, and have holes at the bottom for drainage. Scatter
the seeds thinly and evenly over the soil and cover very lightly. Very
small seeds, such as lobelia and musk, should not be covered by earth,
but a sheet of glass over the box is beneficial, as it keeps the
moisture from evaporating too quickly. Should watering become
necessary, care must be taken that the seeds are not washed out. As
soon as the young plants appear, remove the glass and place them near
the light, where gentle ventilation can be given them to prevent long
and straggly growth. Harden off gradually, but do not plant out until
the weather is favourable. Seed may also be sown in a cold frame in
April, or in the open border during May; or the plants may be raised
in the windows of the sitting-room.
_Tender_.--These must be sown on a hotbed, or in rather stronger heat
than is necessary for half-hardy descriptions. As soon as they are
large enough to be shifted, prick them off into small pots, gradually
potting them on into larger sizes until the flowering size is reached.
Anomatheca Cruenta.--This produces an abundance of bright red flowers
with a dark blotch and a low growth of grass-like foliage. It is
suitable for either vases, edges, or groups. Plant the bulbs in autumn
in a mixture of loam and peat, and the plants will flower in July.
They require a slight protection from frost. If the seed is set as
soon as it is ripe it produces bulbs which will flower the following
year. Height, 6 in.
Antennaria.--Hardy perennial plants, requiring a rich, light soil.
They flower in June and July, and may be increased by cuttings or
division. The heights of the various kinds range from 3 in. to 2 ft.
Anthemis Tinctoria (_Yellow Marguerites_).--These perennials are
almost hardy, needing protection merely in severe weather. They are
readily raised from seed sown in gentle heat early in spring or by
slips during the summer months. Transplant into light soil. As pot
plants they are very effective. June is their flowering period.
Height, 1-1/2 ft.
Anthericum Liliago (_St. Bernard's Lily_).--One of the finest of hardy
plants, and easy to grow. Planted in deep, free, sandy soil, it will
grow vigorously, and in early summer throw up spikes of snowy-white,
lily-like blossoms from 2 to 3 feet in height. It may be divided every
three or four years, but should not be disturbed oftener. Mulching in
early springtime is advantageous.
Anthericum Liliastrum _(St. Bruno's Lily_).--This hardy perennial is a
profuse bloomer, throwing up spikes of starry white flowers from May
to July. Treat in the same manner as the foregoing. Height, 2 ft.
Anthoxanthum Gracila.--Sweet vernal grass. It is graceful and
ornamental, and is used for edgings. Sow in spring, keeping the seed
moist until it germinates. Height, 6 in.
Anthyllis Montana.--A fine hardy perennial for rock-work. It is of a
procumbent habit, and has a woody nature. A vegetable soil is best
suited for its growth, and its roots should be in contact with large
stones. It may be increased by cuttings taken in spring and planted in
the shade in leaf-mould. It flowers at midsummer. Height, 6 in.
Antirrhinum (_Snapdragon_).--Handsome hardy perennials; most effective
in beds or borders. They stand remarkably well both drought and
excessive rainfall, and succeed in any common soil. Seeds sown early
in spring produce flowers the same year. For spring bedding, sow in
July; keep the young plants in a cold frame, and plant out in March or
April. Choice sorts may be plentifully increased by cuttings taken in
July or August. Flower from July to September. Height, 1-1/2 ft. to 2
ft.
Ants in Gardens.--Contrary to general belief, ants do more good
than harm to a garden; but as they are unsightly on flowers, it is
advisable to tie a little wool round the stems of standard roses and
other things upon which they congregate. They will not crawl over the
wool. A little sulphur sprinkled over a plant will keep them from it;
while wall-fruit, etc., may be kept free from them by surrounding it
with a broad band of chalk. Should they become troublesome on account
of their numbers a strong decoction of elder leaves poured into the
nest will destroy them; or a more expeditious method of getting rid of
them is to put gunpowder in their nests and fire it with a piece of
touch-paper tied on to a long stick.
Aotus Gracillima.--A charming and graceful evergreen shrub, whose
slender branches are covered with small pea-like flowers in May. It is
most suitable for the greenhouse, and delights in a soil of loamy peat
and sand. Cuttings of half-ripened wood planted under glass will take
root. Height, 3 ft.
Aphides, or plant-lice, make their presence known by the plant
assuming an unhealthy appearance, the leaves curling up, etc.
Frequently swarms of ants (which feed upon the aphides) are found
beneath the plants attacked. Syringe the plant all over repeatedly
with gas-tar water, or with tobacco or lime-water. The lady-bird is
their natural enemy.
Apios Tuberosa (_Glycine Apios_).--An American climbing plant which
produces in the autumn bunches of purple flowers of an agreeable
odour. The foliage is light and elegant. The plant is quite hardy. It
enjoys a light soil and a good amount of sunshine. It may be increased
by separating the tubers after the tops have died down, and planting
them while they are fresh. Height, 12 ft.
Aponogeton.--_See_ "Aquatics."
Apples.--Apples delight in a moist, cool climate. All apples will not
succeed on the same soil, some preferring clay, while others grow best
in sandy loam or in well-drained peat. For a deep, good soil and a
sheltered situation the standard form grafted on the Crab-apple is
generally considered to be the most profitable. For shallow soils it
is better to graft on to the Paradise stock, as its roots do not run
down so low as the Crab. The ground, whether deep or shallow, should
receive a good mulching in the autumn; that on the deep soil being dug
in at the approach of spring, while that on the shallow soil should
be removed in the spring to allow the ground to be lightly forked and
sweetened, replacing the manure when the dry, hot weather sets in. The
best time to perform the grafting is March, and it should be done
on the whip-handle system, particulars of which will be found under
"Grafting." Young trees may be planted in the autumn, as soon as the
leaves have fallen. Budding is done in August, just in the same manner
as roses. In spring head back to the bud; a vigorous shoot will then
be produced, which can be trained as desired. Apples need very little
pruning, it being merely necessary to remove branches growing in the
wrong direction; but this should be done annually, while the branches
are young--either at the end of July or in winter. If moss makes its
appearance, scrape it off and wash the branches with hot lime. The
following sorts may be specially recommended:--For heavy soils,
Duchess of Oldenburgh, equally suitable for cooking or dessert;
Warner's King, one of the best for mid-season; and King of the
Pippins, a handsome and early dessert apple. For light, warm soils,
Cox's Orange Pippin or Bess Pool. The Devonshire Quarrenden is a
delicious apple, and will grow on any good soil. In orchards standards
should stand 40 ft. apart each way, and dwarfs from 10 ft. to 15 ft.
Apricots.--Early in November is the most favourable time for planting
Apricots. The soil--good, sound loam for preference--should be dug 3
ft. deep, and mixed with one-fourth its quantity of rotten leaves and
one-fourth old plaster refuse. Place a substratum of bricks below each
tree and tread the earth very firmly round the roots. They will not
need any manure until they are fruiting, when a little may be applied
in a weak liquid form, but a plentiful supply of water should be given
during spring and summer months. The fan shape is undoubtedly the best
way of training the branches, as it allows a ready means of tucking
small yew branches between them to protect the buds from the cold.
They may be grown on their own roots by planting the stone, but a
quicker way to obtain fruit is to bud them on to vigorous seedling
plum trees. This should be done in August, inserting the bud on
the north or north-west side of the stem and as near the ground as
possible. To obtain prime fruit, thin the fruit-buds out to a distance
of 6 in. one from the other. In the spring any leaf-buds not required
for permanent shoots can be pinched back to three or four leaves
to form spurs. The Apricot is subject to a sort of paralysis, the
branches dying off suddenly. The only remedy for this seems to be to
prevent premature vegetation. The following are good sorts: Moor Park,
Grosse Peche, Royal St. Ambroise, Kaisha, Powell's Late, and Oullin's
Early. In plantations they should stand 20 ft. apart.
Aquatics.--All aquatics grow best in wicker-baskets filled with earth.
Cover the surface of the earth with hay-bands twisted backwards and
forwards and round the plant, and lace it down with tarred string, so
as to keep the earth and plant from being washed out. The following
make good plants:--White Water Lily (_Nymphaea Alba_) in deep water
with muddy bottom; Yellow Water Lily (_Nuphar Lutea_); and Nuphar
Advena, having yellow and red flowers; Hottonia Palustris, bearing
flesh-coloured flowers, and Alismas, or Water Plantain, with white,
and purple and white flowers. Water Forget-me-nots (_Myosotis
Palustris_) flourish on the edges of ponds or rivers. The Water
Hawthorn (_Aponogetou Distachyon_) does well in a warm, sheltered
position, and may be grown in loam, plunged in a pan of water.
Calla Ethiopica bears pretty white flowers, so also does the
before-mentioned Aponogeton Distachyon. The Flowering Rush (_Butomus
Umbellatus_), produces fine heads of pink flowers. The Water Violet
merely needs to be laid on the surface of the water; the roots float.
For shallow water Menyanthus Trifoliata (Three-leaved Buckbean) and
Typha Latifolia (Broad-leaved Cat's Tail) are suitable. Weeping
Willows grow readily from cuttings of ripened shoots, planted in moist
soil in autumn. Spiraea does well in moist situations, near water.
Aquatics are propagated by seed sown under water: many will allow of
root-division. Tender Aquatics are removed in winter to warm-water
tanks.
Aquilegia (_Columbine_).--Very ornamental and easily-grown hardy
perennials. Sow seed in March in sandy soil, under glass, and
transplant when strong enough. Common garden soil suits them. The
roots may be divided in spring or autumn. The flowers are produced
from May to July. Height, 2 ft.
Arabis Alpina (_Rock Cress, or Snow in Summer_).--Pure white hardy
perennial, which is valuable for spring bedding. Not particular to
soil, and easily raised from seed sown from March to June, placed
under a frame, and transplanted in the autumn, or it may be propagated
by slips, but more surely by rootlets taken after the plants have done
flowering. Plant 3 in. apart. Height, 6 in.
Aralia (_Fatsia Japonica_).--Fine foliage plants, very suitable for a
shady situation in a living-room. They may be raised from seed sown
in autumn in a gentle heat, in well-drained pots of light sandy soil.
Keep the mould moist, and when the plants are large enough to handle,
pot them off singly in thumb pots, using rich, light, sandy soil. Do
not pot too firmly. Keep them moist, but do not over water, especially
in winter, and re-pot as the plants increase in size. Be careful not
to let the sun shine on them at any time, as this would cause the
leaves to lose their fresh colour.
Aralia Sieboldi (_Fig Palm_).--This shrub is an evergreen, and is
generally given stove culture, though it proves quite hardy in the
open, where its large deep-green leaves acquire a beauty surpassing
those grown indoors. Slips of half-ripened wood taken at a joint in
July may be struck in heat and for the first year grown on in the
greenhouse. The young plants should be hardened off and planted out
in May in a sunny situation. It should be grown in well-drained sandy
loam. Is increased also by off-sets, and blooms (if at all) in July.
Height, 3 ft.
Aralia Sinensis. _See_ "Dimorphantus."
Araucaria Imbricata (_The Monkey Puzzle, or Chilian Pine_).--This
strikingly handsome conifer is very suitable for a forecourt or for
a single specimen on grass. Young plants are sometimes grown in the
conservatory and in the borders of shrubberies, as well as in the
centres of beds. It requires a good stiff sandy loam, which must be
well drained, and plenty of room for root action should be allowed.
Young plants are obtained from seed sown in good mellow soil. Water
sparingly, especially during the winter.
Arbor Vitae. _See_ "Thuya."
Arbutus (_Strawberry Tree_).--Elegant evergreen shrubs with dark
foliage of great beauty during October and November, when they produce
an abundance of pearly-white flowers, and the fruit of the previous
year is ripe. A. Unedo is particularly charming. They flourish in the
open in sandy loam. The dwarfs are increased by layers, the rest by
seeds or by budding on each other.
Arctostaphylos.--These evergreen shrubs need the same treatment as
Arbutos. A. Uva-ursi, or Creeping Arbutos, is a pretty prostrate
evergreen, which flowers in May, and is only 3 in. high.
Arctotis.--A showy and interesting half-hardy annual. Raise the seed
in a frame in March, and transplant in May. It succeeds best in a
mixture of loam and peat. It flowers in June. Height, 1 ft.
Arctotis Grandis.--A very handsome, half-hardy annual producing large
daisy-like flowers on long wiry stems, the upper part being white and
the base yellow and lilac, while the reverse of the petals are of
a light lilac. The seed should be sown early in spring on a slight
hot-bed, and the plants potted off, when sufficiently strong, using a
rich, light mould. They may be transferred to the border as soon as
all fear of frost is over. Height, 2-1/2 ft.
Ardisia Japonica.--An evergreen shrub which delights in a mixture of
loam and peat. Cuttings will strike if planted in sand under glass
with a little bottom heat. It flowers in July. Height, 6 ft.
Arenaria Balearica (_Sand Wort_).--A hardy evergreen trailing plant of
easy culture, provided it is favoured with a sandy soil. Its cushions
of white flowers are produced in July, and it may be increased by seed
or division. Height, 3 in. It is a beautiful plant for moist, shady
rock-work.
Argemone.--Interesting hardy annuals, succeeding well in any common
garden soil. Are increased by suckers or by seed sown in spring.
Height, 6 in. to 3 ft.
Aristolochia Sipho (_Dutchman's Pipe_).--This hardy, deciduous climber
grows best in peat and sandy loam with the addition of a little dung.
It may be raised from cuttings placed in sand under glass. Height, 30
ft.
Armeria (_Thrift_).--Handsome hardy perennials for rock-work or pots.
They require an open, rich, sandy soil. Bloom June to September.
Height, 1-1/2 ft.
Arnebia.--Ornamental hardy annuals, closely allied to the Anchusa.
The seeds are sown in the open in spring, and flowers are produced in
July. Height, 2 ft. There is also a dwarf hardy perennial variety (_A.
Echioides_) known as the Prophet's Flower, growing about 1 ft. high,
and flowering early in summer. It needs no special treatment.
Artemisia Annua.--Pretty hardy annuals, the silvery leaves of the
plant being very effective on rock-work. Sow the seed in spring where
it is to flower. Height, 6 ft.
Artemisia Arborea. _See_ "Southernwood."
Artemisia Villarsii.--A hardy perennial whose graceful sprays of
finely-cut silvery foliage are very useful for mixing with cut
flowers. It may be grown from seed on any soil, and the roots bear
dividing; flowers from June to August. Height, 2 ft.
Artichokes.--The Jerusalem variety will flourish in light sandy soil
where few other things will grow. Plant the tubers in March, 6 in.
deep and 12 in. apart in rows 3 ft. asunder, and raise and store them
in November. The Globe variety is increased by off-sets taken in
March. Set them in deeply manured ground in threes, at least 2 ft.
apart and 4 ft. from row to row. Keep them well watered, and the
ground between them loose. They bear best when two or three years old.
Arum Lilies.--In warm districts these beautiful plants may be grown
in damp places out of doors, with a south aspect and a background of
shrubs, though, not being thoroughly hardy, it is safer to grow them
in pots. They may be raised from seed in boxes of leaf-mould and sand,
covering them with glass, and keeping them well watered. As soon as
they can be handled, transplant them into small pots, and pot on as
they increase in size. They may also be increased by the small shoots
that form round the base of the corms, using a compost of loam,
leaf-mould, and sand, with a little crushed charcoal. In June
transplant them in the open to ripen their corms, and in August
put them carefully into 6-in. pots filled with the above-mentioned
compost. They need at all times a good amount of moisture, especially
at such times as they are removed from one soil to another. At the
same time, it is necessary to procure good drainage. It is well to
feed them every other day with weak liquid manure. A temperature of 55
degrees throughout the winter is quite sufficient. When grown in the
open, the bulbs should be placed 3 in. below the soil, with a little
silver sand beneath each, and not be disturbed oftener than once in
four years. Three or four may stand a foot apart. Stake neatly the
flower stems. They flower from September to June.
Arums.--Remarkably handsome plants with fine foliage and curious
inflorescence more or less enclosed in a hooded spathe, which is
generally richly coloured and marked. They are hardy, easily grown in
any soil (a good sandy one is preferable), and flower in July. Height,
1-1/2 ft. (_See also_ "Calla.")
Asarum Europaeum.--This curious hardy perennial will grow in almost
any soil, and may be increased by taking off portions of the root
early in autumn, placing them in small pots till the beginning of
spring, then planting them out. It produces its purple flowers in May.
Height, 9 in.
Asclepias (_Swallow-Wort_).--Showy hardy perennials which require
plenty of room to develop. They may be grown from seed sown in August
or April, or can be increased by division of the root. A very light
soil is needed, and plenty of sunshine. Flowers are produced in July.
Height, 1 ft. to 2-1/2 ft.
Asparagus.--Sow in March or April, in rich light soil, allowing the
plants to remain in the seed-beds until the following spring; then
transplant into beds thoroughly prepared by trenching the ground 3 ft.
deep, and mixing about a foot thick of well-rotted manure and a good
proportion of broken bones and salt with the soil. The plants should
stand 2 ft. apart. In dry weather water liberally with liquid manure,
and fork in a good supply of manure every autumn. Give protection in
winter. The plants should not be cut for use until they become strong
and throw up fine grass, and cutting should not be continued late in
the season. April is a good time for making new beds. The roots should
be planted as soon as possible after they are lifted, as exposure to
the air is very injurious to them.
Asparagus Plumosus Nanus is a greenhouse variety, bearing fern-like
foliage. The seeds should be sown in slight heat early in spring.
Asparagus Sprengeri.--This delightful greenhouse climber is seen to
best advantage when suspended in a hanging basket, but it also makes
an attractive plant when grown on upright sticks, or on trellis-work.
It is useful for cut purposes, lasting a long time in this state,
and is fast taking the place of ferns, its light and elegant foliage
making it a general favourite. It should be grown in rich, light
mould, and may be propagated by seed or division. The roots should not
be kept too wet, especially in cold weather.
Asperula (_Woodruff_).--A. Azurea Setosa is a pretty, light-blue
hardy annual, which is usually sown in the open in autumn for early
flowering; if sown in the spring it will bloom in June or July. A.
Odorata is a hardy perennial, merely needing ordinary treatment. It is
serviceable for perfuming clothes, etc. Asperulas thrive in a moist
soil, and grow well under the shade of trees. Height, 1 ft.
Asphalte Paths.--Sift coarse gravel so as to remove the dusty portion,
and mix it with boiling tar in the proportion of 25 gallons to each
load. Spread it evenly, cover the surface with a layer of spar,
shells, or coarse sand, and roll it in before the tar sets.
Asphodelus.--Bold hardy herbaceous plants; fine for borders; will grow
in common soil, and flower between May and August. Increased by young
plants taken from the roots. Height, 2-1/2 ft. to 4 ft.
Aspidistra.--This greenhouse herbaceous perennial is a drawing-room
palm, and is interesting from the fact that it produces its flowers
beneath the surface of the soil. It thrives in any fairly good mould,
but to grow it to perfection it should be accommodated with three
parts loam, one part leaf-mould, and one part sand. It will do in any
position, but is best shaded from the midday sun. It may be increased
by suckers, or by dividing the roots in April, May, or June. Supply
the plant freely with water, especially when root-bound. When dusty,
the leaves should be sponged with tepid milk and water--a teacup of
the former to a gallon of the latter. This imparts a gloss to the
leaves. A poor sandy soil is more suitable for the variegated kind, as
this renders the variegation more constant. Height, 1 ft. to 2 ft.
Asters.--This splendid class of half-hardy annuals has been vastly
improved by both French and German cultivators. Speaking generally,
the flowers of the French section resemble the chrysanthemum, and
those of the German the paeony. They all delight in a very rich, light
soil, and need plenty of room from the commencement of their growth.
The first sowing may be made in February or March, on a gentle hotbed,
followed by others at about fourteen days' interval. The seeds are
best sown in shallow drills and lightly covered with soil, then
pressed down by a board. Prick out the seedlings 2 in. apart, and
plant them out about the middle of May in a deeply-manured bed. If
plant food be given it must be forked in lightly, as the Aster is very
shallow-rooting, and it should be discontinued when the buds appear.
For exhibition purposes remove the middle bud, mulch the ground with
some good rotten soil from an old turf heap, and occasionally give a
little manure water.
Astilbe.--Ornamental, hardy herbaceous perennials, with large handsome
foliage, and dense plumes of flowers, requiring a peaty soil for their
successful cultivation. They may be grown from seed sown in July or
August, or may be increased by division. They flower at the end of
July. The varieties vary in height, some growing as tall as 6 ft.
Astragalus Alpinus.--A hardy perennial bearing bluish-purple flowers.
It will grow in any decent soil, and can be propagated from seed sown
in spring or autumn, or by division. Height, 6 ft.
Astragalus Hypoglottis.--A hardy deciduous trailing plant, producing
purple flowers in July. Sow the seed early in spring on a moderate
hotbed, and plant out into any garden soil. Height, 3 in.
Astragalus Lotoides.--This pretty little trailer is of the same height
as A. Hypoglottis, and merely requires the same treatment. It flowers
in August.
Astrantia.--This herbaceous plant is quite hardy, and will thrive in
any good garden soil, producing its flowers in June and July. Seed may
be sown either in autumn or spring. Height, 1-1/2 ft. to 2 ft.
Atragene Austriaca.--Handsome, hardy climbers, which may be grown in
any garden soil. They flower in August, and are increased by layers or
by cuttings under glass. Height, 8 ft.
Atriplex.--Straggling hardy annuals of very little beauty. Will grow
in any soil if sown in spring, and only require ordinary attention.
Flower in July. Height, 5 ft.
Aubergine.--_See_ "Egg-Plant."
Aubrietia.--An early spring-blooming hardy perennial. Very ornamental
either in the garden or on rock-work, the flowers lasting a long time.
An open and dry situation suits it best. May be readily raised from
seed, and increased by dividing the roots or by cuttings under a
glass. Flowers in March and April. Height 6 in.
Aucuba.--Hardy evergreen shrubs, some having blotched leaves. They
look well standing alone on grass plots, and are indifferent to
soil or position. Cuttings may be struck in any garden soil under a
hand-glass in August, or by layers in April or May. When the male and
female varieties are planted together, the latter produce an abundance
of large red berries, rendering the plant very showy and ornamental.
They bloom in June. Height, 6 ft.
Auricula.--This is a species of primrose, and is sometimes called
Bear's Ear from the shape of its leaves. It succeeds best in a mixture
of loam and peat, or in four parts rotten loam, two parts rotten cow
dung, and one part silver sand; delights in shade, and will not bear
too much water. It makes an effective border to beds, and is readily
propagated by off-sets taken early in autumn, or in February or March,
by division of roots immediately after flowering, or from seed sown in
March on gentle heat in firmly pressed light, rich soil, covered with
a piece of glass and shaded from the sun till the plants are well up,
when sun and air is needed. When large enough to handle, prick them
out in a cold frame 6 in. apart, and keep them there through the
winter. Take care to press the soil well round the roots of off-sets.
October is a good time for making new borders. The half-hardy kinds
require the protection of a house in winter. Height, 6 in.
Avena Sterilis.--A very singular hardy-annual ornamental grass,
generally known as Animated Oats. Very useful in a green state for
mixing with cut flowers. Sow in March or early in April. Height, 3 ft.
Azaleas (_Greenhouse_).--A good soil for these deciduous shrubs is
made by mixing a fair quantity of silver sand with good fibrous peat.
The plants must never be allowed to become too wet nor too dry, and
must be shaded from excessive sunshine. After they have flowered
remove the remains of the blooms, place the plants out of doors in
the sun to ripen the wood, or in a temperature of 60 degrees or
65 degrees, and syringe them freely twice a day. If they require
shifting, it must be done directly the flowers have fallen. Cuttings
taken off close to the plant will root in sand under a glass placed in
heat. A. Indica is a plant of great beauty. Stand it in the open air
in summer, in a partially shaded position. In winter remove it to a
cool part of the greenhouse. The hardy varieties should receive the
same treatment as rhododendrons. Flowers in June. Height, 4 ft.
Azara Microphylla--This hardy evergreen shrub, with its fan-like
branches and small dark, glossy leaves, is very ornamental and
sweet-scented. It is increased by placing cuttings of ripened wood in
sand under glass with a little heat. Height, 3 ft.
B
Babianas.--Charming, sweet-scented flowers, suitable for either pot
cultivation or the border. In August or September place five bulbs in
a well-drained 5-in. pot, using rich, light, very sandy soil; cover
them completely, and press the mould down gently. Water very sparingly
until the roots are well formed; indeed, if the soil is moist when the
bulbs are planted, no water will be needed till the new growth appears
above ground. Stand the pots in ashes and cover them with 3 in. of
cocoa-nut fibre. When the flower spikes are formed, give weak liquid
manure twice a week till the flowers open. Keep them in a temperature
of 55 degrees. When the foliage begins to die down gradually, lessen
the amount of moisture given. The bulbs while dormant are best left in
the pots. For cultivation in the open, choose a warm situation, make
the soil light and sandy, adding a good proportion of well-rotted
manure, and plant the bulbs 5 in. deep either in autumn or spring.
Height, 6 in. to 9 in.
Bahia Lanata.--A hardy herbaceous plant of easy culture from seed sown
in spring or autumn in any garden soil. It produces bright orange
flowers from June to August. Height, 1 ft.
Bahia Trolliifolia.--This hardy herbaceous perennial will grow in any
kind of soil. It flowers in August, and can be increased by division.
Height, 1 ft.
Balsams.--The seeds of these tender annuals require to be sown in
early spring in a hot-house or a warm frame having a temperature of 65
to 75 degrees. When 2 or 3 in. high, or large enough to handle, prick
off singly into small pots, shade them till they are established, and
re-pot as they advance in strength in a compost of loam, leaf-mould,
sand, and old manure. Give them air when the weather is favourable.
The last shift should be into 24-sized pots. Supply them with an
abundance of liquid manure, admit as much air as possible, and syringe
freely. They must never be allowed to get dry. Secure their stems
firmly to sticks. They will flower in the open early in September.
Height, 1-1/2 ft. to 2 ft.
Bambusa.--The dwarf-growing Bamboos Fortunei variegata and
Viridi-striata make graceful edgings to borders or paths. The whole
family like a rich, loamy, damp soil.
Baneberry.--_See_ "Actæa."
Baptisia Australis.--This ornamental hardy perennial makes a good
border plant, growing in any loamy soil, and producing its blue
flowers in June and July. It can be multiplied by dividing the root.
Height, 3 ft.
Barbarea.--_See_ "Rocket."
Barberries.--Very ornamental hardy shrubs, bearing rich yellow flowers
in spring and attractive fruit in the autumn. Most handsome when
trained to a single stem and the head allowed to expand freely. They
are not particular as to soil, but prefer a rather light one, and
succeed best in a moist, shady situation. Cuttings or layers root
freely in the open. They require very little attention, beyond
occasionally cutting away some of the old branches to make room for
new growth. Height, 1-1/2 ft. to 2 ft.
Bartonia aurea.--Beautiful hardy annuals, the flowers of which open
at night and effuse a delightful odour. Sow the seed in autumn on a
gentle hotbed; pot off, and protect in a greenhouse during the winter.
Plant them out in the open in May, where they will flower in June.
Height, 1-1/2 ft.
Bay, Sweet _(Laurus Nobilis_).--This half-hardy evergreen shrub likes
a sheltered position. Protection from severe frosts is requisite,
especially while it is young. It is more suitable as an isolated
specimen plant than for the border. Increased by layers or by cuttings
of the roots.
Beans, Broad.--A deep, strong loam is most suitable, but good crops
can be obtained from any garden soil. The first sowing should be made
in February or March, and in succession to May. A sowing of Beck's
Green Gem or Dwarf Fan may even be made in November in rows 2 ft.
apart. Other varieties should be planted in rows 3 ft. apart, sowing
the seed 3 in. deep and at intervals of 6 in. When the plants have
done flowering pinch off the tops, to ensure a better crop; and if
the black fly has attacked them, take off the tops low enough down to
remove the pests, and burn them at once. Seville Longpod and Aquadulce
may be recommended for an early crop, and Johnson's Wonderful and
Harlington Windsor for a main one.
Beans, French.--The soil should be dug over to a depth of at least 12
in. and liberally enriched with manure. In the open ground the first
sowing may be made about the third week in April, another sowing early
in May, and subsequent sowings for succession every two or three weeks
until the end of July. Plant in rows 2 ft apart, and the seeds 6 to 9
in. apart in the rows. A sharp look-out ought to be kept for slugs,
which are very partial to French Beans when pushing through the soil.
For forcing, sow in pots under glass from December to March.
Beans, Runner.--These are not particular as to position or soil, but
the best results are obtained by placing them in a deep rich mould
where they can get a fair amount of sunlight. Sow, from the second
week in May until the first week in July for succession, in rows 6 ft.
apart, thinning the plants out to 1 ft. apart in the rows. Protect
from slugs when the plants are coming through the ground, and support
them with sticks immediately the growth begins to run. Scarlet Runners
may be kept dwarf by pinching off the tops when the plants are about 1
ft. high, and nipping off the subsequent shoots when 6 in. long.
Beet.--Land that has been well manured for the previous crop is the
best on which to obtain well-shaped roots of high quality. Sow in
April and May in drills 18 in. apart, and thin out the plants to about
9 in. apart. Take up for use as wanted until November, when the whole
crop should be taken up and stored in dry sand, and in a place where
neither moisture nor frost can reach them. When storing them cut off
the tails and some portion of the crowns, but be careful not to wound
any part of the fleshy root.
Begonias.--A somewhat succulent genus of conservatory plants. They all
require a very rich loamy soil containing a little sand; and heat,
moisture, and shade are essential to their health. Cuttings 2 or 3 in.
long will root readily in spring or summer. Stand the cuttings in the
shade and do not over-water them; or they may be raised from seed sown
in March in a hot-house or frame having a temperature of 65 degrees.
Height, 1 ft. to 3 ft.
Tuberous Begonias should be planted in small pots placed in heat,
early in spring, and at intervals of a fortnight for succession, using
a compost of equal parts of fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand. Press
the soil rather firmly so as to promote sturdy growth, and only just
cover the top of the tuber. Water moderately till the plants begin to
grow freely. Gradually harden off, and plant out the last week in
May or early in June, or shift into larger pots for conservatory
decoration. Cuttings may be taken in April. The plants may also be
raised from seed sown in February or March in a temperature of 65
degrees. Before sowing mix the seed with silver sand, then sprinkle it
evenly over a box or pan of moist, fine, light loam and silver sand;
cover with a sheet of glass, and keep shaded. Transplant into small
pots, and pot on from time to time as the plants increase in size.
Plants so treated will flower in June or July. When the leaves of the
old plants turn yellow keep the roots quite dry, afterwards turn them
out of the pots and bury them in cocoa-nut fibre till January, when
they must be re-potted.
Belladonna Lily.--_See_ "Amaryllis."
Bellis Perennis.--_See_ "Daisies."
Benthamia.--An ornamental half-hardy shrub. A profuse bloomer, the
flowers of which are followed by edible strawberry-like fruit. Will
succeed in any good garden against a south wall. Easily raised from
seed or by layers. Flowers in August. Height, 3 ft.
Berberidopsis Corallina.--Distinct and very pretty evergreen climbing
shrubs, which prove hardy in the south and west, but need protection
in other places. They are not particular as to soil, and may be
increased by cuttings.
Bergamot _(Monardia Didyma_).--This hardy perennial will grow almost
anywhere, and may be increased by seed or by division of the root. It
flowers in _July_. Height, 4 ft.
Beta Cicla.--A hardy annual which succeeds in any common soil. Its
dark crimson and yellow flowers are borne in August. Height, 6 ft. It
is used as spinach. In Germany the midrib of the leaf is boiled and
eaten with gravy or melted butter.
Betonica.--_See_ "Stachys."
Biennials.--These plants take two years to flower, and then they die
away altogether. The seed of the hardy varieties is sown thinly in
the open border any time between April and June, and the plants
transferred in the autumn to the place where they are intended to
bloom. Seed is also sown in August and September for flowering the
following year. The half-hardy kinds may be sown in May or June. These
require protection during winter, such as is afforded by a cold pit,
frame, or greenhouse, or the covering of a mat or litter.
Bignonia _(Trumpet Flower_).--This is admirably suitable for a south
wall, but it requires plenty of room. It is propagated by cuttings
placed in sand, or by cuttings of the root. These should be planted
out in the spring, or autumn will do if they are covered with a
hand-glass.
Biota.--_See_ "Thuya."
Bird Cherry.--_See_ "Cerasus."
Blackberries.--To obtain good crops plant in a poor, dry soil on
raised banks facing south. The bushes should be planted 6 ft. apart.
Bladder Nut.--_See_ "Staphylea."
Blanket Flower.--_See_ "Gaillardia."
Bleeding Heart.--_See_ "Dielytra."
Bocconia Cordata.--Ornamental hardy perennials. They do best on a
loamy soil, and may be increased by suckers taken from established
plants in the summer and placed in rich soil; or by cuttings planted
in sand, in a gentle heat under glass; also by seed sown during the
autumn months. They appear to the greatest advantage when grown as
solitary plants, away from other tall-growing flowers. The variety B.
Frutescens has an exceedingly pretty foliage. August is the month in
which they flower. Height, 6 ft.
Bog or Marsh Land.--By planting a few of the more distinct species
adapted for such positions, bogs or marshes may be made interesting.
The following plants are suitable:--Arundo Donax, Bambusa Fortunei,
Cypripedium Spectabile, Dondia Epipactis, Drosera Rotundifolia,
Gunnera Scabra, Iris Kaempferi, Iris pseud-Acorus, Juncus Zebrinus,
Myosotis Palustris, Osmunda Regalis, Parnassia Palustris, Pinguicula
Vulgaris, Polygonum Sieboldi, and Sarracenia Purpurea.
Boltonia Asteroides.--This is a hardy perennial which flowers in
September. The same treatment that is given to Asters is suitable for
this plant. Height, 3 ft.
Bomarea.--A useful greenhouse climber, the flowers of which are
valuable for cutting, as they last a long time in water. It thrives
best in a mixture of sand, peat, and loam.
Borago Laxiflora.--This very choice Boragewort is a trailing hardy
biennial. It produces lovely pale pendent flowers from June to
August, will grow in almost any soil, and can be increased by seed or
division. Height, 1 ft.
Borecole, Kale, or Curled Greens.--Sow towards the end of March or
early in April. Plant out as soon as ready in moderately rich soil in
rows 3 ft. apart, and the plants 2 ft. apart in the rows. If the seed
is sown thickly, the young plants must be pricked off into another bed
until ready for planting, as strong, sturdy plants always produce the
best results. They may succeed peas without any fresh manure.
Boronias.--Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. A single plant of B.
Megastigma is sufficient to perfume a good-sized house. B. Drummondi,
Elatior, Heterophylla, and Serrulata are all good plants. The pots
should be filled with sandy peat and be well drained. They are
propagated by cuttings taken at a joint and placed under glass. May is
their flowering month. Height, 2 ft.
Bougainvillea.--A greenhouse evergreen climber, thriving best in a
loamy soil. It flowers in June, and may be increased by cuttings.
Height, 15 ft.
Bousingaultia Basselloides.--A rapidly growing climber, beautiful both
in flower and foliage, the former of which is pure white, produced in
July in elegant racemes from 6 in. to 8 in. long. It is nearly hardy;
very suitable for a cool greenhouse. Any garden soil suits it. Height,
6 ft.
Bouvardias.--Favourite stove plants. They are propagated by pieces of
the thick fleshy roots, about 2 in. long, inserted in light, rich,
sandy soil, and plunged in a bottom-heat. Plant out in May in rich,
light soil, cutting back all the over-vigorous growth, so as to form a
well-balanced plant. At the approach of cold weather they may be taken
up and potted off, using small pots to prevent them damping off. In a
warm greenhouse they will flower all the winter.
Box Edging.--A deep loam suits the box best. Cuttings should be taken
early in autumn. Dig a trench, and make the bottom firm and even. Set
the young plants thinly and at regular intervals, leaving the tops 1
in. above the surface. Tread the soil firmly against them. Cover with
1 in. of gravel to prevent them growing too luxuriantly. The end of
June is a good time for clipping. May be transplanted early in spring
or late in autumn. (_See also_ "Buxus.")
Brachycome (_Swan River Daisy_).--Beautiful little half-hardy annuals
bearing cineraria-like flowers that open well in the border in summer.
If well watered in autumn and removed to the greenhouse they will
continue to bloom during early winter. Sow the seed as for ordinary
half-hardy annuals in rich, light mould, covering them sparingly.
Bloom in May. Height, 6 in.
Bravoa Geminiflora (_Twin Flower_).--This hardy bulbous plant bears
lovely racemes of coral-coloured flowers in July. A rich loam suits it
best. Height, 1 ft.
Briza (_Quaking Grass_).--There are several varieties of this
ornamental hardy annual grass. Briza Gracillis is slender, and very
pretty both in a green and dried state. Briza Maxima bears large
and handsome panicles. Each variety should be sown in pots, or on a
sheltered bed out of doors, early in spring. Height, 1 ft.
Broccoli.--Requires a heavy, deep, rich soil, and liquid manure during
growth. For earliest crop sow thinly in beds early in March, giving a
little protection if necessary. Successional sowings should be made to
the end of June, to produce a constant supply till Cauliflowers are
ready. Transplant, when large enough to handle, about 2 ft. from each
other. Keep the ground free from weeds, and earth the plants up as
they advance in growth. Sow Purple Sprouting Broccoli in May for late
spring supplies.
Brodiaea Coccinea.--Handsome plants for rock-work or the border. On a
dry, light, sandy soil, with plenty of sunshine, their gorgeous spikes
of brilliant scarlet flowers are very attractive in May. The bulbs may
be planted in November, and left undisturbed.
Broom.--Hardy shrubs thriving in almost any soil. Cuttings will
strike if planted in sand under glass. (_See also_ "Genista" _and_
"Spartium.")
Broussonetia Papyrifera.--A very effective deciduous shrub, with
large, curiously-cut leaves. It likes an open soil, and is propagated
by cuttings. February is its blooming time. Height, 12 ft.
Browallia.--Very handsome half-hardy annuals; will grow readily from
seed in any garden soil, but prefer a sandy one. They bloom in July.
Height, 2 ft.
Brussels Sprouts.--For a first crop sow early in March, and in April
for succession. Transplant as soon as ready into deeply-trenched,
well-manured soil, about 2 ft. apart. Hoe well, and keep clear from
weeds. For exhibition and early use sow in a greenhouse, or in a frame
over a gentle hotbed, about the middle of February; prick off into a
cold frame, gradually harden off, and plant out in May.
Bryanthus Erectus.--A hardy evergreen shrub, which will grow in any
soil if the situation is shady and damp. It thrives without any
sunshine, but will not endure the constant dropping of moisture upon
its leaves from trees. Cuttings strike readily. April is its flowering
time. Height, 1 ft.
Budding.--Budding consists in raising an eye or bud from one part of
a bush or tree and transplanting it to another part, or to any other
plant of the same species. The process is not only more simple and
rapid than that of grafting, but many leading nurserymen contend that
a better union is effected, without the risk of dead wood being left
at the junction. It may be performed at any time from June to August,
cloudy days being most suitable, as the buds unite better in wet
weather. It is chiefly employed on young trees having a smooth and
tender bark. Of the various systems of budding, that known as the
Shield is probably the most successful. Make a small horizontal cut
in the bark of the stock, and also a vertical one about an inch long,
thus forming an elongated T shape. Next select a branch of the current
year's growth on which there is a well-formed leaf-bud. Pass a sharp
knife 1/2 in. above the bud and the same distance below it, taking
about a third of the wood with the bud. If in the process of detaching
it the interior of the bud is torn away it is useless, and a fresh bud
must be taken. Now hold the bud in the mouth, and with as little delay
as possible raise the bark of the stock with a knife, insert the bud,
and bind it on with raffia. When the bud begins to grow the binding
must be loosened. To prevent the shoots being torn away by the wind a
stake may be tied on to the stock, and the new shoot secured to it by
means of raffia. Fruit trees are sometimes budded close to the soil on
stocks 1-1/2 ft. in height. The buds are rubbed off the stock as soon
as they appear, but the stock is not cut away until the following
spring.
Buddlea.--Half-hardy, tall, deciduous greenhouse shrubs, delighting in
a loamy soil mixed with peat. They may be grown out of doors during
the summer, but need the protection of a house in winter.
Bugloss (_Anchusa_).--This showy plant, bearing large blue flowers in
June, may be increased by division of the roots into as many plants as
there are heads, from slips, or from seed sown in the open border in
spring. It is popularly known as Ox-Tongue.
Bulbocodium Trigynum (_Colchicum Caucasium_).--A miniature hardy
bulbous plant, which produces in February and March erect flowers
about the size of snowdrops. Set the bulbs in sandy loam or
leaf-mould, choosing a sunny situation. The bulbs may be divided every
other year. Height, 2 in.
Bulbocodium Vernum (_Spring Saffron_).--This bulb produces early in
spring, and preceding the foliage, a mass of rose-purple flowers close
to the ground. It is perfectly hardy, and valuable for edgings
or rock-work. Plant in autumn in light vegetable mould, and in a
sheltered, well-drained position. It will not grow in stiff, clay
soil. The bulbs may be divided every two years, after the tops have
died down. This dwarf plant flowers from January to March. Height, 6
in.
Buphthalmum Salicifolium (_Deep Golden-yellow Marguerite_).--Showy
and ornamental hardy perennials. They will grow in any good soil, and
flower from May to September; may be increased by suckers. Height,
1-1/2 ft.
Burning Bush.--_See_ "Dictamnus" _and_ "Fraxinella."
Buxus (_Tree Box_).--A useful evergreen shrub which may be grown in
any soil or situation. The B. Japonica Aurea is one of the best golden
plants known for edgings to a walk. The closer it is clipped the
brighter it becomes. Increased by suckers or layers.
C
Cabbage.--Sow from February to April for an autumn supply, and in July
and August for spring cutting. As soon as the plants have made four or
five leaves, transplant into soil that has been liberally manured and
trenched, or dug deeply, placing them 18 in. or 2 ft. apart, according
to the kind grown. Keep the soil well broken up, and give a liberal
supply of liquid manure while they are in a growing state. An open
and sunny situation is necessary. Among the best varieties for
spring sowing are Heartwell, Early Marrow, Little Pixie, Nonpareil,
Sugarloaf, and Early Dwarf York. For autumn sowing, Ellam's Dwarf
Early Spring, Defiance, and Enfield Market may be recommended.
Coleworts may be sown in June, July, and August for succession,
placing them about a foot apart, and cutting before they heart.
Chou de Burghley is of great value for spring sowing, and will be
found very useful during autumn and early in winter. This vegetable
is sometimes called Cabbage Broccoli, on account of the miniature
Broccoli which are formed among its inner leaves towards autumn.
Couve Tronchuda, known also as Braganza Marrow and Portugal Cabbage,
should be sown in March, April, and May for succession.
Savoy Cabbage is sown in March or April, and given the same treatment
as other Cabbage. Its flavour is much improved if the plants are
mellowed by frost before being cut for use.
Red Dutch is used almost solely for pickling. Its cultivation is
precisely the same as the white varieties.
Cacalia.--Hardy annuals, remarkable for their awkward-looking stems
and discoloured leaves. They grow best in a mixture of sandy loam,
brick rubbish, and decomposed dung, well reduced. They require very
little water while growing, and the pots must be well drained.
Cuttings, laid by for a few days to dry, strike readily. Flower in
June. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
Cactus.--A sandy loam with brick rubbish and a little peat or rotten
manure suits them. Echinopsis is a good plant for cool houses or
windows. During the summer it should be syringed over-head with tepid
water, and weak soot water should be given three times a week. It is
propagated by off-sets planted in sand, also by slicing off a portion
from the top of the plant and placing it in light, rich, porous loam.
Caladiums.--Favourite hothouse foliage plants, generally grown in peat
soil at a temperature of 70 degrees. They require plenty of light
while growing, and to be kept moderately moist at the roots. As the
leaves lose colour less water should be given, and during winter they
must be kept almost dry. When fresh growth begins, shake them out of
their pots and put them into fresh mould. In syringing the plants use
nothing but the purest rainwater, but the less the leaves are wetted
the better for the appearance of the plants. They may be increased by
dividing the root stock into as many pieces as there are crowns. These
should be planted in very rich, sandy soil, an inch or so below the
surface.
Calamintha Grandiflora.--This hardy herbaceous plant has
sweetly-fragrant foliage, and bears rose-coloured flowers from May
to September. Any loamy soil suits it, and it is easily increased by
suckers. Height, 1 ft.
Calampelis.--A species of half-hardy climbing plants of great merit.
They are elegant when in flower, and will endure the open air. They
should be trained to a south wall, or over a vase, or up a pillar.
Any light loamy soil suits them, and they are easily increased by
cuttings. Flower in July. Height, 10 ft. (_See also_ "Eccremocarpus.")
Calandrinia.--Very pretty hardy annuals. They grow well in sunny
places in a mixture of loam and peat, and may be raised from seed sown
in the spring or by cuttings placed under hand-glasses. Bloom in July.
Height, 6 in. to 1 ft.
Calceolaria.--Many of the varieties are suitable for the greenhouse
only. They may be grown from seed, but as this is so small it should
not be covered; and in watering them it is best to stand the seed-pans
in water so that the moisture ascends, as watering from the top might
wash the seed too deeply into the soil. July and August are the two
best months for sowing. The half-shrubby kinds make fine bedding
plants. They are easily reared from cuttings. These are best taken
in October. Put them in light, sandy mould on a well-drained north
border; press the earth round them, and cover with a hand-glass. In
very frosty weather a mat should be laid over the glass. Pot them off
in spring; give plenty of air, and plant them out at the beginning of
June, or before, if weather permits.
Calendula (_Marigolds_).--Very showy hardy annuals. They merely
require sowing in the open in autumn for an early display of bloom,
or in spring for a later show, but the autumn sowing gives the more
satisfaction. Flower during June and July. Height, 1 ft.
Californian Plants.--Great care should be taken not to allow the sun
to strike on the collar of any of the plants from California, as they
readily succumb if it does so.
Calla.--These showy plants, sometimes called Arum, are worth
cultivating. They make handsome pot-plants, bearing fine white flowers
in the spring. May be grown from seeds, or roots may be divided.
They are quickly increased by off-sets from the root in August or
September. Plant the off-sets from the fleshy roots singly in small,
well-drained pots of sandy loam with one-fourth leaf-mould or
well-rotted manure, and keep them in a very warm situation. Water them
well while in growth, scantily after the leaves begin to wither, and
afterwards give only enough moisture to keep them alive. Leave the
plants in the light while the leaves die off, and then place them in a
shed, in complete repose, for a month or so. Re-pot them in October
or November, and give plenty of water. They may stand in saucers of
water, but this must be changed daily. They flower from May to July.
Height, 2 ft.
Callichroa.--A hardy annual which well deserves a place in the garden
border, both on account of its dwarf and slender habit and also the
colour of its flowers. It is satisfied with any ordinary soil. The
seed is raised on a hotbed in March, or in the open in April, and it
blooms in the autumn. Height, 1 ft.
Calliopsis.--_See_ "Coreopsis."
Callirhoe (_Digitata_).--Hardy annuals demanding but little attention.
The seed is sown in the open in March. Height, 1 ft.
Calochortus Luteus.--This very handsome hardy perennial thrives best
in sandy peat with a little loam. It produces yellow flowers in July,
and is propagated by offsets from the bulbs. Height, 1 ft.
Caltha.--Early-flowering, showy perennials, all thriving in a moist or
boggy situation. C. Leptosepala is especially choice, its pure white
flowers resembling a water-lily. They may be increased from seed, or
by division. Height, 1 ft.
Calthus Palustris Flore-Pleno (_Double Marsh Marigold_).--This hardy
herbaceous perennial is very useful for mixing with cut flowers. It
will grow anywhere, but prefers a clayey soil and a boggy situation,
and may be increased by dividing the roots in spring. A succession of
flowers are borne from April to June. Height, 9 in.
Calycanthus Floridus (_Allspice_).--This shrub likes an open loamy
soil; flowers in July, and is propagated by layers. Height, 6 ft.
Calystegia.--A perfectly hardy climbing convolvulus, and a beautiful
plant for covering arbours, etc., growing 20 ft. to 30 ft. in one
season. It thrives in any loamy soil or situation; flowers from May to
September, and may be increased by division of the roots.
Camassia Esculenta.--A handsome, hardy, bulbous plant, bearing
clusters of beautiful blue flowers in July. It needs a sandy peat
border under a north wall, and is increased by bulbs or seeds. Plant
the bulbs early in October, 4 in. deep and 5 in. apart. Height, 1-1/3
ft.
Camellias.--The best soil for these beautiful greenhouse evergreens is
a mixture of rough peat, plenty of sand, and a little turfy loam. The
greenhouse should be kept rather close, at a temperature of 55 degrees
to 60 degrees, while the plants are growing; but abundant syringing is
necessary at all times. Induce a vigorous growth of wood, and let this
be well matured by exposure to the sun and free ventilation. Old and
straggling plants may be renovated by cutting them hard back as soon
as they go out of flower, and placing them in a warm house where
a moist atmosphere is maintained. This will induce them to break.
Comparatively little water should be given for some time after they
are cut back. When the state of the roots require the plants to be
re-potted, remove as much of the old soil as possible without injuring
them, and put them into the smallest sized pots into which they can
be got, with fresh soil. This may be done after the last flower has
fallen, or after the buds have fairly commenced to push. The plants
may be placed out of doors at the beginning of June, and returned to
the greenhouse in October. There are several varieties suitable for
growing in the open. These should be provided with a soil, 2 ft. deep,
composed of peat, leaf-mould, and cows' dung. The roots should
always be kept moist and cool, and the plants disturbed as little as
possible. A top dressing of fresh soil may be given each winter, and
the plants protected from frost by binding straw round the stems.
Campanula.--A showy genus of plants, mostly hardy perennials, which
need no special treatment. They are readily raised from seed, or
division of roots. The less hardy kinds may be sown on a hotbed or in
the greenhouse, and when large enough potted off. Campanula Mayii is a
grand plant for hanging baskets, and also grows well trained up
sticks in a pyramidal form. A rich, gritty soil suits them all. The
tall-growing varieties make fine pot-plants. Flower in July. Height, 1
ft. to 5 ft.
Canary Creeper (_Tropaeolum Canariense_).--This is eminently suitable
for trellis-work or for walls. Its elegant foliage and bright yellow
flowers make it a general favourite. It may be raised from seed on
a hotbed in spring, gradually hardened off, and planted out in May.
Height, 10 ft.
Candytuft (_Iberis_).--Very pretty hardy annuals. Sow the seed in
autumn in a light, rich soil, or in spring if a less prolonged
flowering season will give satisfaction. Bloom in May or June. Height,
1 ft.
Canna (_Indian Shot or Hemp_).--For pot-plants on terraces, gravel
walks, and such like places, few things can equal and none surpass
Cannas. They are half-hardy perennials, and may be increased from
seed or by dividing the roots late in autumn, allowing them first to
partially dry. File the tough skin off one end of the seed, and steep
it in hot water for a few hours before it is sown, then stand it in a
hot place till it has germinated. Harden off and plant out, or shift
into larger pots in June, using a rich, light soil. Lift and store the
roots in autumn in the same way as Dahlias. Different kinds flower at
various seasons, so that a succession of bloom may be had throughout
the year. Height, 2 ft. to 10 ft.
Cannabis Gigantea (_Giant Hemp_).--This half-hardy Hemp is grown for
its ornamental foliage, and is treated as above described. Height, 6
ft.
Canterbury Bells.--Showy hardy biennials, which may be raised from
seed sown in the spring. Transplant in the autumn to the border where
they are intended to flower. The seed may also be sown in a sheltered
position in August or September. Flower in July. Height, 2 ft.
Cape Primroses.--_See_ "Streptocarpus."
Caprifolium.--_See_ "Honeysuckle."
Capsicum.--Sow early in March in well-drained pots of rich, light,
free mould; cover the seed with 1/2 in. of soil, and keep it
constantly moist at a temperature of 65 degrees. When strong enough
to handle put two or three plants in a 5-in. pot, and replace them in
warmth. Keep them rather close till established, then shift them into
7-in. pots. When established remove them to a cold frame and harden
off. Plant out at the end of May in a warm situation. Keep them well
supplied with water in dry weather and syringe the leaves. By stopping
the shoots they become nice, bushy shrubs. Flower in July. Height,
1-1/2 ft.
Cardamine Pratensis (_Cuckoo Flower, or Milkmaid_).--This hardy
perennial thrives in a moist, shady situation. It produces its purple
flowers from May to August, and is easily propagated by seeds or
division. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
Cardamine Trifolia.--A hardy herbaceous plant; will grow in any soil,
flowers in May, and is easily raised from seed. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
Cardoons.--Sow two or three seeds together in clumps 1 ft. apart, in
trenches prepared as for Celery, in April or May. When 6 in. high pull
up the superfluous plants, leaving the strongest one in each case.
When they have attained the height of 1-1/2 ft, tie the leaves lightly
to a stake and earth-up the stem. Keep them well supplied with water,
adding a little guano. They will be ready for use in September.
Another sowing may be made in June for a spring crop.
Carduus (_Milk Thistle_).--Coarse hardy annuals; somewhat ornamental,
but are hardly more than weeds. They grow freely from seed, and flower
from June to August. Height, 2 ft. to 4 ft.
Carex Japonica.--This is a graceful and very beautiful variegated
grass, striped green, silver, and gold, and makes a fine decoration
for the table. It will grow in any moderately moist soil, and bears
dividing. Sow in spring.
Carlina.--Ornamental, thistle-like, hardy perennials, which will grow
in any ordinary soil. Flowers are borne from June to September. Seed
may be sown as soon as it is ripe. Height, 9 in. to 2 ft.
Carnations.--These are divided into three classes, but they are all
said originally to come from the clove: (1) Flakes, which are striped
with one colour and white; (2) Bizarres, those streaked with two
colours and white; (3) Picotees, which have each petal margined with
colour on a white or yellow ground, or dotted with small spots. For
pot culture, about the end of March put two roots in an 11-in. pot,
filled with light, turfy loam, well drained (too much moisture being
injurious), pressing the earth firmly round the roots. Stand them on
a bed of ashes in a sheltered position, and when the flower-stems
appear, stake and tie up carefully. As the buds swell thin out the
weakly ones. To prevent them bursting unevenly put an india-rubber
ring round the bud, or tie it with raffia. They will flourish in
the open borders even in towns if planted in light loam, and may be
propagated by _layers_ at the end of July or beginning of August.
Choose for this purpose fine outside shoots, not those which have
borne flowers. Cut off all the lower leaves, leaving half a dozen near
the top untouched. Make incisions on the under sides of the layers,
just below the third joint. Peg down, and cover the stems with equal
quantities of leaf-mould and light loam. Do not water them till the
following day. The young plants may be separated and potted off as
soon as they have taken root--say, the end of August. They may also be
increased by _pipings_. Fill the pots nearly to the top with light,
rich mould and fill up with silver sand. Break off the pipings at the
third joint, then in each piping cut a little upward slit, plant them
pretty thickly in the sand, and place the pot on a gentle hotbed, or
on a bed of sifted coal ashes. Put on the sashes, and keep the plants
shaded from the sun till they have taken root, then harden off
gradually, and place each of the young plants separately in a small
pot. Carnations may also be grown from seed sown in spring. When the
seedlings have made six or eight leaves, prick them out into pots
or beds. They will flower the following year. The beds must be well
drained, as stagnant wet is very injurious to them.
Carnation Margaritae.--May be sown in heat during February or March,
pricked out when strong enough, and planted in the open in May or
June.
Carpenteria Californica.--The white flowers of this evergreen shrub,
which make their appearance in July, are delicately fragrant. The
plant is most suitable for a cool greenhouse, but does well in the
open, in warm, well-drained situations. When grown in pots the mould
should consist of two parts turfy loam, one part peat, and a little
sharp sand. It may be increased by seeds or by cuttings planted in
sandy soil, with a medium bottom heat.
Carrots.--To grow them to perfection carrots require a deep, rich,
sandy soil, which has been thoroughly trenched and manured the
previous autumn. For the main crop the seed should be sown in March,
either broadcast or in rows 18 in. apart. A calm day must be chosen
for sowing, as the seed is very light and liable to be blown about. It
has also a tendency to hang together, to obviate which it is generally
rubbed into some light soil or sand previously to being scattered.
Thin out to a distance of from 4 to 7 in., according to the kind
grown. For early use the French Horn may be sown on a hotbed in
January and February. Keep the surface of the ground well open with
the hoe.
Cassia Corymbosa.--This stove shrub is an evergreen. It should be
grown in a mixture of loam and peat, and may be increased by cuttings
planted in sand under glass in a little heat. It flowers in July.
Height, 3 ft.
Castor Oil Plants.--_See_ "Ricinus."
Catananche.--Pretty hardy biennials that will grow in almost any
soil, and may be increased by seed or division. They bloom in August.
Height, 21/2 ft. to 3 ft.
Catchfly.--_See_ "Silene."
Cathcartia Villosa.--A beautiful Himalayan poppy, possessing a rich,
soft, hairy foliage and yellow flowers, borne in succession from
June to September. Any light, rich soil suits it, but it requires a
sheltered position. It is propagated by seeds sown in spring. Height,
11/2 ft.
Cauliflowers.--Sow thinly in pans or shallow boxes early in February
and March on a gentle bottom-heat. Make a larger and the main sowing
in the open ground in March, April, and May for autumn cutting. A
sowing should also be made in August for spring and summer use. These
latter should be pricked into a frame or under a hand-glass during the
winter, and in spring planted out so as to stand 30 in. apart. When
the heads appear break some of the large leaves down over them to
afford protection, and during the whole of their growth pour plenty of
water round the stems in dry weather. They require a thoroughly rich
and well-tilled soil to grow them to perfection.
Ceanothus.--A genus of handsome and ornamental evergreen shrubs.
They are free-flowering and suitable for the conservatory or outdoor
decoration if placed in warm situations. They flourish best in peat
and loam, and are increased by cuttings planted in sand and subjected
to gentle heat. Height, 3 ft. to 6 ft.
Cedronella.--Ornamental hardy perennials; will grow in any soil, but
require a little protection in the winter. They produce their deep
purple flowers in June. Height, 3 ft.
Cedrus Deodora.--A beautiful and graceful conifer, its arched branches
being thickly set with long grey-coloured or whitish-green leaves. In
its young stage it makes an exquisite specimen for the lawn. It is
the best of all the Cedars for such a purpose. The usual method of
propagating it is by grafting it on to the common Larch.
Celery.--Sow in February or early in March on a mild hotbed for the
earliest crop. Prick the seedlings off into shallow boxes as soon as
they are large enough to handle, and keep them rather close and warm
until they are established. Towards the end of March prick them out in
rows in a frame, setting them 6 in. apart each way, and early in
May transfer to rather shallow trenches, protecting them from night
frosts. For main and late crops sow in a cold frame in April and plant
out in June or July, 9 in. apart, in trenches 3 ft. distant from each
other, 9 in. wide, and 18 in. deep, pressing the soil firmly round the
roots. Earthing up should be delayed until the plants are nearly full
grown, and should be done gradually; but let the whole be completed
before the autumn is far advanced. When preparing the trench plenty of
manure should be dug into the soil. Water liberally until earthed up
to ensure crisp, solid hearts, and an occasional application of liquid
manure will benefit the plants. During winter protect from frost with
straw, or other suitable material.
Celosia (_Feathered Cockscomb_).--Sow the seed in early spring in
a warm frame; prick off singly into small pots, and re-pot as they
advance in strength in a compost of loam, leaf-mould, old manure,
and sand. Their final shift should be into 24-sized pots. Give them
abundance of liquid manure, never allowing them to become dry, and
syringe freely. These half-hardy annuals, rising to the height of 3
ft. and bearing fine spikes of flowers in July and August, make fine
pot-plants for table decoration. They may be planted in the open, in
June, choosing a warm, sheltered situation and rich, loamy soil.
Centaurea.--The hardy annual and biennial kinds merely require to be
sown in the open in the autumn. The half-hardy ones must be sown on
a slight hotbed, where they should remain till strong enough to be
planted in the border. Cuttings of the perennials should be inserted
singly in 3-in. pots filled with sandy loam, placed in a shady, cool
frame till established, and then watered very carefully. The different
varieties vary from 6 in. to 2 ft. in height, and flower from June to
August.
Centauridium Drummondi.--A blue hardy annual which may be sown in the
open in spring.
Centranthus.--Ornamental hardy annuals. Sow in the open border in
March in any good, well-drained soil. They flower in June. Height,
1-1/2 ft.
Cephalaria (_Yellow Scabious_).--Strong-growing hardy perennials,
suitable for backs of borders. They succeed in any garden soil, and
are propagated by seed or division of root. Height, 3 ft. to 5-1/2 ft.
Cephalotaxus (_Podocarpus Koraiana_).--Handsome conifers of the Yew
type. These shrubs are quite hardy, and in favoured localities will
produce berries. They succeed best in a damp, shady spot, and may be
increased by cuttings planted in heavy loam.
Cerastium Biebersteini.--A hardy trailing perennial which will grow in
any light soil, and may be increased by suckers. It flowers in June.
Height, 6 in.
Cerasus Padus (_Bird Cherry_).--An ornamental tree; useful in the
shrubbery in its earlier stages, as it will grow in any soil. It may
be increased by seed, budding, or grafting; flowers in April. Height,
35 ft.
Cerinthe.--Hardy annuals, suitable for any ordinary soil, and needing
merely ordinary treatment. A grand plant for bees. Height, 1 ft.
Cestrums.--Charming conservatory plants, flowering early in spring.
Cuttings may be taken in autumn, placed in small pots in a light
compost of peat and sand, and given a little bottom-heat. The young
plants may be topped to form bushy ones. Re-pot before the roots have
filled the small pots, using two parts loam, one part peat, and one
part sharp sand. C. Parqui is suitable for the open if planted in a
sheltered position.
Chamaepeuce.--Half-hardy perennial Thistle plants of little merit. Any
soil suits them, and they may be increased by seed or division. Flower
in June. Height, 2 ft. to 3 ft.
Chamaerops (_Chusan Palm_).--Fine greenhouse plants, delighting in a
rich, loamy soil. Height, 10 ft.
Cheiranthus.--_See_ "Wallflower."
Chelidonium.--This hardy perennial will flourish in any garden soil;
flowers in May, and may be increased by division. Height, 2 ft.
Chelone.--Charming hardy herbaceous plants. Succeed well in a mixture
of peat and loam or any rich soil. Increased by division of root, or
by seed treated like other hardy perennials. They are very effective
for the centre of beds, or in groups. Bloom in July. Height, 3 ft.
Cherries.--A light, rich soil is the one that Cherries succeed in
best, though they will grow in any fairly good dry ground. The
position should be open, but at the same time sheltered, as the
blossoms are liable to be cut off by spring frosts. The planting may
be done at any time during November and the beginning of March, when
the ground is in a workable condition. Cherries are often worked upon
the Mahaleb stock. As they have a tendency to gumming and canker,
the knife should be used as little as possible, but where pruning is
necessary, let it be done in the summer. If gumming occurs, cut away
the diseased parts and apply Stockholm tar to the wounds. Aphides or
black-fly may be destroyed by tobacco dust and syringing well with an
infusion of soft soap. Morello succeeds on a north wall. Bigarreau,
Waterloo, Black Eagle, Black Tartarian, May Duke, White Heart, and
Kentish are all good sorts. Bush trees should stand 10 ft. apart,
standards 30 ft.
Cherry (_Cornelian_).--_See_ "Cornus Mas."
Cherry Pie.--_See_ "Heliotrope."
Chervil.--For summer use sow in March, and for winter requirements in
July and August, in shallow drills 6 or 8 in. apart. Cut for use when
3 or 4 in. high. The tender tops and leaves are used in soups and
stews, to which they impart a warm, aromatic flavour. They likewise
give piquancy to mixed salads.
Chestnuts.--To raise trees from seed sow the nuts in November, about
2 in. deep. When two years old they may be transplanted to their
permanent site. The only pruning they require is to cut away any
branches which would prevent the tree forming a well-balanced head.
Chicory.--Sow in May or June in drills of rich soil, and thin out to
6 in. apart. In autumn lift the roots and store them in dry sand. To
force leaves for salads, plant the roots closely together in boxes or
large pots, with the tops only exposed, using ordinary soil; place
in a temperature of 55 degrees, and keep in the dark. Long blanched
leaves will soon appear, ready for use.
Chilli.--Same treatment as Capsicum.
Chimonanthus Fragrans (_Japan Allspice_).--This delightfully fragrant
hardy shrub, known as the Winter Flower, produces its blooms in
January before the leaves appear. Should sharp frost set in,
protection ought to be given to the flowers. The plant requires a
fairly good soil, and is most at home when trained against a wall. It
is generally propagated by means of layers. Height, 6 ft.
Chinese Sacred Narcissus (_Oriental Lily, Joss Flower, or Flower of
the Gods, the Chinese emblem of good luck_).--This is a very beautiful
variety of the Polyanthus Narcissus, and is grown to bloom at the
advent of the Chinese New Year. It is very fragrant and free blooming,
and is generally flowered in an ornamental bowl of water, the bulb
being surrounded with pretty pebbles to keep it well balanced. It may
also be grown in a pot of mould, kept in a dark place for about ten
days, then placed in a sunny position and supplied with water. It
flowers from six to eight weeks after planting.
Chionanthus Virginica (_Fringe Tree_).--A curious shrub which is best
raised from seed. It succeeds in any soil, and bears white flowers in
July. It will grow to the height of 20 ft. or more.
Chionodoxa Luciliae (_Glory of the Snow_).--A pretty hardy
spring-flowering bulbous plant. The blossoms, from five to six in
number, are produced on gracefully arched stems, 4 to 8 in. high, and
are nearly 1 in. across, star-like in form, and of a lovely blue tint
on the margin, gradually merging into pure white in the centre. Fine
for growing in clumps. Plant the bulbs in autumn in equal parts of
loam, peat, and sand. It succeeds fairly well in the open, but reaches
perfection in a cold frame, where the flowers will be produced in
March. Height, 6 in.
Choisya Ternata (_Mexican Orange_).--A pretty evergreen wall plant,
bearing sweet-scented white flowers in July. The bush is round, and
extremely ornamental when grown in the shrubbery. It delights in a
mixture of peat and loam, and is propagated by cuttings placed in sand
under a handglass, or, better still, by layers of the lower branches
in March, detaching them in the autumn. While young it makes a fine
pot-plant. Height, 6 ft.
Chorozemas.--These Australian plants delight in rich turfy peat mixed
with fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and coarse sand. When freshly potted
they should be given a warm part of the greenhouse and watered
cautiously till they are in full growth, when a little clear liquid
manure may be given twice a week. May be shifted at any time except
from October to Christmas. Propagated by cuttings about 1 or 2 in.
long of half-ripened young wood taken in July or August, and inserted
in sand under a glass. When the pots are full of roots shift the
plants into larger sizes. They bloom nearly all the year round,
especially in the winter and spring. The plants have rather a rambling
habit, and are usually trained over balloon or pyramidal trellises;
but this trouble can be spared by cutting them back freely and
employing a few light sticks to keep them within bounds.
Christmas Rose.--_See_ "Helleborus."
Chrysanthemum.--The Chrysanthemum will grow in any good mould, a
naturally good soil being often preferable to an artificial one. Where
the ground is not in good condition a compost may be made of one-half
rich loam and one-fourth each of well-rotted manure and leaf-mould,
with sufficient sand to keep it porous. Cuttings taken in November or
December make the finest exhibition plants. Pot them singly in 2-in.
or 3-in. pots; stand them on coal ashes in a cold frame, and re-pot
them in March or April in 6-in. pots, making the soil moderately firm.
When they attain the height of 6 in. pinch off the extreme point of
the shoot, which will induce the growth of side-shoots. Shift the
plants from time to time into larger pots, until at the end of May
they receive their final shift into 10-in. pots, after which they
must not on any account be stopped. In June they may be placed in a
sheltered and partially shaded part of the open border, standing the
pots on pieces of slate to prevent the ingress of worms. Syringe the
leaves each day and give the roots a liberal supply of liquid manure.
When the flower-buds begin to show colour, discontinue the manure
water. Thin out the flower-buds, leaving two or three only of the
strongest on each stem. At the end of September they must be removed
to a cool greenhouse to flower. Where there is no greenhouse a canvas
structure may be erected to protect them from the cold. Good plants
for the border may be raised from cuttings in March or April. These
should be kept close in a frame until rooted, then gradually hardened
off, and planted in rich soil. Syringing with soot-water twice a week
until the flower-buds appear will darken the leaves and deepen the
colour of the flowers.
Chrysogonum Virginianum.--A free-flowering, hardy, herbaceous plant,
best grown in loam and peat. Its deep-golden, star-shaped flowers are
produced from June to September. Cuttings of ripened wood planted in
sand and subjected to moist heat will strike. It may also be increased
by dividing the root. Height, 1 ft.
Cichorium Intybus.--This is a hardy herbaceous plant producing blue
flowers in July. It will grow in any soil and needs no special
treatment. Seeds may be sown either in autumn or spring. Height, 2 ft.
Cimcifuga.--These hardy herbaceous plants will flourish in any good
garden soil and are easily raised from seed, or they may be increased
by dividing the roots. Various species produce their flowers from May
to September. Height, 1 ft. to 3 ft.
Cinerarias.--These grow well in a soil composed of equal parts of rich
loam, leaf-mould, and thoroughly rotted horse-dung, liberally mixed
with sharp sand. They are increased by seed, cuttings, or off-sets.
The seed should be sown as soon as it is ripe and covered with the
lightest layer of the finest soil; or it may be sown during March on a
slight hotbed. Keep the young plants shaded from the sun, and as soon
as they can be handled put them into 3-in. pots. Return them to the
hotbed and keep them shaded till established, then gradually harden
them off, and towards the end of May they may be planted in the open,
choosing a sheltered situation. The first flower-stem should be cut
out close to the bottom, but the side-shoots may either be reduced
or not. At the end of September place them in a cool frame to bloom
during the following month. They require to be well supplied with
manure water. As soon as the plants have done flowering, cut them
down, and keep them well supplied with water, and in March shake them
out of their pots and plant each sucker separately. Other sowings may
be made in April and May. To obtain cuttings, when the plants have
flowered cut them down, and when they have again grown large enough
take the cuttings and plant them in pots filled with the above
compost, putting a layer of silver sand on the top. When the cuttings
have made shoots 3 in. long, pinch off the tops to make the plants
grow bushy. Re-pot when the roots are well grown, but before they get
matted, and give occasionally a little liquid manure. Keep a good
look-out for green fly, and as soon as this nuisance appears fumigate
the plants with tobacco paper. An excess of fumigation is injurious.
Those that have bloomed in pots may be planted in the north border of
the garden in July, where they may shed their seed, from which early
plants will be produced. They may also be increased by off-sets. If
the old plants are cut down and kept well watered they will throw
up suckers, which may be separated and potted off into thumb pots,
transplanting into larger ones when required. They must _always_ be
kept shaded from the sun. A cool frame suits them in summer, and being
nearly hardy, should never be subjected to a forcing temperature,
sufficient heat to keep away frost and damp being all that is
necessary.
Cinnamon Plant.--This is a stove or greenhouse plant, and requires a
loam and peat soil. Cuttings of the ripe wood strike freely.
Cissus Orientalis.--Useful climbing plants which delight in a light,
rich soil. They are increased by cuttings planted under glass and kept
in a gentle, moist heat.
Cistus (_Rock Rose_).--A compost of loam and peat suits these
beautiful evergreen shrubs. They may be increased by layers, ripe
cuttings covered with a hand-glass, or seed. Though the plants are
pretty hardy it is advisable to afford them protection during severe
frosts. June is their flowering month. Height, 3 ft. to 6 ft.
Citrus Japonica.--A greenhouse evergreen tree, requiring a rich loamy
soil. Very little water should be given it while in a growing state.
It is generally budded on an orange or lemon tree and plunged in a
bottom-heat. June is its flowering season. Height, 5 ft.
Cladanthus.--The annuals may be sown in the open in April to flower in
July. The greenhouse evergreens may be propagated by cuttings under
glass. These produce flowers in June.
Clarkia.--These hardy annuals make a pretty display in the borders
during summer. Seed ripens plentifully, and merely requires sowing in
the open in March, or in September if protected in winter. The bloom
lasts from June to September. Height, 18 in.
Claytonia Sibirica.--A hardy herbaceous plant which yields light
yellow flowers in June. It is not particular as to soil, and may be
raised from seed sown either in autumn or spring. It stands division
of the root. Height, 4 ft.
Clematis (_Virgin's Bower_).--These plants like a dry situation. They
will grow in smoky districts, and may be increased by cuttings of firm
side-shoots under a glass in summer or by layers in September. With
the protection of a greenhouse they come into flower early in spring.
They are the most beautiful of all flowering hardy climbers. The stove
and greenhouse varieties are best planted in loam and peat, though
they will thrive in any light soil. Any good garden soil suits the
hardy kinds. The herbaceous varieties are increased by dividing the
roots early in spring. They bloom at various periods. After they have
ceased to flower, the Jackmanni and Viticella sections should be cut
down to within 9 or 12 in. of the ground. The Patens and Florida
do not require pruning; those of the Lanuginosa should be cut back
moderately, but not too close. A good dressing of leaf-mould and
manure should be dug in about November. Heights vary from 2 ft. to 20
ft. (_See also_ "Traveller's Joy.")
Cleome.--The species of this genus are very pretty and free flowering,
some being half-hardy climbers notable for their foliage. They like
a rich, light soil. Cuttings of the stove kinds root freely under a
glass. Some of the annual species require to be sown in a hotbed frame
or in a hot-house, then potted off and placed with tender annuals. The
hardier ones may be sown on a hotbed, and afterwards planted out in a
sheltered position. They flower in May, June, and July. Heights vary
from 6 in. to 8 ft.
Clethra Alnifolia.--This hardy deciduous shrub bears in September
deliciously scented pure white flowers on the side-shoots of the
previous year's growth. It needs a light soil and a dry, sunny
situation. It may be propagated by cuttings placed under glass in
sandy loam, or by suckers taken when the leaves have fallen, but is
more generally increased by layers. Height, 3 ft.
Clianthus.--A genus of very elegant, free-flowering, evergreen
greenhouse shrubs. They flourish in the border of the conservatory (or
against a south wall if protected from cold) in an equal mixture of
loam, peat, and sand. Cuttings root freely in the same soil under
glass. Seed sown early in spring produce flowers the first year, in
May. Height, 3 ft. to 4 ft.
Clintonia.--Very pretty half-hardy annuals; useful for beds, edging,
pots, or rock-work. They produce an abundance of Lobelia-like flowers
in August. Sow the seed in the open in spring. Height, 6 in.
Clitoria.--A greenhouse climbing or trailing plant, which thrives in a
mixture of loam, peat, and sand. Cuttings will strike in heat, but it
is more readily grown from seed.
Clivias (_Caffre Lilies_).--Most beautiful evergreen plants for
the greenhouse. The soil most suitable for them is a compost of
leaf-mould, loam, and sand. Give a liberal supply of water when in
full growth, but from September to February keep them only moderately
moist. Shade from strong sunshine, and keep the temperature at from 60
to 70 degrees. They will not bear much disturbance. Seed may be sown
in bottom-heat early in spring, or they may be increased by suckers.
Cobæa Scandens.--This rapid climber is well adapted for the
conservatory, but it will thrive in the open air if the root is
protected during the winter. If planted against a rough wall its
tendrils will catch in the crevices and support it without any
assistance. It requires plenty of room and a rather poor soil,
otherwise it runs to leaf instead of to bloom. The tops of the shoots
should be constantly pinched off, to induce thickness of growth.
Cuttings of firm side-shoots taken in summer will root under glass in
a little moist heat; but it is best raised from seed, sown sideways,
in a hotbed in March. Its blue and purple flowers are produced in
August. Height, 10 ft. to 20 ft.
Cob Nuts.--_See_ "Filberts."
Cockscomb.--These tender annuals should be sown on a moderate hotbed
in March or April, in pans of leaf-mould and sand, covering with 1/4
in. of soil. When a couple of inches high place them in small pots,
replace them on the hotbed, and give shade till they have taken fresh
root. When the weather is favourable let them have a moderate amount
of fresh air. Afterwards shift them into larger pots, and when the
combs are full grown place them in the greenhouse, taking care not to
allow any damp to lodge on them, at the same time supplying them
well with water and all the air possible. Height, 9 in. (_See also_
"Celosia.")
Codonopsis.--These hardy perennials are best grown in sandy peat and
loam. They are easily raised from seed or cuttings, and produce their
flowers in July and August. Height, 1 ft.
Coix Lachryma (_Job's Tears_).--A half-hardy, annual, ornamental grass
bearing clusters of beautiful pearl-like seeds. Sow in a warm spot in
April, barely covering the seed with fine soil, and keep the surface
of the ground moist till germination is ensured. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
Colchicum (_Autumn-Flowering Crocus_).--Plant the bulbs in February in
light, loamy soil, placing them 2 in. deep and 3 in. apart. They
are readily increased by off-sets from the bulb. September is their
flowering season. Height, 3 in. (_See also_ "Bulbocodium.")
Coleus.--Tender perennial shrubs of some merit, requiring the
protection of a greenhouse. Keep the plants root-bound and near the
glass, with a good supply of heat and moisture. They succeed best in
a mixture of loam and peat. Cuttings of shoots 3 in. long planted in
sand, covered with a glass, and plunged in heat 60 to 70 degrees,
will strike. Pot off singly in loam and sand. Bloom in June or July.
Height, 2 ft. to 3 ft.
Colletia.--Ornamental evergreen shrubs. A mixture of peat and loam,
with a sheltered position, is their delight. Cuttings will strike
in sand if covered with glass. They produce their flowers in July.
Height, 2 ft. to 3 ft.
Collinsia.--Most elegant hardy annuals, doing well in any garden soil.
The seed is sown in autumn for early flowering, and in spring for a
later display. Bloom May to August. Height, 1 ft.
Collomia.--Hardy annuals, possessing little beauty. Treat as
Collinsia. Flower in July. Height, 1 ft. to 2 ft.
Colt's-foot.--This hardy perennial flowers before the leaves appear.
It grows best in a moist, clayey soil, and may be increased by pieces
of the running root.
Columbine.--_See_ "Aquilegia."
Colutea Arborescens (_Bladder Senna_).--A shrub with Acacia-like
leaves and producing yellow Pea-shaped flowers in July, followed with
bladder-shaped seed vessels. It will grow in any soil, and may be
raised either from seed or cuttings taken in autumn. Height, 10 ft.
Commelina Sellowina (_Blue Spider Wort, or Day Flower_).--A pretty
greenhouse climber, bearing cobalt-blue flowers. It should occupy a
sunny position, and be watered freely from March to September, after
which very little should be given.
Commelina Tuberosa.--Perfectly hardy plants, bearing in June blue or
white flowers the size of a shilling. The bulbs may be planted in
spring in any garden soil; the plants are increased by off-sets.
Height, 1-1/2 ft.
Compost Heap.--Get a heap of dead leaves and press and jam them down
as closely as possible. Then take as much manure, in appearance,
as you have dead leaves, and for each cartload have two bushels of
unslaked quicklime and some earth. Now spread upon the ground, in some
out-of-the-way corner, a layer of the dead leaves, upon which sprinkle
a layer of lime, and over that a thin layer of earth. Next lay on a
covering of manure, then a layer of leaves, and one of lime and earth
as before, and proceed in this way till all the materials are used up.
It will be well, however, to give the heap a good watering whenever
you come to the layer of leaves. This slakes the lime and hastens the
decomposition of the vegetable matter. After letting it stand for
about six weeks, begin at the top of the heap and turn it completely
over, so that what was at the bottom will be at the top. Repeat this
operation from time to time at intervals of six or seven weeks, until
it has become perfectly friable and will powder through a garden-fork
like dust. It will then be ready for use. This compost is invigorating
to flowers of all kinds, and is so ready for them to assimilate.
Comptonia Asplenifolia.--This ornamental deciduous shrub is quite
hardy, but requires a light, sandy loam or peat soil and a shady
situation. It is increased by layers. Blooms in April. Height, 4 ft.
Cone Flower.--_See_ "Echinacea."
Conifers.--Conifers (so called because they bear cones in place of
ordinary seed) are mostly of tall growth, yet among the class are many
low--growing evergreens well adapted for the lawn or border. Indeed,
any of the specimens may be utilised in this way, but of course must
be removed from the shrubbery or border before they attain undue
proportions. They are hardy, and, generally speaking, not particular
as to soil or situation. Firs, Pines, Cedars, etc., come under this
heading, and mention is made in other parts of this work of those most
suitable for the amateur's requirements.
Convallaria Prolificans.--This is one of the most beautiful hardy
perennials known. It has large, deep-green foliage, with erect and
much-branched flower-stems. The flowers are white, internally flushed
rose; are very fragrant, and are produced from May to September. The
plant will grow in any ordinary soil, and may be increased by dividing
the root. Height, 2-1/2 ft.
Convolvulus (_Morning Glory_).--Showy plants. The tender species are
well adapted for the stove or conservatory, and are best grown in loam
and peat: cuttings strike freely in sand under a glass. The half-hardy
annual kinds should be sown on a gentle hotbed in February, and when
large enough transferred to the open; or they may be sown in the open
in April. Hardy kinds merely require sowing in the open, early in
spring. The stove and greenhouse annuals and biennials require to be
sown in heat, and treated as other stove and greenhouse annuals and
biennials. Flowering season, May to July. Height, 6 in. to 15 ft.
Coral Plant.--_See_ "Erythrina."
Corchorus.--_See_ "Kerria."
Cordyline.--A stove evergreen shrub, which may be grown in any light,
vegetable mould or in peat and loam, and is easily increased by
suckers. It flowers in spring. Height, 3 ft.
Coreopsis.--Very pretty and long-flowering. They all like a light,
rich, and sandy soil. Cuttings of the stove kinds root freely under
glass. Hardy perennials may be divided at the roots. The annuals may
be sown either in the autumn or in March; they bear transplanting.
Longipes flowers in April; Grandiflora in August. Useful as cut
flowers. Height, 1-1/2 ft. to 3 ft.
Cornel.--_See_ "Cornus."
Cornflower.--_See_ "Cyanus."
Corn Salad (_Lamb's Lettuce_).--Sow in drills--the plants to stand 6
in. apart--from March till August, in well-drained sandy loam. Autumn
sowings will stand the winter and prove useful in early spring. It
must be gathered young.
Cornus Canadensis (_Canadian Cornel_).--A pretty herbaceous plant,
suitable for moist parts of rock-work. It is very hardy, likes a light
soil, and produces flowers from June to August. The roots may be
divided in autumn, or in the early part of spring. Height, 8 in.
Cornus Mas (_Cornelian Cherry_).--This hardy deciduous shrub does
well in common soil if a fair amount of moisture be given. Its yellow
flowers are produced on bare stems from February to April. It may be
increased by seeds, cuttings, or layers, autumn being the time to
propagate.
Coronilla.--The greenhouse shrubs should be grown in peat and loam.
They are raised by seeds and by cuttings. Most of the hardy perennials
need protection in winter, therefore they are best grown in pots.
These are propagated by seed or division. The annuals need no special
treatment.
Coronilla Iberica.--A pretty creeping hardy perennial suitable for
rock-work, on which its bright yellow flowers are very attractive
during June and July. It thrives best in a mixture of peat and loam,
and may be increased by seeds or division of the roots. Height, 6 in.
Correa Cardinalis.--An evergreen greenhouse shrub. Place in equal
parts of sand and loam, and propagate by cuttings, which should have
plenty of room, as they are liable to damp off. July is its flowering
season. Height, 4 ft. C. Magnifica is also a capital plant.
Cortusa Matthioli.--This ornamental hardy herbaceous plant thrives
best in a mixture of peat and loam. It is advisable to give protection
to the roots in winter. It may be increased by seeds or by division of
the roots. It makes a good pot-plant, and produces flowers in May and
June. Height, 1 ft.
Corydalis (_Fumitory_).--These low-growing perennials are suitable for
dry positions on rock-work. They are not particular as to soil, and
may be increased by division of roots, while some scatter seed in
abundance. Their flowering period extends over many months. Height, 6
in. to 1 ft.
Cosmea Bipinnata.--A very pretty half-hardy annual which flowers in
July. Sow the seed early in spring on a slight hotbed covered with
glass, and transplant to the flower border at the end of May. Height,
2 ft.
Cosmos.--Pretty plants, the flowers resembling a single Dahlia. They
are mostly hardy, but some need protection. The annuals should
be raised on a hotbed in February and be planted out in May. The
perennials, too, are brought forward in heat. Some flower in June,
others in September. Height, 1 ft. to 3 ft.
Cotoneaster.--Evergreen shrubs which will grow in any soil and are
easily increased by layers. C. Hookeriana attains the dimensions of
small trees, and produces a profusion of white flowers and bright
crimson berries. C. Simonsii is largely used as a hedge. Height, 6 ft.
to 8 ft. C. Rupestris is a small-leaved, prostrate perennial species,
bearing white flowers from May to August, followed by red berries.
Height, 3 in.
Cotyledon Chrysantha (_Umbilicus)._--A choice Alpine succulent which
thrives in a sandy loam, or in well-drained pots of the same soil. It
flowers from May to August, and is multiplied by cuttings, which must
be left to dry for a few days in a sunny place. Flowers are produced
from May to August. Height, 3 in.
Cowslips.--Well-known hardy perennials. These require the same
treatment as Primulas. Plant in a mixture of loam and peat, and divide
as soon as the bloom has died off. Height, 6 in.
Cowslips, Cape.--_See_ "Lachenalia."
Crambe Cordifolia (_Tournefort, or Sea Cabbage_).--This hardy
herbaceous plant is suitable for a wild garden. It likes a good, rich
soil, and is easily increased by seed or division. August is its
flowering period. Height, 3 ft.
Crane's Bill.--_See_ "Geranium Argentium."
Crataegus Pyracantha (_Fire Thorn_).--This hardy, ornamental shrub
will grow in any soil. It should be planted early in spring on a south
or south-west wall, and may be increased by seeds, by budding, or by
grafting. The profuse brilliant orange-coloured berries of the C.
Lelandii (Mespilus) ensures it a place on walls and trellises. A sunny
position gives best results. Prune in March.
Creeping Jenny.--_See_ "Lysimachia Nummularia."
Crepis (_Hawkweed_).--An interesting hardy annual. It merely requires
sowing in spring, and will grow in any soil. The flowers are produced
in June. Height, 1 ft.
Cress.--Sow at intervals of a week from March to September in the open
ground, and during the winter months in frames. A shady position is
most suitable. By these frequent sowings, and by often cutting over
such as readily renew a bottom growth, a constant succession of tender
shoots is obtained.
Crocus.--Among our earliest spring flowers. These will grow in any
garden soil, but prefer rich, sandy earth. Plant in October or
November, 3 in. deep and 2 in. apart. Take the roots up every second
year, and plant the small off-sets in a nursery bed for two years,
when they will be fit for the beds or borders. Protect the bulbs from
mice, as they are very partial to them, especially in winter.
_Indoor Culture_.--Select strong bulbs of the seedling varieties, and
plant them in succession, commencing early in autumn, in good, rich,
sandy soil. A liberal supply of water is necessary during the blooming
season, but perfect drainage must be secured. They grow well in bowls
filled with wet moss or sand. Height, 6 in. (_See also_ "Colchicum.")
Crotons.--Fine-foliaged hothouse plants. A mixture of peat and sandy
loam suits their growth, and they require a good amount of light to
properly colour their leaves, with a night temperature of 70 degrees.
Crowea Saligna.--Charming greenhouse evergreen shrubs, which send
forth their purple flowers in September. They grow best in loam and
peat. Cuttings may be struck in sand under bell-glasses. Height, 3 ft.
Crown Imperials.--_See_ "Fritillarias."
Crucianella Stylosa.--A hardy perennial. Sow in August or September in
a sheltered spot to stand the winter. The seed may also be sown from
March to midsummer, and the plants moved in autumn to the place where
they are to bloom. Their delicate pink flowers are produced in July.
Height, 1 ft.
Cuckoo Flower.--_See_ "Cardamine."
Cucumbers.--A rich, loamy soil is most suitable for their growth. Sow
frame varieties in a heat of 75 degrees or 85 degrees during February
and March for summer use, and when the plants are of sufficient size
transplant to a well-prepared hotbed. Sow again in September for
winter use. The hardy or ridge cucumbers (which are not suited for
frame or hothouse culture) should be raised in a frame or hot-bed in
April, and planted out about the middle of May in a warm border on
strawed ridges prepared with good stable manure, placing a hand-glass
over each plant until it is well established.
Cunila Mariana (_Dittany_).--This hardy perennial produces heads of
pretty purple flowers from July to September. It is not particular as
to soil, and can easily be increased by division. Height, 1 ft.
Cuphea.--Shrubs of a rather pretty description. The stove varieties
require a sandy loam to grow in, and may be propagated by cuttings.
The annuals should be sown on a gentle hotbed, and when strong enough
potted off and kept in the greenhouse; they should not be moved into
the open before the end of May. The perennial species if sown early
make good bedding plants the first year; they need protection in the
winter.
Currants.--_Black._--A rich, deep soil and a moist situation, together
with partial shade, are most suitable for their growth. They succeed
better as bushes than as espaliers or trained to walls. Cuttings of
the previous year's growth are taken in autumn and planted firmly 1
ft. by 6 in. apart. In two years shift every alternate plant so as to
allow room for expansion, and plant out finally to a distance of 5 ft.
In pruning the bushes, remember that the fruit is borne on the young
wood, therefore only sufficient should be cut away to allow of
the admission of air and sunshine and the further growth of young
branches. A portion of the old wood should be removed each year. Mulch
the roots, and keep the plants supplied with water in dry seasons.
Baldwin's Black, Ogden's Black, Black Naples, Lee's Prolific, James'
Prolific, and Old Black are among the best.
_Red and White._--An open, sunny position is needed. The soil that
suits them best is a deeply-manured, stiff loam. They are readily
raised from cuttings--which should be as long and strong as
possible--taken in autumn. Cut away all the eyes except the three
uppermost ones, and plant firmly in rows 1 ft. by 6 in. apart.
Transplant at the end of the second year to a distance of 5 ft. apart.
While the plants are young cut out all the top centre branches,
cutting always to an outgrowing bud, so as to give a cylindrical form
to the bush. In further pruning leave the leading shoots untouched,
but shorten all others to 4 in. or 6 in., and cut out all old, mossy
wood. Towards the end of June is a good time for cutting the young
wood away. The fruit is produced on spurs. In the autumn of each year
carefully dig in a good dressing of half-rotted manure, in such a
manner as not to injure the roots. Among the leading red varieties are
the following:--Champagne, Cherry, Chiswick Red, Houghton Castle, Raby
Castle, and Red Dutch. Of the white fruit the White Dutch and the
Cut-leaved White are the leaders. In plantations they should stand
from 4 ft. to 6 ft. apart.
Currants, Flowering.--_See_ "Ribes."
Cyanthus Lobatus--A small, but very beautiful procumbent perennial,
well adapted to fill moist places on rock-work if the situation is
open and sunny. A mixture of vegetable mould and sand suits it, and it
is best increased by cuttings placed in moist peat. It flowers in the
autumn, the flower-stems being from 6 in. to 1 ft. in length.
Cyanus(_Cornflower_).--Very pretty and free-blooming hardy annuals.
Sow the seed in the open in autumn for an early display of flowers,
or in March for a later one. Thin out to 2 ft. apart. Bloom in July.
Height, 2 ft. to 3 ft.
Cyclamen.--Charming winter and spring blooming bulbous greenhouse
plants, which thrive in a mixture of sandy loam and vegetable mould.
They require a moist atmosphere and a uniform temperature not lower
than 50 degrees. They may be increased by seed sown in slight heat as
soon as it is ripe. Plant the bulbs in October, also in February and
March, placing them so that the crown is level with the top of the
pots. One full-sized bulb is sufficient for a 6-in. pot, which must be
provided with good drainage and placed on a layer of coal ashes that
is kept constantly moist. Water moderately till growth begins, then
increase the supply. Give a little liquid manure, in a weak state, if
a large quantity of flower-buds appear. When the blooming season is
over, plunge the pots in a shady, well-drained border, and when the
leaves start afresh turn the plants carefully out of the pots, so
as not to injure their roots, and re-pot in fresh soil. C. Persicum
flowers in February, and C. Neapolitanum in April. C. Europeum is a
hard variety, thriving in any situation. It produces sweetly-scented
flowers throughout July and August. It does best when planted under
trees, or in partial shade on rock-work, in well-drained, good loamy
or peaty soil mixed with a fair proportion of brick rubble. Plant the
corms in September 3 in. apart, and 1-1/2 in. deep. Height, 6 in. to 9
in.
Cydonia (_Pyrus_).--These hardy plants are well adapted for
trellis-work, but are more effective when grown as bushes, and flower
more freely than when trained to the wall, the bloom often lasting to
the winter. They will grow in any soil, and are increased by suckers.
Height, 4 ft. and upwards.
Cyperius Alternifolius.--A stove grass which will grow in any soil,
but requires a plentiful supply of water. It is increased by dividing
the roots. Height, 2 ft.
Cypress (_Cupressus_).--Among these useful conifers C. Lawsoniana has
no superior as a single specimen for the decoration of the lawn. Of
free growth and perfectly hardy, it succeeds in almost any soil or
situation. C. Fraserii is also hardy, of erect habit, and of a rich
glaucous hue. When it attains a good size it is very ornamental. The
beautiful silver variegated variety Argenteo Variegata deserves a
place in every shrubbery. Nana Alba Maculata is a dwarf globular
plant, the slender branches of which are tipped with white, giving it
the appearance of being partly covered with snow. Pygmea is a compact
dwarf-growing variety suitable for the centre of small beds and for
rock-work. Japan Cypresses are elegant little shrubs, one of the
finest being Retinospora Ericoides, whose peculiar violet-red leaves
contrast charmingly with light green plants. Any of the above may be
increased by cuttings. They succeed best in a rich, deep loam, and are
improved by thinning out the branches where too thick, and pinching
out the stronger shoots where too thin, so as to encourage new growth.
Cypripedium (_Hardy Ladies' Slipper Orchid_).--This plant is of
the simplest culture and is well adapted for pots, ferneries, or
rock-work. It is most at home in a well-drained yet moist peaty soil,
and kept in a frame or on a shady border, where it will bloom in June.
Protect from frost and heavy rains, but never allow the roots to get
dry. Height, 1 ft.
Cytisus.--Elegant hardy shrubs with finely-cut leaves and terminal
racemes of Pea-shaped flowers in July. They will grow in any soil, and
are readily raised from seed or layers. Height, 3 ft. to 4 ft.
D
Daffodils.--These will grow in any good, cool, moist, well-drained
garden soil if sand be put round their roots, but thrive best in a
moderately rich loam. They may remain in the ground for years, for
large bulbs produce the finest flowers. When the flowering is over the
leaves must be allowed to die down, not cut off. Plant from September
to December. The top of the bulb should be about 3 in. below the
surface, according to its size; 10 in. apart is a good distance.
Daffodils are also suitable for pot culture. Plant three to six bulbs,
according to size, in a 4-in. or 5-in. pot, using a compost of two
parts fibrous loam, one part leaf-mould, and one part sand. Place the
pots on a bed of ashes, and cover with 4 in. of cocoa-nut fibre. As
soon as top growth has commenced, remove the plants indoors, and
give plenty of light and air to prevent them being drawn. Daffodils
likewise make a good display when planted on a lawn.
Dahlias.--These attractive plants require a deep, friable soil, not
over rich. They may be grown from seed sown on a hotbed in March and
lightly covered with fine mould. As soon as they are up give all the
air which can with safety be given. When the seedlings are large
enough pot them off singly in the smallest-sized pots or round the
edges of 6-in. ones. Plant them out at the end of May, 1 ft. apart;
they will flower at the end of August. Any that turn out very good had
better be propagated by cuttings from the young tops, to save the kind
in case the roots should die. When flowering is over take up the young
bulbs and treat them as directed afterwards for old tubers.
Another way to propagate them is to place the old tubers in soil over
a hotbed early in March. When the shoots are a couple of inches high
the tubers may be taken up and divided with a sharp knife. Pot off
separately. Water them occasionally with liquid manure, made from
guano and powdered charcoal, well mixed with rain water, and plant
them out early in May. Give them plenty of room, and tie the branches
securely to stakes firmly fixed in the soil. When they have become
good bushy plants put a layer of half-rotted manure round each plant.
As soon as frost turns their foliage brown take them up, cut off the
roots, leaving about 6 in. of stem attached, and plunge them into a
box of sand, chaff, or ashes, and preserve them from damp, frost, and
heat during the winter.
Daisies (_Bellis Perennis_).--These pretty, little hardy perennials
are very useful as edgings. To grow them to perfection the ground
should be highly manured, and the roots divided every year, planting
them out 6 in. apart in a cool, shady situation. October is a suitable
time for transplanting. They flower continuously from February to
July. Height, 6 in.
Dandelions.--Dandelions on lawns, etc., may be killed by cutting them
down as low as possible, and putting a little gas-tar or a pinch of
salt on the wound. Or they may be dug up and blanched for mixing with
salad. In this case plant six roots in an 8-in. pot, and place an
inverted flower-pot over the whole, in order to exclude the light; the
plants are sometimes blanched in the open by covering them with old
tan or fine ashes. The flowers must be kept picked off, for they soon
run to seed, and if unattended to become troublesome.
Daphne.--Beautiful shrubs, mostly evergreens, bearing elegant flowers
followed by bright-red poisonous berries. D. Mezereum is the most
common variety, and is very suitable for the front of shrubberies. The
Chinese variety D. Odorata is too tender for outdoors, but makes a
fine ornament for the greenhouse. The dwarf kinds, bearing fragrant
pink flowers, are rather tender, but are very useful for rockeries
occupying sheltered positions. They all need a peaty soil, and may
be increased by grafting on to the common Spurge Laurel. Different
varieties flower at various periods, from February to October. Height,
9 in. to 6 ft, but the majority are from 2 ft. to 3 ft. high.
Datura.--Ornamental half-hardy annuals. The seeds of all the species
must be sown on a hotbed early in spring. When the plants are strong
enough transplant them in the border, where they will bloom more
freely than in pots. The seeds of D. Ceratocaula will sometimes remain
several years in the ground before they germinate. They flower in
July. Height, 2 ft. to 3 ft.
Day Flower.--_See_ "Commelina."
Day Lily.--_See_ "Hemerocallis."
Delphinium (_Larkspur_).--The gorgeous spikes of flowers produced by
these plants render them invaluable for the border. They like a deep
soil, highly enriched. The perennials may be divided at the root in
autumn, care being taken not to injure the young fleshy sprouts. The
annuals are readily raised from seed. The quickest way to grow the
perennial varieties from seed is to sow in a frame with a slight
bottom-heat, at any time from March to August; but sowings made in the
open from April to June will succeed. Keep the ground moist, and shade
from the sun till the plants are up, then transplant to nursery beds
for the summer, afterwards transferring them to their final quarters.
Flower in June and July. Height, 1-1/2 ft. to 6 ft.
Dentaria Digitata (_Toothwort_).--This tuberous hardy perennial grows
well in old leaf-mould, and is very suitable for the base portion of
rock-work, where it can obtain both shade from the midday sun and
moisture. It is readily increased by cutting the roots into pieces
about 1-1/2 in. long, and replanting them where they are intended to
bloom, putting 1 in. or so of sand round them. They flower in May.
Height, 1-1/2 ft.
Desfontania Spinosa.--A fine, evergreen wall shrub with holly-like
leaves, and long, pendulous scarlet and orange flowers in June. It
grows best in a compost of loam, peat, and sand, with a south or west
aspect. It is propagated by cuttings under glass. Height, 10 ft.
Desmodium Canadense.--This is a fine border hardy perennial, producing
long racemes of rosy-purple flowers in June or July. It prefers a soil
of sandy loam and peat, and may be increased by seed or by cuttings
planted in sand and subjected to heat. Height, 4 ft.
Desmodium Pendulaeflorum.--A hardy evergreen shrub, flowering in July.
It thrives in sandy loam and peat. Cuttings planted in sand with a
little bottom-heat and under glass will strike. Height, 6 ft.
Deutzia.--A beautiful conservatory shrub, bearing in spring a large
quantity of flowers resembling the snowdrop. A peaty soil suits it. It
is pretty hardy. Height, 3 ft.
Devil-in-a-Bush.--_See_ "Nigella."
Dianthus.--Very beautiful and fragrant flowers. The genus embraces
Carnations, Pinks, Picotees, and Sweet Williams. The soil most
suitable for them is a light, loamy one, mixed with a little rotten
dung and sand. It is well to confine the rarer kind to pots, so as
the better to protect them in winter. They are propagated by layers,
cuttings, or division of roots. If the cuttings are taken about the
middle of June, and placed under glass on a gentle hotbed, they will
be ready in about three weeks to plant out in the open. The annuals
and biennials merely require sowing where they are intended to bloom.
Flower in July. Height, 1-1/2 ft. to 2 ft.
Dictamnus (_Burning Bush_).--_See_ "Fraxinella."
Dielytra Spectabilis (_Venus's Car, Bleeding Heart, or Lyre
Flower_).--One of the most elegant hardy perennials for forcing
for table decorations, or cutting for vases. The graceful, pendent
branches are laden with beautiful red or purple heart-shaped flowers;
these, combined with the delicate green of the foliage, give them a
conspicuous place among plants. Out of doors in summer, among shrubs
or herbaceous plants, they are exceedingly attractive. Let them be
planted in tufty groups in a warm, sheltered border of rich, light
soil. They may be increased by division of the root, as in the Dahlia,
or by cuttings. Height, 3 ft.
Digitalis (_Foxglove_).--Very showy, hardy, perennial border plants.
They will grow in any garden soil, and are readily raised from seed,
which, if sown in the autumn, will produce flowers the following June
and July. Height, 1 ft. to 3 ft.
Digitata.--_See_ "Callirhoe."
Dimorphantus _(Aralia Sinensis_).--The Dimorphantus Mandschuricus is
one of the noblest of deciduous shrubs, the foliage being very large
and much divided. Any soil is suitable for its growth, and it may be
propagated by cuttings of ripe wood, taken at a joint and planted on a
shaded site. It produces its flowers at midsummer. Height, 4 ft. to 6
ft.
Dimorphotheca Ecklonis.--This plant is not perhaps quite hardy, still
it may be grown out of doors in a sheltered, sunny situation. It
grows well in sandy loam and leaf-mould, and requires a good deal
of moisture in the summer months, though from autumn till spring it
should be kept on the dry side. During winter it is safest to afford
it protection. It is generally raised from cuttings late in summer,
which are kept through the winter in small pots in the greenhouse.
Diphylleia Cymosa.--A very pretty bog plant which blooms from June to
August. Plant in rich, light soil, and give plenty of water. It is
propagated by division. Height, 9 in.
Diplacus Glutinosus _(Hard-wooded Mimulus_).--This elegant greenhouse
shrub is an evergreen which delights in a rich, sandy loam. It flowers
in June, and is increased by cuttings. Height, 3 ft.
Diplopappus.--Dwarf-growing evergreen shrubs of pretty habit. The
golden stems and leaves of D. Chrysophylla render that variety
specially attractive. A sandy loam is most suitable for their growth.
They require the warmest situation the garden affords, and to be
protected during the winter. Cuttings strike readily. They flower in
August. Height, 2 ft.
Disbudding--The object of Disbudding is to prevent the growth of
branches which, from their position, would be useless to the tree, and
would consequently have to be cut away later on. The process is both
simple and expeditious. The trees are gone over once a week during the
spring, and the useless buds are rubbed off with the thumb, taking off
first those which are most unfavourably situated. The work should be
done gradually, so as not to give any check to the tree.
The term is also applied to the pinching out of flower-buds, such as
those of the Chrysanthemum, so as to give more room and strength to
the remaining blooms.
Disemma.--Splendid evergreen climbers, suitable either for the
greenhouse or in a sheltered position out of doors. Plant in rich,
loamy soil mixed with peat, and, if grown in the open, give protection
to the roots during the winter. They flower in July, and may be
increased by cuttings planted in sand under glass. Height, 20 ft. to
30 ft.
Dittany.--_See_ "Cunila."
Docks, to Kill.--Cut the weeds down to the ground, and run a skewer
dipped in vitriol through the roots.
Dodecatheon.--A hardy perennial, which is very ornamental when in
flower. It grows best in a loamy soil, and is easily increased by
dividing the roots. Blooms in May. Height, 1 ft.
Dog's-Tooth Violets.--_See_ "Violets."
Dolichos Lablab.--Half-hardy annuals. The seed should be sown in
spring in pots placed in heat, and kept in the hothouse till May, when
the plants may be set out in a sheltered position, placing sticks for
them to run up, in the like manner to Beans. Flower in July. Height, 6
ft.
Dondia Epipactis.--A very pretty and extremely hardy little perennial,
suitable for either pot culture or rock-work. It thrives in peat or
leaf-mould, and likes a moist position. Strong clumps may be divided
in February, but it is rather shy at being moved. It flowers in May.
Height, 6 in.
Doronicum (_Leopards Bane_).--An ornamental hardy perennial. It will
grow in any garden soil, and may be propagated from seed sown either
in the autumn or spring, or by dividing the root. It produces its
flowers in May. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
Draba.--Pretty dwarf Alpine plants which bloom during April and May;
very suitable for rock-work. They flourish in a compost of loam and
peat, and may be propagated by seed or division. Height, 1-1/2 in. to
3 in.
Dracaena Indivisa.--A stove evergreen shrub much valued for its
foliage and as a table plant. It requires a light, loamy soil and
plenty of light. Cuttings stuck in tan or peat and sand, and provided
with strong heat, will strike. It flowers in June. Height, 3 ft.
Dracocephalum (_Dragon's Head_).--Ornamental plants, mostly bearing
lilac or blue flowers. Many of the half-hardy kinds are grown in pots,
so that they may the more readily be removed to the greenhouse in
winter. The perennials are propagated by dividing the roots. The
annuals are increased from seed sown in March or early in April. They
like a rich, light soil, and come into bloom in June and July. Height,
1 ft. to 2 ft.
Dracophyllum.--Greenhouse evergreen shrubs of an ornamental character.
The pots should be filled with an equal mixture of sand and peat. They
are propagated by planting the young shoots in sand, covering them
with a hand-glass, and plunging them in heat. They flower in June.
Height, 2 ft.
Dragon's Head.--_See_ "Dracocephalum."
Dryas Octopetala (_Mountain Avens_).--A prostrate, creeping perennial
which bears white Anemone-like flowers from July to September. It
thrives in peat, and is increased by seeds, cuttings, or division.
Not being quite hardy, protection should be afforded during winter.
Height, 6 in.
Dutchman's Pipe--_See_ "Aristolochia."
E
Earwigs, to Trap.--An inverted flower-pot, containing a little dry
moss or hay, placed on a stick, forms a good trap for these pests.
They will also congregate in any hollow stems of plants that may be
laid about. They may be destroyed by shaking them into boiling water.
Eccremocarpus (_Calampelis_).--These climbing half-hardy perennials
will grow in any garden soil, a light, loamy one being preferable.
Sow the seed in autumn on a slight hotbed, pot off, and winter in a
greenhouse. The plants will be ready to turn out on a warm south wall
in April or May. Cut them down in the autumn, and cover the roots with
dry leaves: they will shoot up again in the spring. The foliage
is dark and Clematis-like; the flowers are borne in clusters, are
tube-shaped, and bright orange-scarlet in colour. They are increased
by cuttings.
Echeveria.--Choice greenhouse evergreen shrubs. They grow best in a
sandy loam, with a little peat, mixed with pulverised brick rubbish.
Water must be given cautiously. Young plants may be taken off the
parent in October and pressed firmly, but without bruising them, in
light, rich soil. Cuttings should be left for a few days to dry before
planting. They flower in autumn. In winter keep them in a cold frame,
and as dry as possible. Height, 1 ft. to 2 ft.
Echinacea Purpurea (_Purple Cone Flower_).--A stately hardy perennial,
very pretty when in flower, but hardly suitable for cutting purposes.
It likes a rich, light, loam soil and plenty of sunshine. The roots
may be divided in spring, after growth has fairly started. It blooms
during September and October. Height, 2-1/2 ft.
Echinops (_Globe Thistle_).--Coarse perennial plants, of stiff growth.
Any soil suits them, and they may be increased by dividing the roots.
They bloom in July. Height, 4 ft.
Echium Creticum.--A scarlet-flowering hardy annual which should be
grown wherever bees are kept. Sow in spring in any garden soil.
Height, 1-1/2 ft.
Edelweiss.--_See_ "Gnaphalium."
Edraianthus Dalmaticus.--A charming little herbaceous perennial which
proves quite hardy in our climate, and well deserves a place in the
rockery. Plant in deep, rich loam, and cover the surface of the crown
with 1/2 in. of coarse sand. It may be propagated from off-sets, taken
with as much root as possible as soon as flowering ceases. Winter the
young plants in a cold frame, and do not give them too much water, or
they will rot. They will bloom in July and August. Height, 4 in.
Egg-Plant (_Aubergine_).--The fruit of the egg-plant is edible. The
seed is sown in March or April in pots of well-drained, light, rich
soil, and placed in a cucumber frame or on a hotbed with a temperature
of 75 degrees. When the plants are fairly up they are potted off
separately, and when they have started into growth the points are
pinched out, so as to induce a bushy habit. It is necessary to keep
the roots well supplied with water. When the fruit is set, the growth
is stopped at the first joint beyond it. They are mostly treated as
greenhouse pot-plants, but may be grown in the open if planted on a
south border, in ridges like those made for cucumbers, and covered
with hand-glasses till established. The Aubergine is a tender annual.
Height, 2 ft.
Eggs of Insects, to Destroy.--Into 3 gallons of water stir 1/4 peck
of lime, 1/2 lb. of sulphur, and 1/2 lb. of tobacco. When settled,
syringe the trees and walls with the clear liquid. More water may be
added afterwards.
Eichhornia Crassipes Major.--A pretty and curious plant which may be
grown in bowls of water like the Chinese Lily. The stalks are bladders
about the size of a greengage, which enable the plant to float. The
flowers are soft lilac-rose in colour, and sparkle as if polished,
each one being about 2 in. in diameter. A little soil at the bottom of
the bowl is beneficial. It will flourish out of doors in summer.
Elder.--_See_ "Sambucus."
Eleagnus.--Effective variegated shrubs which prove perfectly hardy
in the south of England. They grow in any ordinary soil, and are
increased by cuttings. Height, 10 ft.
Elsholtzia Cristata.--Hardy annuals of great value where there are
bees, the flowers being very sweet. Sow in the open in spring. Height,
1 ft.
Empetrum.--Small hardy evergreen shrubs requiring an elevated and
exposed position, and a dry, barren soil. They flower in May, and are
propagated by layers. Height, 1 ft.
Endive.--Sow at intervals from May till the end of August, but the
principal sowing, to stand the winter, should be made the first week
in August, giving the plants the protection of a frame. When the early
sown ones are 2 in. high transplant them to a rich nursery bed. When 4
in. high lift them carefully, with the soil round the roots, and place
them in drills about 3 in. deep and 1 ft. apart each way. Water well
immediately after planting, and keep the soil moist.
Epacris.--Pretty Heath-like shrubs. They like a sandy peat soil, and
plenty of moisture. The pots in which they grow should be provided
with ample drainage and stood in a larger-sized pot, with wet moss
between the two. As soon they have done blooming cut them back freely,
and when the fresh shoots are 2 or 3 in. long, pot them off, placing
them in a close, cool pit for three or four weeks. Gradually harden
off, then place them in a sunny situation out of doors, and remove
them to the conservatory in October. They only need sufficient heat to
keep out the frost. Cuttings of the young wood placed in sand with a
little bottom-heat will strike.
Epigaea Repens (_Creeping Laurel_).--This creeper is hardy and
evergreen, and its flowers possess a delicious fragrance. It may be
grown in loam and sandy peat or in leaf-mould with a little sand
added, in a well-sheltered and moist situation; and may be propagated
by layers, in the same manner as Carnations. It flowers in April.
Height, 6 in.
Epilobium Angustifolium.--An ornamental herbaceous plant which may be
grown in any common soil from seed sown in autumn, or may be increased
by division of the roots. It puts forth its flowers in July. Height, 4
ft.
Epimedium.--An elegant hardy perennial, suitable for shaded borders
or rock-work. The best soil for it is sandy peat. It flowers between
April and June, and is increased by dividing the root. Height, 1 ft.
Eragrostis Elegans (_Love Grass_).--One of the best of our hardy,
annual, ornamental grasses. Sown in March, it will reach perfection in
August or September. Height, 1 ft.
Eranthis Hyemalis.--_See_ "Winter Aconite."
Eremurus Robustus.--This hardy perennial bears tall, handsome spikes
of sweetly-scented, peach-coloured flowers in May. It will grow in
any ordinary soil, and is easily propagated by young plants from the
roots. Height, I ft.
Ericas (_Heaths_).--It is useless to attempt to grow these beautiful
shrubs unless proper soil is provided. The free-growing kinds thrive
best in good black peat and require large pots. The dwarf and
hard-wooded kinds must be provided with sandy peat, and the pots
thoroughly well drained. They need less water than the free-growing
kinds. They all want a good deal of air, and must not be crowded too
closely together. Protect from frost and damp. Cuttings off the tender
tops of the shoots planted in sand under glass will strike. The
cuttings of the stronger-growing kinds should be somewhat longer. As
soon as rooted, pot off singly, place in a close frame, and harden off
by degrees. The hardy sorts grow in a sandy peat, and may be increased
by layers or by cuttings. They bloom at various times. Height, 6 in.
to 4 ft. (_See_ "Heaths, Greenhouse.")
Erigeron.--Very handsome hardy perennials, producing a copious display
of bloom. They will grow in any soil, and may be increased by division
or by seed sown between March and July, or in August or September.
They flower at the end of July. Height, 1 ft.
Erinus.--The hardy perennial kinds bloom in March, the greenhouse
varieties in May. The latter are very pretty. They all like a sandy
soil, and may be increased by seed or by division. Height, 6 in. to 9
in.
Eriogonum.--These pretty, hardy, herbaceous plants bloom in June. They
grow best in a compost of loam and peat, and are easily raised from
seed. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
Eriostemon.--Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Grow in sandy peat with a
little loam added. Cuttings will strike in sand. They flower in May
and June. Height, 2 ft. to 3 ft.
Erodium.--An extensive genus of very beautiful plants, mostly hardy.
They will grow in any soil, and merely require ordinary treatment. The
bloom is produced in June or July. Height, 4 in. to 1 ft.
Eryngium.--A very ornamental and beautiful kind of Thistle. They are
mostly quite hardy, and will grow in any garden soil, though they
thrive best in a light, sandy one. The greenhouse and frame varieties
should be grown in pots, so that they can be easily housed in winter.
They are readily increased by seed or division, and produce their
flowers in July. Height, 1 ft. to 4 ft.
Erysimum.--Flowers of little merit. The herbaceous kinds thrive in
common soil, but do best in a mixture of loam and peat. They may be
increased by cuttings placed under glass. The annuals and biennials
merely need sowing in the open during autumn. They bloom in June and
July. Height, 1-1/2 ft. to 2 ft.
Erythrina Crista Galli (_Coral Plant_).--A showy, summer-blooming
greenhouse plant. Place it in turfy loam enriched with old manure. It
may be transferred to the garden in the summer, and when the wood is
ripe cut it back and keep it dry till spring. Cuttings taken at a
joint, with the leaves left on, may be struck in sand.
Erythronium Dens-Canis _(Dog's Tooth Violets_).--_See_ "Violets."
Escallonia.--Handsome, half-hardy, evergreen shrubs, possessing rich
glaucous leaves and bunches of tubular flowers. A peat and sandy loam
soil suits them best. They may be planted against, and trained to, a
south wall, but need protection from frost. The laterals may be cut
back fairly close in March to encourage new growth. They may be
propagated by layering in the autumn, or by suckers taken in the
spring. Height, 3 ft.
Eschscholtzia.--Pretty hardy annuals, especially during August, when
they are in flower. Any rich soil suits them. Easily raised from seed
sown on a gentle hotbed in spring, and afterwards transplanted to the
border. They flower longest if sown in autumn, but the young plants
need protection through the winter. Height, 1 ft.
Eucalyptus Citriodora.--A useful window or greenhouse plant, with
small, oblong, bright green leaves, furnished with appendages that
emit an odour resembling the Lemon-scented Verbena. It is of easy
cultivation, growing freely from seed sown in slight heat. Height, 4
ft.
Eucalyptus Globulus.--A greenhouse everlasting tree, commonly known as
Blue Gum. It delights in a mixture of peat, loam, and sand. Cuttings,
which should not be too ripe, root in sand under glass. It may be
grown from seed sown, in a temperature of 65 degrees, from February to
April. It flowers in June.
Eucharidium.--Pretty little hardy annuals, nearly allied to the
Clarkia. The seed may be sown in autumn for early flowering, or in
spring for blooming in July. Height, 1 ft.
Eucomis Punctata.--A fine, autumn-blooming plant, bearing long spikes
of fragrant creamy-white flowers and curiously-spotted stems. It may
be grown in any rich soil. Height, 2 ft.
Eucryphia Pinnatifida.--A dwarf evergreen shrub with flowers
resembling a white St. John's Wort. It grows best in a compost of loam
and peat, and is propagated by cuttings planted in sand, and subjected
to heat.
Eugenia Ugni.--An evergreen shrub which produces white flowers in May,
succeeded by round, edible berries. It should be grown in loam and
peat. Ripened cuttings may be struck in sand under glass. Height, 4
ft.
Eulalia Japonica.--A hardy perennial Giant Grass. It is very handsome
as single specimens on lawns, or used in groups on the margins of
shrubberies. The flower panicles in their first stage have erect
branches, but as the flowers open these curl over gracefully,
resembling a Prince of Wales feather. Height, 6 ft.
Euonymus Radicans Variegata.--A hardy evergreen shrub which, given a
sunny situation, will grow in any soil, though a rich, sandy one is
preferable. It may be increased by layers, by seed, by cuttings of
ripe wood taken early in autumn and planted in the shade, or by
dividing strong roots. May is its time to flower. Height, 6 ft. Other
varieties of the Euonymus, or Spindle Tree, are equally hardy, and
easy to propagate.
Eupatorium Odoratum.--A greenhouse shrub which bears sweet-scented
white flowers in August, continuing in bloom for a long while. It may
be planted out at the end of May, but must be lifted before the frost
comes. When flowering ceases, give less water and prune hard back. It
grows well in peat and loam, and is increased by seed or by cuttings
of the young shoots in spring in bottom-heat. Pinch back freely until
the end of July, leaving all growth after that period. Height, 2-1/2
ft.
Euphorbia.--An elegant class of plants. The stove and greenhouse
varieties are generally succulent, and require but little water, while
the hardy kinds need plenty of moisture. Any rich, light soil suits
them, but for the tender, succulent plants it should be mixed with
brick rubbish. Best grown from seed, though the roots may be divided.
Height, 2 ft.
Eurya Latifolia Variegata.--A fine, variegated, large-leaved
evergreen, very suitable for covering a low wall, or for conservatory
decoration. It delights in a compost of loam and peat, and is
propagated by cuttings planted in a sandy soil on gentle heat. Height,
2 ft.
Eurybia.--Very pretty flowering shrubs for walls, borders, or
rockeries. They require a light, rich soil, and may be increased by
seeds sown early in spring on a gentle hotbed. Height, 2 ft.
Eutaxia Myrtifolia.--Pretty evergreen shrubs, suitable for the
greenhouse. They thrive best in a mixture of peat and loam, and
require the pots to be well drained. To have nice bushy plants they
must be pinched back well. Cuttings will strike in sand under glass.
They flower in August. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
Eutoca.--Exceedingly pretty hardy annuals. Sow the seed in light soil
early in spring where it is to flower, and thin out so that the plants
have plenty of room. They bloom in July. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
Evening Primrose.--_See_ "Oenothera."
Everlasting Peas.--_See_ "Peas, Everlasting."
F
Fabacea.--_See_ "Thermopsis."
Fatsia Japonica.--_See_ "Aralia."
Feather Grass.--_See_ "Stipa Pennata."
Fennel.--Sow the seed in April, cover lightly with fine mould, and
when the plants are strong enough set them out 1 ft. apart. Cut off
the flower-stalks as soon as they appear, to prevent them running to
seed. The bed will last for years. (_See also_ "Ferula.")
Fenzlia.--Elegant half-hardy annuals. Sow the seed on a peat soil. If
this be done in autumn, they will flower in April or May; if sown in
spring, they will bloom in autumn. Height, 6 in.
Ferns.--Most Ferns delight in a loose soil, an abundance of moisture,
and a warm, humid atmosphere. The stove and greenhouse kinds are best
cultivated in a mixture of sandy loam and peat. The hardy kinds grow
best among rock-work or in a shady border: a light, sandy soil suits
them. They may be increased by dividing the roots.
Ferns from Seed.--Collect the spore-fronds towards the end of summer,
just as the spore-cases begin to open. Place them on a sheet of paper
in a box for a few days, keeping it in a dry place. Most of the spores
will fall out, the others may be rubbed out with the hand. These
spores will keep good a long time, but are best sown within a year.
Fill the pots with good heavy loam, water freely, and apply a coating
of charcoal, coarse sand, and sphragnum moss, rubbed through a fine
sieve. Damp the surface, sow the spores thinly, and cover with glass.
Keep the soil moist by standing the pots for a time each day up to
their rim in water. No surface water should be given. Stand the pots
in a warm, light place in the greenhouse, but keep them shaded from
the sun. When the surface is covered with growth, prick out into pans
or boxes, using a rich, light soil. When they are large enough pot
them off singly in thumb-pots, re-potting as soon as these are filled
with roots.
Ferraria.--_See_ "Tigridia."
Ferula (_Giant Fennel_).--Strong-growing, hardy, herbaceous plants.
F. Gigantea has bright, glistening foliage, changing to a brilliant
orange, and attains a height of 8 ft or 10 ft. F. Tingitana is very
stately and graceful, growing 4 ft. high. They are easily raised
from seed, will grow in any garden soil, and flower in August and
September.
Festuca.--An annual ornamental grass, which is grown best on a loamy
soil. Sow the seed in March, and keep moist till it germinates.
Height, 1 ft.
Feverfew.--This hardy perennial will grow in any soil and ripen its
seed freely. Young plants, obtained by sowing the seed early in
spring, are very useful for edgings; when planted alternately with, or
in proximity to, Lobelia a pretty effect is produced.
Ficaria Grandiflora.--A hardy perennial which thrives well when
planted under the shade of trees. It is increased by separating the
tubers in autumn, and produces its flowers in May. Height, 6 in.
Ficus Elastica (_India-rubber Plant_).--This thrives well in any
light, rich soil, or in loam and peat. Keep it moderately moist
throughout the winter, using tepid water. In summer any of the
artificial manures may be used. Sponge the leaves once a week to free
them from dust, and keep the plant well sheltered from draughts.
Cuttings with uninjured leaves will root in autumn in sand with a
bottom-heat of 65 or 75 degrees; or the cuttings may be taken in
spring, stem-rooting the slips. It flowers in May, and sometimes
attains the height of 20 ft.
Fig Palm.--_See_ "Aralia."
Figs.--Though in some parts of our country Figs are cropped on
standards, as a rule they require to be trained on a wall having a
southern exposure. The soil should be a fairly good loam mixed with
old mortar and crushed bones, but no manure is needed. The end of
March or the beginning of April is the most favourable time for
planting. The trees should be firmly set, and the surface of the soil
kept moist until they are established. Manure may be given--preferably
in a liquid state--when heavy crops of fruit are being borne. Old and
exhausted wood may be cut away in April, but the knife must be used
sparingly. The branches should be trained to a distance of 10 in.
apart, and the fruit-bearing shoots may be pinched back with the thumb
and finger at the end of August. The fruit is borne on the previous
year's growth. They may be increased by layers, by suckers, or by
cuttings of the young wood placed in sand and plunged in a bottom-heat
under glass. Brown Turkey, Black Ischia, Yellow Ischia, White
Marseilles, Brunswick, and St John's are all good varieties for
open-air cultivation, or for growing in houses.
When grown under glass, Figs may be trained on trellises near the roof
of the house, or may be planted in tubs or pots, not allowing too much
root-room. At starting the temperature in the day should be about 60
degrees, and at night 55 degrees. More heat can be given as the plants
advance, keeping up a moist atmosphere, but taking care not to give
too much water to the roots. By pinching off the points of the shoots
when they have made five or six leaves a second crop of fruit will
be obtained. Use the knife upon them as little as possible. When the
fruit begins to ripen admit air, and as soon as it is gathered give
liquid manure to the roots every other day to encourage a second crop.
When the plants are at rest they need hardly any water.
Filberts and Cob Nuts.--These Nuts will succeed on any soil that is
not cold or wet. The bushes should be planted in October, when the
leaves have nearly all fallen. Make the soil firm about the roots and
give a mulching of stable manure. At the beginning of April the old
and exhausted wood may be cut away, as well as any branches that
obstruct light and air. Encourage well-balanced heads to the bushes
by cutting back any branch that grows too vigorously, and remove all
suckers as they make an appearance, except they are required for
transplanting. The crop is produced on the small wood. The best method
of propagation is by layers in November or any time before the buds
swell in spring. The process is simple, it merely requiring a notch
to be made in a branch of two or three years' growth, which is then
pegged down 2 or 3 in. below the surface. The following autumn it may
be cut away from its parent, pruned, and planted. They may also be
grown from nuts sown in autumn and transplanted when two years old. In
Kent the bushes are kept low and wide-spreading, by which means the
harvest is more readily reaped. On a fairly good soil they should
stand from 10 to 14 ft. apart. Lambert's Filberts, Frizzled Filberts,
Purple Filberts are good varieties, the former two bearing abundantly.
Among the best of the Cobs may be mentioned the Great Cob and
Merveille de Bollwyller.
Fire Thorn.--_See_ "Crataegus."
Flea Bane.--_See_ "Inula" _and_ "Stenactis."
Flower-Pots, Sizes of.--Various practices prevail at different
potteries, but the appended names and sizes are generally adopted. In
every case the inside measurement is taken.
Inches Inches
SIZES. across Top. Deep.
Thimbles 2 2
Thumbs 2-1/2 2-1/2
Sixties (60's) 3 3-1/2
Fifty-fours (54's) 4 4
Forty-eights (48's) 4-1/2 5
Thirty-twos (32's) 6 6
Twenty-fours (24's) 8-1/2 8
Sixteens (16's) 9-1/2 9
Twelves (12's) 11-1/2 10
Eights (8's) 12 11
Sixes (6's) 13 11
Fours (4's) 15 13
Threes (3's) 17 13
Twos (2's) 18 14
Foam Flower.--_See_ "Tiarella."
Fontanesia Phillyraeoides.--This shrub will grow in any soil, but
needs protection in severe weather. It may be propagated by layers or
by cuttings planted under glass. August is its time for flowering.
Height, 10 ft.
Forget-me-not.--_See_ "Myosotis."
Forsythia.--Any good soil suits these pretty shrubs. F. Suspensa
thrives best under greenhouse treatment, but F. Viridissima is quite
hardy. The former flowers in March, the latter in February. They may
be increased by layers or cuttings. Height, 10 ft.
Foxglove.--_See_ "Digitalis."
Fragaria Indica (_Ornamental Strawberry_).--A rich or peaty mould
suits this half-hardy perennial. It may be saved through the winter by
protecting the roots, but seed sown in spring will generally fruit the
same year. It flowers in July. Height, 1 ft.
Francoa.--Hardy perennials bearing white flowers from June to
September. They like a good, warm soil. The only way of raising them
is from seed. They require a slight protection in winter. Height,
2-1/2 ft.
Fraxinella (_Dictamnus_).--This ornamental hardy perennial is commonly
known as the Burning Bush. It succeeds in any garden soil, and is
easily raised from seed, which ripens freely. If the flowers are
rubbed they emit a fine odour. It blooms in June. Height, 3 ft.
Freesia.--Remarkably pretty and graceful Cape flowers, possessing a
most agreeable perfume. The plants grow about 9 in. high and produce
six or eight tubular flowers on a stem. They are easily cultivated in
a cool greenhouse, frame, or window, and are invaluable for cutting,
the long sprays lasting from two to three weeks in water. The bulbs
should be planted early in the spring in rich, very sandy soil, and
given the protection of a cold frame in the winter. By successional
plantings they may be had in bloom from January to May. Put six to
twelve bulbs in a 4-in. or 8-in pot, place in a sunny position in
a cold frame, and cover with damp cinder ashes to keep them fairly
moist. When growth has begun and the pots are full of roots, remove
the covering of ashes, but keep the pots in the frame, giving a little
ventilation when the weather is mild, and watering carefully when the
soil appears dry. Protect from frost by a covering of mats. For early
flowering remove the plants to a warm greenhouse when the flower
spikes appear, keeping them as near the glass as possible. When the
buds are developed an occasional application of weak liquid manure
will prove beneficial.
Fremontia Californica.--A beautiful and somewhat singular wall shrub,
with large yellow flowers. Any soil is suitable for it, but a south or
west aspect is indispensable.
Fringe Tree.--_See_ "Chionanthus."
Fritillarias (_Crown Imperials, or Snake's Head Lilies_).--Soil, sandy
loam, or well-drained, deep, rich mould. Plant in the open ground in
autumn; take the bulbs up as soon as the leaves decay, and preserve
them in a rather moist place. Increased by off-sets taken from the old
roots every third year. They are not so suitable for pot culture
as for outdoor decoration. They are quite hardy, and flower in the
spring, bearing clusters of pendent bell-shaped flowers surrounded
with tufts of fresh green leaves.
F. Meleagris are of dwarf, slender growth, and bear in early spring
elegant pendent flowers of various shades netted and marked with
darker colours. These are suitable for either the border or pots.
Plant in autumn.
Fruit Trees, the Pruning of.--Cut away all growths that have an inward
tendency, and do not allow any shoot to cross over or come in contact
with another; also keep the centres of the trees or bushes open. The
fruit of trees thus treated is not so liable to be blown down by the
wind, and the sun can more readily ripen it. If the ground is poor a
dressing of rotted manure worked into the soil will be beneficial to
the roots.
Fuchsias.--These like a warm and moist atmosphere. The hardy sorts do
well out of doors in rich, light soil. On the approach of frost cut
them down and cover the roots with 3 or 4 in. of coal dust, ashes, or
moss. Remove the ashes in April and thin out the shoots in May. They
will also grow well from cuttings taken off the old wood as soon as
they are 1 in. long, inserted in sand and placed under glass, or
plunged in dung at a temperature of 60 degrees. Cuttings will also
strike in loam and leaf-mould. If grown in pots, take them indoors
before the frosty weather begins, and give them very little or no
water at all during the winter. Keep them in a cool place, yet free
from frost. Re-pot them in the spring, trimming the branches and
roots, and making a compost for them of one-half mellow yellow loam,
one quarter leaf-mould, and one quarter old manure. Place them in a
frame with bottom-heat, and water and syringe them moderately while
they are growing. When they are in full growth never give them plain
water, but always plenty of liquid manure.
Fumitory.--_See_ "Corydalis."
Funkia.--Ornamental plants which delight in a deep, light soil and a
warm, moist situation, without which they will not flower. They are
increased by division (which should not be too severe) and bloom in
July and August. Height, 1 1/2 ft.
Furze.--Enjoys a sandy soil. Increased by cuttings taken in spring
or autumn and placed in a shady border under hand-glasses. It is of
evergreen habit, and forms a dense and highly ornamental hedge. (_See
also_ "Ulex.")
G
Gages.--The cultivation of Gages is similar to that of Plums. In the
open they may be grown as dwarfs or pyramids, and in orchard-houses
as gridirons, cordons, or in pots. The chief points to observe are to
thin the branches in order to admit plenty of light into the middle of
the tree, thus inducing the production of a plentiful supply of fruit
spurs, and to occasionally lift and root-prune the tree if growing
too strong. Among the choicest sorts are: Bonne Bouche (producing its
fruit at the end of August), Coe's Golden Drop (end of September),
Old Green Gage (August), Guthrie's Late Green Gage (September),
M'Laughlin's Gage (end of August), Oullin's Golden Gage (end of
August), and Reine Claude de Bavay (beginning of October).
Gaillardia (_Blanket Flower_).--Very ornamental flowers, which will
grow in any common soil, but thrive most in a light, rich one. Seeds
of the annual kinds are sown in the spring. The perennials are
increased by dividing the roots. Bloom in July. Height, 1 ft. to 2 ft.
Galanthus.--_See_ "Snowdrops."
Galax Aphylla (_Wand Plant_).--The Heart-shaped Galax is a charming
little plant for rock-work. It is perennial, and does not lose the old
leaves till the new ones appear. A rich, light mould is required for
its growth, and its situation should be a somewhat shady one. Its
flowers are borne in July and August, on stalks 1 ft. or more high.
The plant may be increased by taking up a strong clump, shaking it
apart, and transplanting at once. (_See also_ "Shortia.")
Galega (_Goats Rue_).--Ornamental hardy perennials, requiring plenty
of room. They are readily increased by seed or division of the root,
and flower in July. Height, 3 ft. to 4 ft.
Galium.--This hardy herbaceous plant blooms in July. It will grow in
any soil, and can be increased by division of the root. Height, 1 ft.
Gardenias.--Plant in a hothouse in fibrous peat mixed with a large
proportion of sand. Give plenty of heat and moisture during growth,
with a thin shade to keep off the sun's midday rays. Lower the
temperature as soon as growth is completed, and in the middle of
summer stand the plants out in the open for a week or two for the wood
to ripen. Height, 3 ft.
Garlic.--Plant small cloves from February to April in rows 9 in. apart
and 6 in. from each other in the row. Lift them when the leaves die
down, dry them in the sunshine, and store in an airy, cool shed.
Garrya Elliptica.--A hardy evergreen shrub, which is very suitable
in its early stages for pot-culture. A light, loamy soil is what it
likes. Cuttings taken in August and placed in sand under a hand-glass
will strike freely, but it is most readily increased by layers. In
October it bears graceful yellowish-green tassels of flowers from the
ends of its shoots. Height, 6 ft.
Gasteria Verrucosa.--This plant grows best in pots of turfy loam and
leaf-mould, to which has been added a little old mortar. Good drainage
is essential. Water freely in summer, and keep just moist in winter.
Keep the foliage clean by sponging. Give plenty of light, and during
warm weather turn the plants out of doors.
Gastrolobium.--Elegant evergreen shrubs which flower in April and May.
They are most suitable for adorning the greenhouse, and grow best in
a soil of loamy peat and sand. Cuttings of half-ripened wood planted
under glass will take root. Height, 2 ft.
Gaultheria.--Dwarf, creeping evergreen shrubs, having dark foliage
and producing white flowers in May, June, or July. They require to be
grown in peat, and are increased by layers. G. Procumbens is suitable
for rockeries, as it only grows to the height of 6 in. G. Shallon
attains the height of 2 ft.
Gaura Lindheimeri.--This free-flowering, hardy, herbaceous plant will
thrive in any light, rich soil. It bears elegant spikes of white
flowers from May onwards, followed by red bracts in September, and is
readily propagated by seeds. Height, 4 ft.
Gazania Splendens.--A showy greenhouse plant. It may be planted in the
open in warm positions, but will require protecting in winter. Grow it
in peat and loam. Cuttings will strike if placed in sand under glass.
It flowers in July. Height, 1 ft.
Genethyllis.--Greenhouse evergreen shrubs which thrive best in sandy
loam and peat. Cuttings of the young wood planted in the same soil and
plunged in heat will take root. Their flowering season is in August.
Height, 3 ft.
Genista (_Broom_).--G. Canariense is an exceedingly ornamental and
free-flowering greenhouse shrub. It should be planted in a mixture of
loam, peat, and sand. Young cuttings inserted in sand under a glass
take root readily. It blooms in June. Height, 2 ft. Hardy species of
Genista may be placed in the front of shrubberies. They are increased
by seeds or by layers.
Gentians.--The herbaceous kinds do best in a light, rich soil, such as
loam and peat mixed with vegetable mould. The annuals are raised from
seed sown as soon as it is ripe; if left till spring before it is sown
it will probably not come up till the second year. The perennials are
increased by dividing the roots. Both of the latter kinds do best in
a dry, sandy soil. Gentiana Acaulis, or Gentianella, is very suitable
for edgings, or for rock-work; it is an evergreen creeper, and bears
large trumpet-shaped flowers of rich ultramarine blue. All the
Gentians need plenty of free air, and some of them moisture at the
roots. Bloom in July. Height, 4 in. to 2 ft.
Geranium Argentium(_Silvery Crane's-Bill_).--This hardy perennial
alpine is very effective on rock-work, especially in front of dark
stones; but provision must be made for its long tap roots. A rich,
deep loam suits it well. Its seeds germinate freely when sown in peat
and sand. Flowers are borne from May to July. Height, 6 in.
Geraniums.--Take cuttings in July or August, and let them he to
partially dry for twenty-four hours before planting. When rooted pot
them off in 60's, and keep them under glass during the winter at a
temperature of 55 degrees. If the cuttings are taken in September put
three or four slips in a 48-size pot. In the spring they should be
re-potted singly and hardened off as early as possible. A suitable
soil for them is made by mixing two parts of good turfy loam, one of
leaf-mould, one of well-decomposed cow-dung, and a good proportion
of silver sand. Bone dust is an excellent addition to the soil. Old
plants stripped of their leaves may be packed in sand during the
winter, and re-potted in spring.
Gerardia.--These hardy perennials form pyramidal bushes bearing
Pentstemon-like flowers, thickly set and varying in colour from
light pink to dark purple. A peat soil suits them best. They may be
propagated by cuttings placed under glass, but are best grown from
seed. July is their flowering season. Height, 1 ft. to 2 ft.
German Seeds.--These require to be sown in a cold frame in seed-pans,
in the greenhouse, or under a handglass, in good, rich compost,
composed of old turf, leaf-mould, some well-rotted manure, and silver
sand. The seeds should be sown thinly and watered sparingly. Sow early
in April, and transplant in the middle or end of May in rich soil.
Water occasionally with weak liquid manure.
Gesneria.--Handsome greenhouse perennials. They thrive in any light,
rich soil. Cuttings will strike readily either in sand or soil if
placed under glass in heat. They may also be raised from seed sown in
a temperature of 75 degrees in March or April. They flower in October.
Height, 18 in.
Geum.--Very handsome hardy perennials. They grow well in any light,
rich, loamy soil, and may be increased either by seeds or by dividing
the roots. G. Coccineum is extremely pretty. Flower in July. Height,
18 in.
Gherkins.--Sow the seed the first week in April in small pots, and
cover it lightly with fine soil. Plunge the pots in a hotbed covered
with a frame. When grown to nice little plants, remove them to a cold
frame to harden, and plant them out on a warm border towards the end
of May. When the fruit begins to form, give liquid manure twice a
week. For pickling they must be cut while small.
Gilia.--Extremely pretty and free-flowering hardy annuals, deserving
of a place in every garden. They are very suitable for small beds.
They should be sown in the open early in spring. G. Tricolour may be
sown in autumn. Bloom in July. Height, 1 ft.
Gillenia Trifoliata.--The Three-Leaved Gillenia is a hardy herbaceous
perennial which is very useful as a cut flower for the decoration of
vases, etc. It should be grown in large clumps, delights in a deep,
moist soil and partial shade, and may be propagated by dividing the
roots early in spring. It lasts in bloom from June to August. Height,
1 ft.
Gladiolus.--Dig the ground out to a depth of 1 ft. or 15 in.; put in
a layer of leaf-mould or rotted manure, and then 4 or 5 in. of earth
mixed with sand; insert the bulbs (6 in. from the surface and 9 in.
apart), cover them with 1 in. of sand, and fill up with earth. In
frosty weather cover with a thick layer of litter. Give plenty of
water when they begin to throw up their flower-stems. They may be
planted at any time between December and the end of March. If planted
late in the season, a depth of 3 or 4 in. is enough. The roots must
be kept dry in winter. They are increased by off-sets, taken when the
bulbs are removed from the ground after the leaves have turned yellow.
These should be planted at once in well-drained earth. If early
flowers are required, plant the old bulbs in pots (three to six bulbs
being placed in a 5-in. pot) any time between December and March. Give
them frame culture up to the second week in May, when they may be
transferred to the border. The flowers are invaluable for vase
decoration.
Glaucium Flavum Tricolor (_Hardy Horn Poppy_).--The large, brilliant,
orange-red flowers of this plant are very effective in the border, and
the bloom is continuous during the greater part of the summer. The
seed is rather slow to germinate, but when sown in the open ground in
autumn, it blooms from June to August; when sown in early spring it
flowers from July to September. Height, 2 ft.
Glaux Maritima (_Sea Milkweed_).--A pretty little hardy trailing plant
bearing flesh-coloured flowers in June and July. It grows in sandy
loam, and is raised from seed sown in spring. Height, 3 in.
Globe Amaranthus (_Gomphrena_).--This tender annual is well known for
its clover-like heads of everlasting flowers. It will grow in any rich
soil, but to produce really fine plants, much attention must be given
to shifting, watering, etc. Increased by seed in the same manner as
other tender annuals. Blooms in July. Height, 1 ft.
Globe Flower.--_See_ "Trollius."
Globe Thistle.--_See_ "Echinops."
Globularia Trichosantha.--A pretty dwarf perennial rock-plant bearing
pale blue flowers in May and June. It is hardy, thrives in light,
sandy soil, and is increased by either seeds or cuttings planted in
sand. Height, 6 in. The greenhouse varieties of Globularia grow best
in loam and peat.
Glory of the Snow.--_See_ "Chionodoxa."
Gloxinias.--A very ornamental family of tuberous-rooted hothouse
plants. They are of two classes, the drooping and the erect. Pot at
any time during January and March in a mixture of equal quantities of
loam, peat, and sand, with the addition of a little vegetable soil,
and place in a warm (60 degrees), moist temperature, where they can be
favoured with a little shade. In summer supply the roots plentifully
with water, but give them very little in winter. Overhead watering
is likely to rot the leaves and flowers. G. Maculata is increased by
division. The leaves of most of the others, if taken off close to the
stem, and planted, will soon make young plants. They may be raised
from seed sown from March to July in a hothouse or frame having a
temperature of 65 to 75 degrees. They flower in June, and on into
September. Height, 6 in. to 1 ft.
Glycine.--_See_ "Wistaria" _and_ "Apios."
Gnaphalium _(Edelweiss_).--Hardy everlasting flowers, which are
covered with a woolly substance. They may be grown in any light, rich
soil. The shrubby and herbaceous kinds may be increased by cuttings
or division. The annuals are easily raised from seed. They flower in
July. Height, 1 ft.
Goat's Rue.--_See_ "Galega."
Godetia.--Very pretty hardy annuals, that may be grown in any garden
soil. Sow in the autumn for early flowering, or in spring for later
blooms. July is their ordinary season of coming into flower. Height,
1-1/2 ft. to 2 ft.
Golden Feather.--Hardy annual foliage plants. They are not particular
as to soil, and are easily raised from seed sown early in spring. They
bloom in July. Height, 1 ft.
Golden Rod.--_See_ "Solidago."
Gompholobium.--Delicate greenhouse evergreen shrubs requiring a soil
of sandy loam and peat and but little water. They flower in June, and
are propagated by cuttings planted in sand under glass. Height, 2 ft.
Gomphrena.--_See_ "Globe Amaranthus."
Gooseberries.--From the middle of October to the end of November is
the best time for planting. To produce good crops the soil should be
rich, deep, and well drained. The position should be somewhat cool and
sheltered, and a liberal quantity of liquid manure is beneficial. In
dry seasons mulching may be resorted to with advantage. Cuttings are
taken in autumn as soon as the leaves begin to fall. Select strong
shoots about 1 ft. long. Cut the bottom end straight across, just
below a joint, and with a sharp knife remove all the buds or eyes from
the base to within a couple of inches of the top, so as to prevent the
formation of suckers. Plant the shoots firmly 3 in. deep, in rows 1
ft. apart and 6 in. apart in the rows, on a north border. At the end
of the second season cut back all leading shoots to two-thirds of
their length. In after years remove weak and superfluous branches, as
also any that are growing near the ground, but plenty of young wood
must always be left on the bushes. The pruning may be done either in
spring or autumn. The following varieties may be recommended:--Red,
White, and Yellow Champagne, Wilmot's Early Red, Golden Drop,
Ironmonger, and Warrington Red for dessert; while for preserving and
culinary purposes Old Rough Red, Conquering Hero, Favourite, Broom
Girl, British Crown, Ironsides, Lady Leicester, Thumper, Green Walnut,
Leader, and Moreton Hero may be classed among the leading varieties.
When grown in bush form ample room must be allowed between each to
enable one to get round the bushes to gather the fruit.
Gooseberry Caterpillar.--To prevent caterpillars attacking
Gooseberries syringe the bushes with a decoction of common foxglove
(Digitalis), or dust the leaves with Hellebore powder. If the
caterpillar has begun its attack, sprinkle some fresh lime below the
bushes, and shake the bushes vigorously, so that the insects are
dislodged.
Gorse.--_See_ "Ulex."
Gourds.--Sow at the end of March or the beginning of April on a
slight hotbed; pot off when the plants are sufficiently advanced,
and transplant to the open border in June. They are well adapted for
arbours, trellis-work, or sloping banks. The following are among the
most ornamental:--Abobra Viridiflora, Benincasa Cerifera (Wax Gourd),
Bryonopsis Erythrocarpa, Coccinea Indica (scarlet fruit), Cucumis
Anguinus (Serpent Gourd), Cucumis Dipsaceus (Teasel Gourd), Cucumis
Dudaim (Balloon Gourd), Cucumis Erinaceus (Hedgehog Gourd), Cucumis
Grossularoides (Gooseberry Gourd), Cucumis Perennis, Cucurbita
Argyrosperma, Cucurbita Melopepo, Cyclanthera Explodens (Bombshell
Gourd), Cyclanthera Pedata, Eopepon Aurantiacum, Eopepon Vitifolius,
Lagenaria Clavata (Club Gourd), Lagenaria Enormis, Lagenaria Leucantha
Depressa, Lagenaria Leucantha Longissima, Lagenaria Plate de Corse,
Lagenaria Poire a Poudre, Lagenaria Siphon, Luffa Cylindrica, Luffa
Solly Qua, Melothria Scabra, Momordica Balsamina, Momordica Charantia,
Momordica Elaterium, Mukia Scabrella, Scotanthus Tubiflorus,
Trichosanthes Anguina, Trichosanthes Coccinea, Trichosanthes
Colubrina, and Trichosanthes Palmata.
Grafting.--The objects of Grafting are to bring a bush or tree into an
earlier state of bearing than it would do naturally; to produce good
fruit from an inferior plant; and to save space by putting dwarf
scions on to rampant-growing trees. By the process of uniting
strong-growing trees to those of a weaker nature their exuberance is
checked, and weaker ones are improved by being worked on those of
a stronger growth. Whatever form of Grafting is adopted, the inner
layers of the bark of the stock or tree on which the operation is
performed, must be brought into direct contact with the inner layers
of the bark of the branch which is grafted, or, as it is called,
the scion. This scion should be a branch of the early growth of the
previous year's wood, and should be in the same state of vegetation as
the stock. If the scion is in a more advanced state than the stock,
its growth may be stopped by cutting it off and burying it in the
earth under a north wall until the stock has advanced sufficiently in
growth. Grafting of all kinds is best done in March, when the sap is
flowing freely. Many methods of Grafting are adopted, the following
being the principal:--
Whip or Tongue Grafting is suitable for almost any description of
trees. Saw the stock off level at any desired height, then make a deep
upward slanting cut through the bark at the top 2 or 3 in. in length,
and in the middle of the cut turn the knife downwards and cut out a
thin wedge-shaped socket. Next cut the scion in a similar manner so
that it will fit exactly into the incision of the stock, bringing the
bark of each into direct contact. Bind it firmly in position, and
cover it over, from the top of the stock to the bottom of the scion,
with grafting wax or clay. When the scion and the stock are united,
which is demonstrated by the former making growth, remove the wax and
cut away all shoots that may be produced on the stock.
In the French mode of Grafting known as the Bertemboise, the crown of
the stock is cut at a long level, about 1 in. at the top being left
square, and an angular piece is cut away in which the scion is
inserted. It is then bound and waxed over.
Theophrastes or Rind Grafting is used where a tree has strong roots
but inferior fruit. The branches are cut off about 1-1/2 or 2 ft. from
the main stem. A sharp cut 2 or 3 in. in length is made down the bark
of the branches, and the lower parts of the scion, selected from a
superior tree, having been cut into tongues resembling the mouth-piece
of a flageolet, the bark of the branches is lifted with a knife, and
the tongues of the scions are slipped in, bound, and waxed.
Side Grafting is useful where it is desired to replenish the tree
with a fresh branch. A T-shaped cut is made in the stem of the tree,
extending to the inner bark; the scion is prepared by a longitudinal
sloping cut of the same length as that in the stem, into which it
is inserted, and the two are bound together and treated like other
grafts.
Approach Grafting is the most favourable method of obtaining choice
varieties of the vine, or of growing weak sorts on roots of a stronger
growth. The scion is generally grown in a pot. A portion of the bark
is cut from both scion and stock while the vine is in active growth,
and the two wounded parts brought into contact, so that they fit
exactly. They are then tied together, and moss (kept constantly wet)
is bound round the parts. The union may be completed by the following
spring, but it is safer to leave the cutting down of the stock to the
point of union and the separation of the scion from the potted plant
until the second spring.
Grafting Wax (_Cobbetts_), etc.--Pitch and resin four parts each,
beeswax two parts, tallow one part. Melt and mix the ingredients, and
use when just warm. It may be rolled into balls and stored in a dry
place.
Clay bands are frequently employed for excluding the air from wounds
caused in the process of grafting. These are liable to crack, unless
the clay is well kneaded and mixed with wood ashes or dry horse
droppings.
Grapes.--The cultivation of Grapes in the open in our cloudy and
changeable climate cannot be looked forward to with any certainty of
success. Two successive favourable seasons are indispensable--one to
ripen the wood, and the next to ripen the fruit. Nevertheless, the
highly ornamental foliage of the vine entitles it to a place on our
walls, and every facility should be afforded for the production of a
chance crop of fruit. The soil most suited to the growth of the vine
is a medium loam, with which is incorporated a quantity of crushed
chalk and half-inch bones. It should be given a south aspect, and be
liberally supplied with water in dry seasons. April is the best time
to plant it, spreading the roots out equally about 9 in. below the
surface of the soil, and mulching with 3 or 4 in. of manure. Should
mildew set in, syringe the vine with a mixture of soapsuds and
sulphur. To secure a continuance of fruit, cut out some of the old
rods each year as soon as the leaves fall, and train young shoots in
their places. Last year's shoots produce other shoots the ensuing
summer, and these are the fruit-bearers. One bunch of grapes is enough
for a spur to carry. Professional gardeners cast off the weight of the
bunches, and allow 1 ft. of rod to each pound of fruit. Tie or nail
the bunches to the trellis or wall, and remove all branches or leaves
that intercept light and air.
The vine may be increased by layers at the end of September. Cut a
notch at a bud, and bury it 4 or 5 in. deep, leaving two or three eyes
above ground. It may also be propagated by cuttings, about 1 ft. in
length, of the last year's growth, with 1 in. of old wood attached,
taken the latter end of February. Plant these deep in the ground,
leaving one eye only above the surface. Both the Black Hamburgh and
Royal Muscadine ripen as well as any in the open.
It is under glass only that Grapes can be brought to perfection.
Here a night temperature of 55 to 65 degrees, with a rise of 5 or 10
degrees in the day, should be maintained, the walls and paths damped
once or twice a day, and the vine syringed frequently until it comes
into bloom, when syringing must cease, and a drier atmosphere is
necessary; the moisture being reduced by degrees. As the grapes ripen,
admit more air, and reduce the heat, otherwise the fruit will shrivel.
After gathering the grapes syringe the vine frequently to clear it
from spiders or dust, and keep the house cool to induce rest to the
plant. The fruit may be preserved for a long while in a good condition
by cutting it with about 1 ft. of the rod attached, and inserting the
cuttings in bottles of water in which a piece of charcoal is placed:
the bottles to be placed in racks nailed on to an upright post in any
room or cellar where an equable temperature of 45 or 50 degrees can be
kept up. The system of pruning adopted is that known as spur pruning
(_see_ "Pruning"). Mrs. Pearson is a very fine variety, and produces
very sweet berries; the Frontignan Grizzly Black and White are also
delicious.
Grasses, Natural--
_AGROSTIS STOLONIFERA_ (_Creeping Bent Grass_).--Useful for damp
meadows.
_ALOPECURUS PRATENSIS_ (_Meadow Foxtail_).--Strong-growing and very
nutritious.
_ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM_ (_True Sweet Vernal_),--Hardy and gives
fragrance to hay.
_AVENA FLAVESCENS_ (_Yellow Oat Grass_).--Fine for sheep; grows freely
on light soils.
_CYNOSURUS CRISTATUS_ (_Crested Dogstail_).--Suitable for any soil.
_DACTYLIS GLOMERATA_ (_Cocksfoot_).--Strong and coarse-growing; cattle
are fond of it.
_FESTUCA DURIUSCULA_ (_Hard Fescue_).--Dwarf-growing; excellent for
sheep.
_FESTUCA ELATIOR_ (_Tall Fescue_).--Useful for cold, strong soils.
_FESTUCA OVINA_ (_Sheep's Fescue_).--Fine for dry, sandy soils.
_FESTUCA OVINA TENUIFOLIA_ (_Slender Fescue_).--Suitable for mountain
pastures.
_FESTUCA PRATENSIS_ (_Meadow Fescue_).--Good permanent grass for rich,
moist soil.
_PHLEUM PRATENSE_ (_Timothy, or Catstail_).--Suitable for strong
soils; nutritious and hardy.
_POA NEMORALIS_ (_Wood Meadow Grass_).--Good for poor soils.
_POA PRATENSIS_ (_Smooth-stalked Meadow Grass_).--Grows well on light,
dry soil, and also in water-meadows.
_POA TRIVIALIS_ (_Rough-stalked Meadow Grass_).--Fine for damp soil.
Grasses, Ornamental.--Fine for mixing in a green state with cut
flowers, or in a dried condition for the decoration of vases, winter
bouquets, etc. To have them in perfection gather them while quite
fresh, with the pollen on them. Cut with as long stems as possible,
arrange lightly in vases, and keep them in the dark till they are
dried and the stems become stiff. The Grasses may be divided into two
sections, viz., those for bouquets or edgings, and those grown in the
border or on lawns for specimen plants. The class is numerous, but
the following (which may be found described herein under alphabetical
classification) may be mentioned:--
For bouquets and edgings: Agrostis, Anthoxanthum, Avena, Briza, Coix
Lachryma, Eragrostis, Festuca, Hordeum Jubatum, Lagurus, and Stipa
Pennata. For specimen plants: Eulalia, Gynerium, Panicum, Phalaris,
and Zea.
Gratiola Officinalis.--This hardy herbaceous plant bears light blue
flowers in July. A rich, moist soil is its delight. It is propagated
by dividing the roots. Height, 1 ft.
Green Fly.--Fumigate the infected plants with tobacco, and afterwards
syringe them with clear water; or the plants may be washed with
tobacco water by means of a soft brush.
Grevillea.--Handsome greenhouse shrubs, which require a mould composed
of equal parts of peat, sand, and loam. Give plenty of water in
summer, a moderate amount at other seasons. Ripened cuttings may be
rooted in sand, under a glass. Young plants may also be obtained from
seed. They bloom in June. Their common height is from 3 to 4 ft.,
but G. Robusta attains a great height. Grevilleas will grow well in
windows facing south.
Griselinia Littoralis.--A dwarf-growing, light-coloured evergreen
shrub, which will thrive near the sea. It requires a light, dry soil,
and may be increased by cuttings.
Guelder Rose.--_See_ "Viburnum."
Guernsey Lily (_Nerine Sarniense_).--Soil, strong, rich loam with
sand, well drained. Plant the bulbs deeply in a warm, sheltered
position, and let them remain undisturbed year by year. Keep the beds
dry in winter, and protect the roots from frost. They also make good
indoor plants, potted in moss or cocoa-nut fibre in September, or they
may be grown in vases of water.
Gumming of Trees.--Scrape the gum off, wash the place thoroughly with
clear water, and apply a compost of horse-dung, clay, and tar.
Gunnera Manicata (_Chilian Rhubarb_).--This hardy plant bears large
leaves on stout foot-stalks, and is very ornamental in the backs of
borders, etc. Planted in a rich, moist soil, it will flower in August.
It can be propagated by division. Height, 6 ft.
Gunnera Scabra.--Has gigantic leaves, 4 to 5 ft. in diameter, on
petioles 3 to 6 ft. in length. It prefers a moist, shady position, and
bears division. Makes a fine addition to a sub-tropical garden, where
it will flower in August. Height, 6 ft.
Gynerium (_Pampas Grass_).--This unquestionably is the grandest of all
grasses, and is sufficiently hardy to endure most of our winters. It
is, however, desirable to give it some protection. It requires a deep,
rich, alluvial soil, with plenty of room and a good supply of water.
Plants may be raised from seed sown thinly in pots during February or
March, barely covering it with very fine soil, and keeping the surface
damp. Plant out at end of May. They will flower when three or four
years old. The old leaves should be allowed to remain on till the
new ones appear, as they afford protection to the plant. It may be
increased by division of the root. Height, 7 ft.
Gypsophila.--Of value for table bouquets, etc. They will grow in any
soil, but prefer a chalky one. The herbaceous kinds are increased by
cuttings; the annuals are sown in the open either in autumn or spring.
They bloom during July and August. Height, 1 ft. to 3 ft.
H
Habrothamnus.--These beautiful evergreen shrubs require greenhouse
culture, and to be grown in sandy loam and leaf-mould. The majority of
them flower in spring. Height, 4 ft. to 6 ft.
Halesia Tetraptera (_Snowdrop Tree_).--This elegant shrub will grow in
any soil, and may be propagated by cuttings of the roots or by layers.
The pendent white flowers are produced close to the branches in June.
Height, 8 ft.
Hamamelis (_Witch Hazel_).--An ornamental shrub which will grow in
ordinary soil, but thrives best in a sandy one. It is increased by
layers. May is its season for flowering. Height, 12 ft. to 15 ft. H.
Arborea is a curious small tree, producing brownish-yellow flowers in
mid-winter.
Harpalium Rigidum.--A hardy perennial, producing very fine yellow
flowers in the autumn. It will grow in any good garden soil, and may
be propagated by seed sown in early autumn, or by division of the
roots. Height, 3 ft.
Hawkweed.--_See_ "Crepis" _and_ "Hieracium."
Heartsease.--_See_ "Pansies."
Heaths, Greenhouse.--For their successful growth Heaths require a
well-drained soil, composed of three parts finely pulverised peat and
one part silver sand, free ventilation, and a careful supply of water,
so that the soil is always damp. If they suffer a check they are
hard to bring round, especially the hard-wooded kinds. Some of the
soft-wooded Heaths, such as the H. Hyemalis, are easier of management.
After they have flowered they may be cut hard back, re-potted, and
supplied with liquid manure. The stout shoots thus obtained will bloom
the following season. (_See also_ "Ericas.")
Hedera.--_See_ "Ivy."
Hedychium Gardnerianum.--A hothouse herbaceous plant, delighting in a
rich, light soil, plenty of room in the pots for the roots, and a good
amount of sunshine. In the spring a top-dressing of rich manure and
soot should be given. From the time the leaves begin to expand,
and all through its growing stage, it needs plenty water, and an
occasional application of liquid manure. The foliage should not be cut
off when it dies, but allowed to remain on all the winter. While the
plant is dormant keep it rather dry and quite free from frost. It
may be increased by dividing the roots, but it blooms best when
undisturbed. July is its flowering month. Height, 6 ft.
Hedysarum.--Hardy perennials, requiring a light, rich soil, or loam
and peat. They may be raised from seed, or increased by dividing the
roots in spring. H. Multijugum bears rich purple flowers. Height, 6
in. to 3 ft.
Heleniums.--The Pumilum is a very pretty hardy perennial that may be
grown in any soil, and increased by dividing the roots. It produces
its golden flowers in August. Height, 1-1/2 ft. H. Autumnale is also
easy to grow, but flowers a month later than the Pumilum, and attains
a height of 3 ft. H. Bigelowi is the best of the late autumn-flowering
species, producing an abundance of rich yellow flowers with purple
discs. Flowers in August. Height, 3-1/2 ft.
Helianthemum Alpinum (_Rock Roses_).--These hardy perennials are best
grown in sandy loam and peat, and may be increased by cuttings placed
under glass in a sheltered situation. Bloom in June or July. Height, 1
ft.
Helianthus (_Sunflowers_).--The tall variety is a very stately plant,
suitable for the background or a corner of the border. Well-grown
flowers have measured 16 in. in diameter. The miniature kinds make
fine vase ornaments. They grow in any garden soil, and are easily
increased by seed raised on a hotbed in spring and after
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